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rainfall, and significant storage of organic carbon in soils", but are "often threatened by the expansion of urbanization or changes in land use." The law provides that agencies are invited to conduct "an active land acquisition policy in wetlands not covered by the CELRL's jurisdiction"; as a "last resort, after considering reclamation and restoration options" (explanatory memorandum of
Article 51 of the Grenelle II Law), and that they must manage these 20,000 ha through agricultural leases (Article 51).
27:, formerly called a basin agency, is a public administrative establishment that participates in water management within an administrative basin district, whose boundaries correspond to a large hydrographic basin. There are six of them, all established by the Water Law of 1964, specified by the Law of 3 January 1992. The hydrographic basins of the overseas departments of Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, and RĂ©union are equipped with a Water Office, with equivalent missions.
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limits of the missions assigned to them by law, the areas and conditions of their action and to define the general conditions for the allocation of financial assistance that they can provide to public and private entities in the form of subsidies, performance bonuses, or repayable advances (Council of State, 11 March 2020, No. 426366).
114:(Secretary of State for Ecology) announces the creation of a national group formed on the model of the Grenelle Environment Forum (thus involving the State, social partners, NGOs, and local authorities) tasked with taking stock and proposing measures for the preservation and restoration of wetlands.
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The passing of the Law for the
Reconquest of Biodiversity, Nature, and Landscapes in 2016 introduces significant changes in the objectives of water agencies with a strengthening of their support for biodiversity. Until now, the preservation of aquatic environments was indeed a priority (acquisition
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They collect fees from users (withdrawal fees, pollution fees). The proceeds from fees, under the impetus of a board of directors bringing together various stakeholders in the water sector (administrations, users, local authorities), enable them to provide financial assistance for actions of common
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In 2009, the explanatory memorandum of the
Grenelle II Law estimates that there are still around 1.5 million hectares of wetlands in France, which are a "biodiversity reservoir and a factor in improving the quality of surface waters, buffer zones reducing the risk of flooding in the event of heavy
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It is a public administrative establishment of the State, endowed with legal personality and financial autonomy under the dual supervision of the
Ministry responsible for the environment and that of the Ministry responsible for finance. Water agencies have regulatory power to determine, within the
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Between 2008 and 2015, while pesticides were supposed to "if possible" decrease by half, their use increased by 22 %: this is therefore a failure. To better circumvent water law, the capillary network upstream of rivers is simply wiped off the map, which could pave the way for increased
148:, water agencies increasingly contribute to financing, at the expense of their primary mission, which is to protect the water resource, other policies of the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition, especially
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of wetlands, restoration of rivers, etc.) with nearly 200 million euros per year or 10 % of the amount of fees. From 2016 onwards, the missions of the water agencies are expanded to include:
71:. It is notably responsible for coordinating the master plan for water development and management (SDAGE) and the water development and management plans (SAGE) that stem from it.
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59:, territories of competence of the water agencies. Only the RhĂ´ne-Mediterranean-Corsica agency covers two basin districts (RhĂ´ne-Mediterranean and Corsica).
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103:(with the Coastal Conservancy) for environmental conservation and development of the Blue Framework, as part of the Green and Blue Framework.
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pesticide use. Bird populations are declining sharply, linked to the disappearance of insects due to pesticides. According to IPBES, the
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interest in the water sector carried out by local authorities, industries, and farmers (wastewater treatment, production of high-quality
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In France, a water agency's mission is to initiate, on the scale of its watershed, rational use of water resources, the fight against
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415:"Human well-being at risk. Landmark reports highlight options to protect and restore nature and its vital contributions to people"
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created hydrographic districts based on the model of these basin agencies; in other countries their activities are fulfilled by a
152:. As of 2018, only water agencies will finance the French Biodiversity Agency. Water agencies also finance organic agriculture.
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In 2008, the
Grenelle Environment Forum stipulates that water agencies may (from 2009 to 2014) acquire 20,000 hectares of
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French water agencies also conduct cooperation policies in this area (Balkans, Vietnam, West Africa, Palestine).
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83:, implementation of cleaner production processes, restoration and maintenance of aquatic environments, etc.).
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429:"«Nous mettons en péril notre avenir» : 15.000 scientifiques alertent sur l'état de la planète"
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In the same spirit, Spain created
Hydrographic Confederations in 1940, and Britain established the
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Rivers and streams are vectors for transporting plastics to the oceans. Thus, according to the
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worldwide is alarming, to the point that it could compromise the well-being of human beings.
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359:"Des milliers de cours d'eau sont rayés de la carte de France, et s'ouvrent aux pesticides"
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331:"L'Agence française pour la biodiversité victime de la sécheresse budgétaire"
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467:"Rhine has highest level of microplastics pollution measured in any river"
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discharges 191 million floating plastic particles into the sea every day.
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priority given to estuaries, retro-littoral zones, and upper watersheds,
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401:"Disparition des oiseaux : "Nos campagnes ne sont pas vivables""
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Barraqué, Bernard (1995). "Les politiques de l'eau en Europe".
345:"Dix ans de lutte contre les pesticides... dix ans d'Ă©chec"
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amounting to more than 20 to 30 million euros per year.
445:(in French). Association Robin des Bois. p. 32.
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Schéma directeur d'aménagement et de gestion des eaux
387:"LA DISPARITION DES OISEAUX N'EST PAS UNE FATALITÉ"
317:"Financements: ne coulons pas les agences de l'eau"
300:"La politique de l'eau en France : Ă©volutions"
373:"PESTICIDES : L'ALERTE SUR NOS COURS D'EAU"
137:partnership with the French Biodiversity Agency,
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184:The French water agency is inspired by the
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131:restoration of green and blue networks,
555:Water supply and sanitation in France
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482:Revue française de science politique
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16:Agency managing a hydrographic basin
230:Marine Strategy Framework Directive
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560:Public establishments in France
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279:"Projet de loi Grenelle II"
146:France Nature Environnement
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197:Regional water authorities
55:Map of basin districts in
110:, on World Wetlands Day,
192:basin as early as 1904.
95:2008-2010: Post-Grenelle
67:, and the protection of
163:decline in biodiversity
265:"Les offices de l'eau"
122:2016: Biodiversity Law
90:The Six Water Agencies
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42:In Metropolitan France
298:Mitteault, François.
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220:Barcelona Convention
206:, it is the (Dutch)
69:aquatic environments
172:, for example, the
170:University of Basel
57:Metropolitan France
47:Status and Missions
525:Environment portal
180:Equivalents Abroad
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36:water board
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251:References
156:Pollutions
488:(3): 435.
199:in 1975.
65:pollution
214:See also
101:wetlands
202:In the
190:Emscher
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25:France
303:(PDF)
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174:Rhine
447:ISBN
108:2009
106:In
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