Water politics in the Jordan River basin

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National Water Carrier and Jordan's East Ghor Main Canal.... Design of the East Ghor canal was begun by Jordan in 1957. It was intended as the first section of a much more ambitious plan known as the Greater Yarmouk project. Additional sections included (1) construction of two Dams on the Yarmouk (Mukheiba and Maqarin) for storage and hydroelectricity, (2) construction of a 47-km West Ghor canal, together with a siphon across the Jordan River near wadi Faria to connect it with the East Ghor Canal, (3) construction of seven dams to utilise seasonal flow on side wadis flowing into the Jordan, and (4) construction of pumping stations, lateral canals, and flood protection and drainage facilities. In the original Greater Yarmouk project the East Ghor Canal was scheduled to provide only 25% of the total irrigation scheme.... Construction of the Canal began in 1959. By 1961 its first section was completed; sections two and three, down Wadi Zarqa, were in service by June 1966. Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964, an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it. Discarding direct military attack, the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwaters. Two options were considered: either the diversion of the Hasbani to the Litani and the diversion of the Banias to the Yarmouk, or the diversion of both the Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk. The latter was chosen, with the diverted waters to be stored behind the Mukhaiba dam.... The Arabs started work on the Headwater Diversion Project in 1965. Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights. According to the estimates completion of the project would have deprived Israel of 35% of its contemplated withdrawal from the upper Jordan, constituting one ninth of Israel's annual water budget. Murakami, Masahiro (1995) Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies,

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governments. The Israeli cabinet convened on 26 April to consider the Syrian suggestions for the division of the DMZs. Simha Blass, head of Israel’s Water Planning Authority, was invited to the meeting. Dayan showed Blass the Syrian suggestions on the map. Blass told Dayan that although most of the lands that Israel was expected to relinquish were not suitable for cultivation, the map did not suit Israel’s irrigation and water development plans.... Although phrased in a positive manner, this decision appears to have killed the negotiations. It involved changes to the preliminary accord and new conditions that made it difficult to go forward. At the last two meetings, on 4 and 27 May Israel presented its new conditions. These were rejected by Syria, and the negotiations ended without agreement.... That a set of proposals that had the support of the political and military elite was emasculated because it did not satisfy the requirements of a water expert seems surprising. It suggests lack of leadership and lack of statesmanship on Ben Gurion's part when it came to the crunch. In the final analysis, it was Israel's insistence on exclusive and unfettered rights over the lakes and the Jordan river that seems to have upset the apple cart. An opportunity for an agreement with a major adversary existed and was allowed to slip away. Yet the fact that the negotiations came so close to success is in itself significant because it shows that, contrary to popular Israeli perceptions, Syria was capable of behaving in a practical, pragmatic and constructive fashion. There was definitely someone to talk to on the other side.

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river to store some 500 million cubic meters of water and serve Jordan and Syria, allowing Jordan to avoid from storing water in the mostly Israeli-controlled Lake Tiberias. The Maqarin dam was also designated to provide electricity, while a smaller dam at Adasiya was supposed to divert Yarmouk-originated water to the Jordanian East Ghor Canal, aimed to irrigate Jordanian areas east to the Jordan river. A plan was also issued concerning the West Ghor Canal, envisioning a siphone to irrigate also the West Bank. In March 1953, Jordan and UNRWA signed a preliminary agreement to implement the Bunger plan. Shortly, on June 1953, Jordan and Syria signed a complementary treaty in this regard. Despite the expected objection of Israel, Jordan moved with the plan and in July 1953 allocated funding for the project in collaboration with UNRWA and US Government, pending later agreement with Israel. The Israeli government protested to US over the Maqarin dam plan, over not taking into account its rights on the Yarmouk waters downstream. While Israel convinced the US to pause the project until the issue is resolved, it also offered its eagerness to discuss it with the Arab governments.

1593:. While Lebanon was to construct a canal form the Hasbani River to Banias and complete the scheme. The project was to divert 20 to 30 million cubic metres of water from the river Jordan tributaries to Syria and Jordan for the development of Syria and Jordan. The Syrian construction of the Banias to Yarmouk canal got under way in 1965. Once completed, the diversion of the flow would have transported the water into a dam at Mukhaiba for use by Jordan and Syria before the waters of the Banias Stream entered Israel and the Sea of Galilee. Lebanon also started a canal to divert the waters of the Hasbani, whose source is in Lebanon, into the Banias. The Hasbani and Banias diversion works would have had the effect of reducing the capacity of Israel's carrier by about 35% and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%. Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights. The Finance of the project was through contributions by Saudi Arabia and Egypt. This led to 1283:

water resources returning uncontested to Syrian sovereignty. On 26 April, the Israeli cabinet met to consider the Syrian suggestions; with head of Israel’s Water Planning Authority, Simha Blass, in attendance. Blass noted that while the land to be ceded to Syria was not suitable for cultivation, the Syrian map did not suit Israel’s water development plan. Blass explained that the movement of the international boundary in the area of Banias would affect Israel’s water rights. The Israeli cabinet rejected the Syrian proposals but decided to continue the negotiations by making changes to the accord and placing conditions on the Syrian proposals. The Israeli conditions took into account Blass’s position over water rights and Syria rejected the Israeli counteroffer.

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it desirable" for Israel to suspend work started on 2 September "pending urgent examination of the question by the Council". Israel finally backed off by moving the intake out of the DMZ and for the next three years the US kept its economic sanctions by threatening to end aid channelled to Israel by the Foreign Operations Administration and insisting on tying the aid with Israel's behaviour. The Security Council ultimately rejected Syrian claims that the work was a violation of the Armistice Agreements and drainage works were resumed and the work was completed in 1957. This caused shelling from Syria and friction with the Eisenhower Administration; the diversion was moved to the southwest to Eshed Kinrot into the

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order to exploit the water for its own agriculture. However, prior to the Syrian War, the amount of water it collected by Jordanian dam had fallen as Syria dammed the river upstream. While the Yarmouk flows into the Jordan River, most of its water has been used in Syria and Jordan before reaching the river. Since the civil war broke out, hundreds of thousands of refugees have fled the area of southern Syria, many of whom were farmers. Most fled to refugee camps in Jordan. As a result, much more water now flows in the Yarmouk River and thus greater quantities of water are reaching the parts of the river that flow through Jordan, and later into Israel as well.

1131:. Banias's fate in this period was left in a state of limbo since Syria had come under British military control. After the cessation of World War II hostilities, and at the time Syria was granted Independence (April 1946), the former mandate powers, France and Britain, bilaterally signed an agreement to pass control of Banias to the British mandate of Palestine. This was done against the expressed wishes of the Syrian government who declared France's signature to be invalid. While Syria maintained its claim on Banias in this period, it was administered from Jerusalem. 2106:...Summer Period: 15 May to 15 October of each year, Israel concedes to transfer to Jordan in the summer period 20,000,000 m³ in return for the additional water that Jordan concedes to Israel in winter ... Winter Period: 16 October to 14 May of each year, Jordan is entitled to store for its use a minimum average of 20,000,000 m³ of the floods in the Jordan River. Jordan is entitled to an annual quantity of 10,000,000 m³ of desalinated water from the desalination of about 20,000,000 m³ of saline springs now diverted to the Jordan River. 624:

springs pass through the beds of ancient seas and then flow into Lake Tiberias, as well as the groundwater sources that feed into the lower Jordan. Downstream of Tiberias, the salinity of the tributary Yarmouk River is also satisfactory, at 100 ppm, but the lower Jordan river becomes progressively more saline as it flows south. It reaches twenty-five percent salinity (250,000 ppm) where it flows in the Dead Sea, which is about seven times saltier than the ocean.

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their homes and that the Mixed Armistice Commission should supervise their return and rehabilitation in a manner to be determined by the Commission; (b) Holds that no action involving the transfer of persons across international frontiers, across armistice lines or within the demilitarised zone should be undertaken without prior decision of the Chairman of the Mixed Armistice Commission;

837:(NWC), a project for the integration of all major regional projects into the Israeli national grid. Tahal – Water Planning for Israel Ltd., an Israeli public corporate body, was established in 1952, being largely responsible for planning of water development, drainage, etc., at the national level within Israel, including the NWC project which was commissioned in 1965. 1624:"The bloody civil war in Syria has had a number of unintended environmental side-effects, one of which was revealed last week: A steep reduction in agricultural activity in the southern part of the country. As a result, farmers have used much less water from natural sources and much more water now flows in the Yarmouk River, the largest tributary of the Jordan River." 1635:

million cubic metres per year. The Dan and Banias (Nahal Hermon in Israel) Rivers originate in the Golan Heights and both flow into the Jordan above Tabariyya Lake having an average flow of 1.3 km/yr. The Jordan River Basin is considered under international law as an international river with water shared by; Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and the Palestine.

1271:. This refusal on the part of Israel not only constituted a flagrant violation of the General Armistice Agreement, but also contributed to an increase of tension in the area. The Security Council itself strongly condemned the attitude of Israel, in its resolution of 18 May 1951, as being "inconsistent with the objectives and intent of the Armistice Agreement" 1395:, but Nasser, the Egyptian president, assured the Americans that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan. Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The plan was initially un-ratified by Israel, but after the US linked the Johnston plan to aid, also agreed to accept the allocation provisions. 3102:

it was incorporated into the diversion plans for the Jordan River’s northern sources, and without the Mukheiba dam all of the diverted water would flow back to the Yarmuk and return to the Jordan’s riverbed south of the Sea of galilee. Excluding this plan, the rest of the Jordan’s water projects correspond with the main parts of the Johnson Plan.

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Wazani). The Banias diversion would provide 90 million cubic metres of water for irrigation of riverine areas. The designers calculated that eighteen months would be sufficient for executing the plan. The cost was estimated at five million pounds sterling (including two tunnels), that is, approximately two million pounds more than the Arab plan.

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treaty meant that the water aspect was forced to cede importance and priority in negotiations, giving way to areas such as borders and security in terms of armed force, which were perceived by decision-makers as being the most integral issues to the settlement. Main points from the water sharing in the Jordan/Israel Peace treaty.

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technically difficult and expensive......Political considerations cited by the Arabs in rejecting the 1955 Johnston Plan were revived to justify the diversion scheme. Particular emphasis was placed on the Carrier's capability to enhance Israel's capacity to absorb immigrants to the detriment of Palestinian refugees.

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C. The Wazani Spring in the Lower Hasbani Riverbed-this would include an irrigation canal (carrying 16 million cubic metres of water a year) for local use in Lebanon; an irrigation canal in Syria (8 million cubic metres a year); and three pumping units to transport the Wanzani’s overflow to Syria via

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In 1955 the Unified (Johnston) Plan to develop a multilateral approach to water management failed to be ratified, which reinforced unilateral development. Nevertheless, both Jordan and Israel undertook to operate within their allocations, and two major successful projects were undertaken: the Israeli

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9 meetings took place between 15 and 27 January 1953, to regularise administration of the 3 DMZs. At the eighth meeting Syria offered to adjust the armistice lines, and cede to Israel's 70% of the DMZ, in exchange for a return to the pre 1946 international border in the Jordan basin area, with Banias

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Historically, prior to the eruption of Syrian War in 2011, the Syrian government had developed a series of 21 dams in the Yarmouk drainage basin to divert water into large reservoirs used for irrigation of agricultural land. Jordan had built a large dam of its own on the Yarmouk, the Al-Wehda Dam, in

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The construction of a dam in the Kingdom of Jordan (the Mukheiba dam on the Yarmuk River) was designed to hold 200 million cubic metres of water. Work on the dam would take 30 months at a cost of ten and one quarter million pounds sterling. The Mukheiba Dam (and the Makarin Dam) would hurt Israel if

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Lebanon being at a higher elevation than its neighbours has practically no incoming surface water flow…. Surface water flow to Israel is estimated at 160 million m³/year, of which about 138 million m³ through the Hasbani river including a contribution of 30 million m³ from its tributary, the Wazzani

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The Dan spring, the largest of the sources of the upper Jordan, lies wholly within Israel close to the border with Syria. The spring sources of the Hasbani River lie entirely within Lebanon. The spring source of the Banias River is in Syria. These three small streams unite 6 km inside Israel at

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Syria claimed that France’s signature on the border agreement was invalid, but the British would not discuss the situation. A 'Demilitarised zone' was created at the three disputed points along the border, one of which was the territory around Banias, with Syria withdrawing troops, but continuing to

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The Arab league plan selected was for the Hasbani and Banias waters to be diverted to Mukhaiba and stored. The scheme was only marginally feasible, was technically difficult and expensive. Arab political considerations were cited to justify the diversion scheme. In January 1964 an Arab League summit

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The water agreement formed a part of the broader political treaty which was signed between Israel and Jordan in 1994, and the articles relating to water in this agreement did not correspond to Jordan’s rights to water as they had originally been claimed. The nature and significance of the wider 1994

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wished to expand and develop the agricultural sector in the West Bank to decrease their dependency on the Israeli labour market, while Israel have prevented an increase in the irrigation of the West Bank. Jordan also wishes to expand its agricultural sector so as to be able to achieve food security.

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rivers, in the 1980s, 90s and projected to be completed in 2010, in order to provide irrigation water and hydroelectricity to the arid area of southeastern Turkey.) The CIA analysis in the 1980s placed the Middle East on the list of possible conflict zones because of water issues. Twenty per cent of

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B. The Middle hasbani-two diversion points-the first in the hasbani riverbed; the second in wadi Sarid. The Hasbani and Sarid would flow in a canal to the Banias and from there to the Yarmuk. According to the plan, 20–30 million cubic metres of water would flow annually to Syria (if Lebanon did not

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The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall. And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation, the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence. Accordingly, the Arab states

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Shlaim, Avi (200) ibid pp 229–230 In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo. The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by Israel's diversion of water from the north to irrigate the south and the expected reduction in the water supplies available to Syria and Jordan. The

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Shlaim, Avi (2000) Ibid pp 75–76 at the eighth meeting on 13 April, the Syrian delegates seemed very anxious to move forward and offered Israel around 70% of the DMZ’s. Significant results were achieved and a number of suggestions and summaries put in writing, but they required decisions by the two

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of Denmark noted that the project was denying water to two Palestinian water mills, was drying up Palestinian farm land and was a substantial military benefit to Israel against Syria. The US cut off aid to Israel. The Israeli response was to increase work. UN Security Council Resolution 100 "deemed

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In 1952, the Bunger plan was issued by Jordan in collaboration with UNRWA and US Technical Cooperation Agency's Point IV program, aiming to provide water to 100,000 resettled Palestinian refugees, to be relocated into Northern Jordan. The plan included construction of major Maqarin dam over Yarmouk

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The articles establish two principles for the use of international watercourses (other than navigation): "equitable and reasonable utilization". and "the 'due diligence' obligation not to cause significant harm." Equitable and reasonable utilization requires taking into account all relevant factors

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B. The butayha Project-The Syrians feared that if the Arabs implemented their diversion plan, Israel would block the batayha Valley inhabitants, annual pumping of 22 million cubic metres from the Jordan as proposed in the Johnston plan. In order to guarantee the villagers their vital water supply,

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Security Council resolution 93 of 18 May 1951: Noting the complaint with regard to the evacuation of Arab residents from the demilitarised zone: (a) Decides that Arab civilians who have been removed from the demilitarised zone by the Government of Israel should be permitted to return forthwith to

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36 I.L.M. 700 (1997). Was passed by a vote of 103 in favour, to 3 against (Burundi, China, Turkey), with 27 abstentions (Andorra, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Israel, Mali, Monaco, Mongolia, Pakistan,

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the Egyptian president, to discuss a common policy to confront Israel's national water carrier project which was nearing completion. The second Arab League summit conference voted on a plan which would have circumvent and frustrated it. The Arab and North African states chose to divert the Jordan

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in the Jordan basin. A reduced supply of water to Israel due to drought meant that, in turn, Israel which is responsible for providing water to Jordan, decreased its water provisions to the country, provoking a diplomatic disagreement between the two and bringing the water component of the treaty

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to water from the Jordan basin and upper Jordan tributaries. Due to the water diversion projects the flow to the river Jordan has been reduced from 1,300 million–1,500 million cubic metres to 250 million–300 million cubic metres. Where the water quality has been further reduced as the flow of the

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Palestine is characterised by limited surface and groundwater water resources. The main surface water system in the region is the Jordan River basin which begins in three headwaters. The Hasbani River originates in Lebanon and has at least parts of its flow in Lebanon with an average flow of 138

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in 1949, and DMZs included in the Armistice with Syria in July 1949, were "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Israel claimed sovereignty over the Demilitarised zones (DMZs), on the basis that, "it was always part of the British Mandated

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In 1988, the Syrian-Jordanian agreement on development of the Yarmouk was blocked when Israel, as a riparian right holder, refused to ratify the plan and the World Bank withheld funding. Israel's augmented its Johnson plan allocation of 25,000,000 m³/yr by a further 45,000,000–75,000,000 m³/yr.

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commissioned mutually exclusive competing water resource studies. The Transjordanian study, performed by Michael G. Ionides, concluded that the available water resources are not sufficient to sustain a Jewish state which would be the destination for Jewish immigration. The Zionist study, by the

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course, which accounts for the excessive length of the river in comparison to the straight-line distance to reach the Dead Sea. Small dams were built along the river within the Zhor, turning the former thickets of reeds, tamarisk, willows, and white poplars into irrigated fields. After flowing

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A. Diversion of the Banias-The diversion plan for the Banias called for a 73 kilometre long canal to be dug 350 metres above sea level that would link the banias with the Yamuk. The canal would carry the Banias’s fixed flow plus the overflow from the hasbani (including water from the Sarid and

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Pinhas Rutenberg was a Jewish Zionist entrepreneur who was the driving force behind electricity in Palestine. This concession granted to utilize the waters of the Auja basin as well as Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers for the generation and supply of electricity in Palestine, with the building of the

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of about 20 ppm. The salinity of water in Lake Tiberias ranges from 240 ppm in the upper end of the lake (marginal for irrigation water), to 350 ppm (too high for sensitive citrus fruits) where it discharges back into the Jordan River. The salt comes from the saline subterranean springs. These

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have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political, economic and social aspects, so that if necessary results are not achieved, collective Arab military preparations, when they are not completed, will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel.

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Studies of regional water resources and their development, in modern terms, date from the early 1900s during the period of Ottoman rule; they also follow in light of a significant engineering milestone and resource development achievement. Based largely on geographic, engineering and economic

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Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964, an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it. Discarding direct military attack, the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwater...According to neutral assessments, the scheme was only marginally feasible; it was

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In 1951 the tensions in the area were raised when, in the lake Huleh area (10 km from Banias), Israel initiated a project to drain the marsh land to bring 15,000 acres (61 km) into cultivation. The project caused a conflict of interests between the Israeli government and the

2100:*Water from the Yarmouk River ...Summer Period: 15 May to 15 October of each year, Israel pumps 12,000,000 m³ and Jordan gets the rest of the flow. ... Winter Period: 16 October to 14 May of each year, Israel pumps 13,000,000 m³ and Jordan is entitled to the rest of the flow. 1242:. In 1966 this was a cause of dispute between water planners and conservationists, with the latter prevailing after three years of court adjudication and appeals. The result was a conservation project of about 120 acres (0.49 km) at the source of the river called the 3075:

A The upper Hasbani- the excavation of a canal from the Hasbani springs in the hasbaya region and a canal from the wadi Shab’a for carrying water to the kawkaba tunnels and from there to the Litani River. (This project would transport 40–60 million cubic metres of water

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As a resource for freshwater the Jordan River drainage system is vital for most of the population of Palestine, Israel and Jordan, and to a lesser extent in Lebanon and Syria who are able to use water from other national sources. (Although Syrian riparian rights to the

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of Jordan to rein in the PLO. The canal was the target of at least 4 of these raids, and was virtually knocked out of commission. The United states intervened to resolve the conflict, and the canal was repaired after Hussein undertook to stop PLO activity in the area.

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against Turkish troops in 1918 and wished to incorporate all the sources of the Jordan River within the British controlled Palestine. Due to the French inability to establish administrative control, the frontier between Syria and Palestine was fluid. Following the

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The dramatic drought, which hit Levant between 1998 and 2012, was identified by scientists to be the most severe in 900 years. The dramatic effect of the drought on southern Syria is proposed as one of the factors which led to the eruption of the Syrian Civil War.

2118:...Israel and Jordan shall cooperate to build a diversion/storage dam on the Yarmouk River directly downstream of the Adassiya Diversion ...Israel and Jordan shall cooperate to build a system of water storage on the Jordan River, along their common boundary 1530:

The East Ghor canal formed part of a larger project – the Greater Yarmouk project – which envisioned two storage dams on the Yarmouk, and a West Ghor Canal, on the West Bank of the Jordan. These projects were never built, due to Israel's occupation of the

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adopted a policy of Israeli control of the DMZ and water sources at the expense of Israel’s international image. The Banias spring remained under Syrian control, while the Banias River flowed through the contested Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and into Israel.

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John D. Keenan, Technological Aspects of Water Resources Management: Euphrates and Jordan, in Country Experiences with Water Resources Management 37–49, at 37 (World Bank Technical Paper No. 175, 1992) (Guy Le Moigne & Shakwi Barghouti

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In 2001 the Lebanese government installed a small pumping station with a 10 cm bore to extract water to supply Ghajar village. In March 2002 Lebanon also diverted part of the Hasbani to supply Wazzani village. An action that

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Designated water consumption of the Jordan River; 60% was to be used by Lebanon, Syria and Jordan, with the remaining 40% to be allocated to Israel. It postponed discussions on the use of Lake Tiberias as storage for five years.

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Aaron Wolf & John Ross, The Impact of Scarce Water Resources on the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 32 Nat. Resources J. 919, 922 (1992). The Dead Sea receives an average flow from the Jordan River of 1.85 km/yr (1.85 billion

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The first Arab summit conference ratified the Arab strategy to thwart Israel’s NWC Plan . The strategy was designed to divert Jordan’s tributaries and prepare the Arab armies for the defence of the engineering

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The first "Master Plan for Irrigation in Israel" was drafted in 1950 and approved by a Board of Consultants (of the USA) on 8 March 1956. The main features of the Master Plan was the construction of the Israeli

796:, that these stored waters be diverted and used to provide irrigation for lands east of the Jordan River, and that irrigation water in the Jordan River be primarily used for lands within the Jordan River Basin. 1539:

operated from bases within Jordan, and launched several attacks on Israeli settlements in the Jordan valley, including attacks on water facilities. Israel responded with raids in Jordan, in an attempt to force

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issued by Jordan in collaboration with UNRWA and US Technical Cooperation Agency's Point IV program – aiming to provide water to 100,000 resettled Palestinian refugees, to be relocated into Northern Jordan.

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with the signing of the General Armistice Agreements in 1949, both Israel and Jordan embarked on implementing their competing initiatives to utilize the water resources in the areas under their control.

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Eshkol reiterated his position: he really only wanted to control the northern Golan and the water sources. Segev, Tom (2007) 1967; Israel and the war that transformed the Middle East Little, Brown

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development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997) Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,

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and Lake Galilee (Lake Tiberias) in the central DMZ to be rapidly constructed. Syria claimed that it would dry up 12,000 acres (49 km) of Syrian land. The UNTSO Chief of Staff Major General

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Downstream of the Sea of Galilee, where the main tributaries enter the Jordan Valley from the east, the valley bottom widens to about 15 miles (24 km). This area is characterized by higher

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Utilization of water resources in the area, including the Hasbani, has been a source of conflict and was one of the factors leading to the 1967 Six-Day War. The Hasbani was included in the

1290:), so as to be able to use the water resources of the Yarmouk river in the Yarmouk-Jordan valley plan, funded through the Technical Cooperation Agency of the United States of America, the 1795:

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Spain, Tanzania and Uzbekistan). The Convention has been signed by Finland, Luxembourg, Portugal, South Africa, the Syrian Arab Republic, and Venezuela. .

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Offered by the Arab League Technical Committee as another counter proposal to the Main Plan, it excluded the Litani River, promoted in-basin use, and rejected storage in Lake Tiberias.

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Overall, there are about 40 major streams in Lebanon and, based on the hydrographic system, the country can be divided into five regions: … the Hasbani river basin in the south-east.

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Shemesh, Moshe (2008) Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War: The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir's Descent to War, 1957–1967 Sussex Academic Press,

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Shemesh, Moshe (2008) Arab Politics, Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War: The Crystallization of Arab Strategy and Nasir's Descent to War, 1957–1967 Sussex Academic Press,

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and flows into the Jordan River below the Sea of Galilee. It also defines portions of the border between Jordan and Syria, as well as a shorter portion between Jordan and Israel.

2331:, Australian war memorials department, Official Histories – Second World War Volume II – Greece, Crete and Syria (1st edition, 1953), Chapter 16, The Syrian Plan, See Map p 334 1320:(B'not Yacov) to help irrigate the coastal Sharon Plain and eventually the Negev desert. The diversion project consisted of a nine-mile (14 km) channel midway between the 987:, Golani Brigade forces quickly invaded the village of Banias where a caliphate era Syrian fort stood. Eshkol's priority on the Syrian front was control of the water sources. 3262: 282:. Because of the scarcity of water and a unique political context, issues of both supply and usage outside the physical limits of the basin have been included historically. 1202:, proposed in 1955 by special US envoy Eric Johnston. Under the plan, Lebanon was allocated usage of 35 million cubic metres annually from it. The plan was rejected by the 924:

To transfer water from Kinneret to the center of the country and the dry southern region. Enabled efficient use of water and regulation of the water supply in the country.

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at a point in northern Israel, to form the River Jordan. For about four kilometres downstream of Ghajar, the Hasbani forms the border between Lebanon and northern Israel.

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members), Syria in a joint project with Lebanon and Jordan, started the development of the water resources of Banias for a canal along the slopes of the Golan toward the

1176:, the latter being a group of springs on the uppermost Hasbani. The Hasbani runs for 25 miles (40 km) in Lebanon before crossing the border and joining with the 3237: 3232: 3227: 700:

After the First World War, the Jordan River Basin began to be seen as a problem of quantitative allocations. In the late 1930s and mid-1940s, Transjordan and the

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The Syria-Lebanon-Palestine boundary was a product of the post-World War I Anglo-French partition of Ottoman Syria. British forces had advanced to a position at

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Israel's counter-proposal to the Main Plan, which included the Litani river, required out-of-basin transfers and identified Lake Tiberias as a storage facility.

3247: 2112:...Israel and Jordan shall cooperate in finding sources for the supply to Jordan of an additional quantity of 50,000,000 m³/yr of water of drinkable standards. 1275: 297:. The Jordan River is 251 kilometres (156 mi) long and, over most of its distance, flows at elevations below sea level. Its waters originate from the high 856:

near Maqarin, and utilize its waters to irrigate Jordanian territory, before they could flow to the Sea of Galilee. Military clashes ensued, and US President

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Haddadin, Munther J. (2006) Water Resources in Jordan: Evolving Policies for Development, the Environment, and Conflict Resolution Resources for the Future,

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David B. Brooks and Stephen C. Lonergan, "Watershed: the role of freshwater in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict", "International Development Research", 1994.

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American engineer Walter Clay Lowdermilk, concluded that by diverting water from the Jordan basin to support agriculture and residential development in the

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Political Thought and Political History: Studies in Memory of Elie Kedourie By Elie Kedourie, M. Gammer, Joseph Kostiner, Moshe Shemesh, Routledge, (2003)

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Favored primary in-basin use of Jordan waters and ruled out integration of the Litani River. It designated provisional quotas to Israel, Jordan and Syria.

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Suggested by Walter C. Lowdermilk, this was a plan to dig a seawater canal from Haifa Bay to the Dead Sea to generate hydroelectric power on a vast scale.

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Nasser too, assured the American under Secretary of state, Philip Talbot, that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan

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The attainment of an agreement which guaranteed the availability of water for the irrigation of crops for populations surrounding the Jordan River Basin.

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The Wazzani's and the Haqzbieh's combined discharge averages 138 million m³ per year. About 20% of the Hasbani flow emerges from the Wazzani Spring at

679:(f) Conservation, protection, development and economy of use of the water resources of the watercourse and the costs of measures taken to that effect; 2878:

The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the

852:

to the populated center and agricultural south of the country, while Jordan concluded an agreement with Syria, known as the Bunger plan, to dam the

737:

Formalized British rule in the Southern part of Ottoman Syria from 1923 to 1948. Also expressed favor for establishing Palestine as a Jewish State.

3142:

Spiegel, Steven L. (1985) The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan University of Chicago Press,

1097:

was deposed. The international boundary between Palestine and Syria was finally agreed by Great Britain and France in 1923 in conjunction with the

2828: 2726: 2389: 1554: 1268: 750: 278:) located within and bordering the basin, which were created since the collapse, during World War I, of the former single controlling entity, the 1637:

Daibes-Murad, Fadia (2005) A New Legal Framework for Managing the World's Shared Groundwaters: A Case Study from the Middle East IWA Publishing,

2543:

In the hot summer months, the Wazzani springs are the only source of flowing water in the Hasbani. Upstream from the Wazzani, the river is dry.

2198: 1316:

In September 1953, Israel unilaterally started a water diversion project within the Jordan River basin to divert water from the Jordan River at

1195:. The contribution of the spring is very important, because it is the only continuous year-round flow in the river in either Lebanon or Israel. 2504: 2406: 2151:

After decades of extracting water, Israel and its neighbour discuss how to avert ecological disaster in river kept alive by the flow of sewage

3018: 2911: 2377: 2212: 2067: 1334: 2298:

Constituting an Agreement respecting the boundary line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hammé. Paris, 7 March 1923.

1804:

Shine, Clare and de Klemm, Iucn, Cyrille (1999) Wetlands, Water and the Law: Using Law to Advance Wetland Conservation and Wise Use IUCN,

998:

The southern slopes of Mount Hermon (Jebel esh-Sheikh) as well as the Western Golan Heights, were unilaterally annexed by Israel in 1981.

2291: 2362:

lay claim to the territory within the zone. Thus from the beginning of the Syrian state to the Six-Day War, there was no settled border.

697:

considerations many of these plans included common components, but political considerations and international events would soon follow.

574:. The Jordan River originates near the borders of three countries, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, with most of the water derived from the 3252: 3147: 3127: 3110: 2990: 2973: 2952: 2887: 2854: 2816: 2766: 2696: 2664: 2587: 2563: 2356: 2276: 2259: 2239: 2173: 2132: 2088: 1809: 1782: 1739: 1722: 1705: 1659: 1642: 975:

Between 1955 and the beginning of the Oslo Process, there was little attempt at policy making in regards to shared bodies of water.

1264: 290: 2319:

Australian war memorials department, Official Histories – Second World War Volume II – Greece, Crete and Syria (1st edition, 1953)

2025: 1360: 1350: 1330: 1311: 1199: 918: 845: 834: 712:

Below is a brief timeline summarizing policy attempts related to sharing water in the Jordan River Basin between 1922 and 1940s.

1654:

Lowi, Miriam R. (1995) Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin Cambridge University Press,

1597:

from Israel, first with tank and artillery fire and then, as the Syrians shifted the works further southwards, with airstrikes.

863:

Below is a brief timeline summarizing policy attempts related to sharing water in the Jordan River Basin between 1951 and 1955.

3080:

divert the hasbani’s floodwater to the Litani, the Sarid canal could transport up to 60 million cubic metres of water a year).

1564:

headwaters rather than the use of direct military intervention. The heads of State of the Arab League considered two options:

1263:

the Israeli government decided to assert Israeli sovereignty over the DMZs, consequently 800 inhabitants of the villages were

3167:

Flow rates of the Jordan River and its tributaries 1953, with estimation of costs for the "Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan".

645: 571: 2053:

Ahmed Abukhater, "Water as a Catalyst for Peace: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution", "Routledge", 2013.

1594: 819: 2831:

Letter dated 25 February 1960 from the representative of Israel to the President of the Security Council 25 February 1960

3257: 1929: 1066: 2781:

Conservation of Wetlands in Israel, Israel National Report on the Implementation of the Ramsar Convention February 1999

1734:

Shapland Greg (1997) Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,

3212: 2127:

Amery, Hussein A. and Wolf, Aaron T. (2000) Water in the Middle East: A Geography of Peace University of Texas Press,

1364: 310: 298: 641:

the region’s population lack access to adequate potable water and 35% of the population lack appropriate sanitation.

2985:

McCaffrey, Stephen C. (2001) The Law of International Watercourses: Non-navigational Uses, Oxford University Press,

2879: 1372: 1286:

On 4 June 1953 Jordan and Syria concluded a bilateral plan to store surface water at Maqarin (completed in 2006 as

1116: 701: 1777:

McCaffrey Stephen C. (2001) The Law of International Watercourses: Non-navigational Uses Oxford University Press,

1078: 286: 2713:

The experts concluded that it was not just unnecessary but actually damaging to Israel’s agriculture and ecology

2659:

Fred Pearce (2007) When the Rivers Run Dry: Water, the Defining Crisis of the Twenty-first Century Beacon Press,

2456: 2436: 1279: 1139: 2778: 1259:

Arab villages in the area and drew Syrian complaints to the United Nations. On 30 March in a meeting chaired by

616:

These streams converge six kilometres inside Israel and flow south to the Sea of Galilee, wholly within Israel.

3095:

the Arab plan contained a proviso designed to incorporate primary and secondary canals from the Sea of Galilee.

1022:

Problems can be seen to have emerged in 1999, when the treaty’s limitations were revealed by events concerning

1297:

Part of the Hula marshes were re-flooded in 1994 due to the negative effects from the original drainage plan.

1765: 673:(d) The effects of the use or uses of the watercourses in one watercourse State on other watercourse States; 567: 2254:

MacMillan, Margaret (2001) Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War J. Murray,

349:

or rivers forming a maze of ravines, alternating with sharp crests and rises, with towers, pinnacles and a

2599: 1871: 1520:*the waters of the Yarmouk River will be available for the unconditional use of the Kingdom of the Jordan 1120: 1031: 664:(a) Geographic, hydrographic, hydrological, climatic, ecological and other factors of a natural character; 575: 302: 2271:

Shapira, Anita (1999) Land and Power; The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948. Stanford University press,

781:

to perform and complete all goals and needs associated with distributing, measuring and producing water.

2947:

Sosland, Jeffrey (2007) Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin SUNY Press,

1892: 1392: 1135: 825: 732: 644:

Sharing water resources involves the issue of water use, water rights, and distribution of amounts. The

636:'s dam building programme, a series of 21 dams and 17 hydroelectric stations built on the Euphrates and 2079:

J. A. Allan, 'The Jordan-Israel Peace Agreement – September 1994', in Allan and J. H. O. Court, (1996)

2038: 1112:/Tyre road) was within the French Mandate of Syria. The border was set 750 metres south of the spring. 1030:

Israel's complaints that the reduction in water from the tributaries to the river Jordan caused by the

570:; although Israel as the occupying authority has refused to give up any of the water resources to the 1951: 1916: 1243: 1165: 1128: 1568:

The diversion of the Hasbani to the Litani combined with the diversion of the Banias to the Yarmouk,

1559:

First summit of Arab Heads of State was convened in Cairo between 13 and 17 January 1964, called by

2508: 2410: 2231:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

1621: 1105: 1074: 1070: 682:(g) The availability of alternatives, of comparable value, to a particular planned or existing use. 619:

Water quality is variable in the river basin. The three tributaries of the upper Jordan have a low

1234:. Until the 1967 Six-Day War, the Dan River was the only source of the river Jordan wholly within 1089:. In 1920 the French managed to assert authority over the Arab nationalist movement and after the 1256: 1181: 1098: 1090: 860:

dispatched ambassador Johnston to the region to work out a plan that would regulate water usage.

446: 199: 75: 2328: 2188:

18 October 2006, 'Environmentalists: New dam may cause Jordan River to dry up' By Tzafrir Rinat,

2012: 3159: 3050:

reaction of the summit to this threat was deadly serious. The preamble to its decision stated,

2936: 2164:

SAIS Review – Volume 22, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2002, pp 255–272 and Allan John Anthony, (2001)

1837: 1824: 3143: 3123: 3106: 3014: 2986: 2969: 2948: 2907: 2883: 2850: 2812: 2762: 2692: 2660: 2583: 2559: 2373: 2352: 2288: 2272: 2255: 2235: 2169: 2160:

Ha'aretz 'A dry Israel must cut water flow to Jordan' by A. Cohen, 15 March 1999 as quoted in

2128: 2084: 2063: 1805: 1778: 1735: 1718: 1701: 1655: 1638: 1541: 1173: 1102: 857: 3010: 2845: 2487: 2460: 2440: 1260: 1094: 372: 294: 258:

in the region are scarce, and these issues directly affect the five political subdivisions (

2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2295: 2162:

Hydro-Peace in the Middle East: Why no Water Wars?: A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin

1883:

Water Resources in Jordan, Munther J. Haddadin, pp 237–238, Resources for the Future, 2006

1717:

Swain, Ashok (2004) Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East Routledge,

1585:

After the 2nd Arab summit conference in Cairo of January 1964 (with the backing of all 13

1015: 498: 490: 478: 464: 452: 431: 419: 404: 392: 383:

In the upper Jordan river basin, upstream of the Sea of Galilee, the tributaries include:

326: 255: 243: 35: 27: 2676: 1842: 1317: 792:

Contained three recommendations: Yarmouk river floodwaters be diverted and stored in the

2316: 594:, which rises in south Lebanon, with an average annual flow of 138 million cubic metres, 2790: 2225: 2144: 1082: 1034:

look to go unheeded due to the conflict of interest between Israel and her neighbours.

1023: 849: 793: 767:

working toward establishing continuous flow of replenishable water source to the area.

342: 306: 279: 239: 232: 3206: 2903:

Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964-1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War

1985:

Water Resources in Jordan, Munther J. Haddadin, p 239, Resources for the Future, 2006

1768:

Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997

1590: 1477: 1356: 1238:

territory. Its flow provides up to 238 million cubic metres of water annually to the

853: 609: 591: 547: 533: 521: 388: 353: 247: 215: 1994:

Water Resources in Jordan, Munther J. Haddadin, p 32, Resources for the Future, 2006

1375:

development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional

376:

through the Zur, the Jordan drains into the Dead Sea across a broad, gently sloping

2866: 1872:"An Agreement to Share Water Between Israelis and Palestinians: the FoEME proposal" 1458: 1325: 1287: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1211: 1192: 1177: 1148: 995:

In 1980, Syria unilaterally started a programme of dam building along the Yarmouk.

605: 579: 525: 439: 330: 251: 236: 3004: 2185: 2901: 1019:

river Jordan is made of run-off from agricultural irrigation and saline springs.

2340: 1586: 1321: 1203: 1144: 1124: 984: 598: 540: 377: 89: 2213:"The Drought That Preceded Syria's Civil War Was Likely the Worst in 900 Years" 1191:, close to the Lebanese Israeli border, about 3 kilometres west of the base of 1525:** and the waters of the Jordan River will be for unconditional use of Israel. 1369:

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

514: 360: 3188: 3175: 2602:

Over Israeli Objections, Lebanon Opens Pumping Station on River 29 March 2001

558:

The riparian rights to the Jordan River are shared by 4 different countries:

2539: 2477: 1622:

Syrian Civil War Has Several Environmental Side-effects on Israel and Jordan

1532: 1223: 1061: 654:

Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses

629: 583: 263: 2372:

Shlaim, Avi (2000) The Iron Wall; Israel and the Arab World Penguin Books,

2081:

Water, Peace and the Middle East: Negotiating Resources in the Jordan Basin

709:, a Jewish state supporting 4 million new immigrants would be sustainable. 883:

Murdoch Macdonald Corporation Report commissioned by Jordanian Government

670:(c) The population dependent on the watercourse in each watercourse State; 1376: 1109: 1086: 1077:, the 1920 boundary extended the British controlled area to north of the 620: 350: 314: 166: 16:

Political issues arising from or related to the water of the Jordan River

1904:

Margit, Cohen "Energy Law in Israel", "Kluwer Law International", 2010.

1535:

of the Jordan River during the Six-Day War. After the Six-Day War, The

1426: 1404: 1384: 1338: 1169: 1161: 776: 762: 559: 267: 130: 118: 99: 667:(b) The social and economic needs of the watercourse States concerned; 1560: 1442: 1419: 1414: 1380: 1267:

from the DMZ. From 1951 Israel refused to attend the meetings of the

1235: 1188: 637: 633: 563: 529: 415: 275: 259: 250:

along transnational rivers, as well as the availability and usage of

219: 195: 71: 67: 2166:

The Middle East Water Question: Hydropolitics and the Global Economy

285:

The Jordan river basin and its water are central issues of both the

3084:

the Sarid-Banias canal at a rate of 26 million cubic metres a year.

3006:

Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East; Alternative Strategies

2966:

Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin

2809:

Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin

1974:

Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin

2535: 2473: 1409: 1388: 706: 601:

River, in Israel, averaging 245 million cubic metres per year, and

271: 203: 79: 2574: 2572: 1571:

The diversion of both the Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk.

346: 2538:

Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters

2505:"AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture" 2499: 2476:

Heightened Israeli-Lebanese Tensions Over Jordan's Headwaters

2407:"AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture" 2401: 2083:(I. B. Tauris Academic Studies, London, St. Martin's Press ), 2003:

Samir N. Saliba, "The Jordan River Dispute", "Springer", 2012.

1536: 242:, including competing claims and water usage, and issues of 2445:

about 70 m above sea level to form the upper Jordan River.

333:

terraces paralleling the river; this area is known as the

1367:

water resources based on an earlier plan commissioned by

3160:

Historical Developmental Plans of the Jordan River Basin

2937:

Historical Developmental Plans of the Jordan River Basin

2638:

16 September 2002. US wades into Mid-East water dispute

1825:

Historical Development Plans for the Jordan River Basin

886:

proposed extension of irrigation in the Jordan Valley.

586:

rivers converge to form the Jordan River in the north:

1014:

Jordan being a country that borders on the Jordan has

3243:

Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine

2793:

UN Security Council Resolution 100 of 27 October 1953

2199:"Drought in Eastern Mediterranean Worst in 900 Years" 471:), whose source is also at the base of Mount Hermon. 438:), arising from a spring at Banias near the foot of 1081:line, a straight line between the mid point of the 676:(e) Existing and potential uses of the watercourse; 317:at an elevation of minus 400 metres, in the south. 209: 189: 181: 176: 160: 152: 140: 124: 114: 105: 95: 85: 63: 58: 46: 23: 2650:17 September 2002. Israel hardens stance on water. 2614:28 March 2002. Lebanon hails 'liberation of water' 1363:. The plan was for the unified development of the 524:, which originates on the south-eastern slopes of 505:), a smaller stream which also flows from Lebanon. 2626:10 September 2002. Israel warns of war over water 1115:In 1941 Australian forces occupied Banyas in the 652:On 21 May 1997 the UN General Assembly adopted a 1917:"Water in Israel: Israel's Chronic Water Problem 1214:said was a "casus belli" and could lead to war. 761:First regional water project delivered water to 359:At a lower elevation is the active Jordan River 1038:Syrian Civil War and its effect on Jordan basin 2392:Armistice Agreement UN Doc S/1353 20 July 1949 612:, averaging 121 million cubic metres per year. 1820: 1818: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1696:Turkey. Clive Agnew, Ewan W. Anderson (1992) 1164:River derives most of its discharge from two 8: 3268:Politics of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 3009:. United Nations University Press. pp. 2469: 2467: 2028:", "Knowledge (XXG), the 💕", 26 April 2015. 1954:", "Knowledge (XXG), the 💕", 27 April 2015. 1127:and Indian forces also invaded Syria in the 509:The lower Jordan River tributaries include: 2906:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101. 2869:The National Water Carrier By Shmuel Kantor 2779:State of Israel Ministry of the Environment 2488:Managing water for peace in the Middle East 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1397: 1006:Jordanian-Israeli peace deal and aftermath 2556:Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism 2250: 2248: 1866: 1864: 1278:auspices and with encouragement from the 1230:, whose source is located at the base of 3045: 3043: 3041: 2722: 2720: 2707: 2705: 2049: 2047: 1895:, "Knowledge (XXG), the 💕", 8 May 2015. 1391:. The plan was formally rejected by the 1069:, and the unratified and later annulled 865: 844:In 1953, Israel began construction of a 714: 582:to the north and east. Three spring-fed 229:Water politics in the Jordan River basin 2803: 2801: 2799: 2747: 2745: 2149:Once mighty Jordan reduced to a trickle 1843:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 1672: 1670: 1668: 1605: 1576:meeting convened in Cairo and decided: 1555:Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River) 1269:Israel/Syria Mixed Armistice Commission 751:First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House 3238:Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon 2841: 2839: 2837: 1912: 1910: 1306:Israeli National Water Carrier project 20: 3263:Politics of the Arab–Israeli conflict 3233:Water supply and sanitation in Jordan 3228:Water supply and sanitation in Israel 983:On 10 June 1967, the last day of the 7: 3248:Water supply and sanitation in Syria 3070:Diversion of tributaries in Lebanon. 2307:Wilson John F (2004) Ibid pp 177–178 1870:David B. Brooks and Julie Trottier, 1766:UN Document A/RES/51/229 8 July 1997 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1836:Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), 502: 494: 482: 468: 456: 435: 423: 408: 396: 305:in the north, and flow through the 50:Greek: Ιορδάνης < Hebrew: ירדן ( 2580:The Evolution of Strategic Thought 532:, forms the southern limit of the 14: 3223:Water politics in the Middle East 3218:Environment of Palestine (region) 3087:2. Diversions in Syrian territory 2711:Shlaim, Avi (2000) ibid pp 71–73 1698:Water Resources in the Arid Realm 1101:, after Britain had been given a 2026:National Water Carrier of Israel 1515:except for the above withdrawals 1361:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan 1351:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan 1345:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan 1312:National Water Carrier of Israel 1200:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan 632:has been severely restricted by 546:Jabesh (Wadi Yabis) named after 341:). These terraces are locally 1751:Shapland Greg (1997) ibid p 53 1331:Israeli National Water Carrier 1067:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 660:and circumstances, including: 646:Palestinian National Authority 572:Palestinian National Authority 293:), as well as the more recent 1: 3098:3. The water plans in Jordan. 3067:The diversion consisted of:- 2015:, "United Nations University" 1222:The Dan River is the largest 692:Ottoman and Mandatory periods 554:Hydrology of the Jordan River 106:Physical characteristics 2739:Shlaim, Avi (2000) ibid p 75 2554:Harik, Judith Palmer (2005) 1140:General Armistice Agreements 411:), which flows from Lebanon. 291:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2103:Water from the Jordan River 1919:, "Jewish Virtual Library". 991:Regional stagnation (1980s) 162: • location 126: • location 3284: 3003:Masahiro Murakami (1995). 2880:Tennessee Valley Authority 2578:Cronin, Patrick M. (2008) 2404:(Water Resources section) 2013:"Managing Water for Peace" 1552: 1373:Tennessee Valley Authority 1371:(UNRWA). Modeled upon the 1348: 1309: 817: 702:World Zionist Organization 2846:United Nations University 1930:"The Founding of Mekorot" 1280:Eisenhower administration 1143:Territory of Palestine." 1138:, and the signing of the 979:Six-Day War and aftermath 965:Modified Johnston Report 733:British Palestine Mandate 321:Geography of Jordan basin 233:political issues of water 172: 148: 144:251 km (156 mi) 136: 110: 3253:Endorheic basins of Asia 2964:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007) 2807:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007) 2677:Jewish agency for Israel 2502:Water Resources section) 2294:9 September 2008 at the 1549:Headwater Diversion Plan 1108:in 1922. Banyas (on the 566:, Israel as well as the 211: • right 848:to take water from the 568:Palestinian territories 191: • left 54:, "descender") < ירד 2545: 2526: 2447: 2427: 1583: 1121:Syria-Lebanon Campaign 932:Initial Johnston Plan 919:National Water Carrier 835:National Water Carrier 576:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 497:), The Iyon or Ayoun ( 303:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 301:areas in and near the 3189:33.24861°N 35.65250°E 2541: 2521: 2442: 2423: 2351:Wilson John F (2004) 2329:Australian Government 2317:Australian Government 1874:, "FoEME", March 2012 1595:military intervention 1578: 1393:Arab Higher Committee 1333:project, designed by 1136:1948 Arab Israeli War 1117:advance to the Litani 1106:mandate for Palestine 826:1948 Arab Israeli War 814:Post-Mandatory period 745:Rutenberg Concession 543:, the Biblical Jabbok 287:Arab–Israeli conflict 222:, Jabesh (Wadi Yabis) 1972:Jeffrey K. Sosland. 1952:Walter C. Lowdermilk 1073:, stemming from the 1032:Jordanian-Syrian dam 1027:back into question. 820:The "War over Water" 3258:Irrigation projects 3185: / 2867:University of Haifa 1838:"Subduing the Nile" 1355:1955 US ambassador 1337:and constructed by 1075:San Remo conference 687:Historical timeline 311:Jordan River Valley 177:Basin features 3213:Jordan River basin 3194:33.24861; 35.65250 2900:Moshe Gat (2003). 1785:Annex A pp 446–464 1265:forcibly evacuated 1099:Treaty of Lausanne 1091:Battle of Maysalun 824:At the end of the 200:Dan River (Israel) 76:State of Palestine 3020:978-92-808-0858-2 2913:978-0-275-97514-2 2459:The Jordan River 2439:The Jordan River 2378:978-0-14-028870-4 2289:Exchange of Notes 2234:. New York: Owl, 2068:978-0-316-72478-4 1893:"British Mandate" 1542:Hussein of Jordan 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1301:Regional projects 1129:Battle of Kissoué 1103:League of Nations 973: 972: 858:Dwight Eisenhower 811: 810: 608:flowing from the 513:The Jalud in the 371:), with a wildly 226: 225: 3275: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3065: 3059: 3047: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3000: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2897: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2805: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2507:. Archived from 2496: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2471: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2409:. 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Retrieved 3005: 2998: 2981: 2968:SUNY Press, 2965: 2960: 2943: 2932: 2924: 2917:. Retrieved 2902: 2895: 2874: 2862: 2824: 2811:SUNY Press, 2808: 2786: 2774: 2757: 2735: 2712: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2579: 2558:I.B.Tauris, 2555: 2550: 2542: 2531: 2522: 2513:. Retrieved 2509:the original 2494: 2483: 2452: 2443: 2432: 2424: 2415:. Retrieved 2411:the original 2397: 2390:Syria Israel 2385: 2368: 2360: 2347: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2303: 2284: 2267: 2229: 2221: 2207: 2193: 2181: 2168:I.B.Tauris, 2165: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2140: 2123: 2096: 2080: 2075: 2058: 2033: 2020: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1973: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1900: 1888: 1879: 1852:, retrieved 1847: 1841: 1831: 1812:, pp 273–275 1800: 1790: 1773: 1747: 1730: 1713: 1697: 1692: 1682: 1650: 1633: 1629: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1558: 1529: 1379:countries – 1354: 1326:Vagn Bennike 1318:Jacob's Ford 1315: 1296: 1294:and Jordan. 1288:Al-Wehda Dam 1285: 1273: 1253: 1240:Hulah Valley 1232:Mount Hermon 1228:Jordan river 1221: 1212:Ariel Sharon 1208: 1197: 1193:Mount Hermon 1186: 1159: 1149:Yosef Tekoah 1133: 1114: 1059: 1051:Jordan basin 1045: 1041: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1009: 1000: 997: 994: 982: 974: 943:Cotton Plan 905:Bunger Plan 862: 843: 839: 831: 823: 775:Founding of 711: 699: 695: 658: 651: 643: 626: 618: 615: 606:Banias River 580:Mount Hermon 557: 526:Mount Hermon 508: 486: 474: 460: 447: 440:Mount Hermon 427: 400: 382: 368: 364: 358: 338: 334: 324: 284: 252:ground water 237:Jordan River 228: 227: 51: 39: 31: 24:River Jordan 18: 3192: / 3165:UN Document 2919:7 September 2689:operations. 2582:Routledge, 1850:: 2861–2870 1700:Routledge, 1587:Arab League 1257:Palestinian 1204:Arab League 1145:Moshe Dayan 1125:Free French 1119:during the 1095:King Faisal 1079:Sykes Picot 985:Six-Day War 541:Zarqa River 289:(including 235:within the 182:Tributaries 90:Middle East 3207:Categories 3180:35°39′09″E 3177:33°14′55″N 3076:annually). 2993:pp 271–274 2857:pp 295–297 2262:pp 392–420 2037:Aquastat, 1976:. Pp.28–29 1708:pp 198–199 1383:, Jordan, 1182:Dan Rivers 954:Arab Plan 894:Main Plan 875:objective 724:objective 515:Beth Shean 373:meandering 361:floodplain 354:morphology 231:refers to 2498:Lebanon ( 2279:pp 98–110 2091:pp 207/21 1533:West Bank 1224:tributary 1062:Tel Hazor 630:Euphrates 584:headwater 562:, Syria, 397:الحاصباني 264:West Bank 153:Discharge 47:Etymology 3113:pp 49–50 2600:LA Times 2515:26 April 2417:26 April 2359:, p 178 2292:Archived 2228:(1989). 2186:Ha'aretz 2145:Guardian 2041:, "FAO", 2039:"Jordan" 1687:m/year). 1645:pp 37–39 1377:riparian 1174:Haqzbieh 1172:and the 1110:Quneitra 1087:Nahariya 794:Kinneret 621:salinity 528:and the 487:Braghith 351:badlands 345:by side 327:alluvial 315:Dead Sea 167:Dead Sea 59:Location 3026:15 July 2524:spring. 2115:Storage 1932:, 1984. 1854:10 July 1478:Yarmouk 1427:Hasbani 1405:Lebanon 1401:Source 1385:Lebanon 1339:Mekorot 1236:Israeli 1226:of the 1170:Wazzani 1166:springs 1162:Hasbani 1156:Hasbani 921:begins 872:policy 777:Mekorot 721:policy 560:Lebanon 475:Berdara 389:Hasbani 343:incised 268:Lebanon 216:Yarmouk 131:Lebanon 119:Hasbani 100:Jericho 64:Country 3146: 3126: 3109: 3017: 2989: 2972: 2951: 2910: 2886: 2853: 2815: 2765: 2695: 2663: 2586: 2562: 2376: 2355: 2341:Fectio 2275: 2258: 2238: 2172: 2131: 2087: 2066: 1808: 1781: 1738: 1721: 1704: 1677:eds.). 1658: 1641: 1561:Nasser 1495:Total 1459:Jordan 1443:Banias 1420:Israel 1415:Jordan 1381:Israel 1274:Under 1189:Ghajar 1178:Banias 1056:Banias 638:Tigris 634:Turkey 564:Jordan 517:valley 499:Hebrew 495:براغيث 491:Arabic 485:), or 479:Arabic 469:اللدان 465:Arabic 461:Leddan 453:Hebrew 432:Hebrew 428:Hermon 424:بانياس 420:Arabic 416:Banias 405:Hebrew 393:Arabic 363:, the 276:Jordan 262:, the 260:Israel 220:Jabbok 196:Banias 185: 156: 141:Length 115:Source 86:Region 72:Jordan 68:Israel 52:yardén 36:Hebrew 28:Arabic 3130:p 165 2769:p 239 2667:p 169 2590:p 189 2566:p 159 2536:MERIP 2474:MERIP 2176:p 220 2070:p 399 1601:Notes 1487:377* 1410:Syria 1389:Syria 1335:Tahal 1292:UNRWA 962:1955 951:1954 940:1954 929:1953 914:1953 902:1952 891:1952 880:1951 869:year 801:1944 786:1939 772:1937 758:1936 742:1926 729:1922 718:year 707:Negev 483:دردره 436:חרמון 378:delta 347:wadis 339:Ghawr 331:beach 272:Syria 204:Jalud 80:Syria 3144:ISBN 3124:ISBN 3107:ISBN 3028:2013 3015:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2976:p 52 2970:ISBN 2955:p 45 2949:ISBN 2921:2013 2908:ISBN 2890:p 14 2884:ISBN 2851:ISBN 2819:p 70 2813:ISBN 2763:ISBN 2699:p 67 2693:ISBN 2661:ISBN 2584:ISBN 2560:ISBN 2517:2011 2419:2011 2380:p 69 2374:ISBN 2353:ISBN 2273:ISBN 2256:ISBN 2236:ISBN 2170:ISBN 2135:p 37 2129:ISBN 2085:ISBN 2064:ISBN 1856:2009 1806:ISBN 1779:ISBN 1742:p 52 1736:ISBN 1725:p 79 1719:ISBN 1702:ISBN 1662:p 25 1656:ISBN 1639:ISBN 1504:477 1501:132 1469:100 1387:and 1180:and 1160:The 1147:and 1085:and 604:The 597:The 590:The 578:and 539:The 520:The 503:עיון 445:The 414:The 409:שניר 401:Snir 387:The 367:(or 365:zhor 337:(or 335:Ghor 309:and 274:and 96:City 3011:296 2648:BBC 2636:BBC 2624:BBC 2612:BBC 2500:FAO 2457:UNU 2437:UNU 2402:FAO 1537:PLO 1507:25 1498:35 1490:25 1484:90 1472:** 1466:22 1449:20 1431:35 1218:Dan 599:Dan 459:), 448:Dan 426:), 399:), 369:Zur 329:or 246:of 3209:: 3040:^ 3030:. 3013:. 2923:. 2836:^ 2798:^ 2744:^ 2719:^ 2704:^ 2571:^ 2466:^ 2247:^ 2046:^ 1959:^ 1909:^ 1863:^ 1846:, 1840:, 1817:^ 1756:^ 1667:^ 1608:^ 1341:. 1276:UN 1246:. 1206:. 1123:; 1093:, 753:. 656:. 501:: 493:: 481:: 467:: 457:דן 455:: 434:: 422:: 407:: 395:: 380:. 356:. 270:, 266:, 254:. 218:, 202:, 198:, 78:, 74:, 70:, 34:, 2519:. 2421:. 2242:. 2215:. 2024:" 1950:" 1848:V 489:( 477:( 463:( 451:( 442:. 430:( 418:( 403:( 391:(

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