321:
30:
97:
363:. As of 2002, there are 11 protected land areas in Mongolia. The government has also passed The Mongolian Law on Environmental Protection (1995) which includes ecological training, compensation for environmental damage, economic incentives for environmental protection, and NGO participation in protection. Other notable laws include the Mongolian Law on Hunting (1995) that regulates the protection and proper use of hunted animals, The Mongolian Law on Natural Plants (1995) that regulates protection and restoration of plants, and The Law on Water (1995), which protects water reserves and quality.
193:
1658:
1455:
1465:
293:, increase of sand area, and drying-out of wetland areas. At least 90% of Mongolia's pastureland has experienced some level of desertification. Between 1996 and 2009 up to a third of rivers dried out or were impacted by drought conditions. It has been found that desertification is predominantly (approximately 87%) caused by human factors rather than natural factors. These anthropogenic factors include
382:
275:
477:. Mining deposits of cyanide, sulfuric acid, and other toxins are often found in river basins and headwaters. Inefficient use of large quantities of water for the purposes of extracting gold has caused further pollution and the drying up of streams. Mining has been identified as the cause of pollution in 28 rivers and streams. Additionally, the state has a weak site monitoring system.
450:
485:
HWPC dissolved in 2008 due to internal disagreements, but the organization set the precedent for how local activists can create national change in
Mongolia. One of the groups that arose after the HWPC was the United Movement of Mongolian Rivers and Lakes. This group was instrumental in winning the passage of a law that prohibited mining at the headwater of rivers.
874:
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
441:
international standards. Particulate concentrations have been shown to correlate with premature death. In the cold seasons, the atmospheric content of carbon monoxide is 2–4 times the permissible amount and acute respiratory diseases (such as tuberculosis and other lung diseases) are reported to be higher during winter as well.
873:
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
472:
enacted after the right-of-center
Democratic Union came to power in 1996, served to liberalize the mining industry by weakening the restrictions for gaining mining license and allowing for foreign ownership of mining enterprises. Subsequently, mining, and especially gold mining which makes up 60% of
392:
is a problem in
Mongolia, due to the burning of coal and biomass as fuels within homes, and improper ventilation. Because of Mongolia's very cold winters (that have temperatures averaging below 0 from November to March) and often cold nights, Mongolians need a lot of energy for heating in addition to
119:
periods, and extreme temperatures have become more frequent. Leading up to 2000, there were approximately 20 extreme events per year, but since 2000, this number has doubled to 40 events per year. Between 2008 and 2010 Mongolia experienced 153 extreme events, most of which being strong winds, storms,
484:
and prevent further degradation. The group participated in grassroots organizing activities and succeeded in stopping 36 out of 37 mining licenses issued along the Ongi River. The Ongi River
Movement joined with other River Movements in 2006 to form the Homeland and Water Protection Coalition. The
440:
and houses with manual heating burn over 200,000 cubic meters of fuel wood every year. Suspended particulate matter, (caused by dust storms and pollution) has been shown to peak in winter months. Daily averages of particulate concentration in the air can range from two-to-three times higher than
248:
Three central pieces of legislation in dealing with this issue have been the "Law on
Forests," the "Law on Protection of Forests and Steppe Fires," and the "Law on Levying Fees on the Harvest of Timber and Firewood." Together, these laws establish that 70% or more of income gained from timber
427:
From 1995 to 2002, the number of vehicles in
Ulaanbaatar more than doubled. Approximately 80% of vehicles in the city do not meet emission or fuel efficiency standards. This results in vehicles adding 70 tons of pollutants to the air every year. The major rise of automobiles in the city has
320:
180:" events, with six occurrences in the last decade causing the loss of around 5.9 million animals, or 9% of the country's livestock. The nation has experienced a temperature rise of 2.5°C over the past 80 years, exacerbating environmental degradation and economic challenges. Despite
675:
431:
During the cold season, there is an increased use of energy for heating purposes, and as a result increased levels of air pollution. During the winter, the three diesel power plants in
Ulaanbaatar release 4.5 million cubic meters of gaseous pollutants. There are also
168:
neighborhoods with easy access to businesses and nearby employment. Women-led families in
Mongolia will have preferential access to this new green affordable housing, and 40% of workplaces and at least 40% of green mortgage loans will go to women-led companies.
341:, owing to its unique and often undisturbed ecosystems. It has some of the last populations of the world's endangered species, and has many species that can only be found within it. However, Mongolia's biodiversity is threatened by its growing population and
184:
accounting for just 10% of GDP, it supports over 80% of the rural populace. The latest dzud event affected almost the entire country, resulting in a 7% increase in
Mongolia's consumer price index and higher fodder costs, which also impact the vital
511:
Liu, M., Dries, L., Huang, J., Min, S., & Tang, J. (2019). The impacts of the eco-environmental policy on grassland degradation and livestock production in Inner
Mongolia, China: An empirical analysis based on the simultaneous equation model.
311:
The Mongolian government has created a National Committee to Combat Desertification and National Center to Combat Desertification. Between 1990 and 2001, the government has spent $ 24.6 million on 14 anti-desertification projects in Mongolia.
397:(traditional Mongolian dwellings), coal is the most used form of fuel, and the burning of coal and other biomass (such as wood, crop residue etc.) in simple stoves causes the air within the living spaces to have elevated levels of
686:
646:
227:, military activities, agricultural machinery), further deteriorating the forest cover. In 2008, 178 forest fires occurred, affecting 927,990 hectares of steppe and causing a 17.6 billion loss in tugriks.
234:, amounting to a yearly 1.3 million cubic meters of wood a year. Additionally, the timber industry's poor logging techniques and inefficiency led to only 60% of the timber being used for profit.
488:
Water pollution can also be linked to non-treated and semi-treated human and industrial waste discharge. Annually over 120 million cubic meters of waste waster is disposed of without treatment.
468:
in 1991, the Mongolian Government initiated policies that allowed the mining industry to operate with relatively few regulations, for the purpose of economic growth. The new Mineral Law of 1997
308:
In Mongolia, over 70% of pastureland is now degraded, and the vegetation growth rate has shrunken by a factor of 5. From 2007 to 2010 the forest covered area has decreased by 383,600 hectares.
72:, which is expanding due to human activity, pests, disease, and fires. Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification, a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible
352:
Wildlife are hunted and harvested in a variety of ways, including direct use of meat and animal products, and commercial marketing of these animals. There are large-scale harvests of both
56:
that are detrimental to both human and environmental wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. One of these issues is
473:
the industry, has experienced significant growth. From 1991 to 2001 production of gold increased 17-fold. However, this growth has caused environmental concerns, one of the main being
141:
Another result of these meteorological shifts is expected to be precipitation that occurs in concentrated bursts and cannot be absorbed by the soil. The rising temperatures will also
253:
and restoration. These laws have been supplemented by other forest protection regulations and resolutions. Despite this, as of 2004, the reforestation rate hangs below 15%.
1344:
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Mongolia has low forest resources, and due to its harsh climate, the growth of its forests is slow. Nevertheless, the forests help maintain water conditions, prevent
1693:
29:
1389:
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Since 1940, the average year wise temperature in Mongolia has increased by at least 1.8 °C. This temperature shift is deemed responsible for an increase in
1000:
164:
in converting neighborhoods vulnerable to climate change into more climate-resilient and ecological districts. Plans call for constructing 10,000 houses in 20
581:
530:
Vova, O., Kappas, M., Renchin, T., & Fassnacht, S. R. (2020). Extreme climate event and its impact on landscape resilience in Gobi region of Mongolia.
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The result of all of these factors, is that from 1980 to 2000, 10% of the forest cover in Mongolia was lost. This deforestation has caused lowering of
2231:
1501:
1179:
1570:
76:. Additionally, more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction. Moreover, especially in population centers, Mongolians deal with
220:
By 2000, over 1.2 million ha of forested land had been invaded by pests. Due to the spread of pests, over 300,000 ha of forest was unable to grow.
1369:
1289:
1420:
189:. International and national initiatives are focusing on sustainable practices and renewable energy to mitigate these climate change effects.
1921:
417:, the largest and most densely populated city in Mongolia. The pollution in Ulaanbaatar comes from the emissions of vehicles, power plants,
1870:
1339:
1304:
1259:
1096:
356:
and fish for commercial use. Another phenomenon is the harvest of rare and valuable animals by foreign hunters who carry special licenses.
622:
1430:
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96:
2201:
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1239:
1219:
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1139:
1129:
433:
269:
1914:
1314:
1309:
1189:
565:
876:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"
1863:
1329:
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257:
1620:
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1975:
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1234:
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1204:
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As a backlash to the effects of mining on water quality, the Ongi River Movement formed in 2001. Its goal was to protect the
142:
1630:
1394:
1058:
1957:
1880:
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1530:
1494:
1359:
1319:
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1209:
1184:
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1159:
1999:
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1605:
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1199:
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648:
The Political Ecology of Climate Change Adaptation : Livelihoods, Agrarian Change and the Conflicts of Development
2073:
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2011:
1962:
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1111:
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Fires saw increased regularity due to carelessness of people who entered the forest (such as through escaped
107:
has threatened the ways of life for traditional pastoralist herders, as it is a driving factor of disruptive
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1897:
38:
2124:
1909:
1847:
1615:
1967:
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1985:
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is expected to creep northward at approximately 6–7 km / year, which is expected to further limit
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1535:
2194:
2093:
1980:
1952:
1935:
1700:
1522:
1409:
1082:
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and other harmful emissions. However, these limited forest resources have been diminishing due to
2114:
2068:
2053:
2048:
1829:
1657:
1059:"Mobilizing against Dispossession : Gold Mining and a Local Resistance Movement in Mongolia"
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461:
389:
346:
330:
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2139:
2119:
2078:
1774:
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958:
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897:
623:"Climate Change Impacts on Health and Livelihoods: Mongolia Assessment - Mongolia | ReliefWeb"
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360:
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85:
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is defined as the process of fertile land becoming desert, and is characterized by loss of
17:
2021:
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342:
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81:
61:
42:
910:
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is significantly impacting Mongolia, particularly through the increasing frequency of "
173:
104:
57:
2225:
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1575:
1540:
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1044:
936:
Baris, Enis; Rivera, Salvador; Boehmova, Zuzana; Constant, Samantha (December 2006).
558:
Environmental Public Awareness Handbook: Case Studies and Lessons Learned in Mongolia
525:
186:
77:
69:
1796:
1580:
1565:
465:
454:
402:
338:
846:
Tsogtbaatar (November 2004). "Deforestation and Reforestation Needs in Mongolia".
506:
381:
1036:
859:
743:"Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Sector Project"
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1732:
1688:
1468:
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294:
279:
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157:
135:
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34:
1074:
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405:. In rare cases, people die of smoke build up and mismanaging of ventilation.
1590:
742:
481:
449:
150:
901:
385:
Mongolian gers, such as those pictured here, experience indoor air pollution.
602:
231:
124:
1023:
Byambajav, Dalaibuyan (2015). "The River Movements' Struggle in Mongolia".
919:
2106:
1752:
1510:
937:
224:
73:
52:
938:"Indoor Air Pollution in Cold Climates: The Cases of Mongolia and China"
2036:
2026:
2016:
1550:
1545:
586:
543:
353:
298:
214:
146:
127:
116:
2154:
2031:
260:
mean score of 9.36/10, ranking it 6th globally out of 172 countries.
1479:
714:"ADB to Help Ulaanbaatar Transform its Ger Areas into Eco-Districts"
767:"Mongolia's Livestock Are Being Killed by Winter Climate Disasters"
436:. Over 250 steam boilers burn 400,000 tons of coal every year, and
448:
319:
273:
95:
28:
464:
is linked with water pollution issues. After the collapse of the
359:
The Mongolian government has taken steps to address the issue of
499:
Introduction: environmental disaster in Mongolian modern history
130:, and as a result, a lowering of the production of biomass. The
1483:
1078:
413:
Air pollution is a problem in Mongolia's cities, especially in
177:
100:
Visualisation of temperature change in Mongolia, 1901 to 2020.
676:"REPORT ON STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF MONGOLIA, 2008-2010"
428:
corresponded with increasing levels of nitrogen dioxide.
345:. These pressures bring on activities such as farming,
160:
vulnerable neighborhoods, is receiving help from the
2092:
1998:
1934:
1811:
1665:
1521:
1408:
1368:
1110:
153:, and will cause more transpiration from plants.
1003:, Center for International and Defense Policy,
978:"Environmental Challenges of Urban Development"
349:, and hunting in previously undisturbed areas.
60:, which will be responsible for an increase in
329:trees experiencing defoliation as a result of
1495:
1090:
1066:Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities
501:, Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies,
8:
497:Takahiro Ozaki & Hiroki Takakura (2021)
683:Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism
582:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
434:many coal-fired power plants in Ulaanbaatar
2004:
1940:
1817:
1671:
1502:
1488:
1480:
1097:
1083:
1075:
599:: low-pollution fuel for diesel generators
196:A forest in Mongolia, after a forest fire.
909:
891:
823:"Mongolia: State of the Environment 2002"
111:also known as extreme climatic events or
592:Clean coal technology and carbon capture
380:
191:
614:
172:In April 2024, Bloomberg reported that
736:
734:
708:
706:
393:the energy needed for cooking. In the
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1016:
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996:
994:
972:
970:
968:
931:
929:
817:
815:
813:
811:
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7:
841:
839:
830:United Nations Environment Programme
805:
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789:
787:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
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640:
638:
636:
333:caterpillars, Terelj National Park.
209:, preserve permafrost, and control
270:Desertification in the Gobi Desert
25:
985:Mongolia Environment Monitor 2004
2232:Environmental issues in Mongolia
1656:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1005:The Rivers Movements in Mongolia
651:. Routledge. pp. Chapter 8.
603:Chimney filters and afterburners
526:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104167
301:of farmland soils, burning, and
258:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
550:World’s Most Polluted Countries
548:Naidu-Ghelani, Rajeshni (2011)
230:Trees were also cut for use as
1421:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
848:Forest Ecology and Management
560:. Ulaanbaatar: DSConsulting.
507:10.1080/24761028.2021.2015837
421:and other industrial activity
217:, fires, pests, and disease.
1105:Environmental issues in Asia
1037:10.1080/14742837.2013.877387
860:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.011
741:adbheadhoncho (2018-08-24).
343:demand for natural resources
337:Mongolia supports an innate
245:, and more desertification.
1694:Historical cities and towns
1631:Mongolian People's Republic
156:Mongolia, specifically for
45:is a key issue in Mongolia.
18:Water pollution in Mongolia
2248:
893:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
462:Mongolia's mining industry
267:
2188:
2007:
1943:
1820:
1674:
1654:
1449:
959:"Weather Online Mongolia"
605:: may reduce PM emissions
556:Ferguson, Robert (1999).
249:harvest must be used for
120:and floods from run-off.
64:, natural disasters, and
1871:Administrative divisions
1561:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1170:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
166:environmentally friendly
162:European Investment Bank
51:environmental issues in
49:There are many pressing
1431:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1025:Social Movement Studies
645:Taylor, Marcus (2015).
2125:Goyol Fashion Festival
1915:Chief of General Staff
747:Asian Development Bank
718:Asian Development Bank
458:
386:
334:
283:
197:
101:
46:
1886:Third neighbor policy
1586:Northern Yuan dynasty
1001:Walsh-Pickering David
880:Nature Communications
587:Biomass power station
452:
384:
323:
277:
195:
99:
32:
2145:Traditional medicine
1864:Constitutional Court
1706:Environmental issues
1536:Prehistoric Mongolia
1345:United Arab Emirates
390:Indoor air pollution
377:Indoor air pollution
316:Loss of biodiversity
256:Mongolia had a 2018
182:livestock production
1830:State Great Khural
1621:Soviet intervention
1372:limited recognition
453:Air pollution from
409:Urban air pollution
2069:List of Mongolians
1976:Telecommunications
1616:Chinese occupation
552:, CNBC, Oct 5 2011
544:10.3390/rs12182881
459:
403:particulate matter
387:
335:
331:Siberian silk moth
284:
239:groundwater levels
198:
102:
47:
2219:
2218:
2184:
2183:
1994:
1993:
1930:
1929:
1922:Political parties
1881:Foreign relations
1807:
1806:
1477:
1476:
1414:other territories
361:biodiversity loss
251:forest protection
187:cashmere industry
115:. Winter storms,
113:natural disasters
86:industrialization
39:Ömnögovi Province
16:(Redirected from
2239:
2204:
2197:
2171:
2170:(New Year's Day)
2158:
2110:
2037:Southern Mongols
2005:
1971:
1941:
1851:
1833:
1818:
1672:
1660:
1556:Rouran Khaganate
1504:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1426:Christmas Island
1112:Sovereign states
1099:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1055:
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1020:
1007:
998:
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685:. Archived from
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653:
652:
642:
631:
630:
619:
571:
291:vegetation cover
211:greenhouse gases
207:soil degradation
66:land degradation
21:
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2240:
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2222:
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2180:
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2084:Writing systems
2074:Sex trafficking
2064:Public holidays
1990:
1969:
1926:
1905:Law enforcement
1849:
1831:
1803:
1661:
1652:
1648:Modern Mongolia
1643:1990 Revolution
1626:1921 Revolution
1606:1911 Revolution
1596:Dzungar Khanate
1571:Medieval tribes
1517:
1508:
1478:
1473:
1445:
1413:
1404:
1385:Northern Cyprus
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612:
578:
568:
555:
514:Land Use Policy
494:
492:Further reading
475:water pollution
447:
445:Water pollution
411:
399:carbon monoxide
379:
374:
369:
318:
287:Desertification
272:
266:
264:Desertification
203:
109:dzuds and gans,
94:
82:water pollution
62:desertification
43:Desertification
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
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1989:
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1986:Transportation
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1978:
1973:
1965:
1963:Stock Exchange
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1890:
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1843:Prime Minister
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1809:
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1782:National parks
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68:. Another is
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27:
19:
2168:Tsagaan Sar
2102:Architecture
2059:Prostitution
2012:Demographics
1893:Human rights
1832:(parliament)
1825:Constitution
1705:
1636:World War II
1611:Bogd Khanate
1581:Yuan dynasty
1566:Liao dynasty
1410:Dependencies
1340:Turkmenistan
1305:Saudi Arabia
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984:
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854:(1): 57–63.
851:
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829:
775:. Retrieved
773:. 2024-04-06
770:
761:
750:. Retrieved
746:
722:. Retrieved
720:. 2018-08-28
717:
694:. Retrieved
687:the original
682:
647:
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557:
538:(18), 2881.
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455:Tavan Tolgoi
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1948:Agriculture
1848:Government
1733:Gobi Desert
1689:Ulaanbaatar
1469:Asia portal
1370:States with
1290:Philippines
1230:South Korea
1225:North Korea
1120:Afghanistan
886:(1): 5978.
415:Ulaanbaatar
295:overgrazing
280:Gobi Desert
136:pastureland
132:Gobi desert
35:Gobi Desert
2157:(festival)
2135:Literature
1970:(currency)
1855:Judiciary
1591:Four Oirat
1350:Uzbekistan
1325:Tajikistan
1240:Kyrgyzstan
1220:Kazakhstan
1140:Bangladesh
1130:Azerbaijan
777:2024-04-06
752:2022-10-24
724:2022-10-24
696:2016-11-03
610:References
520:, 104167.
482:Ongi River
457:coal mine.
268:See also:
151:permafrost
149:, degrade
84:caused by
2107:Biyelgee
2044:Education
1958:Companies
1876:Elections
1850:(cabinet)
1838:President
1760:Mountains
1738:Grassland
1667:Geography
1601:Qing rule
1436:Hong Kong
1390:Palestine
1315:Sri Lanka
1310:Singapore
1190:Indonesia
1045:143204108
1031:: 92–97.
902:2041-1723
367:Pollution
225:campfires
125:grassland
2226:Category
2211:Category
2163:Religion
2054:Language
1910:Military
1813:Politics
1748:Khövsgöl
1531:Timeline
1515:articles
1511:Mongolia
1459:Category
1380:Abkhazia
1330:Thailand
1285:Pakistan
1265:Mongolia
1260:Maldives
1255:Malaysia
1155:Cambodia
920:33293507
576:See also
354:gazelles
147:glaciers
74:land use
53:Mongolia
2195:Outline
2155:Naadam
2120:Cuisine
2109:(dance)
2094:Culture
2027:Buryats
2022:Khalkha
2017:Mongols
2000:Society
1981:Tourism
1968:Tögrög
1953:Banking
1936:Economy
1792:Selenga
1775:Khentii
1770:Khangai
1721:Mammals
1701:Climate
1679:Borders
1551:Xianbei
1546:Xiongnu
1523:History
1355:Vietnam
1270:Myanmar
1250:Lebanon
1180:Georgia
1135:Bahrain
1125:Armenia
911:7723057
299:erosion
215:logging
128:aridity
117:drought
2115:Cinema
2049:Health
2032:Oirats
1797:Orkhon
1787:Rivers
1684:Cities
1513:
1400:Taiwan
1335:Turkey
1300:Russia
1235:Kuwait
1215:Jordan
1205:Israel
1165:Cyprus
1150:Brunei
1145:Bhutan
1043:
918:
908:
900:
597:BioDME
564:
347:mining
2202:Index
2176:Sport
2150:Music
2140:Media
2079:Women
1765:Altai
1743:Lakes
1728:Flora
1716:Birds
1711:Fauna
1441:Macau
1360:Yemen
1320:Syria
1295:Qatar
1275:Nepal
1210:Japan
1185:India
1175:Egypt
1160:China
1062:(PDF)
1041:S2CID
981:(PDF)
945:ESMAP
941:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
419:gers,
1898:LGBT
1280:Oman
1245:Laos
1200:Iraq
1195:Iran
916:PMID
898:ISSN
562:ISBN
438:gers
401:and
395:gers
278:The
232:fuel
178:dzud
143:melt
80:and
33:The
1753:Uvs
1412:and
1033:doi
906:PMC
888:doi
856:doi
852:201
540:doi
522:doi
503:doi
78:air
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524::
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