562:, released Cabinet papers and minutes setting out intentions for reform of service delivery and funding arrangements for the three waters services nationwide. The Cabinet paper identified affordability and capability as two key challenges facing New Zealand's three waters service delivery infrastructure. The paper proposed transferring control and administration of three water provision services to a new entity that would focus on the provision of water services. The Government indicated that it would work with local government bodies to explore options for transitioning councils to new service delivery arrangements and investigate opportunities for collaborative approaches to water service delivery.
839:
1998, there had been a previous incident of contamination of drinking water at
Havelock North, but that the lessons from that incident had been forgotten. Another key finding was that several of the parties with responsibility for the water supply regime for Havelock North had failed to adhere to the high levels of care and diligence needed to protect public health and to avoid outbreaks of serious illness. The Inquiry concluded that a higher standard of care was needed, similar to that applied in the fields of medicine and aviation where the consequences of a failure could similarly be illness, injury or death.
481:
the next decade, split between $ 11.6 billion in waste and stormwater, and $ 5.6 billion for water supply. However, more than half of the planned investment in waste and stormwater is to replace assets that are at the end of their working life, with only a quarter of the money allocated for additions and improvements. They claimed that further new investment in water infrastructure is needed to cope with a growing population and the demands of the
Government's three waters review, aimed at improving the quality of drinking water, storm water and waste water.
1058:. One of the main conclusions was that the three councils had a reactive approach to understanding flood risk, by relying mostly on the information collected after a flood. The lack of forecasting could lead to a poor understanding of the risk and cost of future events, and inadequate preparation. The review also noted that the three councils were spending less than the annual depreciation amount on re-investment in stormwater systems, and that under-investment could lead to stormwater systems failing to contain and minimise flooding.
164:
3003:
448:. The increased rate was proposed to be $ 1800 per household by 2025 (almost four times the current rate), and $ 2000 by 2030. A former councillor said: "Most people in Inangahua Junction are pensioners; they're on low fixed incomes and they simply have no ability to pay these sorts of fees". The mayor of Buller District said that the planned increases related to the requirements to comply with government-mandated drinking water standards for public water supplies.
437:
range in charges is even greater at over ten times as much ($ 1,217 versus $ 116/year). In the most expensive jurisdiction, the average customer will have a water and wastewater bill of over $ 1,700. For those who depend on the single living-alone superannuation payment, the water and wastewater bill in the most expensive region constitutes over 8% of their income. For those dependent on the sole parent support payment, it constitutes more than 10% of their income.
258:. As of 15 April 2020, the Drinking Water online database included records of water supplied to an estimated population of approximately 4.1 million. This indicates that around 85% of the estimated total population of New Zealand at that date receive water from a registered supplier. The balance of the population (approximately 15%) rely upon small self-managed supplies including roof rainwater collection systems.
31:
772:. However, some communities have water sources derived from deep aquifers that they consider are "secure" or low risk without chlorination. There is opposition to chlorination in some of these communities. However, Water New Zealand, the industry association that represents 1900 water engineers and specialists, advocates for chlorination of all public water supplies.
685:
rainwater is "pure" and safe to drink. Indeed, the risk of disease arising from roof-collected rainwater consumption can be low, providing that the water is visibly clear, has little taste or smell and, most importantly, the storage and collection of rainwater is via a properly maintained tank and roof catchment system.
250:, including the sixth of the 17 goals which is to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. While the New Zealand Government has expressed its commitment to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, it is yet to announce any specific policy or data strategy for that purpose.
826:
In
September 2016, the Government announced an Inquiry into the outbreak, in two stages. Stage 1 focused on identifying what happened, what caused the outbreak, and assessing the conduct of those responsible for providing safe drinking water to Havelock North. Stage 2 of the Inquiry addressed lessons
684:
In New
Zealand more than 10% of the population depends on roof-collected rainwater systems for their drinking water – especially in rural areas that are not served by municipal town water supplies. Roof-collected rainwater consumption is also popular because the general public has the perception that
662:
In early August 2024, Brown announced that council-controlled organisations would be able to borrow money for water infrastructure from the Local
Government Funding Agency. The Government also introduced its first Local Water Done Well bill which is expected to pass into law in August 2024. Under the
613:
representatives reviewed issues of representation, governance and accountability, and reported back in March 2022 with 47 recommendations. In April 2022, the government accepted 44 of the recommendations. Key changes to the original proposals included providing shareholdings for councils in the four
1061:
In the summary of findings, the
Auditor-General noted that all councils face challenges when managing their stormwater systems, including ageing infrastructure, limited capacity, managing costs to the community, and having the right people and skills in their organisations. The main recommendations
787:
of public water supplies is undertaken in most public water supplies, typically at a rate between 0.7 and 1.0 mg/L. A report by the Office of the Prime
Minister's Chief Science Advisor issued in 2021 confirmed previous studies that showed a positive impact of fluoridation on dental health, and
706:
The 2018-19 National
Performance Review includes data about water supply volumes from the participants in the study. Residential consumption is estimated because only around 50% of residential properties nationwide have a meter installed. Water New Zealand noted that in this annual review, the total
480:
An economist from
Infometrics questioned whether the investment programme was focussed in the areas of greatest need, and pointed to New Zealand's ageing water infrastructure. Their analysis of council expenditure plans found that investment in the three waters is expected to be $ 17.2 billion over
211:
A major programme of nationwide reform is being developed by central government, with the aim of rationalizing the provision of services for the three waters. It is proposed that a small number of large publicly owned entities will be established to own and manage the three waters assets across the
1041:
In its summary of the findings from the
National Performance Review 2018–19, Water New Zealand observed that management of stormwater quality is not yet widespread. Stormwater quality monitoring programmes and/or catchment management plans are in place for just over half the Review's participants.
847:
The recommendations arising from Stage 2 of the Inquiry including wide-ranging proposals for legislative and regulatory changes to drive systematic improvements in the management of drinking water nationwide. The recommendations also included mandatory treatment of all drinking water networks and
838:
secure from contaminants. The District Council did not treat water drawn from this aquifer before it was distributed to consumers. During a period of heavy rain, a paddock adjacent to the bore became inundated, and sheep faeces caused contamination of the bore water. The Inquiry found that in July
539:
required that around 2,000 water suppliers must prepare a primary water safety plan, and set a deadline of November 2022. Around 1200 of the 2000 water suppliers were also required to produce a risk management plan dealing with the sources of their water, but many missed the deadline. By May 2023,
521:
launched a review of the regulation and supply arrangements of drinking water, wastewater and stormwater (three waters). This review ran in parallel with the later stages of the Inquiry into the Havelock North drinking water contamination of 2016. The Three Waters Review was published in January
460:
published a report reviewing how well public organisations are managing water resources and delivering water-related services. In the introduction to the report, the Auditor-General observed a lack of clarity about the issues in managing the three waters, how to address them, and who will deliver
851:
The Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) carried out genome-sequencing on the campylobacter strain that was found in sick people during the outbreak. The subsequent research has shown that some people living outside Havelock North, but who visited the area during the time of the
692:
and the relative abundance of rain-fall ensures that water shortages are relatively uncommon. Regional authorities provide abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas. Many municipal systems draw water from deep aquifers thus avoiding the cost of long pipelines.
436:
Average water and wastewater charges are slightly under $ 850 per year. However, water and wastewater charges vary significantly around New Zealand. Consumers in some areas are paying over three times as much as for water as those in other areas ($ 863/year versus $ 262/year). For wastewater, the
185:
There is widespread evidence of ageing and failing infrastructure for the three waters (drinking water, stormwater and wastewater), and growing awareness of a multi-billion dollar national infrastructure deficit. In some regions there are forecast to be huge, and in some cases unaffordable cost
269:
Key data about the three waters (water, wastewater, and stormwater) is made publicly available in a National Performance Review undertaken by an industry body Water New Zealand. This review has been undertaken annually since 2008, to provide a performance assessment of service provision and the
886:
The Ministry of Health provides an annual report on the drinking-water quality of all registered networked drinking-water supplies serving populations of more than 100 people. The report for the period 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018 describes compliance with the requirements of the Drinking-water
526:
announced plans for regulatory changes in response to the Three Waters Review including establishing a new, dedicated drinking water regulator, extending regulatory coverage to all drinking water supplies; providing a multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment and safety; strengthening
2991:
697:
was of sufficiently good quality that no disinfection of final water was practised until the recent earthquake events. Following restoration of the network the water is no longer chlorinated. Water taken from shallower or less secure aquifers are at risk of contamination.
212:
country. The reforms include complete separation of asset ownership from the existing territorial authorities. The nationwide reform programme is being developed in partnership with local government and iwi/Māori as the Crown's Treaty partner. In late October 2021, the
1042:
Consents for stormwater discharge are even less widespread. Only eight participants had all stormwater discharges consented. Most commonly, participants had consents for less than 10% of the network, and six participants had no stormwater discharge consents whatsoever.
759:
In the 2019 fiscal year, participants reported 119 million cubic meters of water was lost in their water supply systems, equivalent to over 47,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. This constituted 18% of the 555 million cubic meters of water supplied to the system.
872:
was issued. The regulator Taumata Arowai issued a compliance order to the Queenstown Lakes District Council for one of its water treatment plants, because it did not have a protozoa barrier to prevent cryptosporidium entering the water supply.
868:, with most cases located in the central business area and affecting people under the age of 40. Health officials were unable to immediately link the cases, or identify the source of the outbreak, and described the outbreak as very unusual. A
788:
no significant adverse effects. In 2021, the Health (Fluoridation of Drinking Water) Amendment Bill was passed, transferring control over the decision to fluoridate drinking water from local councils to the Director-General of Health.
972:
Wellington and the Hutt Valley were the last major urban centres to cease the disposal of untreated sewage to the ocean. Fine screening was introduced in the 1980s and secondary treatment plants were installed between 1996 and 2002.
1933:
2077:
2632:
852:
outbreak, were also affected. The study suggests that the total number of campylobacteriosis cases traceable to the water contamination could be as high as 8320, with up to 2230 of these living outside of Havelock North.
2300:
2755:
1235:
569:" to transfer management of storm water, drinking water and wastewater to four new entities by July 2024. These entities would be managed by independent boards jointly elected by a group set up by councils and Māori
1045:
In 2018, the Auditor-General reviewed the management of stormwater by three councils, to gain insights into how these councils were managing the risk of flooding in their communities. The councils reviewed were
2471:
2045:
1653:
2955:
2493:
253:
Access to drinking water provided by registered suppliers (as opposed to self-supply) can be estimated from the reports into the safety of drinking water from registered suppliers that are published by
2208:
2376:
2848:
2410:
1203:
1180:
2003:
2177:
270:
protection of public health and the environment. The participants in the 2020-21 review included 38 (of 64) service providers, with service areas covering 87% of the New Zealand population.
2242:
606:'s Te Maire Tau, the co-chair of Te Kura Taka Pini (the tribe's freshwater group), welcomed the Three Water reforms, claiming they would improve water services and environmental outcomes.
278:
The 38 participants in the 2020-21 review (covering 87% of the population), manage assets with a total book value exceeding $ 40 billion. A summary of assets is given in the table below.
204:
There are also significant challenges in meeting statutory requirements for the safety of drinking water, and the environmental expectations for management of stormwater and wastewater.
1270:
261:
In their National Performance Review 2020–21, Water New Zealand reported that 86% of residential properties are connected to a water network, and 85% connected to a wastewater network.
2665:
756:
The median of the average daily water consumption across participants is 263 litres per person per day, but there is a large spread in residential water efficiency in different areas.
1948:
1910:
3548:
2725:
2067:
1705:
540:
only 750 plans had been received, although the plans that included a separate risk management covered 86% of the population, leaving only smaller suppliers who were yet to comply.
1850:
3651:
3443:
3316:
2639:
2310:
2264:
2110:
1295:
2948:
2747:
2695:
707:
volume of non-residential water use is under-represented, and residential consumption overestimated, as some participants did not provide volumes of non-residential water use.
3788:
1225:
1775:
201:
billion on water pipe maintenance and upgrades in Wellington city, and an additional $ 147 to $ 208 million for plant upgrades at the Moa Point wastewater treatment plant.
3757:
1555:
3598:
2986:
2976:
638:
repealed the previous Labour Government's Three Waters legislation. The Government also announced that it would introduce its own water infrastructure reforms known as "
2146:
3696:
3603:
2463:
2035:
3608:
2941:
1342:
255:
2777:
2603:
2525:
1661:
3518:
3321:
2342:
1076:
1062:
concern the need for improved investment decision making, based upon better information about flood risks, and the performance and capacity of stormwater assets.
681:. However, although the population is relatively small, the population density in North Island is much greater than in South Island where most of the rain falls.
2500:
1808:
457:
2981:
2200:
1679:
485:
3331:
3148:
3143:
3038:
2841:
2551:
2365:
677:
New Zealand enjoys high rainfall, especially within the West Coast region of the South Island and the country is notable for its many large, and sometimes
527:
government oversight of wastewater and stormwater services; and providing transitional arrangements for water suppliers to conform to the new regulations.
1508:
3656:
3199:
3153:
1612:
653:
555:
535:
A new regulator for drinking water services was created with the passing of the Taumata Arowai - Water Services Regulator Act in 2020. The new regulator
2402:
1207:
3641:
3209:
3204:
3118:
1172:
189:
The challenges for local government include funding infrastructure deficits and preparing for large re-investments that are estimated to require $ 110
3053:
2013:
3767:
3712:
3686:
3661:
3392:
3336:
3246:
3224:
2169:
1880:
635:
518:
221:
2230:
3747:
3732:
3671:
3613:
3543:
3361:
3311:
3301:
3214:
3183:
3163:
3068:
502:
1364:
2440:
618:
was passed in December 2022. In mid-April 2023, the Government announced a major overhaul of its Three Waters reform programme, renaming it the
3798:
3762:
3737:
3717:
3676:
3483:
3463:
3438:
3371:
3296:
3236:
3168:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3093:
3088:
3018:
1634:
523:
213:
179:
1260:
3742:
3722:
3691:
3681:
3636:
3631:
3588:
3558:
3488:
3478:
3356:
3326:
3281:
3271:
3251:
3178:
3173:
3133:
3023:
2673:
1902:
1445:
182:
including city councils in urban areas and district councils in rural areas. As at 2021, there are 67 different asset-owning organisations.
3727:
3666:
3573:
3503:
3376:
3351:
3266:
3241:
3229:
3219:
3158:
3098:
3083:
3073:
3058:
3033:
663:
legislation, local councils have a year to develop plans for funding water services they need and ensuring their financial sustainability.
649:
1741:
976:
Rural communities and isolated housing is served by septic tanks or by chemical toilets or earth closets depending on location and usage.
3366:
2717:
1715:
3752:
3646:
3306:
3291:
3261:
3256:
3108:
1842:
240:
3458:
2278:
2100:
1305:
168:
3407:
2687:
3523:
1146:
2577:
1785:
1117:
659:
jointly announced that Auckland would avoid a 25.8 percent rates increase as part of the Government's Local Water Done Well plan.
615:
3583:
3341:
3078:
1547:
3397:
3286:
3276:
619:
566:
549:
217:
3513:
3346:
1393:
352:
The 2020-21 National Performance Review provides a summary of capital and operational expenditure on the three waters assets.
3568:
3563:
3448:
3063:
3048:
3028:
2876:
2136:
1581:
3593:
3553:
3498:
3493:
3473:
3468:
3453:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3043:
3578:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3508:
3103:
3793:
474:
247:
1973:
1675:
1419:
1330:
246:
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. At its heart are 17
2793:
2607:
2529:
506:
440:
The challenges for the affordability of modern safe water supplies in small townships were highlighted in 2021 when the
2892:
2332:
231:
The privately owned water supply schemes that service many small rural areas are not included in the reform programme.
220:, which aims to centralise the management and provision of water utilities services by 2024. In mid-February 2024, the
488:
estimated that investment of $ 110 billion in the three waters assets could be required over the next 30 to 40 years.
1820:
818:
entered the town's water supply. Of the town's 13,000 residents, 5,500 fell ill, 45 were hospitalised and four died.
1475:
1055:
595:
827:
learned for the future and steps to be implemented to reduce the likelihood of such an outbreak occurring again.
205:
2555:
1524:
614:
new water entities, and increased legislative protection against future privatisation of the water assets. The
591:
1604:
3803:
865:
622:. The proposed four water services entities were expanded into ten entities but would retain the same split
441:
194:
193:
billion over the next 30 to 40 years. As one example of the scale of expenditure required, in May 2021, the
163:
639:
225:
2238:
2072:
1944:
1816:
1749:
1338:
958:
1872:
1017:
581:
1011:
2922:
2748:"Queenstown cryptosporidium outbreak: Council served with compliance order for water treatment plant"
2432:
1071:
1051:
1047:
980:
887:
Standards for New Zealand and progress made towards meeting the requirements of the Health Act 1956.
780:
672:
2301:"Auckland's new water plan unveiled by Mayor Wayne Brown and Local Government Minister Simeon Brown"
1934:"Proactive release of Cabinet material about three waters service delivery and funding arrangements"
1638:
3808:
3002:
869:
811:
588:
1449:
784:
769:
445:
1368:
1753:
2785:
2305:
2105:
2040:
1780:
1710:
1516:
1300:
1265:
831:
768:
Most drinking water supplied through reticulated networks in New Zealand is disinfected using
646:
574:
2366:"The microbiological quality of roof-collected rainwater of private dwellings in New Zealand"
835:
573:(tribes). These proposed reforms were criticised by several local council leaders including
2464:"Health (Fluoridation of Drinking Water) Amendment Bill passes final reading in Parliament"
626:
structure consisting of representatives of local councils and mana whenua representatives.
224:
repealed the Three Waters programme and announced its own water reform programme known as "
2880:
2141:
2068:"Wellington mayor disappointed by Government's move to force through Three Waters reforms"
1654:"Government set to announce $ 12b infrastructure splurge, with a lot of it going to roads"
1230:
1226:"Government pushes ahead with Three Waters reform, will take water services from councils"
861:
848:
certain self-supplied systems, and the review of drinking water standards and guidelines.
689:
599:
2933:
2913:
2036:"South Island councils disappointed by govt decision to push through Three Waters reform"
610:
1990:
Progress update – February 2020 – Three waters service delivery and funding arrangements
1142:
2581:
1109:
954:
807:
775:
Water supplies in New Zealand generally have low concentrations of naturally-occurring
584:
3782:
1737:
815:
678:
623:
559:
2874:
How many municipal wastewater treatment plants discharge to land, sea, lake, river?
1397:
694:
656:
30:
2873:
2816:
2494:"The Economic Costs of the Havelock North August 2016 Waterborne Disease Outbreak"
2132:
1577:
603:
2201:"Three waters: Councils to be shareholders as government accepts recommendations"
565:
On 27 October 2021, Mahuta confirmed that the Government would proceed with its "
2528:. Attorney-General, Hon Christopher Finlayson. 12 September 2017. Archived from
993:
21:
1423:
1977:
1683:
2789:
1520:
2896:
830:
The drinking water for Havelock North was sourced from an aquifer under the
577:
2231:"Major shakeup will see affordable water reforms led and delivered locally"
1204:"Massive cycleways funding boost as city council signs off on record spend"
461:
programmes of work. The statement called for improved national leadership.
776:
2170:"Three waters reforms: Working group urges government financial backing"
1471:
2403:"The South Island towns (and city) fighting chlorinated drinking water"
2008:
1029:
987:
501:
The legal framework includes the Health Act 1956, amended in 2007, the
2337:
2269:
1365:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010 - 64/292"
642:," which would emphasise local councils' ownership of water assets.
147:
Shared between Ministry of Health and Department of Internal Affairs
1261:"Three waters reforms to be mandatory for councils - Nanaia Mahuta"
1173:"Government thinks $ 110 billion needed to fix broken water system"
469:
On 29 January 2020, the Government announced the investment of $ 12
2265:"Three Waters reset: Mega-entities scrapped as new model proposed"
1023:
1005:
962:
914:
Implementation of a water safety plan for the supply has commenced
903:
Water complies with all the legislative requirements under the Act
162:
2895:. Office of the Auditor-General. 10 December 2018. Archived from
2666:"Havelock North campylobacter study estimates 8320 were infected"
2606:. Department of Internal Affairs. 6 December 2017. Archived from
1976:. Hon Nanaia Mahuta, Minister of Local Government. Archived from
953:
All significant sized urban developments are served by municipal
2274:
1903:"Many water supplies in New Zealand still need new safety plans"
999:
2937:
2638:. Department of Internal Affairs. December 2017. Archived from
2604:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry – Stage 2"
2004:"How mayors across New Zealand reacted to Three Waters mandate"
1706:"New govt regulator to have 'final say' on safe drinking water"
208:, and providing for population growth add to these challenges.
2917:
2842:"Statement of Evidence of Stephen John Hutchison – Wastewater"
2633:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry: Stage 2"
2578:"Report of the Havelock North Drinking Water Inquiry: Stage 1"
966:
860:
In September 2023, there was an outbreak of illness caused by
570:
2928:
2718:"Boil water notice for Queenstown after outbreak of sickness"
2688:"Queenstown gastro outbreak 'very unusual' - health official"
2580:. Department of Internal Affairs. 10 May 2017. Archived from
2893:"Managing stormwater systems to reduce the risk of flooding"
1843:"Mass poisoning led to law for new safe water national body"
2101:"National, ACT promise to return water assets to councils"
197:
approved a 10 year plan that included expenditure of $ 2.7
1548:"Some West Coasters facing four-fold rise in water rates"
1296:"Parliament repeals Three Waters programme under urgency"
983:
plants discharge into the following type of environment:
1143:"Central/Local Government Three Waters Reform Programme"
243:
by the United Nations General Assembly on 28 July 2010.
2552:"Government Inquiry into Havelock North Drinking Water"
2499:. Ministry of Health. 25 September 2017. Archived from
810:
experienced New Zealand's largest recorded outbreak of
693:
Some of these aquifer fed systems such as that serving
178:
is provided for most people by infrastructure owned by
2782:
Annual Review of Drinking-Water Quality in New Zealand
1873:"Taumata Arowai–the Water Services Regulator Act 2020"
1776:"New Crown agency will enforce water safety standards"
1145:. Te Tari Taiwhenua - Department of Internal Affairs.
1325:
1323:
256:
Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR)
2437:
Office of the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor
1605:"Auditor-General: NZ not managing water well enough"
1580:. Controller and Auditor-General. 12 February 2020.
1219:
1217:
936:
Met all the monitoring requirements in the Standards
3705:
3624:
3416:
3385:
3192:
3011:
2992:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
2969:
2778:"Annual Report on Drinking-water Quality 2017–2018"
2526:"Havelock North Drinking-Water Inquiry established"
1809:"Independent regulator to make drinking water safe"
477:, focussing on rail, roads, schools and hospitals.
151:
143:
135:
127:
122:
114:
106:
98:
90:
82:
74:
66:
58:
50:
42:
37:
20:
2333:"New details of Three Waters replacement revealed"
1255:
1253:
779:, at levels that are insufficient to promote good
609:From November 2021, a working group of mayors and
1290:
1288:
925:Met the bacteriological requirements of Standards
2862:– via Greater Wellington Regional Council.
2554:. Department of Internal Affairs. Archived from
1637:. NZ Government. 29 January 2020. Archived from
843:Recommendations and subsequent research findings
1578:"Reflecting on our work about water management"
834:(the Te Mata aquifer) that was thought to be a
1807:David Clark; Nanaia Mahuta (25 October 2019).
1367:. United Nations. 28 July 2010. Archived from
1077:List of water supply and sanitation by country
882:Annual drinking-water quality report - 2017-18
2949:
2364:Abbott, S.; Caughley, B.; Douwes, J. (2019).
8:
2627:
2625:
1331:"Labour's Three Waters legislation repealed"
322:Combined wastewater and stormwater pipelines
856:Cryptosporidium outbreak in Queenstown 2023
3789:Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand
2956:
2942:
2934:
2137:"Ngāi Tahu Welcomes Three Waters Decision"
1166:
1164:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
176:Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand
2847:. Wellington Water Ltd. 26 January 2018.
1448:. Human Rights Commission. Archived from
1422:. Human Rights Commission. Archived from
531:Taumata Arowai - Water Services Regulator
2821:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
889:
709:
465:Asset management and investment planning
444:proposed to increase the water rates in
354:
280:
1509:"2018-2019 National Performance Review"
1381:The human right to water and sanitation
1088:
2964:Water supply and sanitation by country
2758:from the original on 26 September 2023
2728:from the original on 26 September 2023
2698:from the original on 26 September 2023
1913:from the original on 26 September 2023
1853:from the original on 26 September 2023
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
806:From 12 to 29 August 2016 the town of
51:Sanitation coverage (broad definition)
17:
2854:from the original on 13 February 2022
2474:from the original on 12 November 2021
2443:from the original on 12 November 2021
2433:"Fluoridation: an update on evidence"
2413:from the original on 12 November 2021
1345:from the original on 14 February 2024
1137:
1135:
1110:"National Performance Review 2020-21"
75:Average domestic water and sewer bill
67:Average residential water use (l/p/d)
7:
2784:. Ministry of Health. 27 June 2019.
2382:from the original on 24 January 2023
2149:from the original on 27 October 2021
2113:from the original on 27 October 2021
2080:from the original on 27 October 2021
2048:from the original on 27 October 2021
1652:Coughlan, Thomas (27 January 2020).
1446:"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation"
1273:from the original on 27 October 2021
1238:from the original on 27 October 2021
99:Share of self-financing by utilities
2345:from the original on 11 August 2024
2099:Palmer, Russell (27 October 2021).
1742:"Speech for the WaterNZ conference"
1635:"The New Zealand Upgrade Programme"
348:Capital and operational expenditure
2245:from the original on 13 April 2023
2211:from the original on 29 April 2022
2180:from the original on 28 April 2022
1615:from the original on 15 March 2020
1603:Morton, Jamie (18 February 2020).
1478:from the original on 13 April 2020
1304:. 16 February 2024. Archived from
1171:Coughlan, Thomas (26 March 2021).
1056:Thames-Coromandel District Council
186:challenges for local authorities.
128:Decentralisation to municipalities
14:
2815:Dann, Christine (11 March 2010).
2462:Smith, Anneke (9 November 2021).
2199:Palmer, Russell (29 April 2022).
1932:Nanaia Mahuta (28 January 2020).
1784:. 25 October 2019. Archived from
1584:from the original on 6 April 2020
1224:Manch, Thomas (27 October 2021).
1120:from the original on 2 April 2022
802:Havelock North contamination 2016
723:Non-residential water consumption
636:National-led coalition government
222:National-led coalition government
144:Responsibility for policy setting
43:Water coverage (broad definition)
3054:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3001:
2168:Palmer, Russell (9 March 2022).
2002:Wade, Amelia (27 October 2021).
1883:from the original on 6 June 2023
1558:from the original on 31 May 2021
1472:"Drinking Water for New Zealand"
1396:. United Nations. Archived from
1183:from the original on 2 June 2021
1149:from the original on 2 June 2021
731:Residential consumption estimate
616:Water Services Entities Act 2022
265:Three waters assets and services
94:NZD$ 1.8 billion CAPEX (2020/21)
29:
2277:. 13 April 2023. Archived from
1394:"Sustainable Development Goals"
702:Water supply volumes and losses
620:Water Services Reform Programme
550:Water Services Reform Programme
492:Reform of policy and regulation
239:Access to water and sanitation
2914:Making our drinking water safe
2872:Ministry for the Environment:
1714:. 31 July 2019. Archived from
1680:Department of Internal Affairs
1546:Williams, Lois (31 May 2021).
1202:George, Damian (27 May 2021).
544:Three Waters reforms programme
486:Department of Internal Affairs
136:Water and sanitation regulator
1:
3799:Infrastructure in New Zealand
2923:Drinking-water in New Zealand
2664:Kitchin, Tom (13 July 2020).
567:Three Waters reform programme
475:New Zealand Upgrade Programme
248:Sustainable Development Goals
218:Three Waters reform programme
2309:. 6 May 2024. Archived from
556:Minister of Local Government
507:Resource Management Act 1991
308:Network length in kilometres
2401:Lee, Julian (26 May 2018).
1513:National Performance Review
1114:National Performance Review
938:
927:
916:
905:
764:Treatment of drinking water
749:
741:
733:
725:
424:
421:
418:
413:
408:
405:
402:
394:
391:
388:
380:
377:
374:
340:
337:
334:
326:
316:
313:
310:
302:
299:
115:Share of external financing
83:Share of household metering
3825:
670:
634:In mid-February 2024, the
547:
241:was declared a human right
2998:
2925:at the Ministry of Health
2817:"Sewage, water and waste"
961:with final discharges to
654:Local Government Minister
519:Fifth National Government
503:Local Government Act 2002
206:Climate change adaptation
28:
877:Drinking water standards
747:Water supplied to system
739:Total network water loss
667:Supply of drinking water
554:On 28 January 2020, the
91:Annual investment in WSS
59:Continuity of supply (%)
1877:New Zealand Legislation
524:Sixth Labour Government
442:Buller District Council
400:Operational expenditure
195:Wellington City Council
180:territorial authorities
167:Water Pipeline through
157:Water Services Act 2021
3444:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2373:environmentfirst.co.nz
2239:New Zealand Government
2073:The New Zealand Herald
1945:New Zealand Government
1817:New Zealand Government
1750:New Zealand Government
1339:New Zealand Government
957:which drain to modern
602:parties. By contrast,
456:In February 2020, the
452:Auditor-General review
172:
107:Share of tax-financing
24:: Water and sanitation
2879:12 March 2012 at the
2754:. 20 September 2023.
2724:. 18 September 2023.
2694:. 20 September 2023.
1974:"Three Waters Review"
1740:(16 September 2019).
1676:"Three Waters Review"
1515:. Water New Zealand.
1116:. Water New Zealand.
797:Significant incidents
792:Drinking-water safety
640:Local Water Done Well
630:Local Water Done Well
594:, and the opposition
582:Mayor of Christchurch
226:Local Water Done Well
166:
3794:Water in New Zealand
3367:United Arab Emirates
1341:. 14 February 2024.
1072:Water in New Zealand
1052:Porirua City Council
1048:Dunedin City Council
981:wastewater treatment
893:Performance criteria
822:Inquiry and findings
673:Water in New Zealand
78:NZD$ 960/year (2020)
3758:Trinidad and Tobago
3549:Republic of Ireland
2439:. 11 October 2021.
2135:(27 October 2021).
2076:. 28 October 2021.
2044:. 28 October 2021.
1308:on 16 February 2024
1269:. 27 October 2021.
870:"boil water" notice
589:Mayor of Wellington
522:2019. In 2019, the
513:Three Waters Review
372:Capital expenditure
358:Type of expenditure
274:Three waters assets
3652:Dominican Republic
2987:Sub-Saharan Africa
2016:on 27 October 2021
1420:"The Global Goals"
1024:River/stream/drain
1018:Near Shore Outfall
812:waterborne disease
645:In early May 2024
446:Inangahua Junction
173:
3776:
3775:
3604:England and Wales
2929:Water New Zealand
2916:2023 podcast, at
2341:. 8 August 2024.
2306:Radio New Zealand
2241:. 13 April 2023.
2106:Radio New Zealand
2041:Radio New Zealand
1879:. 6 August 2020.
1781:Radio New Zealand
1711:Radio New Zealand
1301:Radio New Zealand
1266:Radio New Zealand
946:
945:
832:Heretaunga Plains
754:
753:
688:The low level of
647:Mayor of Auckland
575:Mayor of Auckland
517:In mid–2017, the
429:
428:
345:
344:
214:Labour Government
161:
160:
62:Mostly continuous
3816:
3609:Northern Ireland
3408:Papua New Guinea
3006:
3005:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2792:. Archived from
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2676:on 13 July 2020.
2672:. Archived from
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:on 13 April 2023
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1947:. Archived from
1938:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. 11 July 2023.
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:. 25 July 2020.
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:. Archived from
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1752:. Archived from
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1682:. Archived from
1672:
1666:
1665:
1660:. Archived from
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:. Archived from
1505:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1206:. Archived from
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1106:
1012:Long Sea Outfall
890:
836:confined aquifer
710:
472:
355:
297:Treatment plants
281:
200:
192:
33:
18:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3701:
3620:
3524:North Macedonia
3412:
3381:
3188:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2965:
2962:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2899:on 1 June 2020.
2891:
2890:
2886:
2881:Wayback Machine
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2235:Beehive.govt.nz
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1941:Beehive.govt.nz
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1813:Beehive.govt.nz
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1746:Beehive.govt.nz
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1664:on 1 June 2020.
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:on 1 June 2020.
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1335:Beehive.govt.nz
1329:
1328:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1210:on 28 May 2021.
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1090:
1085:
1068:
1039:
959:treatment works
951:
884:
879:
862:cryptosporidium
858:
845:
824:
804:
799:
794:
766:
717:
704:
690:water pollution
675:
669:
632:
552:
546:
533:
515:
499:
497:Legal framework
494:
473:billion in the
470:
467:
458:Auditor-General
454:
434:
350:
276:
267:
237:
198:
190:
156:
155:Health Act 1956
12:
11:
5:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:Drinking water
3801:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3774:
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3694:
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3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3599:United Kingdom
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Czech Republic
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
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3395:
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3383:
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3379:
3374:
3369:
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3354:
3349:
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3329:
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3319:
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3309:
3304:
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3279:
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3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
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3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:European Union
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2908:External links
2906:
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808:Havelock North
803:
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679:braided rivers
671:Main article:
668:
665:
631:
628:
585:Lianne Dalziel
548:Main article:
545:
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537:Taumata Arowai
532:
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137:
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131:In all regions
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25:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
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3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:South America
3704:
3698:
3697:United States
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:North America
3623:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
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3527:
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3517:
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3510:
3507:
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3502:
3500:
3497:
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3462:
3460:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
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3399:
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3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
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3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
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3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
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3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Latin America
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2796:on 2 May 2020
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2645:on 2 May 2020
2641:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2610:on 2 May 2020
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2584:on 2 May 2020
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2558:on 2 May 2020
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2532:on 2 May 2020
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2506:on 2 May 2020
2502:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2313:on 6 May 2024
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1980:on 2 May 2020
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1954:on 2 May 2020
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1823:on 2 May 2020
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1788:on 2 May 2020
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1756:on 2 May 2020
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Nanaia Mahuta
1733:
1730:
1718:on 2 May 2020
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1686:on 2 May 2020
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1527:on 2 May 2020
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1452:on 2 May 2020
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1426:on 2 May 2020
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1400:on 2 May 2020
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1371:on 2 May 2020
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
984:
982:
977:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
941:
935:
934:
930:
924:
923:
919:
913:
912:
908:
902:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
888:
881:
876:
874:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
849:
842:
840:
837:
833:
828:
821:
819:
817:
816:Campylobacter
813:
809:
801:
796:
791:
789:
786:
782:
781:dental health
778:
773:
771:
763:
761:
757:
746:
745:
738:
737:
730:
729:
722:
721:
715:
713:Water end use
712:
711:
708:
701:
699:
696:
691:
686:
682:
680:
674:
666:
664:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
643:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
624:co-governance
621:
617:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
560:Nanaia Mahuta
557:
551:
543:
541:
538:
530:
528:
525:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
496:
491:
489:
487:
484:In 2021, the
482:
478:
476:
464:
462:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
432:Affordability
431:
416:
412:
399:
398:
385:
384:
371:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
332:Pump stations
331:
330:
324:
321:
320:
307:
306:
296:
295:
291:
288:
285:
283:
282:
279:
273:
271:
264:
262:
259:
257:
251:
249:
244:
242:
234:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:launched its
215:
209:
207:
202:
196:
187:
183:
181:
177:
171:, New Zealand
170:
165:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
23:
19:
16:
3402:
3332:Saudi Arabia
3149:South Africa
3144:Sierra Leone
3039:Burkina Faso
2897:the original
2887:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2836:
2826:28 September
2824:. Retrieved
2820:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2794:the original
2781:
2772:
2762:26 September
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2732:26 September
2730:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2702:26 September
2700:. Retrieved
2691:
2682:
2674:the original
2669:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2640:the original
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:the original
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2467:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2406:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2372:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2140:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2007:
1997:
1989:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1940:
1927:
1917:26 September
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1887:26 September
1885:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1857:26 September
1855:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1812:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1779:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1745:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1670:
1662:the original
1657:
1647:
1639:the original
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1551:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1512:
1480:. Retrieved
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1388:
1380:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1334:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1299:
1275:. Retrieved
1264:
1240:. Retrieved
1229:
1208:the original
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1176:
1151:. Retrieved
1122:. Retrieved
1113:
1060:
1044:
1040:
978:
975:
971:
952:
885:
859:
850:
846:
829:
825:
805:
785:Fluoridation
774:
770:chlorination
767:
758:
755:
750:563,158,850
742:119,010,271
734:316,963,581
726:127,184,998
705:
695:Christchurch
687:
683:
676:
661:
657:Simeon Brown
644:
633:
608:
564:
553:
536:
534:
516:
500:
483:
479:
468:
455:
439:
435:
414:
361:Water supply
351:
277:
268:
260:
252:
245:
238:
230:
210:
203:
188:
184:
175:
174:
123:Institutions
15:
3657:El Salvador
3584:Switzerland
3519:Netherlands
3403:New Zealand
3386:Australasia
3342:South Korea
3322:Philippines
3200:Afghanistan
3154:South Sudan
3079:Ivory Coast
2478:12 November
2447:12 November
2417:12 November
1349:18 February
1312:18 February
994:Groundwater
650:Wayne Brown
592:Andy Foster
367:Stormwater
292:Stormwater
22:New Zealand
3809:Sanitation
3783:Categories
3642:Costa Rica
3398:East Timor
3287:Kyrgyzstan
3277:Kazakhstan
3210:Bangladesh
3205:Azerbaijan
3119:Mozambique
2153:27 October
2117:27 October
2084:28 October
2052:27 October
2020:27 October
1277:27 October
1242:27 October
1083:References
1037:Stormwater
949:Sanitation
896:Population
866:Queenstown
364:Wastewater
289:Wastewater
152:Sector law
70:281 (2020)
3768:Venezuela
3713:Argentina
3687:Nicaragua
3662:Guatemala
3514:Lithuania
3393:Australia
3347:Sri Lanka
3337:Singapore
3317:Palestine
3247:Indonesia
3225:Hong Kong
2970:By region
2790:1179-2604
2349:11 August
2133:Ngāi Tahu
1609:NZ Herald
1521:2422-9970
939:3,531,000
928:3,751,000
917:3,810,000
906:3,250,000
604:Ngāi Tahu
578:Phil Goff
169:Waitakere
3748:Paraguay
3733:Colombia
3672:Honduras
3614:Scotland
3569:Slovenia
3564:Slovakia
3544:Portugal
3449:Bulgaria
3362:Thailand
3312:Pakistan
3302:Malaysia
3215:Cambodia
3184:Zimbabwe
3164:Tanzania
3069:Ethiopia
3064:Eswatini
3049:Cameroon
3029:Botswana
2877:Archived
2849:Archived
2800:27 April
2756:Archived
2726:Archived
2696:Archived
2472:Archived
2441:Archived
2411:Archived
2386:29 April
2377:Archived
2343:Archived
2285:19 April
2249:19 April
2243:Archived
2215:29 April
2209:Archived
2184:29 April
2178:Archived
2147:Archived
2111:Archived
2078:Archived
2046:Archived
1984:26 April
1958:26 April
1911:Archived
1881:Archived
1851:Archived
1613:Archived
1582:Archived
1556:Archived
1531:27 April
1476:Archived
1456:30 April
1430:30 April
1404:30 April
1375:30 April
1343:Archived
1271:Archived
1236:Archived
1181:Archived
1147:Archived
1124:13 April
1118:Archived
1066:See also
979:The 135
942:(92.0%)
931:(97.7%)
920:(99.3%)
909:(84.7%)
777:fluoride
596:National
505:and the
422:$ 1,264M
419:$ 1,299M
386:Interest
3763:Uruguay
3738:Ecuador
3718:Bolivia
3677:Jamaica
3594:Ukraine
3554:Romania
3499:Iceland
3494:Hungary
3484:Germany
3474:Finland
3469:Estonia
3464:Denmark
3454:Croatia
3439:Belgium
3434:Austria
3429:Armenia
3424:Albania
3372:Vietnam
3297:Lebanon
3237:Georgia
3169:Tunisia
3139:Senegal
3129:Nigeria
3124:Namibia
3114:Morocco
3094:Liberia
3089:Lesotho
3044:Burundi
3019:Algeria
2649:7 April
2614:3 April
2588:3 April
2562:3 April
2536:3 April
2510:3 April
2009:Newshub
1827:7 April
1792:7 April
1760:7 April
1722:7 April
1690:7 April
1619:7 April
1588:7 April
1474:. ESR.
1030:Wetland
988:Estuary
965:or the
425:$ 386M
409:$ 118M
381:$ 237M
317:18,452
3743:Guyana
3723:Brazil
3692:Panama
3682:Mexico
3637:Canada
3632:Belize
3589:Turkey
3579:Sweden
3559:Russia
3539:Poland
3534:Serbia
3529:Norway
3509:Latvia
3489:Greece
3479:France
3417:Europe
3357:Taiwan
3327:Russia
3282:Kuwait
3272:Jordan
3252:Israel
3179:Zambia
3174:Uganda
3134:Rwanda
3104:Malawi
3024:Angola
3012:Africa
2858:22 May
2788:
2338:1 News
2270:1 News
1562:31 May
1519:
1187:30 May
1153:30 May
1054:, and
955:sewers
716:Volume
471:
406:$ 465M
403:$ 376M
395:$ 31M
378:$ 714M
375:$ 868M
314:26,309
311:42,559
235:Access
199:
191:
3728:Chile
3667:Haiti
3574:Spain
3504:Italy
3377:Yemen
3352:Syria
3267:Japan
3242:India
3230:Macau
3220:China
3159:Sudan
3099:Libya
3084:Kenya
3074:Ghana
3059:Egypt
3034:Benin
2852:(PDF)
2845:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2636:(PDF)
2504:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
2407:Stuff
2380:(PDF)
2369:(PDF)
2317:8 May
2142:Scoop
1952:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1658:Stuff
1482:4 May
1231:Stuff
1177:Stuff
963:river
611:Māori
415:Total
392:$ 85M
389:$ 56M
338:2,942
286:Water
3753:Peru
3647:Cuba
3307:Oman
3292:Laos
3262:Iraq
3257:Iran
3193:Asia
3109:Mali
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