Agkistrodon piscivorus

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crossbands, which usually have black edges, are sometimes broken along the dorsal midline to form a series of staggered halfbands on either side of the body. These crossbands are visibly lighter in the center, almost matching the ground color, often contain irregular dark markings, and extend well down onto the ventral scales. The dorsal banding pattern fades with age, so older individuals are an almost uniform olive-brown, grayish-brown, or black. The belly is white, yellowish-white, or tan, marked with dark spots, and becomes darker posteriorly. The amount of dark pigment on the belly varies from virtually none to almost completely black. The head is a more or less uniform brown color, especially in

1714:(1947, 1948) made observations in Georgia, and noted they were one of the last species to seek shelter, often being found active until the first heavy frosts. At this point, they moved to higher ground and could be found in rotting pine stumps by tearing away the bark. These snakes could be quite active upon discovery and would then attempt to burrow more deeply into the soft wood or escape to the nearest water. In southeastern Virginia, Wood (1954) reported seeing migratory behavior in late October and early November. During a period of three or four days, as many as 50 individuals could be seen swimming across 1986: 542: 59: 589:. As an adult, it is large and capable of delivering a painful and potentially fatal bite. When threatened, it may respond by coiling its body and displaying its fangs. Individuals may bite when feeling threatened or being handled in any way. It tends to be found in or near water, particularly in slow-moving and shallow lakes, streams, and marshes. It is a capable swimmer, and like several species of snakes, is known to occasionally enter bays and estuaries and swim between barrier islands and the mainland. 1133:. Adults commonly exceed 80 cm (31 in) in total length (including tail); females are typically smaller than males. Total length, per one study of adults, was 65 to 90 cm (26 to 35 in). Average body mass has been found to be 292.5 to 579.6 g (10.32 to 20.44 oz) in males and 201.1 to 254.1 g (7.09 to 8.96 oz) in females. Occasionally, individuals may exceed 180 cm (71 in) in total length, especially in the eastern part of the range. 1629: 1566:, and is usually associated with bodies of water, such as creeks, streams, marshes, swamps, and the shores of ponds and lakes. This species is pretty unique from others of its commonly confused species as cottonmouths appear to be floating on top of the water rather than swimming with its body beneath the surface. The U.S. Navy (1991) describes it as inhabiting swamps, shallow lakes, and sluggish streams, but it is usually not found in swift, deep, cool water. 2001:

female was found at the entrance of a chamber with seven neonates crawling on or around her. When one of the young was moved a short distance from the chamber, she seemed to be agitated and faced the intruder. Eventually, all of her offspring retreated into the chamber, but the female remained at the entrance, ready to strike. One study stated that females will remain with their young for one to two weeks until the young finishes their first shed cycle.

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snapping its jaws shut when anything touches its mouth has earned it the name "trap jaw" in some areas. Other defensive responses can include flattening the body and emitting a strong, pungent secretion from the anal glands located at the base of the tail. This musk may be ejected in thin jets if the snake is sufficiently agitated or restrained. The smell has been likened to that of a

1935: 1545: 1922:(1927), that involves raising a section of the middle of the body above the ground to varying heights. This raised loop may then be held in this position for varying amounts of time, shifted in position, or moved towards the attacker. In the latter case, it is often flipped or thrown vigorously in the direction of the assailant. In 679:. Many of the common names refer to the threat display, in which this species often stands its ground and gapes at an intruder, exposing the white lining of its mouth. Many scientists dislike the use of the term water moccasin since it can lead to confusion between the venomous cottonmouth and nonvenomous water snakes. 1797:, making them one of the few snakes to do so. Campbell and Lamar (2004) described having seen them feeding on fish heads and viscera that had been thrown into the water from a dock. Heinrich and Studenroth (1996) reported an occasion in which an individual was seen feeding on the butchered remains of a feral hog ( 3937:

The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands: Containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects, and plants: Particularly the forest-trees, shrubs, and other plants, not hitherto described, or very incorrectly figured by authors. Together with their descriptions in

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during the entire summer of 1921. These accounts suggest that the species is not particularly aggressive. Studies show that stressed snakes are more likely to strike. This action comes as a predator defense mechanism. Snakes with elevated hormone levels are more likely to strike. Additionally, larger

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Ophidians, zoological arrangement of the different genera, including varieties known in North and South America, the East Indies, South Africa, and Australia. The poisons, and all that is known of their nature. The galls as antidotes to the snake venom. Pathological, toxicological, and microscopical

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the smallest. If weather conditions are favorable and food is readily available, growth is rapid and females may reproduce at less than three years of age and a total length of as little as 60 cm (24 in). They will also only reproduce every other year, unless optimal conditions are met for

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and throwing its head back with its mouth open to display the startlingly white interior, often making a loud hiss while the neck and front part of the body are pulled into an S-shaped position. Many of its common names, including "cottonmouth" and "gaper", refer to this behavior, while its habit of

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There have been several studies focusing on the types of prey that cottonmouths consume, and analyzing the differences between juveniles, adult males, and adult females. It has been found that adult males and females target different prey types and sizes. Observations and stomach analyses show that

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bites in Florida from newspaper accounts and data from the Bureau of Vital Statistics: 1934, eight bites and three fatalities (no further fatalities were recorded after this year); 1935, 10; 1936, 16; 1937, 7; 1938, 6; 1939, 5; 1940, 3; 1941, 6; 1942, 3; 1943, 1; 1944, 3; 1998, 1. Wright and Wright

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A few accounts exist that describe females defending their newborn litters. Wharten (1960, 1966) reported several cases where females found near their young stood their ground and considered these to be examples of guarding behavior. Another case was described by Walters and Card (1996) in which a

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Conant (1929) gave a detailed account of the feeding behavior of a captive specimen from South Carolina. When prey was introduced, the snake quickly became attentive and made an attack. Frogs and small birds were seized and held until movement stopped. Larger prey was approached in a more cautious

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that mated on January 21, 1873, after which eight neonates were discovered in the cage on July 16 of that year. The young were each 26 cm (10 in) in length and 1.5 cm (0.59 in) thick. They shed for the first time within two weeks, after which they accepted small frogs, but not

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Interestingly, many would assume that the morphology of an aquatic snake should have a small, narrow head that tapers towards the back to minimize drag in the water, especially when capturing prey. However, the pit vipers, and particularly Cottonmouths, display a contradicting structure, with its

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Young individuals have yellowish or greenish tail tips and engage in caudal luring. The tail tip is wriggled to lure prey, such as frogs and lizards, within striking distance. Wharton (1960) observed captive specimens exhibiting this behavior between 07:20 and 19:40 hours, which suggests it is a

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Many authors have described the prey items taken under natural circumstances. Although fish and frogs are their most common prey, they eat almost any small vertebrate. Fish are captured by cornering them in shallow water, usually against the bank or under logs. They take advantage when bodies of

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Combat behavior between males has been reported on a number of occasions, and is very similar in form to that seen in many other viperid species. An important factor in sexual selection, it allows for the establishment and recognition of dominance as males compete for access to sexually active

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Juvenile and subadult specimens generally have a more contrasting color pattern, with dark crossbands on a lighter ground color. The ground color is then tan, brown, or reddish-brown. The tip of the tail is usually yellowish, becoming greenish-yellow or greenish in subadults, and then black in

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This species may be active during the day and at night, but on bright, sunny days, they are usually found coiled or stretched out in the shade. In the morning and on cool days, they can often be seen basking in the sunlight. They often emerge at sunset to warm themselves on warm ground (i.e.,

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as carnivorous. Its diet includes mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, eggs, insects, other snakes, small turtles, and small alligators. Cannibalism has also been reported. Normally, though, the bulk of its diet consists of fish and frogs. On occasion, juvenile specimens feed on invertebrates.

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Though most specimens are almost or even totally black, (with the exception of the head and facial markings), the color pattern may consist of a brown, gray, tan, yellowish-olive, or blackish ground color, which is overlaid with a series of 10–17 dark brown to almost black crossbands. These

1803:) that had been thrown into Cypress Creek. Northern cottonmouths have an unusual feeding adaptation that allows them to adhere to prey through rotation of their head during swallowing because it aids the jaws in clearing the prey and contributes to the advance of the jaws along the prey. 1148:. This snake had apparently been injured during capture, died several days later, and was measured when straight and relaxed. Large specimens can be extremely bulky, with the mass of a specimen of about 180 cm (71 in) in total length known to weigh 4.6 kg (10 lb). 1327:

for toxicity. Wolff and Githens (1939) described a 152 cm (60 in) specimen that yielded 3.5 ml of venom during the first extraction and 4.0 ml five weeks later (1.094 grams of dried venom). The human lethal dose is unknown, but has been estimated at 100–150 mg.

2048:(v3.1, 2007). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. When last assessed in 2007, the population trend was stable. 1815:), as well as members of its own species, keeping its fangs embedded in its victims until they had been immobilized. A 2018 study found that northern cottonmouths on a diet of only fish when compared to a diet of mice had to eat 20% more to achieve the same growth. 1210:, but sometimes these are still visible in adults. Eastern populations have a broad, dark, postocular stripe, bordered with pale pigment above and below, that is faint or absent in western populations. The underside of the head is generally whitish, cream, or tan. 1584:

The snake is not limited to aquatic habitats, however, as Gloyd and Conant (1990) mentioned large specimens have been found more than a mile (1.6 km) from water. In various locations, the species is well-adapted to less moist environments, such as

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adult males consume fish, whereas adult females mainly consume other squamates, in particularly snakes. In this same research, it was concluded that the prey size increased with the size of the snake for both juvenile and adults, both male and female.

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Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux det d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Tome II, contenant les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélidés. Nouvelle

1953:, with females usually giving birth to one to 16 live young and possibly as many as 20. Litters of six to eight are the most common. Neonates are 22–35 cm (8.7–13.8 in) in length (excluding runts), with the largest belonging to 1691:

are often mistaken for it. These are also semiaquatic, thick-bodied snakes with large heads that can be aggressive when provoked, but they behave differently. For example, watersnakes usually flee quickly into the water, while

3669:; Earley, Ryan L.; Hoss, Shannon K.; Schuett, Gordon W.; Grober, Matthew S. (November 2008). "The reproductive biology of male cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus): Do plasma steroid hormones predict the mating season?". 3996:

Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des reptiles: ouvrage faisant suit à l'histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, miembre de plusieurs sociétés

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The broad head is distinct from the neck, and the snout is blunt in profile with the rim of the top of the head extending forwards slightly further than the mouth. Substantial cranial plates are present, although the

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English and French. To which are added, observation on the air, soil, and waters; With remarks upon agriculture, grain, pulse, roots, &c, To the whole is prefixed a new and correct map of the countries treated of

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water begin to dry up in the summer or early fall and gorge themselves on the resulting high concentrations of fish and tadpoles. They are surprisingly unsuccessful at seizing either live or dead fish under water.

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theories (one implication being no subspecies are recognized), changing the long-standing taxonomy. The resulting and current taxonomic arrangement recognizes two species and no subspecies. The western cottonmouth

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in a bitten individual, however, the venom does not cause systemic reactions in victims and does not contain neurotoxic components present in numerous rattlesnake species. Bites can be effectively treated with

1912:) were loath to attack them, being successfully repelled with "body blows". Also called body-bridging, this is a specific defensive behavior against ophiophagous snakes, first observed in certain rattlesnake ( 1300:(1957) report having encountered these snakes on countless occasions, often almost stepping on them, but never being bitten. In addition, they heard of no reports of any bites among 400 cypress cutters in the 3975:

Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptiles with a systematic list of higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution based on specimens contained in the United States National Museum

1370: 2824:

Rainwater, Thomas R.; Reynolds, Kevin D.; Cañas, Jaclyn E.; Cobb, George P.; Anderson, Todd A.; McMurry, Scott T.; Smith, Philip N. (2005). "Organochlorine pesticides and mercury in cottonmouths (

1966:

them to go through the reproduction process. The young are born in August or September, while mating may occur during any of the warmer months of the year, at least in certain parts of its range.

1906:. Humphreys (1881) described how a 34-inch (86 cm) specimen was killed and eaten by a 42-inch (1.1 m) captive kingsnake. On the other hand, Neill (1947) reported captive kingsnakes ( 1707:

sidewalks, roads) and then become very active throughout the night, when they are usually found swimming or crawling. Contrary to popular belief, they are capable of biting while under water.

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Constant persecution of the species and drainage of wetland habitat prior to development has taken a heavy toll on local populations. Despite this, it remains a common species in many areas.

4973: 1284:; this serum is derived using venom components from four species of American pit vipers (the eastern and western diamondback rattlesnakes, the Mojave rattlesnake, and the cottonmouth). 4871: 1570:

and King (1979) list its habitats as including lowland swamps, lakes, rivers, bayheads, sloughs, irrigation ditches, canals, rice fields, and small, clear, rocky, mountain streams.

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Brown (1973) considered their heavy muscular bodies to be a striking characteristic, stating this made it difficult to hold them for venom extraction owing to their strength.

3963:(1860) (dated 1859). "Catalogue of the venomous serpents in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes on the families, genera and species". 1662:

In tests designed to measure the various behavioral responses by wild specimens to encounters with people, 23 of 45 (51%) tried to escape, while 28 of 36 (78%) resorted to

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to the mainland. He suggested this might have something to do with hibernating habits. In the southern parts of its range, hibernation may be short or omitted altogether.

3175: 1811:, a spotted salamander, water snakes, garter snakes, sparrows, young rats, and three species of mice. Brimley (1944) described a captive specimen that ate copperheads ( 4963: 3913:

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), Amblycephalidæ, and Viperidæ.

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than the copperhead. Even on these islands, though, it tends to favor freshwater marshes. A study by Dunson and Freda (1985) describes it as not being particularly

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It is also found in brackish-water habitats and is sometimes seen swimming in salt water. It has been much more successful at colonizing Atlantic and Gulf Coast

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Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding.

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manner; a rapid strike was executed after which the snake would withdraw. In 2.5 years, the snake had accepted three species of frogs, including a large

1730: 4726: 2951:"Ontogeny of intersexual head shape and prey selection in the pitviper Agkistrodon piscivorus: ONTOGENY OF HEAD SHAPE AND PREY SELECTION IN A VIPER" 3714:"Fine-scale hormonal patterns associated with birth and maternal care in the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), a North American pitviper snake" 4920: 4765: 4840: 4326: 4198: 3810: 3124: 2604:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) 3884:. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (for a discussion of the publication date, see Adler K. 1963. 1632:

A cottonmouth in water in Tennessee – the high position in the water and upward-tilted head can help distinguish it from

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Garman S (1890). "Notes on Illinois reptiles and amphibians, including several specimens not before recorded from the northern states".

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has only a thin, dark line that divides the pale supralabials from the somewhat darker color of the head. The watersnakes of the genus

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Although larger ones have purportedly been seen in the wild, according to Gloyd and Conant (1990), the largest recorded specimen of

4249: 2652: 1040: 997: 984: 900: 224: 4879: 3248:"The reproductive biology of male cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus): Do plasma steroid hormones predict the mating season?" 2504: 2016:

can reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an

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Medical and physical research of original memories in medicine, surgery, physiology, geology, zoology and comparative anatomy

1955: 4925: 4770: 4562: 3649:"Natural History Note: Agkistrodon conanti (Florida Cottonmouth) and Python bivittatus (Burmese Python). Diet and Predation" 3590:(2018). "An Experimental Manipulation of Diet and its Influence on Growth and Epidermal Lipids in the Northern Cottonmouth ( 3552:

Kardong, Kenneth (1977). "Kinesis of the Jaw Apparatus during Swallowing in the Cottonmouth Snake, Agkistrodon Piscivorus".

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adults. On some juveniles, the banding pattern can also be seen on the tail. Young snakes wiggle the tips of their tails to

3047:"Stressed snakes strike first: Hormone levels and defensive behavior in free ranging cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus)" 1501:. Maps provided by Campbell and Lamar (2004) and Wright and Wright (1957) also indicate its presence in Western and Middle 4310: 3877: 3762:

Booth, Warren; Smith, Charles F.; Eskridge, Pamela H.; Hoss, Shannon K.; Mendelson, Joseph R.; Schuett, Gordon W. (2012).

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and swelling. The pain is generally more severe than bites from the copperhead, but less so than those from rattlesnakes (

4983: 4589: 4530:(1882). "Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with catalogue of specimens in the United States Museum". 3943: 2980: 2436: 2366: 490: 31: 2428: 2411: 3339: 2460: 1521: 4375: 102: 2482: 1985: 4691: 4641: 3856: 2448: 2406: 1861: 1835: 1783: 1696:

often stands its ground with its threat display. In addition, watersnakes do not vibrate their tails when excited.

1431: 586: 2726:"Considering gene flow when using coalescent methods to delimit lineages of North American pitvipers of the genus 4819: 4574: 4409: 3399: 304: 1669:

When sufficiently stressed or threatened, this species engages in a characteristic threat display that includes

4968: 3894: 3114: 1978: 286: 4623: 4610: 3991: 2236: 2083: 4098: 2177: 4361: 4236: 3908: 3873: 3450:). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A–C, 1–32. ( 2600: 1974: 1919: 1666:

and other defensive tactics. Only when they were picked up with a mechanical hand were they likely to bite.

1427: 1308:

Brown (1973) gave an average venom yield (dried) of 125 mg, with a range of 80–237 mg, along with

625: 472: 318: 3000: 2772:

Kardong, Kenneth Victor (1982). "Comparative study of changes in prey capture behavior of the cottonmouth (

58: 4653: 4336: 3999:. 8 vols. Paris: F. Dufart. (in French). (for a discussion of the publication date, see F. Harper. 1940. 3922: 2270: 2012:

is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

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London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. (

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venom that destroys tissue. Although deaths are rare, the bite can leave scars, and on occasion, require

4169: 2025: 1903: 1767: 1343: 1288: 1273: 207: 3929:. Elon College, North Carolina, Carolina Biol. Supply Co., reprinted from Carolina Tips, 1939–43: 1–63. 2801: 2104: 517: 4953: 4884: 4713: 4347: 3537: 3517: 3447: 3328: 3324: 2721: 2717: 2595: 2232: 2132: 2112: 2108: 2017: 1517: 1450: 1411: 1152:

bulky, triangular head, which would be assumed to be poorly suited to water, yet it is not the case.

1106: 4319:

Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition

3882:

Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpentes

2024:. The result is the expression of deleterious recessive alleles and often to developmental failure ( 2020:

mode. This likely involves recombination at the tips of the chromosomes, which leads to genome wide

1826:

In August 2020 and May 2021, individuals found in Florida were observed to have consumed introduced

1628: 1241:

are also similar in appearance, being thick-bodied with large heads, but they have round pupils, no

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Dunson, William A.; Freda, Joseph (1985). "Water permeability of the skin of the amphibious snake,

3960: 3368: 3246:

Graham, Sean P.; Earley, Ryan L.; Hoss, Shannon K.; Schuett, Gordon W.; Grober, Matthew S. (2008).

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SSAR (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles) Herpetological Circular 43. 102 pp. (p. 59)

2756: 2591: 2228: 1908: 1879: 1873: 1855: 1380: 1316: 1094: 895:

For many decades, one species with three subspecies were formally recognized: eastern cottonmouth,

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Wolff, Nigel O'Connor; Githens, Thomas S. (1939). "Record venom extraction from water moccasin".

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What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains.

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in Texas, but these are thought to represent disjunct populations, now possibly eradicated. The

739: 4757: 3860: 3666: 3512: 2797: 4853: 4700: 4391: 4383: 4371: 4322: 4314: 4194: 4110: 3793: 3741: 3733: 3694: 3686: 3630: 3611:"Ontogeny of intersexual head shape and prey selection in the pitviper Agkistrodon piscivorus" 3532: 3476: 3468: 3465:

A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition.

3422: 3376: 3304: 3275: 3267: 3220: 3151: 3120: 3093: 3068: 3028: 2898: 2626: 2605: 2378: 2252: 2244: 1808: 1651: 1639: 1621: 1525: 1434:. Snakes observed in the northern areas of this range are typically larger older individuals. 4321:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. 47 Plates, 207 Figures. 2694:

Gloyd, Howard K. (1969). "Two additional subspecies of North American crotalid snakes, genus

4866: 4858: 4416:

4 Vols. Paris. (in French). (for a discussion of the publication date, see Harper, F. 1940.

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given is "Carolina", although Schmidt (1953) proposed this be restricted to the area around

1301: 1145: 571: 4783: 4102: 4094: 2937:

Comparative genetic analysis in insular and mainland populations of the Florida cottonmouth

1613: 4827: 4627: 4614: 4596: 4343:

Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. i–viii + 280 pp.

4300:

Niell WT Jr (1948). "Hibernation of amphibians and reptiles in Richmond County, Georgia".

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North American Herpetology; Or, a Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States

4077: 4009: 3496: 3343: 2492: 2470: 2416: 2362: 2009: 1827: 1760:) are often eaten, although the sharp spines sometimes cause injuries. Toads of the genus 1742: 1658:) swimming – a nonvenomous species, is often mistaken for the cottonmouth. 1320: 1157: 1098: 1084: 644: 486: 4182: 1249:, subcaudal scales that are divided throughout, and a distinctive overall color pattern. 1231:

has broad, dark stripes on the sides of its head that extend back from the eyes, whereas

1204:. Subadult specimens may exhibit the same kind of dark, parietal spots characteristic of 3467:

First published in 1958. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + 48 plates.

2136: 4540: 4440: 4277: 4259: 4137: 4026: 3980: 3788: 3763: 3292: 1990: 1719: 1670: 1663: 1574: 1567: 1533: 1486: 1478: 1419: 1292: 1181: 1052: 1013: 1009: 597: 559: 4254:

Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares et des serpentes, vol. 2 Table Méthodique.

2627:"Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review [Plate Section Only]" 2377:. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. 1838:

with the capacity to inflict great damage to the local ecosystem, so it is hoped that

4942: 4778: 4054: 3814: 3648: 3626: 2966: 2668: 2444: 2402: 2190: 2181: 2144: 2045: 1950: 1602: 1578: 1215: 1177: 1173: 1027: 908: 834: 448: 87: 82: 4545:

Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide

4134:: 47–51 (reprinted in 1971 by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles). 3421:

Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342.

3201:"The Eastern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) at the Northern Edge of Its Range" 2160: 1520:, it is found in the southern half of the state up to a few kilometers north of the 1191: 4911: 4705: 3932: 3610: 1888: 1646: 1169: 1165: 1161: 923: 915: 652: 255: 2939:, Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida). 1738:) eating a rodent, Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, Alabama (23 October 2011) 4801: 4739: 4685: 4527: 4517:

Wood, John Thornton (1954). "The distribution of poisonous snakes in Virginia".

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Elenco sistematico degli ofidi descritti e disegnati per l'iconografia generale.

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was 188 cm (74 in) in total length, based on a specimen caught in the

1129: 693: 578: 424: 368: 184: 48: 4620:

Water Moccasin Snake * information on identification, range and natural history

1295:, although fatalities are rare. Allen and Swindell (1948) compiled a record of 4632: 3713: 3247: 2914: 1899: 1842:

may be in the process of modifying its diet to enable it to hunt the pythons.

1799: 1590: 1423: 1332: 1269: 1246: 1242: 1185: 4676: 4127:(1842). "Synopsis of the species of rattle-snakes, or family of Crotalidae". 3737: 3690: 3634: 3271: 3224: 1180:, although those on the lowermost scale rows are weak. In males/females, the 4580: 4479:

Wharton, Charles H. (1960). "Birth and behavior of a brood of cottonmouths,

4191:

A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States

3712:

Hoss, Shannon K.; Garcia, Mark J.; Earley, Ryan L.; Clark, Rulon W. (2014).

2804:(2004). "Sexual dimorphism in head shape and diet in the cottonmouth snake ( 1926:, the loop is raised laterally, with the belly facing towards the attacker. 1756: 1502: 1490: 1466: 1281: 1265: 648: 574: 567: 563: 114: 3797: 3779: 3745: 3698: 3336: 3279: 3072: 2897:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. 2241:

Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1.

1934: 17: 4239:(1927). "Some observations on the rattlesnakes of the extreme southwest". 4147:

Heinrich, George; Studenroth, Karl R. Jr. (1996). "Natural history notes:

3301:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians.

4905: 4832: 4670: 4035:

Erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Vol. 7.

3150:

Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates.

2021: 1914: 1700:

usually holds its head at an angle around 45° when swimming or crawling.

1594: 1510: 1498: 1482: 1474: 1462: 1454: 1442: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1355: 1351: 1336: 1324: 1068: 1064: 1060: 154: 134: 4568: 4366:

General Zoology or Systematic Natural History. Vol. 3. Part 2. Amphibia.

3027:. New York: United States Government / Dover Publications, Inc. 203 pp. 2152: 1544: 4731: 3977:. Washington, District of Columbia: Government Printing Office. 104 pp. 3905:. Paris, France: Chez Panckoucke, Libraire. i–xliv + 1–76. (in French). 3573: 3232: 3200: 1794: 1751: 1680: 1634: 1586: 1553: 1529: 1458: 1446: 1438: 1399: 1347: 1237: 1110: 1072: 1048: 960:

Gloyd, 1969, Florida cottonmouth (south Georgia and Florida peninsular)

880: 555: 144: 4414:

Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dissinées dápres nature.

4354:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. 103 Figures. 34 plates. ( 4341:

A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Sixth edition.

4057:(1884) (dated 1883). "The reptiles and batrachians of North America". 3903:

In Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature

3609:

VINCENT, SHAWN E.; HERREL, ANTHONY; IRSCHICK, DUNCAN J. (2004-01-05).

2949:

Vincent, Shawn E.; Herrel, Anthony; Irschick, Duncan J. (2004-01-05).

2671:(1836). "On a new genus of serpents, and two new species of the genus 2119:(2009). "Climate Change and Evolution of the New World Pitviper Genus 4744: 4266:

Marburg: J.C. Krieger. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. (in German and Latin).

4264:

Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen systematis amphibiorum.

3828: 3006: 1506: 1278: 124: 4647: 4164:

facts; together with much interesting matter hitherto not published.

3565: 3216: 4619: 4606: 2310: 2271:"Water Moccasin, Cottonmouth: Different Names, Same Venomous Snake" 1942:, showing characteristic high-contrast markings and yellow tail tip 1437:

Campbell and Lamar (2004) mentioned this species as being found in

3092:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. 2243:

Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.

1984: 1933: 1892: 1884: 1729: 1645: 1627: 1612: 1543: 1494: 1369: 1190: 1056: 629: 593: 540: 174: 164: 4718: 3507: 3505: 2657:

Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupèdes Ovipares et de Serpens. Vol.2.

1016:, to eastern Georgia including outer banks and offshore islands. 4845: 4493:

Wharton CH (1966). "Reproduction and growth in the cottonmouth,

4465:

Walters, Adam C.; Card, Winston (1996). "Natural history notes:

2725: 2032:

specimens appear to be capable of this form of parthenogenesis.

1762: 1675: 1598: 1287:

Bites from the cottonmouth are relatively frequent in the lower

1227:. This is especially true for juveniles, but differences exist. 4651: 4447:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. ( 3139:

Norris R (2004). "Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles".

3829:"312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians" 3303:

New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. 657 plates. LCCCN 79-2217.

2713: 2711: 2172: 2170: 919: 4600: 4458:(529 N. Howard St. / "an unincorp. free lance organization") 2437: 2429: 2395: 619: 614: 607: 601: 3764:"Facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates" 1422:). A few records exist of the species being found along the 4607:

Cottonmouth snake – bites, identification, diet and habitat

4454:

Stewart GD (1974). "Diagnosis of two new American snakes".

3347: 3090:

Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes

1374:

Geographic distribution of the two species of cottonmouth,

4547:. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. ( 4380:

Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification

4274:

Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them

2315:

Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences

4276:. (A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by 4109:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. 4080:, Conant R (1943). "A synopsis of the American forms of 545:

This snake was found on the edge of a creek in Oklahoma.

4290:(1947). "Size and habits of the cottonmouth moccasin". 3402:; Gillingham, James C. (1990). "Ritualized Behavior in 1624:, the white mouth giving it the nickname "cottonmouth". 4445:

A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles

4233:

Milan, Italy: A. Lombardi. vii + 143 pp. (in Italian).

3351: 1305:

snakes are more likely to strike than smaller snakes.

1989:

The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on

1678:, as well as to a genus of common flood-plain weeds, 1362:

activity that can lead to severe tissue destruction.

1358:

is sometimes reported. However, the venom has strong

1350:

is less common than with rattlesnake bites, although

1160:

are often fragmented, especially towards the rear. A

4352:

Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada

4178:

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. Dobson: i–iv + 5–125.

3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 2311:"The cottonmouth moccasin on Sea Horse Key, Florida" 1766:

are apparently avoided. Common prey species include

1221:

This species is often confused with the copperhead,

935:) into one species (with the oldest published name, 4895: 4660: 2700:

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

2677:

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York

1008:, the Atlantic Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont of 4256:Paris, France: Hotel de Thou. 527 pp. (in French). 2648: 2646: 2601:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada 30:"Cottonmouth" redirects here. For other uses, see 4429:(1895). "The poisonous snakes of North America". 4358:, pp. 285–287, Figure 94 + Plate 30, Below). 3946:(1929). "Notes on a water moccasin in captivity ( 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 1793:They are opportunistic hunters and sometimes eat 1524:with few exceptions. Its range also includes the 3148:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 1710:In the north, they hibernate during the winter. 1536:off the coasts of the states where it is found. 1188:38-54/36-50. Many of the latter may be divided. 931:) was synonymized with the eastern cottonmouth ( 4069:Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 3863:(1948). "The cottonmouth moccasin of Florida". 2895:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere 2690: 2688: 3988:. Paris: Déterville. xv + 406 pp. (in French). 3045:Herr MW, Graham SP, Langkilde T (March 2017). 1589:thickets, pine-palmetto forest, pine woods in 1055:, including many offshore islands, to central 922:) based study was published in 2014, applying 4059:Memoires of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 3331:(2002). "Defensive Behavior of Cottonmouths ( 2917:World's Largest Cottonmouth Snake – Mossy Oak 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 1315:values of 4.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.5, 2.0 mg/kg 939:, having priority). The Florida cottonmouth ( 700:, some of which also refer to other species: 8: 4208:Humphreys, John T. (1881). "The king snake ( 3827:Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), 3811:2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2205:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64298A12756313.en 2054:In Indiana, the cottonmouth is listed as an 1113:peninsular, including many offshore islands 4333:, pp. 437–438, Figure 198 + Plate 45). 4280:). New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. ( 2915:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKc3EcAQQSQ 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 1642:, although there is substantial similarity. 1172:are seen. At midbody, it has 23–27 rows of 943:) is now recognized as a separate species. 638: 632: 4648: 4193:. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. 4107:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition 4012:(1912). "The feeding habits of serpents". 1319:, 4.8, 5.1, 4.0, 5.5, 3.8, 6.8 mg/kg 76: 57: 38: 4974:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède 3927:Amphibians and Reptiles of North Carolina 3787: 3615:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3375:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. 3199:Blem, Charles R.; Blem, Leann B. (1995). 3062: 2955:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2733:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2505:Snakes-uncovered.com : Cottonmouth ( 2203: 1562:is the most aquatic species of the genus 3757: 3755: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3084: 3082: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2616:, pp. 916–925, Figures 263–265, Map 65). 963: 4964:Fauna of the Southeastern United States 4166:New York: Boericke & Tafel. 239 pp. 3116:Venomous Snakes of Texas: A Field Guide 2485:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2463:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2224: 2222: 2067: 246: 4368:London: Thomas Davidson. vi + 313–615. 3335:) toward Humans". SREL Reprint #2583. 3315:, pp. 684-685 + Plates 654, 656, 657). 2983:. Smithsonian National Zoological Park 2830:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2044:is classified as least concern on the 1509:, and limit it to the western part of 952:(Lacépéde, 1789), northern cottonmouth 643:'(I) eat greedily, devour'; thus, the 4959:Endemic reptiles of the United States 4212:sups on a full grown water moccasin ( 3718:General and Comparative Endocrinology 3671:General and Comparative Endocrinology 3252:General and Comparative Endocrinology 3174:. Georgiawildlife.com. Archived from 3119:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1684:, that also have a penetrating odor. 7: 4989:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 4601:Smithsonian National Zoological Park 4532:Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum 3487:, pp. 228–230 + Plate 34 + Map 173). 1853:is preyed upon by snapping turtles ( 1390:is found in the eastern US from the 1127:is the largest species of the genus 4949:IUCN Red List least concern species 4497:Lacépède, of Cedar Keys, Florida". 3454:pp. 140–141 + Plate 28, Figure 82). 3373:Living Snakes of the World in Color 2191:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2028:). Both captive-born and wild-born 1883:), and large wading birds, such as 4585:University of California, Berkeley 4382:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. 3965:Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3533:"Agkistrodon piscivorus (Conanti)" 3513:"Agkistrodon piscivorus (Conanti)" 1836:are an invasive species in Florida 1687:Harmless watersnakes of the genus 911:, 1836); and Florida cottonmouth, 25: 4481:Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus 3596:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 3406:and Allied Genera". pp. 523–531. 3348:Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 2828:) from northeastern Texas, USA". 2659:Paris: lmprimerie du Roi. 671 pp. 1871:), eagles, red-shouldered hawks ( 1859:), falcons, American alligators ( 1260:venom is more toxic than that of 1024:Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma 981:Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus 499:Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus 481:Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus 419:Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus 3627:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00282.x 2967:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00282.x 2145:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02075.x 1620:– gaping is part of the typical 891:Subspecies and taxonomic history 765:North American cottonmouth snake 101: 4144:. Philadelphia. xxxix + 635 pp. 2269:Perritano, John (8 July 2019). 1977:(1895) described a pair in the 1718:from the bayside swamps of the 1184:number 130-145/128-144 and the 1105:The United States, in southern 577:. It is one of the world's few 4483:, with notes on tail-luring". 4469:(Florida cottonmouth). Prey". 4467:Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti 4161:Higgins, Silvestre B. (1873). 4151:(Florida cottonmouth). Diet". 4149:Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti 4084:(copperheads and moccasins)". 3419:Complex: A Monographic Review. 3146:Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). 3007:Munich AntiVenom INdex (MAVIN) 1601:forest, dune and beach areas, 1597:in Florida, eastern deciduous 1146:Philadelphia Zoological Garden 1082:Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti 970:Current taxonomy (as of 2014) 918:, 1969. However, a molecular ( 903:, 1789); western cottonmouth, 1: 4569:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database 4205:, pp. 104–109, 125–126). 4129:Zoological Miscellany, London 3817:. Accessed 13 September 2007. 3025:Poisonous Snakes of the World 2375:Complex: A Monographic Review 1550:Big Cypress National Preserve 1176:. All dorsal scale rows have 768:North American water moccasin 513:Agkistrodon piscivorus laurae 433:Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax 2309:Wharton, Charles H. (1969). 1264:, and is rich with powerful 647:translates to "hook-toothed 620: 608: 32:Cottonmouth (disambiguation) 4603:. Accessed 7 December 2007. 4571:. Accessed 7 December 2007. 4519:Virginia Journal of Science 4241:Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 3952:Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 3833:Indiana Administrative Code 3730:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.08.011 3683:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.09.002 3413:Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). 3264:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.09.002 3088:Brown, John Haynes (1973). 3064:10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.11.003 2005:Facultative parthenogenesis 1904:including their own species 1784:North American least shrews 1410:, and western and southern 1291:and along the coast of the 1047:The United States, most of 5005: 4979:Reptiles described in 1789 4431:Ann. Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus. 4121:, pp. 113, 124, 336). 2438: 2430: 2396: 1898:It is also preyed upon by 1862:Alligator mississippiensis 1432:Charleston, South Carolina 1331:Symptoms commonly include 771:North American water viper 735:cottonmouth water moccasin 615: 602: 587:Southeastern United States 530:— Gloyd & Conant, 1990 29: 4284:, pp. 114–117, 180). 3169:"Is it a water moccasin?" 2935:Roark, Andrew W. (2003). 2675:, inhabiting Tennessee". 1754:(especially of the genus 1528:as far north as southern 1505:and extreme southeastern 239: 232: 213: 206: 98:Scientific classification 96: 74: 65: 56: 41: 4086:Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 3354:. Accessed May 29, 2007. 3009:. Accessed 18 June 2008. 2298:Smithsonian Institution. 1979:Berlin Zoological Garden 1638:watersnakes such as the 1289:Mississippi River Valley 1144:region and given to the 798:small-tailed cottonmouth 585:), and is native to the 4644:. Accessed 3 July 2008. 2412:A Greek–English Lexicon 2295:Cottonmouth Fact Sheet. 2184:Agkistrodon piscivorus 2125:Journal of Biogeography 1877:), loggerhead shrikes ( 1780:common snapping turtles 1532:, and it inhabits many 1406:, eastern and southern 1120:Anatomy and description 581:vipers (along with the 4692:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4662:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4636:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4590:Cottonmouth Fact Sheet 4576:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4564:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4549:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4495:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4449:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4400:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4356:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4331:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4282:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4214:Ancistrodon piscivorus 4203:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4119:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4042:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3948:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3917:Ancistrodon piscivorus 3886:J. Ohio Herpetol. Soc. 3780:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0666 3592:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3485:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3452:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3446:(With 108 drawings by 3333:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3313:Agkistrodon piscivorus 3205:Journal of Herpetology 3002:Agkistrodon piscivorus 2826:Agkistrodon piscivorus 2806:Agkistrodon piscivorus 2776:) and Egyptian cobra ( 2774:Agkistrodon piscivorus 2614:Ancistrodon piscivorus 2507:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1993: 1973:, an early account by 1947:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1943: 1851:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1768:southern leopard frogs 1739: 1736:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1734:Northern cottonmouth ( 1659: 1643: 1625: 1605:forest, and prairies. 1560:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1556: 1402:peninsula and west to 1384: 1376:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1258:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1196: 1125:Agkistrodon piscivorus 1037:Agkistrodon piscivorus 994:Agkistrodon piscivorus 949:Agkistrodon piscivorus 683:Taxonomy and etymology 639: 633: 613:"fish-hook, hook" and 551:Agkistrodon piscivorus 546: 526:Agkistrodon piscivorus 467:Ancistrodon piscivorus 457:Agkistrodon piscivorus 405:Ancistrodon piscivorus 391:Ancistrodon piscivorus 327:Ancistrodon piscivorus 217:Agkistrodon piscivorus 43:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4551:, pp. 109, 156). 4456:Baltimore Univ. Comm. 3870:(supplement 1): 1–16. 3400:Carpenter, Charles C. 3352:University of Georgia 2403:Liddell, Henry George 2198:: e.T64298A12756313. 2026:inbreeding depression 1988: 1937: 1733: 1649: 1631: 1616: 1547: 1373: 1274:anaphylactic reaction 1194: 1034:Northern cottonmouth 1004:The United States in 991:Northern cottonmouth 792:short-tailed moccasin 544: 4402:, pp. 200–201). 3919:, pp. 520–521). 3538:Animal Diversity Web 3518:Animal Diversity Web 1609:Behavior and ecology 1398:, south through the 1342:). The formation of 1323:and 25.8 mg/kg 1195:Juvenile cottonmouth 1164:is absent. Six to 9 1091:Florida cottonmouth 1079:Florida cottonmouth 1021:Western cottonmouth 978:Eastern cottonmouth 876:white-mouth moccasin 729:cotton-mouthed snake 661:northern cottonmouth 596:is derived from the 4984:Semiaquatic animals 4897:Crotalus piscivorus 4543:, Smith HM (1956). 3051:Gen Comp Endocrinol 2802:Irschick, Duncan J. 2796:Vincent, Shawn E.; 2137:2009JBiog..36.1164D 2105:Douglas, Michael E. 2036:Conservation status 1909:Lampropeltis getula 1880:Lanius ludovicianus 1856:Chelydra serpentina 1834:). Burmese pythons 1548:A cypress swamp in 1381:Agkistrodon conanti 1095:Agkistrodon conanti 1051:along coast of the 957:Agkistrodon conanti 843:true water moccasin 813:stump-tail moccasin 732:cottonmouth rattler 717:blunt-tail moccasin 583:Florida cottonmouth 68:Conservation status 4626:2012-03-05 at the 4613:2011-12-28 at the 4595:2005-10-26 at the 3342:2005-11-21 at the 3023:U.S. Navy (1991). 2810:Journal of Zoology 2722:Guiher, Timothy J. 2718:Burbrink, Frank T. 2488:A Latin Dictionary 2466:A Latin Dictionary 2113:Schuett, Gordon W. 2109:Douglas, Marlis R. 2056:endangered species 1994: 1944: 1823:daytime activity. 1740: 1671:vibrating its tail 1660: 1644: 1626: 1557: 1392:Great Dismal Swamp 1385: 1197: 1006:Delmarva Peninsula 967:Previous taxonomy 795:short-tail rattler 692:This is a list of 570:Crotalinae of the 547: 199:A. piscivorus 27:Species of reptile 4936: 4935: 4854:Open Tree of Life 4654:Taxon identifiers 4327:978-0-544-12997-9 4199:978-0-9754641-3-7 3901:. pp. 1–76. 3463:Conant R (1975). 3126:978-0-292-77429-2 2759:(editor) (2017). 2757:Crother, Brian I. 1846:Natural predators 1832:Python bivittatus 1745:(1912) described 1652:common watersnake 1640:common watersnake 1622:defensive display 1526:Ohio River Valley 1117: 1116: 973:Geographic range 885:worm-tailed viper 870:water rattlesnake 864:water pit rattler 789:saltwater rattler 747:highland moccasin 714:black water viper 624:"tooth", and the 539: 538: 313:Coluber Aquaticus 295:Scytale piscivora 252:(not a binomial) 91: 16:(Redirected from 4996: 4929: 4928: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4888: 4887: 4875: 4874: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4848: 4836: 4835: 4823: 4822: 4810: 4809: 4797: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4734: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4649: 4638: 4583:photo database, 4418:Amer. Midl. Nat. 4001:Amer. Midl. Nat. 3973:Cope ED (1875). 3843: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3677:(2–3): 226–235. 3663: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3461: 3455: 3436: 3430: 3397: 3384: 3366: 3355: 3322: 3316: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3258:(2–3): 226–235. 3243: 3237: 3236: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3111:Price, Andrew H. 3107: 3101: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3010: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2887: 2836: 2822: 2816: 2794: 2788: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2739: 2715: 2706: 2692: 2683: 2669:Troost, Gerardus 2666: 2660: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2589: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2480: 2474: 2458: 2452: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2360: 2323: 2322: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2131:(6): 1164–1180. 2117:Porras, Louis W. 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2082:. Archived from 2072: 1971:A. p. piscivorus 1962:A. p. leucostoma 1868:Bubo virginianus 1865:), horned owls ( 1776:black rat snakes 1726:Hunting and diet 1618:A. p. piscivorus 1366:Geographic range 1302:Okefenokee Swamp 1202:A. p. piscivorus 1168:and eight to 12 1138:A. p. piscivorus 964: 937:A. p. piscivorus 933:A. p. piscivorus 929:A. p. leucostoma 905:A. p. leucostoma 897:A. p. piscivorus 849:water copperhead 816:stump-tail viper 756:mangrove rattler 753:lowland moccasin 705:aquatic moccasin 642: 636: 623: 618: 617: 611: 605: 604: 531: 521: 508: 494: 476: 462: 452: 438: 428: 414: 400: 386: 372: 350: 336: 322: 308: 290: 273: 259: 219: 106: 105: 85: 80: 79: 61: 47:Temporal range: 39: 21: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4969:Venomous snakes 4939: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4891: 4883: 4878: 4870: 4865: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4839: 4831: 4828:Observation.org 4826: 4818: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4656: 4633: 4628:Wayback Machine 4615:Wayback Machine 4597:Wayback Machine 4559: 4554: 4451:, p. 107). 4210:Ophibolus sayi) 3852: 3850:Further reading 3847: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3809: 3805: 3768:Biology Letters 3761: 3760: 3753: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3667:Graham, Sean P. 3665: 3664: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3566:10.2307/1443913 3551: 3550: 3546: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3462: 3458: 3437: 3433: 3398: 3387: 3367: 3358: 3344:Wayback Machine 3323: 3319: 3291: 3287: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3217:10.2307/1564989 3198: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3087: 3080: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3022: 3013: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2888: 2839: 2823: 2819: 2798:Herrel, Anthony 2795: 2791: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2742: 2716: 2709: 2693: 2686: 2667: 2663: 2651: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2590: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2493:Perseus Project 2481: 2477: 2471:Perseus Project 2459: 2455: 2427: 2423: 2417:Perseus Project 2393: 2389: 2361: 2326: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2227: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2178:Hammerson, G.A. 2176: 2175: 2168: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2038: 2010:Parthenogenesis 2007: 1932: 1848: 1828:Burmese pythons 1743:Raymond Ditmars 1728: 1720:barrier islands 1664:threat displays 1656:Nerodia sipedon 1611: 1575:barrier islands 1542: 1534:barrier islands 1368: 1313: 1255: 1158:parietal plates 1122: 1059:, and north to 893: 888: 867:water pit viper 840:true horn snake 807:stub-tail snake 690: 685: 645:scientific name 628:comes from the 535: 529: 528: 516: 515: 502: 501: 484: 483: 470: 469: 460: 459: 446: 445: 436: 435: 422: 421: 412: 411: 407:Lacépède, ssp. 398: 397: 393:Lacépède, ssp. 385:— Higgins, 1873 384: 383: 366: 365: 348: 347: 330: 329: 316: 315: 298: 297: 285: 284: 271: 270: 254: 253: 250:Vipera aquatica 245: 244: 243:click to expand 228: 221: 215: 202: 100: 92: 81: 77: 70: 52: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4941: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4917: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4876: 4863: 4850: 4837: 4824: 4811: 4798: 4788: 4775: 4762: 4749: 4736: 4723: 4710: 4697: 4682: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4630: 4617: 4604: 4587: 4572: 4558: 4557:External links 4555: 4553: 4552: 4538: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4491: 4477: 4471:Herpetol. Rev. 4463: 4452: 4437: 4424: 4403: 4398:(hardcover). ( 4369: 4359: 4344: 4334: 4308: 4298: 4285: 4278:Jaques Cattell 4267: 4257: 4247: 4234: 4224: 4206: 4180: 4167: 4159: 4153:Herpetol. Rev. 4145: 4135: 4122: 4092: 4075: 4065: 4052: 4038: 4020: 4007: 3989: 3978: 3971: 3958: 3941: 3930: 3920: 3906: 3895:Bonnaterre P-J 3892: 3871: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3819: 3803: 3774:(6): 983–985. 3751: 3704: 3658: 3640: 3621:(1): 151–159. 3601: 3579: 3560:(2): 338–348. 3544: 3524: 3501: 3489: 3483:(paperback). ( 3456: 3448:Edmond Malnate 3431: 3415:Snakes of the 3385: 3356: 3317: 3285: 3238: 3211:(3): 391–398. 3191: 3160: 3132: 3125: 3113:(2010-01-01). 3102: 3078: 3037: 3011: 2993: 2972: 2961:(1): 151–159. 2941: 2928: 2919: 2907: 2837: 2817: 2789: 2765: 2740: 2707: 2684: 2661: 2642: 2618: 2513: 2497: 2475: 2453: 2421: 2387: 2371:Snakes of the 2324: 2301: 2287: 2261: 2218: 2166: 2123:(Viperidae)". 2096: 2076:"Fossilworks: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2037: 2034: 2006: 2003: 1991:heterozygosity 1931: 1928: 1874:Buteo lineatus 1847: 1844: 1727: 1724: 1610: 1607: 1541: 1538: 1487:South Carolina 1479:North Carolina 1420:Lake Allatoona 1367: 1364: 1311: 1293:Gulf of Mexico 1254: 1251: 1218:prey animals. 1182:ventral scales 1121: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1053:Gulf of Mexico 1045: 1032: 1018: 1017: 1014:South Carolina 1002: 989: 975: 974: 971: 968: 962: 961: 953: 892: 889: 887: 886: 883: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 855:water moccasin 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 832: 829: 828:Texas moccasin 826: 823: 822:swamp moccasin 820: 817: 814: 811: 810:stump moccasin 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 786:rusty moccasin 784: 781: 780:river moccasin 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 762:moccasin snake 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 708:black moccasin 706: 702: 689: 686: 684: 681: 673:black moccasin 669:swamp moccasin 665:water moccasin 560:venomous snake 537: 536: 534: 533: 522: 509: 495: 477: 463: 461:— Garman, 1890 453: 439: 437:— Yarrow, 1882 429: 415: 401: 387: 373: 351: 337: 323: 309: 291: 274: 272:Lacépède, 1789 260: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236: 230: 229: 222: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 194: 190: 189: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 94: 93: 75: 72: 71: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5001: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4504:(2): 149–161. 4503: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4490:(2): 125–129. 4489: 4486: 4485:Herpetologica 4482: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:Stejneger L, 4438: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396:0-307-47009-1 4393: 4390:(paperback), 4389: 4388:0-307-13666-3 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302:Herpetologica 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292:Herpetologica 4289: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4115:0-7167-0020-4 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4031:Duméril A-H-A 4028: 4024: 4023:Duméril A-M-C 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994:(1801–1803). 3993: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950:) (female)". 3949: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865:Herpetologica 3862: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3815:IUCN Red List 3812: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3655:. 2022-08-20. 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:0-395-19977-8 3478: 3475:(hardcover), 3474: 3473:0-395-19979-4 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427:0-916984-20-6 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:0-8069-6460-X 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:0-394-50824-6 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3181:on 2016-05-27 3177: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156:0-8014-4141-2 3153: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098:0-398-02808-7 3095: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3033:0-486-26629-X 3030: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2982: 2981:"Cottonmouth" 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903:0-8014-4141-2 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889:Campbell JA, 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2835:(3): 665-673. 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:0-8014-0463-0 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2407:Scott, Robert 2404: 2400: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2383:0-916984-20-6 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321:(3): 227–272. 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2276: 2275:HowStuffWorks 2272: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257:1-893777-01-4 2254: 2250: 2249:1-893777-00-6 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2086:on 2022-11-28 2085: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046:IUCN Red List 2043: 2042:A. piscivorus 2035: 2033: 2031: 2030:A. piscivorus 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:A. piscivorus 2011: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956:A. p. conanti 1952: 1951:ovoviviparous 1948: 1941: 1940:A. piscivorus 1936: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1924:A. piscivorus 1921: 1918:) species by 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1840:A. piscivorus 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1813:A. contortrix 1810: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1747:A. piscivorus 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698:A. piscivorus 1695: 1694:A. piscivorus 1690: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1579:salt-tolerant 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1428:type locality 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1394:in southeast 1393: 1389: 1388:A. piscivorus 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1297:A. piscivorus 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:A. contortrix 1259: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233:A. contortrix 1230: 1229:A. piscivorus 1226: 1225: 1224:A. contortrix 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1207:A. contortrix 1203: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:dorsal scales 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 990: 988: 986: 982: 977: 976: 972: 969: 966: 965: 959: 958: 954: 951: 950: 946: 945: 944: 942: 941:A. p. conanti 938: 934: 930: 925: 921: 917: 914: 913:A. p. conanti 910: 906: 902: 898: 890: 884: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 858:water mokeson 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 825:swamp rattler 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 783:river rattler 782: 779: 776: 774:pond moccasin 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 750:lake moccasin 749: 746: 743: 741: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 703: 701: 699: 698:A. piscivorus 695: 687: 682: 680: 678: 675:, and simply 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 635: 631: 627: 626:specific name 622: 612: 610: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 552: 543: 527: 523: 519: 514: 510: 506: 500: 496: 492: 488: 482: 478: 474: 468: 464: 458: 454: 450: 444: 440: 434: 430: 426: 420: 416: 410: 406: 402: 396: 392: 388: 382: 378: 374: 370: 364: 360: 356: 352: 346: 342: 338: 334: 328: 324: 320: 314: 310: 306: 302: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 269: 265: 261: 257: 251: 247: 238: 235: 231: 226: 220: 218: 212: 209: 208:Binomial name 205: 201: 200: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 95: 89: 84: 83:Least Concern 73: 69: 64: 60: 55: 50: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4896: 4661: 4635: 4575: 4563: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4531: 4521: 4518: 4511: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4433: 4430: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410:Latreille PA 4399: 4379: 4376:Brodie ED Jr 4365: 4355: 4351: 4346:Schmidt KP, 4340: 4330: 4318: 4313:, Conant R, 4304: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4281: 4273: 4263: 4253: 4250:Lacépède BGE 4243: 4240: 4230: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4128: 4118: 4106: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4048: 4046:J. Herpetol. 4045: 4041: 4034: 4016: 4013: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3984: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3926: 3916: 3912: 3909:Boulenger GA 3902: 3898: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3867: 3864: 3836:, retrieved 3832: 3822: 3806: 3771: 3767: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3653:ResearchGate 3652: 3643: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3527: 3516: 3492: 3484: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3443: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3372: 3332: 3320: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3183:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3163: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3115: 3105: 3089: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3024: 3001: 2996: 2985:. Retrieved 2975: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2926:Conant, 1975 2922: 2910: 2894: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2792: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2760: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2653:Lacepède BGE 2634:. Retrieved 2631:www.nhbs.com 2630: 2621: 2613: 2599: 2506: 2500: 2486: 2478: 2464: 2456: 2424: 2410: 2390: 2374: 2370: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2278:. Retrieved 2274: 2264: 2240: 2229:McDiarmid RW 2209:. Retrieved 2195: 2189: 2183: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2099: 2088:. Retrieved 2084:the original 2078:Agkistrodon 2077: 2070: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2040:The species 2039: 2029: 2022:homozygosity 2013: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1930:Reproduction 1923: 1913: 1907: 1900:ophiophagous 1897: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1761: 1755: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1668: 1661: 1655: 1633: 1617: 1583: 1572: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1515: 1436: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1337: 1330: 1307: 1296: 1286: 1272:. Absent an 1261: 1257: 1256: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1170:infralabials 1166:supralabials 1162:loreal scale 1154: 1150: 1142:Dismal Swamp 1137: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1093: 1092: 1081: 1080: 1036: 1035: 1023: 1022: 993: 992: 980: 979: 956: 955: 948: 947: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924:phylogenetic 912: 904: 896: 894: 879:white-mouth 777:pond rattler 697: 694:common names 691: 688:Common names 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 653:Common names 606: 594:generic name 591: 550: 549: 548: 525: 512: 498: 480: 466: 456: 442: 432: 418: 413:— Cope, 1875 408: 404: 399:— Cope, 1875 394: 390: 380: 377:Vipera Cench 376: 362: 358: 354: 344: 340: 326: 312: 294: 281: 277: 267: 263: 249: 216: 214: 198: 197: 185: 42: 36: 4954:Agkistrodon 4802:NatureServe 4740:iNaturalist 4686:Wikispecies 4427:Stejneger L 4423:: 692–723). 4288:Niell WT Jr 4176:. Volume 2. 4170:Holbrook JE 4082:Agkistrodon 4064:(3): 1–185. 4051:(1): 93–98. 3417:Agkistrodon 3404:Agkistrodon 3369:Mehrtens JM 2815:(1): 53-59. 2728:Agkistrodon 2696:Agkistrodon 2373:Agkistrodon 2233:Campbell JA 2211:19 November 2121:Agkistrodon 1774:, juvenile 1564:Agkistrodon 1471:Mississippi 1416:Lake Lanier 1414:(excluding 1360:proteolytic 1354:can occur. 1245:, a single 1130:Agkistrodon 873:water viper 861:water pilot 852:water mamba 726:cottonmouth 711:black snake 657:cottonmouth 637:'fish' and 579:semiaquatic 186:Agkistrodon 49:Pleistocene 18:Water viper 4943:Categories 4912:Q109507073 4872:piscivorus 4524:: 152–167. 4436:: 337–487. 4406:Sonnini CS 4337:Schmidt KP 4315:Collins JT 4307:: 107–114. 4297:: 203–205. 4246:(1): 7–21. 4237:Klauber LM 4223:: 561–562. 4218:Amer. Nat. 4187:O'Connor B 4091:: 147–170. 4074:: 185–190. 4019:: 197–238. 4010:Ditmars RL 3970:: 332–347. 3923:Brimley CS 3899:Ophiologie 3861:Swindell D 3588:Weidler JM 3497:Ditmars RL 3438:Conant R, 3325:Gibbons JW 3185:2016-05-28 2987:2014-08-10 2787:: 337-343. 2738:: 505–526. 2705:: 219–232. 2682:: 174–190. 2636:2022-03-29 2251:(series). 2090:2022-03-21 2062:References 1969:Regarding 1800:Sus scrofa 1676:billy goat 1591:East Texas 1424:Rio Grande 1333:ecchymosis 1270:amputation 1247:anal plate 1243:loreal pit 1186:subcaudals 819:swamp lion 723:copperhead 649:fish-eater 395:piscivorus 381:Piscivorus 359:piscivorus 349:Cope, 1860 287:Bonnaterre 268:Piscivorus 161:Suborder: 4634:Video of 4581:CalPhotos 4528:Yarrow HC 4476:(4): 203. 4441:Barbour T 4270:Morris PA 4014:Zoologica 3992:Daudin FM 3933:Catesby M 3891:: 55–57). 3738:0016-6480 3724:: 85–93. 3691:0016-6480 3635:0024-4066 3440:Bridges W 3329:Dorcas ME 3293:Behler JL 3272:0016-6480 3225:0022-1511 3057:: 89–95. 2778:Naja haje 2673:Heterodon 2596:Wright AA 2592:Wright AH 2443: in 2397:ἄγκιστρον 2280:8 October 2259:(volume). 1997:females. 1975:Stejneger 1757:Ictalurus 1595:flatwoods 1522:Fall Line 1503:Tennessee 1491:Tennessee 1467:Louisiana 1282:antivenom 1266:cytotoxic 804:stub-tail 609:agkistron 603:ἄγκιστρον 575:Viperidae 568:subfamily 564:pit viper 532:disk,e,d 473:Boulenger 305:Latreille 282:Aquaticus 193:Species: 175:Viperidae 165:Serpentes 121:Kingdom: 115:Eukaryota 51:- present 4906:Wikidata 4807:2.960784 4758:10782575 4719:46559649 4671:Wikidata 4624:Archived 4611:Archived 4593:Archived 4537:: 1–249. 4514:(1): 52. 4443:(1917). 4412:(1801). 4378:(1982). 4372:Smith HM 4364:(1802). 4350:(1941). 4348:Davis DD 4339:(1953). 4317:(2016). 4311:Powell R 4272:(1948). 4262:(1820). 4260:Merrem B 4252:(1789). 4229:(1863). 4189:(2012). 4172:(1838). 4158:(1): 22. 4140:(1835). 4138:Harlan R 4105:(1978). 4078:Gloyd HK 4055:Garman S 4033:(1854). 4027:Bibron G 3997:savantes 3983:(1829). 3981:Cuvier G 3957:: 61–64. 3944:Conant R 3935:(1743). 3925:(1944). 3911:(1896). 3897:(1790). 3880:(1853). 3878:Girard C 3874:Baird SF 3857:Allen ER 3838:28 April 3798:22977071 3746:25169835 3699:18823979 3442:(1942). 3371:(1987). 3340:Archived 3299:(1979). 3280:18823979 3073:27823955 2893:(2004). 2891:Lamar WW 2724:(2014). 2655:(1789). 2598:(1957). 2369:(1990). 2367:Conant R 2363:Gloyd HK 2239:(1999). 2237:Touré TA 2180:(2007). 2161:84267462 2153:40305884 1938:Newborn 1915:Crotalus 1902:snakes, 1809:bullfrog 1778:, young 1716:Back Bay 1603:riparian 1587:palmetto 1552:, south 1511:Kentucky 1499:Virginia 1483:Oklahoma 1475:Missouri 1463:Kentucky 1455:Illinois 1443:Arkansas 1408:Oklahoma 1404:Arkansas 1396:Virginia 1356:Myokymia 1352:necrosis 1344:vesicles 1338:Crotalus 1069:Illinois 1065:Missouri 1061:Oklahoma 1043:, 1789) 1041:Lacépède 1030:, 1836) 1000:, 1789) 998:Lacépède 987:, 1789) 985:Lacépède 901:Lacépède 837:moccasin 835:Troost's 831:trap jaw 801:snap-jaw 759:moccasin 655:include 234:Synonyms 225:Lacépède 171:Family: 155:Squamata 145:Reptilia 135:Chordata 131:Phylum: 125:Animalia 111:Domain: 88:IUCN 3.1 4732:9105722 4677:Q905354 4642:YouTube 4579:in the 4567:at the 4183:Hubbs B 4125:Gray JE 4099:Goin OB 4095:Goin CJ 4006:: 693). 3986:édition 3961:Cope ED 3813:at the 3789:3497136 3574:1443913 3499:(1912). 3350:at the 3346:at the 3337:Summary 3297:King FW 3233:1564989 2445:Liddell 2415:at the 2133:Bibcode 2018:asexual 1920:Klauber 1795:carrion 1752:Catfish 1689:Nerodia 1681:Pluchea 1635:Nerodia 1593:, pine 1554:Florida 1540:Habitat 1530:Indiana 1518:Georgia 1459:Indiana 1451:Georgia 1447:Florida 1439:Alabama 1412:Georgia 1400:Florida 1238:Nerodia 1111:Florida 1107:Georgia 1101:, 1969 1087:, 1969 1073:Indiana 1049:Alabama 881:rattler 566:in the 556:species 518:Stewart 505:Schmidt 441:• Var. 301:Sonnini 256:Catesby 227:, 1789) 181:Genus: 151:Order: 141:Class: 86: ( 4926:209502 4885:422565 4859:652539 4846:422565 4771:174299 4541:Zim HS 4509:Copeia 4499:Copeia 4394: 4386: 4362:Shaw G 4325: 4197: 4113: 4103:Zug GR 3796: 3786: 3744: 3736: 3697: 3689: 3633: 3572: 3554:Copeia 3479: 3471: 3425: 3379: 3307: 3278: 3270: 3231: 3223: 3154: 3123: 3096: 3071: 3031: 2901: 2782:Copeia 2608: 2461:piscis 2381: 2255: 2247: 2159: 2151: 1982:fish. 1893:egrets 1891:, and 1889:cranes 1885:herons 1782:, and 1568:Behler 1507:Kansas 1497:, and 1348:bullae 1279:CroFab 1071:, and 1028:Troost 909:Troost 744:gapper 738:gaper: 634:piscis 600:words 572:family 520:, 1974 507:, 1953 493:, 1943 491:Conant 489:& 475:, 1896 451:, 1884 449:Garman 443:pugnax 427:, 1882 425:Yarrow 409:pugnax 371:, 1863 363:pugnax 345:pugnax 335:, 1860 321:, 1802 307:, 1801 303:& 289:, 1790 258:, 1743 4880:WoRMS 4833:96410 4791:NAS: 4784:64298 4753:IRMNG 4745:30675 4706:5TRLF 4462:: 1 . 4227:Jan G 3570:JSTOR 3229:JSTOR 3179:(PDF) 3172:(PDF) 2449:Scott 2439:ὀδούς 2157:S2CID 2149:JSTOR 1712:Niell 1495:Texas 1253:Venom 1178:keels 1099:Gloyd 1085:Gloyd 1057:Texas 1010:North 916:Gloyd 846:viper 720:Congo 677:viper 630:Latin 598:Greek 554:is a 487:Gloyd 361:var. 4921:ITIS 4841:OBIS 4820:8715 4815:NCBI 4794:1197 4779:IUCN 4766:ITIS 4727:GBIF 4512:1939 4502:1966 4434:1893 4392:ISBN 4384:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4216:)". 4195:ISBN 4111:ISBN 3840:2012 3794:PMID 3742:PMID 3734:ISSN 3695:PMID 3687:ISSN 3631:ISSN 3594:)". 3477:ISBN 3469:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3377:ISBN 3305:ISBN 3276:PMID 3268:ISSN 3221:ISSN 3152:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3094:ISBN 3069:PMID 3029:ISBN 2899:ISBN 2808:)". 2785:1982 2780:)". 2606:ISBN 2483:voro 2447:and 2431:ὀδών 2379:ISBN 2282:2020 2253:ISBN 2245:ISBN 2213:2021 2196:2007 1959:and 1772:bass 1763:Bufo 1599:dune 1418:and 1378:and 1346:and 1340:spp. 1216:lure 1109:and 1012:and 740:USGS 696:for 640:voro 621:odon 616:ὀδών 592:The 562:, a 333:Cope 319:Shaw 264:Crot 4714:EoL 4701:CoL 4640:on 4599:at 4329:. 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Agkistrodon piscivorus

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