787:
949:
49:
548:
673:
540:
1155:
1036:
66:
818:
118:
380:
242:
1144:
972:
908:
93:
1001:
723:
749:
571:, exchanges the pale grey colour of the nominate subspecies with black in males, and dark grey in females and juveniles, but is otherwise identical in its behaviour. Other subspecies, the validity of some of which is questionable, differ in the colour of the wings, back, and head, or other features. Some races show
1050:
559:
The white wagtail is a slender bird, 16.5 to 19 cm (6.5 to 7.5 in) in length; the East Asian subspecies are slightly longer, measuring up to 21 cm (8.3 in). It has the characteristic long, constantly wagging tail of its genus. Its average weight is 25 g (0.88 oz) and the
1223:
This species has a large range, with an estimated extent of more than 10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles). The population size is between 130 and 230 million. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the
1182:
the female alone builds the nest, which is a rough cup assembled from twigs, grass, leaves and other plant matter, as the male is still provisioning the young. It is lined with soft materials, including animal hair. The nest is set into a crevice or hole, traditionally in a bank next to a river or
575:
during the breeding season. As many as six subspecies may be present in the wintering grounds in India or southeast Asia and here they can be difficult to distinguish. Phylogenetic studies using mtDNA suggest that some morphological features have evolved more than once, including the back and chin
1106:
The most conspicuous habit of this species is a near-constant tail wagging, a trait that has given the species, and indeed the genus, its common name. In spite of the ubiquity of this behaviour, the reasons for it are poorly understood. It has been suggested that it may flush prey, or signal
1232:. The population in Europe appears to be stable. The species has adapted well to human changes to the environment and has exploited human changes such as human-made structures that are used for nesting sites and increased open areas that are used for foraging. In a number of cities, notably
363:
of open country, often near habitation and water. It prefers bare areas for feeding, where it can see and pursue its prey. In urban areas, it has adapted to foraging on paved areas such as car parks. It nests in crevices in stone walls and similar natural and human-made structures.
1195:
are laid, with the usual number being four to six. The eggs are cream-coloured, often with a faint bluish-green or turquoise tint, and heavily spotted with reddish brown; they measure, on average, 21 mm Ă— 15 mm (0.83 in Ă— 0.59 in). Both parents
1236:, large flocks gather in winter to roost. They are therefore rated as of least concern. However, they are caught for sport and then placed into collections. They are also kept as cagebirds and eaten as food. Climate change may be affecting the time of their migration.
1183:
ditch, but the species has also adapted to nesting in walls, bridges and buildings. One nest was found in the skull of a walrus. White wagtails will nest in association with other animals; particularly, where available, the dams of
1053:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1057:
603:, slightly softer than the version given by the pied wagtail. The song is more regular in white than pied, but with little territorial significance, since the male uses a series of contact calls to attract the female.
1055:
483:(i.e. the species is not itself a single coherent grouping). Other phylogenetic studies using mtDNA still suggest that there is considerable gene flow within the races and the resulting closeness makes
1200:
the eggs, although the female generally does so for longer and incubates at night. The eggs begin to hatch after 12 days (sometimes as late as 16 days). Both parents feed the chicks until they
1215:. Moksnes et al. theorised that this occurs because the wagtail is too small to push the intruding egg out of the nest, and too short-billed to destroy the egg by puncturing it.
1579:
Pavlova, A.; Zink, R. M.; Rohwer, S.; Koblik, E. A.; Red'kin, Y. A.; Fadeev, I. V. & Nesterov, E. V. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and plumage evolution in the white wagtail
563:
There are a number of other subspecies, some of which may have arisen because of partial geographical isolation, such as the resident
British and Irish form, the pied wagtail
1467:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
2774:
1086:
in much of the rest of its range. Northern
European breeders winter around the Mediterranean and in tropical and subtropical Africa, and Asiatic birds move to the
611:
Information on the plumage differences and distribution of the subspecies of the white wagtail is shown below. Nine subspecies are generally accepted. Two others,
1078:. It occupies a wide range of habitats, but is absent from deserts. White wagtails are residents in the milder parts of its range such as western Europe and the
2839:
2934:
592:
has been recorded breeding in the Siddar Valley of
Kashmir of the Western Himalayas. It has also been noted that both back and chin change colour during the
1135:
bird that continues to feed on insects during the winter (most other insectivorous birds in temperate climates migrate or switch to more vegetable matter).
1131:. Small fish fry have also been recorded in the diet. The white wagtail is somewhat unusual in the parts of its range where it is non-migratory as it is an
1054:
786:
2466:
2386:
2738:
948:
2787:
1174:. The breeding season for most is from April to August, with the season starting later further north. Both sexes are responsible for building the
1031:. The upperparts of this subspecies are paler and more blue-grey than nominate, and has it has a continuous unbroken white panel on wing coverts.
2454:
1327:
The pied wagtail has occasionally been called "water wagtail"; and in
Ireland "willie wagtail", not to be confused with the Australian species
2050:
2025:
1496:
2964:
1178:, with the male responsible for initiating the nest building and the female for finishing the process. For second broods in the subspecies
967:
This subspecies has a black back and a lot of black around the head, a white wing panel and white edges on the secondaries and tertials.
2954:
652:
Great
Britain and Ireland; birds in the northern part of the range winter in Spain and North Africa, those further south are resident.
2075:
1898:
1796:
2369:
2359:
48:
1062:
White wagtails sitting in a spruce and flying away; their characteristic flight pattern is visible. Kõrvemaa, Estonia, Spring 2021
2959:
2891:
1107:
submissiveness to other wagtails. A study in 2004 has suggested instead that it is a signal of vigilance to potential predators.
596:; all black-throated subspecies develop white chins and throats in winter and some black-backed birds are grey-backed in winter.
1035:
2689:
392:
232:
2314:
567:, which now also breeds in adjacent areas of the neighbouring European mainland. The pied wagtail, named after the naturalist
547:
2792:
705:'s eastern coast. Some migrate to the south of Europe and Africa down as far as Kenya and Malawi. In Britain, they breed on
2826:
2624:
2332:
539:
2431:
1411:
2528:
1847:
Nakamura, Kazue (1985). "Historical change of the geographical distribution of two closely related species of the genus
834:
672:
1228:(i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated to be of
2883:
2601:
2552:
2707:
1817:
1666:
117:
2844:
2227:
2720:
1885:
Tyler, S. (2004). "Family
Motacillidae (Pipits and Wagtails)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Christie, D. (eds.).
1148:
1942:
1553:
1534:
2944:
2288:
1154:
838:
664:
2949:
2463:
2588:
2481:
658:. Has a much blacker back than the nominate race, black of throat continues on side of neck. Named after
2865:
425:, the white wagtail's closest genetic relatives appear to be other black-and-white wagtails such as the
212:
2606:
1915:
1914:
Badyaev, Alexander V.; Gibson, Daniel D.; Kessel, Brina; Pyle, Peter; Patten, Michael A. (4 May 2017).
1383:
371:
and has featured on the stamps of several countries. It is listed as being 'of least concern' by IUCN.
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65:
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2663:
2570:
2539:
2451:
2345:
2143:
1329:
742:
433:
31:
1115:
The exact composition of the diet of white wagtails varies by location, but terrestrial and aquatic
2519:
1167:
1010:
870:
817:
82:
2818:
1941:
British
Ornithologists' Union Records Committee; British Birds Rarities Committee (22 July 2009).
1127:, small snails, spiders, worms, crustaceans, to maggots found in carcasses and, most importantly,
2939:
2250:
2201:
2159:
2112:
1558:
1171:
465:
112:
2870:
1994:
Rowlands, Adam (May 2010). "Proposed criteria for BBRC assessment of claims of 'Amur
Wagtail'".
2779:
2361:
A Natural Year: The
Tranquil Rhythms and Restorative Powers of Irish Nature Through the Seasons
1513:"Latin Definitions for: Alba (Latin Search) - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources - Latdict"
741:. It has more black on the head than the nominate, and resembles a grey-backed, white-throated
2805:
2637:
2422:
2365:
2326:
2071:
2046:
2021:
1894:
1792:
1610:
Odeen, A.; Alstrom, P. (2001). "Evolution of secondary traits in wagtails (genus
Motacilla)".
1492:
1261:
1070:
from areas where the July isotherm is less than 4 °C. It also breeds in the mountains of
1017:(part of Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan); winters in the Middle East, India and
686:
572:
2242:
2193:
2151:
2104:
1923:
1638:
1592:
1548:
1539:
1535:"Systematics and historical biogeography of wagtails: Dispersal versus vicariance revisited"
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329:
1627:"Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence"
1612:
Effects of post-glacial range expansion and population bottlenecks on species richness
1204:
after between 12 and 15 days, and the chicks are fed for another week after fledging.
1066:
This species breeds throughout Eurasia up to latitudes 75°N, only being absent in the
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2800:
2629:
1643:
1626:
1596:
1462:
1369:
1229:
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874:
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345:
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as a scarce breeder. It is resident in the mildest parts of its range, but otherwise
228:
102:
97:
2205:
2130:
Davies, N.B. (1976). "Food, Flocking and Territorial Behaviour of the Pied Wagtail (
2116:
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1000:
2642:
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722:
480:
476:
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321:
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2289:"Rejection Behavior by Common Cuckoo Hosts Towards Artificial Brood Parasite Eggs"
2108:
929:
2616:
2464:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
2909:
2831:
2813:
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2513:
2441:
1731:
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and other small invertebrates form the major part of the diet. These range from
1087:
1014:
882:
800:
2181:
1758:
748:
619:, are accepted by some other authors, but are generally considered synonyms of
2904:
2428:
1821:
1321:
1018:
761:
716:
487:
a single species. A study has suggested the existence of only two groups: the
333:
309:
2405:
17:
2676:
1970:"'Amur Wagtail' in County Durham: new to Britain and the Western Palearctic"
1822:"Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits"
1265:
1175:
1124:
961:
765:
702:
283:
169:
129:
2504:
886:
410:
writers thought it meant "wag-tail", giving rise to a new false Latin word
1927:
2498:
1438:
1192:
1098:. Birds from the North American population also winter in tropical Asia.
878:
773:
706:
407:
301:
149:
2580:
1471:
M. pectore nigro, recticibus duabus lateralibus dimidiato oblique albis.
2857:
2743:
2565:
2254:
1313:
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1273:
1269:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1071:
937:
900:
830:
593:
341:
305:
189:
387:
The white wagtail was one of the many species originally described by
2766:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1233:
1201:
1184:
1120:
1116:
1075:
1067:
933:
851:, but with an all grey rump, clearer blue-grey and darker gray back.
842:
694:
552:
368:
325:
313:
139:
2475:
2246:
2197:
2163:
2681:
2655:
2650:
1153:
1142:
1091:
1048:
713:(mostly from Iceland, but also Scandinavia) in spring and autumn.
546:
538:
455:
450:
position of which is mysterious), with which it appears to form a
403:
378:
297:
2668:
2155:
772:(northern Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,
30:"Pied wagtail" redirects here. For the related African bird, see
1277:
580:
look much like the nominate race except for the black back, and
360:
317:
286:
159:
2479:
2091:
Randler, Christoph (2006). "Is tail wagging in white wagtails,
2018:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1211:, the white wagtail typically deserts its nest if it has been
1128:
1853:
Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefecture Museum of Natural Science
2287:
Moksnes, Arne; Eivin Roskaft; Anders T. Braa (April 1991).
1554:
10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0725:SAHBOW]2.0.CO;2
1412:"Bird's Lifestyle: White Wagtail - National Bird of Latvia"
2387:"Take on Nature: Pied Wagtails make a poignant appearance"
2043:
Birds of the Palearctic: Passerines (Collins Field Guide)
406:
genus name originally meant "little mover", but certain
2020:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1103–1106.
1730:
Pittie, Aasheesh; Kulkarni, MS; Mathew, Rajeev (1998).
903:; might have a claim to constitute a distinct species.
1469:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 185.
629:
2488:
2228:"Nesting and occurrence of White Wagtail in Alaska"
2016:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1789:
Larks, Pipits and Wagtails (Collins New Naturalist)
1162:
in northern Norway, showing the grey face and chest
2180:Badyaev, A. V.; Gibson, D. D.; Kessel, B. (1996).
1886:
1851:in the Japanese Archipelago: a preliminary note".
1484:
1384:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22718348A137417893.en
1736:at Pocharam Lake, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh"
996:; appears to be hybrid or intergrade population.
2321:. Archived from the original on October 1, 2000.
1207:Though it is known to be a host species for the
584:of the Himalayas differs from the Central Asian
560:maximum lifespan in the wild is about 12 years.
332:to Africa. In total, there are between 9 and 11
895:or Kamchatka/Japanese pied wagtail, similar to
813:but grey back and less white on head and wing.
709:and occasionally elsewhere, and are regular on
475:data suggests that the white wagtail is itself
1740:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1713:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1690:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
8:
1316:. The white wagtail is the national bird of
1943:"Changes to Category A of the British List"
348:, the black-backed subspecies known as the
2476:
2452:Identification article with pictures (PDF)
1680:Akhtar, Syed Asad; Prakash, Vibhu (1989).
1320:, and has been often mentioned in Latvian
240:
91:
64:
47:
38:
1656:
1654:
1642:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1521:white, pale...(adjective#1, definition 3)
1382:
599:The call of the white wagtail is a sharp
1782:
1780:
782:. All-black head with a white face mask
1342:
398:, and it still bears its original name
2324:
2175:
2173:
2011:
2009:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1625:Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010).
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
899:, but has a black eyestripe and white
555:with insects in its beak to its young.
543:An adult with a juvenile in Kazakhstan
359:The white wagtail is an insectivorous
2429:Masked, pied and white wagtail photos
2385:Colton, Stephen (February 23, 2019).
1828:. International Ornithologists' Union
1487:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
7:
2721:d546d276-82c9-4500-a2a5-db322060415c
1791:. Harper Collins. pp. 233–252.
1433:
1431:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1224:population decline criterion of the
2935:IUCN Red List least concern species
2095:, an honest signal of vigilance?".
1661:Alstrom, P. & Mild, K. (2003).
1370:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
324:; it also has a toehold in western
2045:. Harper Collins. pp. 30–31.
1889:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1732:"Range extension of White Wagtail
1333:which bears the same common name.
1244:They have featured on stamps from
383:Breeding ranges of the major races
25:
2190:The Birds of North America Online
1893:. Vol. 9. pp. 777–778.
1759:"Breeding of the Masked Wagtail (
1686:Swinhoe from Harike Lake, Punjab"
414:for "tail". The specific epithet
2442:"Pied Wagtail... The Gipsy Bird"
2404:Ashdown, Robert (July 3, 2012).
2358:Fewer, Michael (March 2, 2020).
2268:Paul Guillet; Nicole Bouglouan.
1644:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x
1597:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03373.x
1034:
999:
981:North central and western Iran.
970:
947:
906:
816:
785:
747:
735:Morocco; non-migratory resident
721:
671:
116:
2425:on the Internet Bird Collection
2226:Peyton, Leonard J. (May 1963).
1949:. British Ornithologists' Union
1820:; Donsker, David, eds. (2024).
1359:BirdLife International (2019).
662:(1784-1856), the writer of the
1968:Addinall, Stephen (May 2010).
936:), Southeast Asia, India, and
1:
2136:The Journal of Animal Ecology
2109:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.07.026
2068:The North American Bird Guide
1187:and also inside the nests of
1826:World Bird List Version 14.1
2965:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1491:. Oxford University Press.
1410:Hunter, Fact (2013-03-18).
627:may be a separate species.
623:. The black-backed wagtail
367:It is the national bird of
2981:
2955:National symbols of Latvia
2558:Motacilla_(Motacilla)_alba
1709:"Notes on Indian wagtails"
1682:"Streakeyed Pied Wagtail,
1667:Princeton University Press
1614:(PhD). Uppsala University.
1021:. Now usually included in
992:. Now usually included in
29:
2423:Videos, photos and sounds
2374:– via Google Books.
2331:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1377:: e.T22718348A137417893.
1149:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
932:), expanding into Japan (
641:
638:
635:
632:
437:Motacilla madaraspatensis
421:Within the wagtail genus
248:
239:
218:
211:
113:Scientific classification
111:
89:
80:
72:
63:
55:
46:
41:
2438:- Norwegian Cyberbirding
2132:Motacilla alba yarrellii
2041:Arlott, Norman) (2007).
1767:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1734:Motacilla alba leucopsis
1585:Journal of Avian Biology
1517:www.latin-dictionary.net
1045:Distribution and habitat
839:Central Siberian Plateau
837:(Russia, eastwards from
665:History of British Birds
588:only by its black back.
375:Taxonomy and systematics
2960:Birds described in 1758
1684:Motacilla alba ocularis
1483:Jobling, James (1991).
2406:"The spirited Wagtail"
2315:"White Wagtail stamps"
2066:Sibley, David (2000).
1922:. Cornell University.
1707:Ticehurst, CB (1922).
1533:Voelker, Gary (2002).
1163:
1151:
1063:
841:) expanding into West
556:
544:
418:is Latin for "white".
384:
296:, which also includes
259: Year-round range
2866:Paleobiology Database
2448:culture - Romani Rise
2348:collinsdictionary.com
1928:10.2173/bow.whiwag.01
1157:
1146:
1102:Behaviour and ecology
1061:
984:Intermediate between
964:and surrounding area
550:
542:
391:in his landmark 1758
382:
2716:Fauna Europaea (new)
1787:Simms, Eric (1992).
1330:Rhipidura leucophrys
1170:and defend breeding
893:Black-backed wagtail
743:African pied wagtail
444:Motacilla samveasnae
434:white-browed wagtail
73:First summer female
32:African pied wagtail
2319:www.bird-stamps.org
2148:1976JAnEc..45..235D
2134:Gould) in Winter".
1761:Motacilla personata
1757:Fenton, LL (1910).
1663:Pipits and wagtails
1166:White wagtails are
1029:Indian pied wagtail
1011:West Siberian Plain
871:Kamchatka Peninsula
717:Nominate subspecies
83:Conservation status
2469:2016-11-08 at the
2457:2007-09-27 at the
2434:2012-07-16 at the
1920:Birds of the World
1631:Journal of Zoology
1164:
1152:
1064:
731:M. a. subpersonata
668:(first ed. 1843).
557:
545:
513:M. a. subpersonata
466:NADH dehydrogenase
439:(and possibly the
385:
265: Winter range
253: Summer range
2920:
2919:
2482:Taxon identifiers
2444:Pied wagtails in
2364:. Merrion Press.
2052:978-0-00-714705-2
2027:978-0-19-854099-1
1498:978-0-19-854634-4
1191:. Three to eight
1147:Eggs, Collection
1059:
1042:
1041:
986:M. a. dukhunensis
861:Russia Far East (
795:M. a. baicalensis
687:Iberian Peninsula
613:M. a. dukhunensis
576:colour. Breeding
573:sexual dimorphism
501:M. a. baicalensis
430:Motacilla grandis
270:
269:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2972:
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2832:NHMSYS0000530493
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2571:80A3185DD94F9D98
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2293:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2182:"White Wagtail (
2177:
2168:
2167:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2103:(5): 1089–1093.
2097:Animal Behaviour
2088:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1882:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1416:Bird's Lifestyle
1407:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1356:
1111:Diet and feeding
1060:
1038:
1003:
974:
951:
922:Korean Peninsula
910:
820:
803:area, Mongolia,
789:
751:
739:Moroccan wagtail
725:
685:Europe from the
675:
630:
427:Japanese wagtail
393:10th edition of
356:) predominates.
312:zone in most of
264:
258:
252:
244:
224:
121:
120:
100:
95:
94:
68:
51:
39:
21:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2945:Holarctic birds
2925:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2853:Observation.org
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2484:
2471:Wayback Machine
2459:Wayback Machine
2436:Wayback Machine
2419:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2323:
2313:Chris Gibbons.
2312:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2270:"White Wagtail"
2267:
2266:
2262:
2247:10.2307/1365667
2230:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2198:10.2173/bna.236
2179:
2178:
2171:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1916:"White wagtail"
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1884:
1883:
1864:
1855:(in Japanese).
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1719:(4): 1082–1090.
1706:
1705:
1701:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1339:
1242:
1221:
1141:
1113:
1104:
1049:
1047:
990:M. a. personata
916:M. a. leucopsis
897:M. a. yarrellii
867:Khabarovsk Krai
811:M. a. leucopsis
770:Altay Mountains
757:M. a. personata
697:, Iceland, the
660:William Yarrell
648:M. a. yarrellii
609:
594:pre-basic moult
590:M. a. personata
586:M. a. personata
578:M. a. yarrellii
569:William Yarrell
565:M. a. yarrellii
537:
529:M. a. personata
525:M. a. leucopsis
497:M. a. yarrellii
395:Systema Naturae
377:
354:M. a. yarrellii
266:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
235:
226:
220:
207:
115:
107:
96:
92:
85:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Birds of Japan
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:Motacilla-alba
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2748:
2735:
2725:
2712:
2703:Fauna Europaea
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2545:Motacilla_alba
2536:
2525:
2520:Motacilla alba
2510:
2494:
2492:
2490:Motacilla alba
2486:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2439:
2426:
2418:
2417:External links
2415:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2391:The Irish News
2377:
2370:
2350:
2338:
2305:
2279:
2260:
2241:(3): 232–235.
2218:
2184:Moticilla alba
2169:
2142:(1): 235–253.
2122:
2093:Motacilla alba
2083:
2077:978-1873403983
2076:
2070:. Pica Press.
2058:
2051:
2033:
2026:
2005:
1986:
1960:
1933:
1906:
1900:978-8487334696
1899:
1862:
1839:
1804:
1798:978-0002198714
1797:
1776:
1749:
1722:
1699:
1672:
1650:
1617:
1602:
1591:(4): 322–336.
1581:Motacilla alba
1568:
1547:(4): 725–739.
1525:
1504:
1497:
1475:
1463:Linnaeus, Carl
1454:
1427:
1397:
1363:Motacilla alba
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1310:United Kingdom
1241:
1238:
1220:
1217:
1140:
1137:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:Southeast Asia
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
982:
979:
976:
975:
968:
965:
959:
957:M. a. alboides
953:
952:
945:
940:
926:Ryukyu Islands
918:
912:
911:
904:
890:
863:Primorsky Krai
859:
853:
852:
845:
828:
826:M. a. ocularis
822:
821:
814:
807:
805:Inner Mongolia
797:
791:
790:
783:
780:Masked wagtail
777:
759:
753:
752:
745:
736:
733:
727:
726:
719:
714:
693:, Turkey, the
691:Ural Mountains
683:
677:
676:
669:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
608:
605:
582:M. a. alboides
536:
533:
521:M. a. alboides
505:M. a. ocularis
485:Motacilla alba
441:Mekong wagtail
400:Motacilla alba
376:
373:
308:breeds in the
279:Motacilla alba
268:
267:
261:
255:
249:
246:
245:
237:
236:
227:
222:Motacilla alba
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
90:
87:
86:
81:
78:
77:
70:
69:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:White wagtail
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2977:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:white-wagtail
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:Featherbase:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2371:9781785373206
2367:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:Water wagtail
2342:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:(2): 248–254.
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2274:Oiseaux-Birds
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:British Birds
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:British Birds
1971:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:) in Kashmir"
1762:
1753:
1750:
1746:(2): 347–348.
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:least concern
1227:
1226:IUCN Red List
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:common cuckoo
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:golden eagles
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:insectivorous
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Mediterranean
1077:
1073:
1069:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
978:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
914:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:Kuril Islands
872:
868:
864:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
815:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
746:
744:
740:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
720:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Faroe Islands
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
670:
667:
666:
661:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
631:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:M. a. persica
614:
606:
604:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
561:
554:
549:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
390:
389:Carl Linnaeus
381:
374:
372:
370:
365:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
346:Great Britain
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:and parts of
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:) is a small
281:
280:
275:
274:white wagtail
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
217:
214:
213:Binomial name
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Passeriformes
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
104:
99:
98:Least Concern
88:
84:
79:
76:
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Water wagtail
2922:
2489:
2446:Welsh Romani
2399:
2390:
2380:
2360:
2353:
2341:
2318:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2189:
2183:
2156:10.2307/3777
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2017:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1919:
1909:
1888:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1825:
1788:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1662:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1446:. Retrieved
1444:. 2015-01-13
1442:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1368:
1362:
1328:
1326:
1243:
1222:
1206:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1114:
1105:
1074:and western
1065:
1028:
1022:
993:
989:
985:
956:
943:Amur wagtail
942:
915:
896:
892:
857:M. a. lugens
856:
849:M. a. lugens
848:
825:
810:
794:
779:
756:
738:
730:
680:
663:
656:Pied wagtail
655:
647:
625:M. a. lugens
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
600:
598:
589:
585:
581:
577:
564:
562:
558:
551:An adult in
528:
524:
520:
519:group, with
516:
512:
509:M. a. lugens
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:group, with
488:
484:
481:paraphyletic
477:polyphyletic
460:
452:superspecies
448:phylogenetic
443:
436:
429:
422:
420:
415:
411:
399:
394:
386:
366:
358:
353:
350:pied wagtail
349:
337:
322:North Africa
294:Motacillidae
278:
277:
273:
271:
221:
219:
204:M. alba
203:
202:
190:
180:Motacillidae
75:M. alba alba
74:
58:M. alba alba
57:
36:
2814:NatureServe
2762:iNaturalist
2514:Wikispecies
1818:Gill, Frank
1213:parasitised
1172:territories
1125:dragonflies
1088:Middle East
1015:Caspian Sea
847:Similar to
835:Far Eastern
801:Lake Baikal
633:Subspecies
535:Description
459:cytochrome
454:. However,
56:Adult male
2929:Categories
2905:Xeno-canto
2002:: 268–275.
1983:: 260–267.
1637:(2): 103.
1448:2019-01-18
1421:2019-01-18
1337:References
1322:folk songs
1240:In culture
1168:monogamous
1160:M. a. alba
1023:M. a. alba
1019:Bangladesh
809:Resembles
799:Russia in
762:Hindu Kush
681:M. a. alba
621:M. a. alba
607:Subspecies
515:; and the
493:M. a. alba
334:subspecies
310:Palearctic
2940:Motacilla
1849:Motacilla
1832:21 August
1773:(4): 992.
1696:(2): 246.
1439:"Symbols"
1266:Hong Kong
1180:personata
1158:Juvenile
1084:migratory
962:Himalayas
924:, Japan (
881:, Japan (
766:Tian Shan
703:Greenland
423:Motacilla
302:longclaws
284:passerine
198:Species:
191:Motacilla
136:Kingdom:
130:Eukaryota
2819:2.796910
2806:22718348
2780:11349217
2669:17102239
2630:bob10200
2594:22718348
2589:BirdLife
2578:BioLib:
2499:Wikidata
2467:Archived
2455:Archived
2432:Archived
2327:cite web
2211:16 April
2206:83483724
2117:53189368
1947:BOU News
1563:85844839
1465:(1758).
1390:8 August
1198:incubate
1139:Breeding
883:HokkaidĹŤ
879:Sakhalin
774:Xinjiang
707:Shetland
601:chissick
517:alboides
473:sequence
432:and the
408:medieval
330:migrates
229:Linnaeus
176:Family:
150:Chordata
146:Phylum:
140:Animalia
126:Domain:
103:IUCN 3.1
2744:9687165
2566:Avibase
2255:1365667
2144:Bibcode
1953:22 July
1314:Vietnam
1282:Ireland
1274:Iceland
1270:Hungary
1262:Georgia
1258:Finland
1254:Belgium
1250:Belarus
1246:Bahrain
1185:beavers
1121:beetles
1117:insects
1072:Morocco
938:Oceania
920:China,
901:remiges
831:Siberia
711:passage
469:subunit
342:Ireland
338:M. alba
306:species
289:in the
186:Genus:
166:Order:
156:Class:
101: (
2897:232066
2871:369353
2793:178476
2751:GNAB:
2690:EURING
2682:MOTAAL
2656:whiwag
2617:whiwag
2533:whiwag
2505:Q25399
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2235:Condor
2204:
2162:
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1897:
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1540:Condor
1495:
1318:Latvia
1308:, the
1306:Poland
1302:Norway
1298:Latvia
1294:Kuwait
1290:Jersey
1286:Israel
1234:Dublin
1219:Status
1202:fledge
1094:, and
1082:, but
1076:Alaska
1068:Arctic
934:Honshū
930:Kyūshū
887:Honshū
843:Alaska
695:Levant
642:Image
639:Notes
636:Range
553:Sweden
511:, and
446:, the
402:. The
369:Latvia
326:Alaska
314:Europe
304:. The
298:pipits
291:family
263:
257:
251:
2892:WoRMS
2884:10972
2845:45807
2775:IRMNG
2767:13695
2708:97427
2695:10200
2651:eBird
2643:44G99
2614:BOW:
2292:(PDF)
2251:JSTOR
2231:(PDF)
2202:S2CID
2160:JSTOR
2113:S2CID
1973:(PDF)
1559:S2CID
1129:flies
1092:India
1013:east
456:mtDNA
412:cilla
404:Latin
340:; in
2840:NCBI
2801:IUCN
2788:ITIS
2739:GBIF
2731:alba
2677:EPPO
2607:9652
2602:BOLD
2581:8850
2366:ISBN
2333:link
2213:2010
2164:3777
2072:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1955:2009
1895:ISBN
1834:2024
1793:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1392:2021
1375:2019
1312:and
1278:Iran
1193:eggs
1176:nest
994:alba
988:and
701:and
615:and
527:and
489:alba
464:and
416:alba
361:bird
344:and
318:Asia
316:and
300:and
287:bird
272:The
233:1758
160:Aves
2879:TSA
2858:202
2827:NBN
2664:EoL
2638:CoL
2625:BTO
2553:AFD
2540:ADW
2529:ABA
2300:108
2296:Auk
2243:doi
2194:doi
2152:doi
2105:doi
2000:103
1981:103
1924:doi
1639:doi
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