56:
1066:) in size. Males are inclined to remain settled in their territories, though over time they may leave inferior territories for more spacious ones. Marking of territories includes no elaborate rituals; dung and urine are occasionally dropped. After the age of ten years, males lose their territorial nature and are replaced by a younger bull, following which they recede to a small and unprotected area. There is another social group, that of the satellite males, which are mature bulls as yet without their own territories, who exploit resources, particularly mating opportunities, even in the presence of the dominant bull. The territorial male may allow a few satellite males into his territory, and they may contribute to its defence. However, gradually they may deprive the actual owner of his territory and seize the area for themselves. In a study in the
903:
1027:
880:
861:
31:
945:
926:
990:. It is a sexually dimorphic antelope, with the males nearly 7% taller than females and around 8% longer. The head-and-body length is typically 177–235 cm (70–93 in) and the typical height is 120–136 cm (47–54 in). Males reach approximately 127 cm (50 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 119 cm (47 in). The waterbuck is one of the heaviest antelopes. A newborn typically weighs 13.6 kg (30 lb), and growth in weight is faster in males than in females. Males typically weigh 198–262 kg (437–578 lb) and females 161–214 kg (355–472 lb). The tail is 22–45 cm (8.7–17.7 in) long.
542:: Found in the Webi Shebeli river valley in southeastern Ethiopia; the Juba and Webi Shebeli river valleys in Somalia; essentially east of the Rift Valley in Kenya and Tanzania; east of the Rift Valley in the middle Zambezi and Luangwa valleys in Zambia; Malawi; Mozambique; east of the Kwando River in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia; eastern and northern Botswana; Zimbabwe; and eastern and northern Transvaal in South Africa. Its distribution slightly overlaps that of the typical defassa along the Rift Valley in Kenya and Tanzania, and that of the Crawshay defassa in the Rift Valley in Zambia.
1426:. She communicates with the calf by bleating or snorting. Calves are kept hidden from two to three weeks up to two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity.
1077:. In one type of display, the white patch on the throat and between the eyes is clearly revealed, and other displays can demonstrate the thickness of the neck. These activities frighten trespassers. Lowering of the head and the body depict submission before the territorial male, who stands erect. Fights, which may last up to thirty minutes, involve threat displays typical of bovids accompanied by snorting. Fights may even become so violent that one of the opponents meets its death due to severe abdominal or
964:
994:
waterbuck secretes a greasy substance with the odour of musk, giving it the name "greasy kob". The odor of this is so unpleasant that it repels predators. This secretion also assists in water-proofing the body when the animal dives into water. The facial features include a white muzzle and light eyebrows and lighter insides of the ears. A cream-coloured patch (called "bib") is on the throat. Waterbuck are characterised by a long neck and short, strong, black legs. Females have two
116:
2600:; Muriithi, Beatrice; Okal, Michael; Masiga, Daniel; Wanda, Gift; Gisèle, Ouedraogo; Samuel, Abah; Nguertoum, Etienne; Nina, Rock Aimé; Mansinsa, Philémon; Adam, Yahaya; Camara, Mamadou; Olet, Pamela; Boucader, Diarra; Jamal, Susana; Garba, Abdoul Razak Issa; Ajakaiye, Joseph Joachim; Kinani, Jean Felix; Hassan, Mohamed Adam; Nonga, Hezron; Daffa, Joyce; Gidudu, Ambrose; Chilongo, Kalinga (2021-07-20). Simuunza, Martin Chtolongo (ed.).
1435:
360:
91:
1240:
253:
1357:
1371:
1599:(NT). The population trend for both the common and defassa waterbuck is decreasing, especially that of the latter, with large populations being eliminated from their habitats due to poaching and human settlement. Their own sedentary nature too is responsible for this to some extent. Numbers have fallen in Queen Elizabeth National Park,
525:
ellipsiprymnus waterbuck group consisted of eight subspecies. In 1971, however, the number of subspecies was reduced to 13 (4 for the ellipsenprymnus waterbuck group and 9 for the defassa waterbuck group). The subspecies are listed below, along with notes about the former subspecies which were recombined into a single subspecies:
1039:
winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as young males start developing horns (at around seven to nine months of age), they are chased out of the herd by territorial bulls. These males then form bachelor herds and may roam in female home ranges. Females have home ranges stretching over 200–600
316:
from the six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. Predominantly a grazer, the waterbuck is mostly found on grassland. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, but births are at their peak in the rainy season. The
1319:(eating leaves, small shoots, and fruits) in comparison to the other grazers. In the dry season, about 32% of the 24-hour day was spent in browsing, whereas no time was spent on it during the wet season. The choice of grasses varies with location rather than availability; for instance, in western Uganda, while
315:
Waterbucks are rather sedentary in nature. As gregarious animals, they may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of 5 years, but are most dominant
307:
antelope, males are taller and heavier than females. Males reach roughly 127 cm (50 in) at the shoulder, while females reach 119 cm (47 in). Males typically weigh 198–262 kg (437–578 lb) and females 161–214 kg (355–472 lb). Their coat colour varies from brown
1038:
in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the
1009:
The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck are remarkably different in their physical appearances. Measurements indicate greater tail length in the latter, whereas the common waterbuck stands taller than the defassa waterbuck. However, the principal differentiation between the two types is the
993:
The waterbuck has a robust build. The shaggy coat is reddish brown to grey, and becomes progressively darker with age. Males are darker than females. Though apparently thick, the hair is sparse on the coat. The hair on the neck is, however, long and shaggy. When sexually excited, the skin of the
302:
in 1833. Its 13 subspecies are grouped under two varieties: the common or ellipsiprymnus waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck. The head-and-body length is typically between 177 and 235 cm (70 and 93 in) and the typical height is between 120 and 136 cm (47 and 54 in). In this
524:
of the waterbucks had been initially recognised. They were classified into two groups: the ellipsiprymnus waterbuck group and the defassa waterbuck group. Owing to the large number of variations in the coat colour in the defassa waterbuck group, as many as 29 subspecies were included in it; the
1387:
at the age of six years, females reach maturity within two to three years. Females may conceive by the age of two-and-a-half years, and remain reproductive for another ten years. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, and births are at their peak in the rainy season.
1554:
were as low as 1.3 per square mile. It has been observed that territorial size depends on the quality of the habitat, the age and health of the animal and the population density. The greater the age of the animal or the denser the populations, the smaller are the territories. In
1017:
curve backward, then forward. Found only on males, the horns range from 55 to 99 cm (22 to 39 in) in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females.
1256:), the waterbuck ranges farther into the woodlands while maintaining its proximity to water. With grasses constituting a substantial 70 to 95 percent of the diet, the waterbuck is predominantly a grazer frequenting grasslands. Reeds and rushes like
1541:
Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas alongside rivers, lakes and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water, the waterbuck have a sparse distribution across ecotones (areas of interface between two different
1247:
The waterbuck exhibits great dependence on water. It can not tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. However, it has been observed that unlike the other members of its genus (such as the
902:
879:
693:) Can be found in Zambia, from the upper Zambezi River eastward to the Muchinga escarpment (which is a southern extension of the Great Rift Valley). Also in adjoining parts of Katanga Province in Congo (Kinshasa).
1537:
through Zambia into Angola, while another branch extends to the Zaire River west of the Congo basin. While the common waterbuck is now extinct in
Ethiopia, the defassa waterbuck has become extinct in Gambia.
2859:
Jumba, I. O.; Kisia, S. M.; Kock, R. (2006). "Animal health problems attributed to environmental contamination in Lake Nakuru
National Park, Kenya: A case study on heavy metal poisoning in the waterbuck
55:
500:'s theories about the relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene, the ancestral home of the waterbuck is considered to be the eastern coast of Africa, with the
1113:
prey on juveniles). However, it has been observed that the waterbuck does not particularly like being in water. Waterbuck may run into cover when alarmed, and males often attack predators.
433:, hind part). The animal acquired the vernacular name "waterbuck" due to its heavy dependence on water as compared to other antelopes and its ability to enter into water for defence.
860:
1304:
along with annual species were the main preference in the early rainy season, while long life grasses and forage from trees constituted three-fourths of the diet in the dry season.
1759:
1415:. The female shifts her tail to one side, while the male clasps her sides with his forelegs and rests on her back during copulation, which may occur as many as ten times.
944:
1026:
456:
collected another specimen, which differed from
Steedman's specimen in having a prominent white ring on its rump. Considering it a separate species, Rüppell gave it the
2689:
7554:
2693:
925:
1418:
The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months, followed by the birth of a single calf. Twins are rare. Pregnant females isolate themselves in thickets as
2086:
Geist, V. (1971). "The relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the
Pleistocene, with emphasis on the old world deer and the genus Bison".
7619:
1411:, and often licks the neck of the female and rubs his face and the base of his horns against her back. There are several attempts at mounting before the actual
7727:
1010:
white ring of hair surrounding the tail on the rump, which is a hollow circle in the common waterbuck, but covered with white hair in the defassa waterbuck.
1331:
was the main choice elsewhere. The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck in the same area may differ in their choices; while the former preferred
1207:
ticks have been found on waterbucks - a healthy waterbuck may carry over 4000 ticks in their larval or nymphal stages, the most common among them being
660:
Can be found in
Southern Gabon, southern Congo (Brazzaville), Angola, southwestern Congo (Kinshasa), and marginally in Namibia along the Okavango River.
347:. The population trend for both is downwards, especially that of the defassa, with large populations being eliminated from certain habitats because of
30:
1054:
Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of 5 years, but are most dominant from 6 to 9 years. Territorial males hold territories 4–146
7737:
7699:
7528:
7567:
655:
1970:
Lorenzen, E. D.; Simonsen, B. T.; Kat, P. W.; Arctander, P.; Siegismund, H. R. (14 August 2006). "Hybridization between subspecies of waterbuck (
476:
owing to extensive overlapping of habitats. Though both groups occur in Zambia as well, their ranges are separated by relief features or by the
2966:
1655:
2908:
2332:
2147:
1525:) and to central Namibia. By contrast, the defassa waterbuck inhabits western and central Africa. The defassa waterbuck occurs west of the
2383:
7742:
1085:
for visual communication and alarm snorts for vocal communication. Waterbuck often enter water to escape from predators which include
963:
2524:
2285:
2245:
2070:
1889:
1070:, only 7 percent of the adult males held territories, and only half of the territorial males tolerated one or more satellite males.
7593:
1451:
2707:
Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). "The Use of Push-Pull
Strategies in Integrated Pest Management".
7611:
2139:
2045:
1659:
1518:
7572:
1396:), with the mating season lasting four months. The season extends for even longer periods in some areas of southern Africa.
3318:
1600:
1556:
913:
890:
43:
4107:
7606:
7476:
2709:
2602:"The potential economic benefits of controlling trypanosomiasis using waterbuck repellent blend in sub-Saharan Africa"
2542:
1699:
2481:
Wirtz, P. (2010). "Territory holders, satellite males and bachelor males in a high density population of waterbuck (
2133:
2063:
Field Guide to the Cradle of
Humankind : Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai & Environs World Heritage Site
331:
areas along rivers, lakes, and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands and water, waterbucks have a sparse
3387:
2959:
2718:
2551:
1639:
1051:). A few females may form spinster herds. Though females are seldom aggressive, minor tension may arise in herds.
781:) (northeastern Congo , Sudan, western Ethiopia, Uganda, western Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and northwestern Tanzania)
7624:
6364:
3309:
3300:
2615:
1691:
1170:
1067:
440:
of the waterbuck was collected by South
African hunter-explorer Andrew Steedman in 1832. This specimen was named
7732:
7458:
7431:
1935:
Taylor, C.R.; Spinage, C.A.; Lyman, C.P. (1969). "Water relations of the waterbuck, an East
African antelope".
505:
6151:
1591:
The
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists the waterbuck as of
1288:
1215:
115:
6800:
6313:
6193:
4089:
3749:
3230:
1723:
1679:
469:
396:
1595:(LC). More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while the defassa waterbuck is
379:
in the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The generic name
7393:
3851:
3557:
3476:
1651:
1608:
1321:
1294:
1270:
1150:
1134:
295:
7481:
1913:
1209:
464:. Modern taxonomists, however, consider the common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck a single species,
7658:
4256:
3485:
3369:
2952:
2667:
1667:
1663:
1612:
1604:
1533:, its most northerly point of distribution being in southern Mali. Its range also stretches east of the
1333:
473:
368:
343:. More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of least concern. while the defassa waterbuck is
210:
7001:
6031:
2179:
1407:
and urine. A resistive female would try to bite or even fight off an advancing male. The male exhibits
1199:
7502:
7440:
7308:
7074:
7065:
7010:
6635:
6599:
6572:
5980:
5971:
5416:
5407:
3773:
3632:
3575:
3521:
2619:
2095:
1983:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1514:
1412:
1316:
1276:
1422:
approaches. Newborn calves can stand on their feet within a half-hour of birth. The mother eats the
7254:
6956:
6947:
6695:
6563:
6536:
6472:
6133:
6013:
5962:
3641:
3548:
3139:
2816:
2442:
Wirtz, P. (1981). "Territorial defence and territory take-over by satellite males in the waterbuck
1815:
1747:
1687:
1403:
Mating begins after the male confirms that the female is in oestrus, which he does by sniffing her
1193:
1035:
1003:
489:
312:, present only on males, curve backward, then forward, and are 55–99 cm (22–39 in) long.
80:
68:
1483:
7341:
7332:
6626:
5751:
5477:
4954:
4945:
4664:
4098:
3566:
3378:
3360:
3239:
2889:
2797:
2746:
2463:
2111:
2007:
1703:
1675:
1643:
1507:
1282:
1146:
317:
304:
281:
110:
7663:
6704:
6644:
6608:
6554:
6527:
6518:
6142:
6124:
6058:
1837:
1638:
Over 60 percent of the defassa waterbuck populations thrive in protected areas, most notably in
1268:
may also be preferred. A study found regular consumption of three grass species round the year:
7559:
2411:
Spinage, C. A. (2010). "Territoriality and social organization of the Uganda defassa waterbuck
2277:
1383:
Waterbuck are slower than other antelopes in terms of the rate of maturity. While males become
1307:
Though the defassa waterbuck was found to have a much greater requirement for protein than the
7645:
7489:
6974:
6965:
6653:
6581:
6509:
6340:
6322:
6175:
5125:
4520:
4511:
4363:
4265:
4044:
4011:
3954:
3824:
3351:
3212:
2881:
2789:
2738:
2730:
2655:
2637:
2571:
2563:
2520:
2328:
2281:
2241:
2153:
2143:
2066:
2041:
1999:
1952:
1885:
1671:
1647:
1074:
788:
477:
453:
388:
7445:
7650:
7368:
7122:
7113:
6992:
6833:
6824:
6617:
6289:
6280:
6228:
6219:
6067:
6040:
5953:
5733:
5341:
4767:
4758:
4748:
4721:
4442:
4311:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3276:
3267:
3203:
3130:
3121:
2873:
2841:
2831:
2781:
2722:
2645:
2627:
2555:
2494:
2455:
2424:
2269:
2103:
1991:
1944:
1810:
1408:
1339:
1327:
1174:
1102:
1082:
999:
457:
286:
252:
187:
7585:
2233:
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals : Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
7632:
7098:
7089:
7037:
7028:
6809:
5666:
5657:
5134:
4730:
3782:
3692:
3530:
3342:
3221:
3194:
3185:
2726:
2682:
1596:
1547:
1384:
1308:
1187:
344:
2623:
2559:
2099:
1987:
1550:
showed that the mean density of waterbuck was 5.5 per square mile, and estimates in the
1434:
7298:
7236:
6866:
6857:
6382:
6331:
6252:
6243:
6184:
6022:
5724:
5546:
5537:
5092:
5059:
5041:
4529:
4339:
4214:
4053:
3041:
3013:
2937:
2650:
2601:
2498:
2428:
2237:
2231:
1743:
1526:
1389:
1106:
1014:
676:
501:
497:
403:
309:
299:
227:
1177:. Waterbuck odor volatiles are under testing and development as repellents to protect
359:
7721:
7580:
6923:
6905:
6791:
6728:
6719:
5778:
5513:
5486:
5257:
5167:
5158:
5143:
5008:
4972:
4927:
4864:
4855:
4372:
4330:
4223:
4189:
4179:
4080:
4062:
3725:
3674:
3584:
3148:
2836:
2301:
2270:
2129:
2107:
1995:
1948:
1801:
1792:
1592:
1522:
1442:
The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as
1393:
1300:
1138:
1090:
995:
563:
517:
437:
340:
100:
95:
2893:
2801:
2750:
2467:
2115:
2011:
7690:
7494:
7317:
7286:
7176:
6848:
6662:
6590:
6463:
6406:
6397:
6115:
6049:
5811:
5769:
5684:
5495:
5215:
5206:
5068:
4999:
4888:
4879:
4621:
4390:
4071:
4026:
3993:
3764:
3656:
3623:
3539:
1711:
1707:
1467:
1239:
1142:
1130:
623:
585:(Webi Shebeli drainage in Ethiopia, and Juba and Webi Shebeli drainages in Somalia)
2632:
1879:
7598:
7541:
7425:
6938:
6686:
5848:
5802:
5793:
5742:
5694:
5555:
5397:
4990:
4981:
4809:
4603:
4594:
4584:
4478:
4321:
4131:
4122:
4035:
3878:
3800:
3683:
3608:
3599:
2976:
2817:"Diet and food preference of the waterbuck in the Pendjari National Park, Benin"
1719:
1576:
1564:
1551:
1534:
1154:
1059:
1044:
167:
1356:
6545:
6445:
6270:
5862:
5284:
5266:
5017:
4712:
4697:
4688:
4655:
4432:
4238:
4155:
4146:
3921:
3912:
3791:
3716:
3257:
3078:
2944:
2877:
1838:"Defassa Waterbuck Facts and Information | SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment"
1763:
1632:
1611:. Population decrease in the Lake Nakuru National Park has been attributed to
1423:
1312:
1264:
1166:
1162:
521:
493:
488:
Not many fossils of the waterbuck have been found. Fossils were scarce in the
7416:
2734:
2641:
2567:
2519:(6th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1166–70.
2369:
Mammals of Africa (Volume VI): Hippopotamuses, Pigs, Deer, Giraffe and Bovids
1690:
and Queen Elizabeth National Parks, the national parks and hunting zones of
7515:
7245:
7166:
7019:
6890:
6881:
6355:
5929:
5920:
5905:
5896:
5760:
5332:
5116:
5050:
4936:
4247:
3936:
3860:
3740:
3291:
3176:
3166:
3060:
3051:
2157:
1543:
1228:
1224:
1178:
384:
324:
127:
7212:
2885:
2742:
2659:
2003:
2793:
2575:
1956:
1623:
levels were dangerously high in the kidney and the liver, deficiencies of
452:. It is usually known as the common waterbuck. In 1835, German naturalist
7684:
7637:
7468:
7410:
7154:
6782:
6454:
6166:
6004:
5944:
5609:
5308:
4840:
4785:
4673:
4502:
3978:
3969:
3945:
3833:
3707:
3457:
3333:
3029:
3007:
2995:
2785:
2606:
1735:
1695:
1471:
1455:
1447:
1220:
1182:
1126:
871:
627:
348:
277:
147:
72:
7704:
1583:). The oldest female (around 18 years old) had the smallest home range.
1571:) in area whereas home ranges for bachelor males averaged between 24–38
7533:
7359:
7194:
7055:
6914:
6304:
6091:
6082:
5995:
5881:
5872:
5844:
5600:
5504:
5468:
5383:
5379:
5350:
5275:
4963:
4836:
4797:
4381:
4298:
4204:
3467:
3417:
3112:
2909:"How the stink of a waterbuck could prevent sleeping sickness in Kenya"
2845:
2595:
2459:
2040:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 681–2.
1750:
and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi game reserves and private lands in South Africa.
1739:
1628:
1616:
1572:
1560:
1503:
1499:
1463:
1397:
1158:
1098:
1094:
1055:
1040:
974:
955:
936:
631:
414:
332:
328:
291:
177:
1370:
7546:
7453:
7203:
6772:
6677:
6500:
6490:
6106:
5618:
5458:
5440:
5431:
5317:
5239:
5191:
5182:
4640:
4631:
4566:
4557:
4547:
4469:
4002:
3815:
3665:
3001:
2989:
1715:
1624:
1475:
1443:
1204:
917:
894:
723:) (northeastern Tanzania west of the Rift Wall, and north into Kenya)
635:
427:
419:
407:
157:
137:
47:
7387:
7520:
2236:(4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1766:-repellant collars for cattle based on the smell of the waterbuck.
7227:
7185:
6760:
6430:
6421:
5715:
5642:
5633:
5564:
5293:
5248:
5107:
5032:
4912:
4903:
4414:
4405:
3897:
3888:
3097:
3088:
2592:
2540:
Glasgow, J. P. (1967). "Recent Fundamental Work on Tsetse Flies".
1530:
1495:
1487:
1478:) besides a few countries of western and northern Africa such as
1459:
1433:
1419:
1404:
1258:
1238:
1122:
1110:
1078:
472:
between the two. Interbreeding between the two takes place in the
358:
2135:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
6373:
5703:
5591:
5573:
5230:
5083:
4487:
4354:
4170:
3444:
3405:
1620:
1580:
1568:
1491:
1479:
1253:
1086:
1063:
1048:
336:
7507:
7391:
7283:
7151:
6757:
5840:
5375:
4832:
4294:
3440:
3026:
2948:
2327:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 195.
6983:
5582:
5528:
4460:
3842:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1249:
444:
by Ogilby in 1833. This species was transferred to the genus
2272:
East African Mammals : An Atlas of Evolution in Africa
402:
refers to the white, elliptical ring on the rump, from the
1884:. London: Academic Press. pp. 4–6, 10, 18–19, 56–63.
320:
lasts 7–8 months, followed by the birth of a single calf.
1529:
and ranges from Eritrea to Guinea Bissau in the southern
2065:(2nd revised ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 171.
986:
The waterbuck is the largest amongst the six species of
602:) (southern and eastern Kenya and northeastern Tanzania)
1343:, the latter showed less preference for these grasses.
375:. The waterbuck is one of the six species of the genus
2866:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
1315:, the waterbuck was found to spend much less time on
1133:. Other diseases from which these animals suffer are
2764:
Groocock, C.M.; Staak, C. (1969). "The isolation of
1081:
wounds. A silent animal, the waterbuck makes use of
7674:
7400:
7358:
7330:
7306:
7297:
7225:
7174:
7165:
7111:
7087:
7063:
7054:
6936:
6903:
6879:
6846:
6822:
6780:
6771:
6717:
6675:
6498:
6489:
6443:
6419:
6395:
6353:
6302:
6278:
6269:
6241:
6217:
6210:
6164:
6104:
6080:
5993:
5942:
5918:
5894:
5870:
5861:
5791:
5692:
5683:
5655:
5631:
5526:
5466:
5457:
5429:
5405:
5396:
5330:
5306:
5228:
5204:
5180:
5156:
5105:
5081:
5030:
4925:
4901:
4877:
4853:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4756:
4747:
4710:
4686:
4653:
4629:
4620:
4592:
4583:
4555:
4546:
4500:
4440:
4431:
4403:
4352:
4319:
4310:
4236:
4202:
4168:
4144:
4120:
4024:
3991:
3967:
3934:
3910:
3886:
3877:
3813:
3762:
3738:
3705:
3654:
3621:
3597:
3465:
3456:
3416:
3404:
3331:
3289:
3265:
3256:
3174:
3165:
3110:
3086:
3077:
3049:
3040:
1974:) in zones of overlap with limited introgression".
1881:A Territorial Antelope : The Uganda Waterbuck
1030:A female herd in the Samburu National Park (Kenya)
2276:. Chicago: University of Chicago press. pp.
1165:than are other antelopes. They are unaffected by
1510:, its numbers have now decreased in most areas.
1219:. Internal parasites found in waterbuck include
2036:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005).
1816:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11035A50189324.en
536:ellipsen waterbuck, common or ringed waterbuck
2960:
2485:) and their associations with conspecifics".
2038:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion
460:name "defassa" waterbuck and scientific name
8:
1438:Waterbuck inhabit grasslands close to water.
2406:
2404:
2402:
2389:(Ogilby, 1833) in the Umfolozi Game Reserve
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2061:Hilton-Barber, B.; Mbeki, L. R. B. (2004).
1791:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016).
1073:Territorial males may use several kinds of
7388:
7303:
7294:
7280:
7171:
7162:
7148:
7060:
6777:
6768:
6754:
6495:
6275:
6214:
5867:
5858:
5837:
5689:
5463:
5402:
5393:
5372:
4850:
4829:
4753:
4626:
4589:
4552:
4437:
4316:
4307:
4291:
3883:
3462:
3453:
3437:
3262:
3171:
3083:
3046:
3037:
3023:
2967:
2953:
2945:
2692:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1513:The common waterbuck is found east of the
251:
89:
54:
29:
20:
2835:
2688:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2649:
2631:
2225:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1814:
492:, occurring only in a few pockets of the
468:, given the large number of instances of
2517:Walker's Mammals of the World (Volume 1)
2510:
2508:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2188:University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1722:. The common waterbuck occurs in Tsavo,
1243:The waterbuck is predominantly a grazer.
1181:. However ticks may introduce parasitic
1025:
547:Includes the following four subspecies:
260:Distribution of subspecies of waterbuck
1774:
856:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2727:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407
1388:However, breeding is seasonal in the
7:
2323:Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (2011).
1517:. Its southern range extends to the
7728:IUCN Red List least concern species
2560:10.1146/annurev.en.12.010167.002225
2448:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2395:. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
1802:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
643:Includes the following subspecies:
2815:Kassa, B.; Libois, R.; Sinsin, B.
2499:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1982.tb00322.x
2429:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb08452.x
1937:The American Journal of Physiology
1362:A male waterbuck mounting a female
14:
1607:, Lake Nakuru National Park, and
1376:A female waterbuck with her young
740:) (central and southern Ethiopia)
2837:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00827.x
1996:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03059.x
1949:10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.2.630
1734:and Lake Nakuru National Parks,
1559:, females had home ranges 21–61
1506:. Though formerly widespread in
1452:The Democratic Republic of Congo
1369:
1355:
962:
943:
924:
901:
878:
859:
339:lists the waterbuck as being of
114:
7738:Antelopes of Sub-Saharan Africa
3319:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2487:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
243:
4108:Central American red brocket (
2940:. African Wildlife Foundation.
2907:Ali, Laila (15 January 2013).
2140:Johns Hopkins University Press
2132:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1519:Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve
1227:, stomach flukes, and several
1121:Waterbucks are susceptible to
697:East African defassa waterbuck
1:
2589:Abro, Zewdu; Kassie, Menale;
2371:. Bloomsbury. pp. 461–8.
2304:. African Wildlife Foundation
1601:Murchison Falls National Park
1557:Queen Elizabeth National Park
1325:was favoured in some places,
1161:. They are more resistant to
914:Queen Elizabeth National Park
891:Queen Elizabeth National Park
801:) (Laikipia Plateau in Kenya)
44:Queen Elizabeth National Park
4815:Large subfamily listed below
4803:Large subfamily listed below
4791:Large subfamily listed below
2862:Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa
2633:10.1371/journal.pone.0254558
2108:10.1016/0033-5894(71)90067-6
849:) (Cameroon west to Senegal)
428:
420:
408:
363:Common waterbuck in Botswana
284:. It is placed in the genus
3310:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3301:Indian spotted chevrotain (
2710:Annual Review of Entomology
2543:Annual Review of Entomology
1700:Ugalla River Forest Reserve
668:Rhodesian defassa waterbuck
7759:
2824:African Journal of Ecology
664:Crawshay defassa waterbuck
387:word, originating from an
308:to grey. The long, spiral
7743:Mammals described in 1833
7293:
7279:
7246:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7237:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7161:
7147:
6801:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6767:
6753:
5857:
5836:
5392:
5371:
4849:
4828:
4306:
4290:
4090:Amazonian brown brocket (
3452:
3436:
3423:Large family listed below
3411:Large family listed below
3388:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3036:
3022:
2984:
2878:10.1007/s00244-005-0241-2
2616:Public Library of Science
2367:Kingdon, J.; Hoffman, M.
1400:lasts for a day or less.
1068:Lake Nakuru National Park
647:Angolan defassa waterbuck
259:
250:
240:
235:
216:
209:
111:Scientific classification
109:
87:
78:
62:
53:
37:
28:
23:
5487:Domestic water buffalo (
3852:Central Asian red deer (
3477:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1656:Manovo-Gounda St. Floris
1587:Threats and conservation
1430:Distribution and habitat
506:East African Rift Valley
7676:Antilope ellipsiprymnus
6365:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6152:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4257:Yucatan brown brocket (
3486:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3370:Philippine mouse-deer (
1289:Hyparrhenia involucrata
1216:Rhipicephalus tricuspis
442:Antilope ellipsiprymnus
351:and human disturbance.
7075:White-lipped peccary (
7011:Philippine warty pig (
6636:Yellow-backed duiker (
6600:Black-fronted duiker (
6573:White-bellied duiker (
6194:Przewalski's gazelle (
5417:Four-horned antelope (
4215:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3774:Visayan spotted deer (
3633:European fallow deer (
3576:Northern red muntjac (
3522:Southern red muntjac (
2382:Melton, D. A. (1978).
2190:. Animal Diversity Web
1878:Spinage, C.A. (1982).
1439:
1322:Sporobolus pyramidalis
1244:
1151:bovine virus diarrhoea
1135:foot-and-mouth disease
1117:Diseases and parasites
1031:
706:K. e. adolfi-friderici
364:
355:Taxonomy and etymology
202:K. ellipsiprymnus
7659:Paleobiology Database
7255:Wild Bactrian camel (
6957:Bornean bearded pig (
6948:Palawan bearded pig (
6537:White-legged duiker (
5963:Red-fronted gazelle (
3642:Persian fallow deer (
3558:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3231:Himalayan musk deer (
3140:Reticulated giraffe (
2774:The Veterinary Record
2515:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
2413:Kobus defassa ugandae
2385:Ecology of waterbuck
2230:Estes, R. D. (2004).
1809:: e.T11035A50189324.
1613:heavy metal poisoning
1605:Akagera National Park
1437:
1334:Heteropogon contortus
1242:
1169:because they produce
1034:Waterbuck are rather
1029:
1022:Ecology and behaviour
576:) (southern Tanzania)
504:to the north and the
474:Nairobi National Park
362:
7459:kobus-ellipsiprymnus
7446:Kobus_ellipsiprymnus
7432:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
7402:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
7342:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7002:Oliver's warty pig (
6627:Red-flanked duiker (
6032:Erlanger's gazelle (
5752:Harnessed bushbuck (
5478:Wild water buffalo (
4955:East Caucasian tur (
4946:West Caucasian tur (
4099:Little red brocket (
3567:Truong Son muntjac (
3379:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3361:Greater mouse-deer (
3240:Siberian musk deer (
2786:10.1136/vr.85.11.318
2770:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
2483:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
2444:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
2387:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
2268:Kingdon, J. (1989).
2182:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
1972:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
1795:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
1758:Scientists with the
1515:Eastern African Rift
1295:Acroceras amplectens
1277:Echinochloa stagnina
1271:Panicum anabaptistum
971:K. e. ellipsiprymnus
868:K. e. ellipsiprymnus
622:: Found west of the
551:K. e. ellipsiprymnus
531:K. e. ellipsiprymnus
373:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
371:of the waterbuck is
298:by Irish naturalist
273:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
220:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
65:K. e. ellipsiprymnus
6975:Celebes warty pig (
6966:Visayan warty pig (
6582:Red forest duiker (
6314:Günther's dik-dik (
6176:Mongolian gazelle (
5981:Heuglin's gazelle (
5972:Thomson's gazelle (
5126:Long-tailed goral (
4521:Mountain reedbuck (
4512:Southern reedbuck (
4364:East African oryx (
4266:White-tailed deer (
4045:Small red brocket (
4012:South Andean deer (
3955:Siberian roe deer (
3946:European roe deer (
3783:Philippine sambar (
3750:Père David's deer (
3352:Lesser mouse-deer (
3213:Kashmir musk deer (
2624:2021PLoSO..1654558A
2596:0000-0002-6754-2432
2100:1971QuRes...1..285G
2088:Quaternary Research
1988:2006MolEc..15.3787L
1916:. Ultimate Ungulate
1678:, Murchison Falls,
1609:Comoé National Park
1210:Amblyomma cohaerens
1194:Anaplasma marginale
1127:lungworm infections
1002:, foot glands, and
809:Sing-sing waterbuck
779:K. e. griseotinctus
751:K. e. avellanifrons
490:Cradle of Humankind
323:Waterbucks inhabit
81:Conservation status
69:Chobe National Park
16:Species of antelope
7123:Collared peccary (
6993:Flores warty pig (
6834:Giant forest hog (
6696:Maxwell's duiker (
6618:Ruwenzori duiker (
6564:Jentink's duiker (
6473:Sharpe's grysbok (
6229:Tibetan antelope (
6134:Bright's gazelle (
6068:Goitered gazelle (
6041:Mountain gazelle (
6014:Cuvier's gazelle (
5954:Mongalla gazelle (
5342:Pyrenean chamois (
4768:Tibetan antelope (
4722:Black wildebeest (
3549:Reeves's muntjac (
3513:Sumatran muntjac (
3504:Gongshan muntjac (
3277:Water chevrotain (
3204:Alpine musk deer (
3131:Southern giraffe (
3122:Northern giraffe (
2768:from a waterbuck (
2460:10.1007/BF00300830
2417:Journal of Zoology
1704:Nazinga Game Ranch
1575:(0.093–0.147
1563:(0.081–0.236
1546:). A study in the
1508:sub-Saharan Africa
1440:
1283:Andropogon gayanus
1245:
1058:(0.015–0.564
1032:
496:. On the basis of
448:in 1840, becoming
365:
335:distribution. The
318:gestational period
305:sexually dimorphic
282:sub-Saharan Africa
7715:
7714:
7646:Open Tree of Life
7394:Taxon identifiers
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7354:
7353:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7099:Chacoan peccary (
7050:
7049:
7038:Javan warty pig (
7029:Timor warty pig (
6836:H. meinertzhageni
6810:Togian babirusa (
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6705:Walter's duiker (
6645:Abbott's duiker (
6609:Ogilby's duiker (
6555:Harvey's duiker (
6519:Brooke's duiker (
6485:
6484:
6265:
6264:
6206:
6205:
6143:Peter's gazelle (
6125:Grant's gazelle (
6059:Speke's gazelle (
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5709:
5679:
5678:
5667:African buffalo (
5498:B. depressicornis
5453:
5452:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5135:Himalayan goral (
4957:C. cylindricornis
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4780:
4779:
4743:
4742:
4731:Blue wildebeest (
4665:Common tsessebe (
4616:
4615:
4579:
4578:
4542:
4541:
4454:K. ellipsiprymnus
4427:
4426:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4226:P. mephistophiles
4182:P. mephistophiles
3873:
3872:
3569:M. truongsonensis
3531:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3400:
3399:
3343:Java mouse-deer (
3252:
3251:
3222:Black musk deer (
3195:Dwarf musk deer (
3186:Anhui musk deer (
3161:
3160:
3124:G. camelopardalis
3073:
3072:
2675:External link in
2334:978-1-4214-0093-8
2325:Ungulate taxonomy
2149:978-0-8018-8221-0
1976:Molecular Ecology
1203:; 27 species of
1103:African wild dogs
1013:The long, spiral
1000:Preorbital glands
844:
835:
831:K. e. tschadensis
822:
795:K. e. angusticeps
792:
775:K. e. albertensis
748:
738:K. e. hawashensis
731:
710:
680:
659:
616:defassa waterbuck
593:
584:
567:
556:(southern Africa)
555:
466:K. ellipsiprymnus
450:K. ellipsiprymnus
264:
263:
104:
7750:
7708:
7707:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7667:
7666:
7654:
7653:
7641:
7640:
7628:
7627:
7615:
7614:
7602:
7601:
7589:
7588:
7576:
7575:
7563:
7562:
7550:
7549:
7537:
7536:
7524:
7523:
7511:
7510:
7498:
7497:
7485:
7484:
7472:
7471:
7462:
7461:
7449:
7448:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7389:
7304:
7295:
7281:
7172:
7163:
7149:
7061:
6867:Common warthog (
6858:Desert warthog (
6778:
6769:
6755:
6654:Weyns's duiker (
6528:Peters' duiker (
6510:Aders's duiker (
6496:
6383:Royal antelope (
6341:Salt's dik-dik (
6332:Silver dik-dik (
6323:Kirk's dik-dik (
6276:
6253:Saiga antelope (
6215:
6154:N. soemmerringii
6023:Dorcas gazelle (
5868:
5859:
5852:
5838:
5725:Mountain nyala (
5708:
5707:
5699:
5690:
5645:P. nghetinhensis
5547:European bison (
5538:American bison (
5464:
5403:
5394:
5387:
5373:
5249:Domestic sheep (
5093:Himalayan tahr (
5060:Mainland serow (
5042:Japanese serow (
4851:
4844:
4830:
4754:
4627:
4590:
4553:
4530:Bohor reedbuck (
4438:
4417:A. nasomaculatus
4340:Sable antelope (
4317:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4054:Merida brocket (
3884:
3825:Thorold's deer (
3677:A. calamianensis
3560:M. rooseveltorum
3506:M. gongshanensis
3463:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3263:
3172:
3151:G. tippelskirchi
3084:
3047:
3038:
3024:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2941:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2864:(Ruppel 1835)".
2856:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2766:Brucella abortus
2761:
2755:
2754:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2653:
2635:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2275:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2138:(3rd ed.).
2126:
2120:
2119:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2016:
2015:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1788:
1660:Moukalaba-Doudou
1373:
1359:
1340:Cynodon dactylon
1328:Themeda triandra
1200:Baberia bigemina
1083:flehmen response
1043:(0.77–2.32
966:
947:
928:
908:Juvenile female
905:
882:
863:
843:Laurillard, 1842
842:
833:
820:
787:
746:
729:
713:K. e. fulvifrons
708:
683:K. e. uwendensis
675:
654:
591:
582:
562:
553:
516:On the basis of
462:Antilope defassa
431:
423:
411:
280:found widely in
255:
222:
119:
118:
98:
93:
92:
58:
33:
21:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7733:Marsh antelopes
7718:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7703:
7698:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7670:
7662:
7657:
7649:
7644:
7636:
7633:Observation.org
7631:
7623:
7618:
7610:
7605:
7597:
7592:
7584:
7579:
7571:
7566:
7558:
7553:
7545:
7540:
7532:
7527:
7519:
7514:
7506:
7501:
7493:
7488:
7480:
7475:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7452:
7444:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7396:
7386:
7373:
7350:
7326:
7289:
7263:
7221:
7157:
7131:
7107:
7083:
7046:
7013:S. philippensis
6950:S. ahoenobarbus
6932:
6924:Red river hog (
6899:
6875:
6842:
6818:
6792:Buru babirusa (
6763:
6737:
6729:Common duiker (
6713:
6671:
6481:
6439:
6415:
6391:
6349:
6298:
6261:
6237:
6202:
6187:P. picticaudata
6160:
6100:
6076:
6070:G. subgutturosa
5989:
5938:
5914:
5890:
5853:
5842:
5820:
5787:
5779:Cape bushbuck (
5772:T. strepsiceros
5701:
5700:
5698:
5675:
5651:
5627:
5522:
5514:Mountain anoa (
5449:
5443:B. tragocamelus
5425:
5419:T. quadricornis
5388:
5377:
5359:
5326:
5302:
5258:Bighorn sheep (
5224:
5200:
5176:
5168:Mountain goat (
5152:
5144:Chinese goral (
5101:
5077:
5062:C. sumatraensis
5026:
5009:Siberian ibex (
4973:Domestic goat (
4921:
4897:
4873:
4865:Barbary sheep (
4845:
4834:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4776:
4739:
4706:
4682:
4649:
4612:
4575:
4538:
4496:
4423:
4399:
4373:Scimitar oryx (
4348:
4331:Roan antelope (
4302:
4296:
4274:
4232:
4224:Northern pudu (
4198:
4190:Southern pudu (
4180:Northern pudu (
4164:
4140:
4116:
4081:Pygmy brocket (
4063:Dwarf brocket (
4020:
3987:
3963:
3930:
3906:
3869:
3809:
3758:
3734:
3701:
3675:Calamian deer (
3650:
3644:D. mesopotamica
3617:
3593:
3587:M. vuquangensis
3585:Giant muntjac (
3495:Fea's muntjac (
3448:
3442:
3424:
3412:
3396:
3327:
3285:
3248:
3206:M. chrysogaster
3157:
3149:Masai giraffe (
3106:
3069:
3032:
3018:
2980:
2973:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2687:
2674:
2664:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2342:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2248:
2229:
2228:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2150:
2142:. p. 720.
2128:
2127:
2123:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2019:
1982:(12): 3787–99.
1969:
1968:
1964:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1762:have developed
1756:
1597:near threatened
1589:
1548:Ruwenzori Range
1432:
1385:sexually mature
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1309:African buffalo
1237:
1188:Theileria parva
1119:
1107:Nile crocodiles
1024:
1004:inguinal glands
984:
977:
973:
967:
958:
954:
952:K. e. unctuosus
948:
939:
935:
933:K. e. unctuosus
929:
920:
912:
906:
897:
889:
883:
874:
864:
847:K. e. togoensis
840:K. e. unctuosus
825:K. e. schubotzi
818:K. e. annectens
771:K. e. breviceps
763:K. e. ladoensis
734:K. e. matschiei
672:K. e. crawshayi
626:, ranging from
600:K. e. canescens
560:K. e. kondensis
514:
486:
369:scientific name
357:
345:near threatened
294:. It was first
231:
224:
218:
205:
113:
105:
94:
90:
83:
67:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7756:
7754:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7720:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7696:
7680:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7655:
7642:
7629:
7616:
7603:
7590:
7577:
7564:
7551:
7538:
7525:
7512:
7499:
7486:
7473:
7463:
7450:
7437:
7422:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7364:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7344:C. liberiensis
7338:
7336:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7318:Hippopotamus (
7314:
7312:
7301:
7299:Hippopotamidae
7291:
7290:
7284:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7252:
7248:C. dromedarius
7243:
7233:
7231:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7201:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7117:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7095:
7093:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7071:
7069:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7035:
7031:S. timoriensis
7026:
7017:
7008:
6999:
6990:
6984:Domestic pig (
6981:
6972:
6963:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6921:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6864:
6860:P. aethiopicus
6854:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:B. togeanensis
6807:
6798:
6788:
6786:
6775:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6663:Zebra duiker (
6660:
6651:
6642:
6638:C. silvicultor
6633:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6597:
6591:Black duiker (
6588:
6579:
6575:C. leucogaster
6570:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6470:
6464:Cape grysbok (
6461:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6407:Klipspringer (
6403:
6401:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6338:
6334:M. piacentinii
6329:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6196:P. przewalskii
6191:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6116:Dama gazelle (
6112:
6110:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6088:
6086:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6050:Rhim gazelle (
6047:
6038:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:A. marsupialis
5902:
5900:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5841:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5812:Common eland (
5809:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5770:Greater kudu (
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5583:Domestic yak (
5580:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5511:
5507:B. mindorensis
5502:
5496:Lowland anoa (
5493:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5216:Nilgiri tahr (
5212:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5069:Taiwan serow (
5066:
5057:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5015:
5006:
5000:Iberian ibex (
4997:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4889:Arabian tahr (
4885:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4762:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4523:R. fulvorufula
4518:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4391:Arabian oryx (
4388:
4379:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:O. virginianus
4263:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4187:
4176:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:O. bezoarticus
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4074:M. gouazoubira
4072:Gray brocket (
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3827:C. albirostris
3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:E. cephalophus
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3540:Leaf muntjac (
3537:
3533:M. puhoatensis
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:T. williamsoni
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:M. moschiferus
3237:
3233:M. leucogaster
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3197:M. berezovskii
3192:
3182:
3180:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3042:Antilocapridae
3034:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3014:Laurasiatheria
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2931:External links
2929:
2927:
2926:
2899:
2851:
2807:
2756:
2719:Annual Reviews
2699:
2678:|author3=
2581:
2552:Annual Reviews
2532:
2525:
2504:
2493:(4): 277–300.
2473:
2434:
2398:
2374:
2340:
2333:
2315:
2293:
2286:
2253:
2246:
2201:
2178:Newell, T. L.
2163:
2148:
2121:
2094:(3): 285–315.
2078:
2071:
2053:
2046:
2017:
1962:
1927:
1897:
1890:
1853:
1829:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1752:
1744:Luangwa Valley
1692:North Province
1588:
1585:
1527:Albertine Rift
1431:
1428:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1236:
1233:
1118:
1115:
1109:(leopards and
1091:spotted hyenas
1023:
1020:
983:
980:
979:
978:
968:
961:
959:
949:
942:
940:
930:
923:
921:
907:
900:
898:
885:Juvenile male
884:
877:
875:
865:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
837:
828:
812:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
782:
744:K. e. harnieri
741:
724:
709:Matschie, 1906
700:
699:
694:
691:K. e. münzneri
661:
651:K. e. penricei
640:
639:
606:
605:
604:
603:
592:Matschie, 1910
586:
583:Matschie, 1911
580:K. e. pallidus
577:
557:
544:
543:
513:
510:
502:Horn of Africa
498:Valerius Geist
485:
482:
454:Eduard Rüppell
400:ellipsiprymnus
356:
353:
300:William Ogilby
290:of the family
262:
261:
257:
256:
248:
247:
238:
237:
233:
232:
225:
214:
213:
207:
206:
199:
197:
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
106:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
75:
60:
59:
51:
50:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7755:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7706:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7665:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7239:C. bactrianus
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7041:
7040:S. verrucosus
7036:
7034:
7032:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6986:S. domesticus
6982:
6980:
6978:
6977:S. celebensis
6973:
6971:
6969:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:Potamochoerus
6902:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6803:B. celebensis
6799:
6797:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6734:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6687:Blue duiker (
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6602:C. nigrifrons
6598:
6596:
6594:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6584:C. natalensis
6580:
6578:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6530:C. callipygus
6526:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6457:R. campestris
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6409:O. oreotragus
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6052:G. leptoceros
6048:
6046:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5956:E. albonotata
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5932:A. cervicapra
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5835:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5803:Giant eland (
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5781:T. sylvaticus
5777:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5743:Lesser kudu (
5741:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5558:B. domesticus
5556:Bali cattle (
5554:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5260:O. canadensis
5256:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:Nilgiritragus
5203:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5170:O. americanus
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5095:H. jemlahicus
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4991:Nubian ibex (
4989:
4987:
4985:
4982:Alpine ibex (
4980:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4827:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Pantholopinae
4746:
4736:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4700:A. buselaphus
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4604:Grey rhebok (
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Aepycerotinae
4545:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4479:Nile lechwe (
4477:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Hippotraginae
4309:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4158:B. dichotomus
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4132:Pampas deer (
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4092:M. nemorivaga
4088:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4036:Red brocket (
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4005:H. antisensis
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3845:C. canadensis
3841:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3794:R. timorensis
3790:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3752:E. davidianus
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:R. duvaucelii
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3684:Bawean deer (
3682:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3609:Tufted deer (
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:M. putaoensis
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3488:M. crinifrons
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:T. versicolor
3377:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:M. anhuiensis
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3142:G. reticulata
3138:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:(2): 270–81.
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2830:(3): 303–10.
2829:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2526:0-8018-5789-9
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:(3): 329–61.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2287:0-226-43724-8
2283:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:0-520-08085-8
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:Wilson, D. E.
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2072:1-77007-065-6
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:0-12-657720-X
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:least concern
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:KwaZulu Natal
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Côte d'Ivoire
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1372:
1358:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:Oryza barthii
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:which act as
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:sindbis fever
1136:
1132:
1131:kidney stones
1128:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
981:
976:
972:
965:
960:
957:
953:
946:
941:
938:
934:
927:
922:
919:
915:
911:
910:K. e. defassa
904:
899:
896:
892:
888:
887:K. e. defassa
881:
876:
873:
869:
862:
857:
848:
841:
838:
834:Schwarz, 1913
832:
829:
826:
821:Schwarz, 1913
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
810:
807:
806:
800:
799:K. e. powelli
796:
790:
786:
785:K. e. tjäderi
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:K. e. cottoni
764:
760:
756:
755:K. e. ugandae
752:
745:
742:
739:
735:
730:Rüppell, 1835
728:
727:K. e. defassa
725:
722:
721:K. e. raineyi
718:
714:
707:
704:
703:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
684:
678:
677:P. L. Sclater
673:
669:
665:
662:
657:
656:W. Rothschild
652:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
637:
634:and south to
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:K. e. defassa
608:
607:
601:
597:
590:
587:
581:
578:
575:
571:
565:
561:
558:
552:
549:
548:
546:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
528:
527:
526:
523:
519:
511:
509:
508:to the west.
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
480:escarpment.
479:
475:
471:
470:hybridisation
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:type specimen
434:
432:
430:
424:
422:
416:
412:
410:
405:
401:
398:
397:specific name
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:least concern
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
313:
311:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
276:) is a large
275:
274:
269:
258:
254:
249:
246:
245:
239:
234:
229:
223:
221:
215:
212:
211:Binomial name
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
102:
97:
96:Least Concern
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:K. e. defassa
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7675:
7401:
7343:
7331:
7320:H. amphibius
7319:
7309:Hippopotamus
7307:
7287:Whippomorpha
7256:
7247:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7205:
7196:
7187:
7175:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7088:
7076:
7064:
7039:
7030:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6994:
6985:
6976:
6968:S. cebifrons
6967:
6958:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6869:P. africanus
6868:
6859:
6849:Phacochoerus
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6802:
6794:B. babyrussa
6793:
6781:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6698:P. maxwellii
6697:
6689:P. monticola
6688:
6676:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6629:C. rufilatus
6628:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6592:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6546:Bay duiker (
6539:C. crusalbum
6538:
6529:
6520:
6511:
6499:
6491:Cephalophini
6474:
6466:R. melanotis
6465:
6456:
6444:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6384:
6376:N. moschatus
6375:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6316:M. guentheri
6315:
6303:
6292:D. megalotis
6291:
6279:
6254:
6242:
6231:P. hodgsonii
6230:
6218:
6195:
6186:
6178:P. gutturosa
6177:
6165:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6034:G. erlangeri
6033:
6024:
6015:
6007:G. bennettii
6006:
5994:
5982:
5974:E. thomsonii
5973:
5965:E. rufifrons
5964:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5813:
5805:T. derbianus
5804:
5792:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5753:
5744:
5736:T. eurycerus
5735:
5726:
5717:
5693:
5685:Tragelaphini
5668:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5611:
5603:B. javanicus
5602:
5593:
5585:B. grunniens
5584:
5575:
5567:B. frontalis
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5467:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5353:R. rupicapra
5352:
5344:R. pyrenaica
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5286:
5285:Snow sheep (
5277:
5268:
5267:Dall sheep (
5259:
5250:
5241:
5229:
5218:N. hylocrius
5217:
5205:
5194:O. moschatus
5193:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5070:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5018:Walia ibex (
5010:
5002:C. pyrenaica
5001:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4966:C. falconeri
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4926:
4915:B. taxicolor
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4770:P. hodgsonii
4769:
4757:
4732:
4723:
4713:Connochaetes
4711:
4699:
4698:Hartebeest (
4687:
4675:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4622:Alcelaphinae
4606:P. capreolus
4605:
4593:
4568:
4556:
4531:
4522:
4514:R. arundinum
4513:
4501:
4489:
4481:K. megaceros
4480:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4441:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4332:
4320:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4216:
4203:
4191:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4156:Marsh deer (
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4038:M. americana
4037:
4025:
4013:
4004:
3994:Hippocamelus
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3948:C. capreolus
3947:
3935:
3923:
3922:Water deer (
3911:
3899:
3887:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3793:
3785:R. mariannus
3784:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3726:Eld's deer (
3718:
3717:Barasingha (
3706:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3578:M. vaginalis
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3479:M. atherodes
3478:
3466:
3389:
3380:
3372:T. nigricans
3371:
3362:
3353:
3345:T. javanicus
3344:
3332:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3290:
3279:H. aquaticus
3278:
3266:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3175:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3111:
3100:O. johnstoni
3099:
3087:
3063:A. americana
3062:
3050:
3012:Superorder:
3006:Infraclass:
2977:Artiodactyla
2917:. Retrieved
2913:The Guardian
2912:
2902:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2827:
2823:
2810:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2668:cite journal
2618:: e0254558.
2611:
2605:
2584:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2516:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2454:(2): 161–2.
2451:
2447:
2446:(Bovidae)".
2443:
2437:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2324:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2271:
2232:
2192:. Retrieved
2187:
2184:(Waterbuck)"
2181:
2134:
2124:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2062:
2056:
2037:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1943:(2): 630–4.
1940:
1936:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:Huffman, B.
1880:
1845:. Retrieved
1842:seaworld.org
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1806:
1800:
1794:
1757:
1712:Awash Valley
1708:Rukwa Valley
1640:Niokolo-Koba
1637:
1635:were noted.
1590:
1540:
1512:
1468:South Africa
1441:
1417:
1402:
1382:
1347:Reproduction
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1225:liver flukes
1214:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1167:tsetse flies
1143:yellow fever
1120:
1072:
1062:; 9.9–360.8
1053:
1047:; 490–1,480
1033:
1012:
1008:
1006:are absent.
992:
987:
985:
970:
951:
932:
909:
886:
867:
846:
839:
830:
824:
817:
808:
798:
794:
784:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:K. e. dianae
758:
754:
750:
743:
737:
733:
726:
720:
717:K. e. nzoiae
716:
712:
705:
696:
690:
687:K. e. frommi
686:
682:
671:
667:
663:
650:
646:
624:Gregory Rift
619:
615:
610:
609:
599:
595:
589:K. e. thikae
588:
579:
573:
570:K. e. lipuwa
569:
559:
554:Ogilby, 1833
550:
539:
535:
530:
529:
515:
487:
465:
461:
449:
445:
441:
435:
426:
418:
406:
399:
392:
380:
376:
372:
366:
322:
314:
285:
272:
271:
267:
265:
241:
219:
217:
201:
200:
188:
168:Artiodactyla
64:
39:
18:
7542:iNaturalist
7426:Wikispecies
7197:L. guanicoe
7056:Tayassuidae
7020:Wild boar (
6959:S. barbatus
6917:P. larvatus
6893:P. salvania
6891:Pygmy hog (
6825:Hylochoerus
6678:Philantomba
6566:C. jentinki
6548:C. dorsalis
6501:Cephalophus
6385:N. pygmaeus
6343:M. saltiana
6281:Dorcatragus
6255:S. tatarica
6145:N. petersii
6083:Litocranius
5983:E. tilonura
5930:Blackbuck (
5906:Springbok (
5849:Antilopinae
5847:(subfamily
5794:Taurotragus
5761:Sitatunga (
5754:T. scriptus
5745:T. imberbis
5702:(including
5695:Tragelaphus
5516:B. quarlesi
5398:Boselaphini
5382:(subfamily
5287:O. nivicola
5128:N. caudatus
5117:Red goral (
5108:Naemorhedus
5071:C. swinhoei
5051:Red serow (
5033:Capricornis
5011:C. sibirica
4948:C. caucasia
4939:C. aegagrus
4937:Wild goat (
4891:A. jayakari
4880:Arabitragus
4839:(subfamily
4810:Antilopinae
4733:C. taurinus
4676:D. pygargus
4569:A. melampus
4490:K. vardonii
4452:Waterbuck (
4393:O. leucoryx
4322:Hippotragus
4250:O. hemionus
4248:Mule deer (
4147:Blastocerus
4056:M. bricenii
4014:H. bisulcus
3981:R. tarandus
3957:C. pygargus
3879:Capreolinae
3861:Sika deer (
3803:R. unicolor
3792:Rusa deer (
3695:A. porcinus
3515:M. montanus
3312:M. kathygre
3061:Pronghorn (
3052:Antilocapra
2938:"Waterbuck"
2846:2268/117092
2780:(11): 318.
2721:: 375–400.
2554:: 421–438.
2302:"Waterbuck"
1914:"Waterbuck"
1822:19 November
1720:Arly-Singou
1552:Maasai Mara
1535:Congo basin
1420:parturition
1155:brucellosis
982:Description
845:(including
823:(including
793:(including
749:(including
747:Murie, 1867
732:(including
711:(including
681:(including
594:(including
568:(including
520:colour, 37
236:Subspecies
7722:Categories
7691:Q126172442
7333:Choeropsis
7215:L. vicugna
7101:C. wagneri
7004:S. oliveri
6995:S. heureni
6731:S. grimmia
6720:Sylvicapra
6707:P. walteri
6620:C. rubidis
6611:C. ogilbyi
6557:C. harveyi
6521:C. brookei
6475:R. sharpei
6455:Steenbok (
6446:Raphicerus
6398:Oreotragus
6271:Neotragini
6220:Pantholops
6136:N. notatus
6094:L. walleri
6043:G. gazella
6016:G. cuvieri
6005:Chinkara (
5897:Antidorcas
5884:A. clarkei
5873:Ammodorcas
5863:Antilopini
5763:T. spekeii
5727:T. buxtoni
5718:T. angasii
5610:Wild yak (
5594:B. indicus
5549:B. bonasus
5489:B. bubalis
5432:Boselaphus
5408:Tetracerus
5278:O. gmelini
5146:N. griseus
5119:N. baileyi
5084:Hemitragus
5053:C. rubidus
5044:C. crispus
4993:C. nubiana
4856:Ammotragus
4759:Pantholops
4689:Alcelaphus
4674:Bontebok (
4667:D. lunatus
4656:Damaliscus
4643:B. hunteri
4532:R. redunca
4433:Reduncinae
4384:O. gazella
4333:H. equinus
4259:O. pandora
4239:Odocoileus
4123:Ozotoceros
3979:Reindeer (
3924:H. inermis
3913:Hydropotes
3836:C. elaphus
3834:Red deer (
3776:R. alfredi
3693:Hog deer (
3551:M. reevesi
3524:M. muntjak
3354:T. kanchil
3321:M. meminna
3268:Hyemoschus
3258:Tragulidae
3215:M. cupreus
3133:G. giraffa
3079:Giraffidae
3030:Ruminantia
2308:29 January
2047:0521844185
1847:2023-06-06
1770:References
1764:tsetse-fly
1633:phosphorus
1577:sq mi
1565:sq mi
1544:ecosystems
1424:afterbirth
1413:copulation
1392:(south of
1313:Beisa oryx
1265:Phragmites
1175:repellents
1163:rinderpest
1147:bluetongue
1060:sq mi
1045:sq mi
827:) (C.A.R.)
596:K. e. kuru
574:K. e. kulu
522:subspecies
512:Subspecies
494:Swartkrans
24:Waterbuck
7285:Suborder
7195:Guanaco (
7167:Camelidae
7153:Suborder
7125:D. tajacu
7114:Dicotyles
7090:Catagonus
7077:T. pecari
7022:S. scrofa
6926:P. porcus
6915:Bushpig (
6783:Babyrousa
6759:Suborder
6656:C. weynsi
6647:C. spadix
6512:C. adersi
6433:O. ourebi
6367:N. batesi
6356:Neotragus
6325:M. kirkii
6127:N. granti
6092:Gerenuk (
6061:G. spekei
6025:G. dorcas
5882:Dibatag (
5669:S. caffer
5634:Pseudoryx
5621:B. taurus
5601:Banteng (
5576:B. gaurus
5505:Tamaraw (
5351:Chamois (
5333:Rupicapra
5320:P. nayaur
5296:O. vignei
5276:Mouflon (
4975:C. hircus
4964:Markhor (
4867:A. lervia
4632:Beatragus
4558:Aepyceros
4382:Gemsbok (
4375:O. dammah
4217:P. carlae
4110:M. temama
4101:M. rufina
4065:M. chunyi
4047:M. bororo
3937:Capreolus
3863:C. nippon
3854:C. hanglu
3741:Elaphurus
3686:A. kuhlii
3600:Elaphodus
3468:Muntiacus
3303:M. indica
3292:Moschiola
3224:M. fuscus
3167:Moschidae
3028:Suborder
2988:Kingdom:
2915:. Mombasa
2735:0066-4170
2642:1932-6203
2568:0066-4170
1724:Tarangire
1680:Serengeti
1642:, Comoe,
1567:; 52–151
1229:helminths
1221:tapeworms
1179:livestock
1171:volatiles
1036:sedentary
484:Evolution
385:Neo-Latin
296:described
268:waterbuck
196:Species:
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
7705:11353875
7685:Wikidata
7612:14200961
7560:10457824
7466:BioLib:
7411:Wikidata
7257:C. ferus
7213:Vicuña (
7206:L. pacos
7204:Alpaca (
7188:L. glama
7155:Tylopoda
6665:C. zebra
6593:C. niger
6167:Procapra
5945:Eudorcas
5921:Antilope
5658:Syncerus
5619:Cattle (
5612:B. mutus
5540:B. bison
5480:B. arnee
5441:Nilgai (
5318:Bharal (
5309:Pseudois
5269:O. dalli
5251:O. aries
5242:O. ammon
5240:Argali (
5192:Muskox (
5159:Oreamnos
5137:N. goral
5020:C. walie
4904:Budorcas
4841:Caprinae
4786:Caprinae
4641:Hirola (
4585:Peleinae
4567:Impala (
4472:K. leche
4470:Lechwe (
4366:O. beisa
4342:H. niger
4003:Taruca (
3970:Rangifer
3900:A. alces
3801:Sambar (
3728:R. eldii
3708:Rucervus
3666:Chital (
3458:Cervinae
3445:Cervidae
3406:Cervidae
3334:Tragulus
3008:Eutheria
3002:Mammalia
2996:Chordata
2994:Phylum:
2990:Animalia
2919:12 March
2894:13736671
2886:17160492
2802:31618196
2751:23463014
2743:16968206
2660:34283848
2607:PLoS ONE
2468:29277312
2194:21 March
2158:62265494
2116:85008015
2012:37285596
2004:17032274
1920:21 March
1754:Research
1736:Laikipia
1696:Cameroon
1652:Pendjari
1615:. While
1579:; 59–94
1573:hectares
1561:hectares
1472:Tanzania
1456:Ethiopia
1448:Botswana
1317:browsing
1311:and the
1185:such as
1183:protozoa
1099:cheetahs
1095:leopards
1079:thoracic
1056:hectares
1041:hectares
872:Zimbabwe
789:Lönnberg
630:west to
628:Ethiopia
564:Matschie
478:Muchinga
349:poaching
278:antelope
174:Family:
158:Mammalia
148:Chordata
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
101:IUCN 3.1
73:Botswana
7599:1006245
7534:5220160
7417:Q623434
7369:Cetacea
7360:Cetacea
7228:Camelus
7186:Llama (
7066:Tayassu
6882:Porcula
6431:Oribi (
6422:Ourebia
6305:Madoqua
6290:Beira (
6211:Saigini
6118:N. dama
5996:Gazella
5845:Bovidae
5843:Family
5814:T. oryx
5734:Bongo (
5716:Nyala (
5643:Saola (
5565:Gayal (
5469:Bubalus
5384:Bovinae
5380:Bovidae
5378:Family
5294:Urial (
4984:C. ibex
4913:Takin (
4837:Bovidae
4835:Family
4798:Bovinae
4724:C. gnou
4503:Redunca
4415:Addax (
4299:Bovidae
4297:Family
4205:Pudella
4192:P. pudu
4083:M. nana
3898:Moose (
3668:A. axis
3635:D. dama
3497:M. feae
3443:Family
3418:Bovidae
3363:T. napu
3177:Moschus
3113:Giraffa
3098:Okapi (
3000:Class:
2979:species
2975:Extant
2794:4980299
2651:8291668
2620:Bibcode
2576:5340724
2096:Bibcode
1984:Bibcode
1957:5799396
1740:Kajiado
1668:Virunga
1664:Garamba
1629:calcium
1617:cadmium
1504:Senegal
1500:Nigeria
1464:Namibia
1409:flehmen
1398:Oestrus
1159:anthrax
1075:display
996:nipples
975:Namibia
956:Senegal
937:Senegal
866:Female
632:Senegal
458:Amharic
429:prumnos
421:prymnos
415:ellipse
409:ellipes
389:African
333:ecotone
329:savanna
292:Bovidae
230:, 1833)
184:Genus:
178:Bovidae
164:Order:
154:Class:
99: (
63:Female
7664:149682
7651:122645
7573:183856
7521:KOBUEL
7508:328724
7482:463658
7454:ARKive
6773:Suidae
6374:Suni (
6107:Nanger
5592:Zebu (
5574:Gaur (
5459:Bovini
5183:Ovibos
4488:Puku (
4463:K. kob
4027:Mazama
3816:Cervus
3089:Okapia
2892:
2884:
2800:
2792:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2658:
2648:
2640:
2574:
2566:
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2331:
2284:
2244:
2238:107–11
2156:
2146:
2114:
2069:
2044:
2010:
2002:
1955:
1888:
1748:Selous
1732:Kruger
1728:Mikumi
1716:Murule
1684:Katavi
1682:, and
1625:copper
1476:Uganda
1444:Angola
1394:Sahara
1205:ixodid
1197:, and
1157:, and
1129:, and
1123:ulcers
1111:hyenas
918:Uganda
895:Uganda
836:(Chad)
791:, 1907
679:, 1894
658:, 1895
636:Zambia
566:, 1911
417:) and
395:. The
391:name,
228:Ogilby
48:Uganda
7638:79403
7586:11035
7555:IRMNG
7547:42328
7495:3RB5R
7469:33685
6761:Suina
6244:Saiga
6185:Goa (
5704:kudus
4928:Capra
4595:Pelea
4461:Kob (
4443:Kobus
4406:Addax
3889:Alces
3843:Elk (
2890:S2CID
2820:(PDF)
2798:S2CID
2747:S2CID
2717:(1).
2614:(7).
2593:ORCID
2550:(1).
2464:S2CID
2393:(PDF)
2280:–91.
2112:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1760:ICIPE
1688:Kafue
1581:acres
1569:acres
1531:Sahel
1496:Niger
1488:Ghana
1460:Kenya
1405:vulva
1390:Sudan
1259:Typha
1087:lions
1064:acres
1049:acres
1015:horns
988:Kobus
969:Male
950:Male
931:Male
620:group
540:group
446:Kobus
404:Greek
383:is a
381:Kobus
377:Kobus
325:scrub
310:horns
287:Kobus
189:Kobus
38:Male
7700:GBIF
7625:9962
7620:NCBI
7581:IUCN
7568:ITIS
7529:GBIF
7516:EPPO
7477:BOLD
7367:see
7177:Lama
5231:Ovis
4355:Oryx
4171:Pudu
3765:Rusa
3657:Axis
3624:Dama
2921:2015
2882:PMID
2790:PMID
2772:)".
2739:PMID
2731:ISSN
2694:link
2690:link
2683:help
2656:PMID
2638:ISSN
2572:PMID
2564:ISSN
2521:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2310:2017
2282:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2196:2014
2154:OCLC
2144:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2000:PMID
1953:PMID
1922:2014
1886:ISBN
1824:2021
1807:2016
1718:and
1676:Mago
1644:Mole
1631:and
1621:lead
1619:and
1502:and
1492:Mali
1480:Chad
1474:and
1337:and
1298:and
1280:and
1262:and
1254:puku
1252:and
1235:Diet
1213:and
1105:and
797:and
777:and
736:and
719:and
689:and
598:and
518:coat
436:The
393:koba
367:The
337:IUCN
327:and
266:The
244:text
242:See
7607:MSW
7594:MDD
7503:EoL
7490:CoL
7441:ADW
6939:Sus
5529:Bos
2874:doi
2842:hdl
2832:doi
2782:doi
2723:doi
2646:PMC
2628:doi
2556:doi
2495:doi
2456:doi
2425:doi
2421:159
2415:".
2278:385
2104:doi
1992:doi
1945:doi
1941:217
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1672:Omo
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