490:
475:
415:
80:
536:
463:
400:
590:
518:
451:
427:
439:
566:
29:
606:
557:
115:
489:
1759:
506:
1282:
93:
in 1869. The stereotype emerged shortly after enslaved people were emancipated after the Civil War. Defenders of slavery used it to portray
African Americans as a simple-minded people who were happy when provided with watermelon and a little rest. The slaves' enjoyment of watermelon was also seen by
575:
358:
published shortly thereafter, "The Pain of the
Watermelon Joke", Jacqueline Woodson explained that "in making light of that deep and troubled history" with his joke, Daniel Handler had come from a place of ignorance, but underscored the need for her mission to "give people a sense of this country's
70:
to sell. Thus, for
African Americans, watermelons were a symbol of liberation and self-reliance. But for many in the majority white culture watermelons embodied, and threatened, a loss of dominance. Southern White resentment against African Americans led to a politically potent cultural caricature,
125:
During the early 1900s, postcards often depicted
African Americans as animalistic creatures "happy to do nothing but eat watermelon" – a bid to dehumanize them. Other such "Coon cards", as they were popularly known, depicted African-Americans stealing, fighting over, and becoming watermelons.
186:
include scenes of
African American men consuming the fruits at such a speed that they spew out mush and seeds. The author Novotny Lawrence suggests that such scenes had a subtext of representing Black male sexuality, in which Black men "love and desire the fruit in the same manner that they love
110:
planned to include a "Colored People's Day" featuring
African American entertainers and free watermelons for the African American visitors whom the exposition's organizers hoped to attract. It was a flop, as the city's African American community boycotted the exposition, along with many of the
101:
The link between
African Americans and watermelons may have been promoted in part by African American minstrels who sang popular songs such as "The Watermelon Song" and "Oh, Dat Watermelon" in their shows, and which were set down in print in the 1870s. The 1893
285:
an email displaying a picture of the White House lawn planted with watermelons. Grose said that he was not aware of the watermelon stereotype. Other controversies included a statue of Obama holding a watermelon in
Kentucky in 2012 and a 2014
220:, eats watermelon, which the actress refused to perform. Use of this stereotype started to die down around the 1950s, and had mostly vanished by 1970, although its continued power as a stereotype could still be recognized in films such as
414:
370:
official asking a boy if he could "borrow" the watermelon, so Gayle would be unable to speak. A couple of days earlier, a video of a boy eating a whole watermelon – rind and all – in the stands of a cricket match had gone
474:
1791:
142:
For several decades in the late 19th century through to the mid 20th century, the stereotype was promoted through caricatures in print, film, sculpture and music, and was a common decorative theme on household goods.
462:
187:
sex... In short, black males have a watermelon 'appetite' and are always trying to see 'who can eat the most' with the strength of this 'appetite' depicted by black males uncontrollably devouring watermelon."
535:
1488:
151:
At the end of the 19th century, there was a brief genre of "watermelon pictures" – cinematic caricatures of
African American life showing such supposedly typical pursuits as eating watermelons,
1784:
517:
366:
with a whole watermelon in his mouth. Gayle had been in the news for making controversial suggestive comments towards a female interviewer during a live broadcast. The cartoon depicted a
1598:
399:
171:(1900, 1902). The African American characters in such features were initially played by Black performers, but from about 1903 onward, they were replaced by white actors performing in
1362:
973:
343:. During the ceremony, Handler noted that Woodson is allergic to watermelon, a reference to the racist stereotype. His comments were immediately criticized; Handler apologized via
1777:
718:
1667:
1308:
895:
505:
1448:
52:
999:
1195:
1163:
1421:
426:
1498:
79:
2006:
1081:
195:
African
American minstrels sang popular songs such as "The Watermelon Song" and "Oh, Dat Watermelon" in their shows, recorded in print in the 1870s.
1844:
388:
channel dressed a Hispanic boy, who was mistaken by many as an African American, in a watermelon Halloween costume, drawing ire on social media.
89:
1677:
957:
495:"The Coon's Trade-mark: A Watermelon, Razor, Chicken and Coon", sheet music of an 1898 minstrel song. The razor was used for fighting, while
450:
359:
brilliant and brutal history, so no one ever thinks they can walk onto a stage one evening and laugh at another's too often painful past".
837:
1966:
121:
caricature from the early 1900s. The postcard shows a picture of a Black boy eating a watermelon, with a stereotypical poem underneath.
438:
277:. After his election to the US presidency, watermelon-themed imagery of Obama continued to be created and endorsed. In February 2009,
708:
1336:
932:
812:
774:
1106:
1726:"Contributions of African Crops to American Culture and Beyond: The Slave Trade and Other Journeys of Resilient Peoples and Crops"
1806:
619:
525:
308:
274:
1763:
1055:
639:
300:
103:
20:
1655:
574:
178:
Several of the films depicted African Americans as having a virtually uncontrollable appetite for watermelons; for instance,
1717:
1136:
865:
1462:
1578:"Thanx @J_CharlesBM yes Living in Australia I had no idea this stereotype even existed As such I have deleted cartoon"
1228:
98:
often depicting African Americans as ignorant and lazy, given to song and dance and inordinately fond of watermelon.
1205:
1393:
316:
208:
1173:
1849:
624:
278:
1971:
1695:
1521:
741:
71:
using the watermelon to disparage African Americans as childish and unclean, among other negative attributes.
1027:
206:". Such songs were popular during that period and many made use of the watermelon stereotype. The script for
1829:
804:
589:
1256:
665:
Black, William R. (2018). "How Watermelons Became Black: Emancipation and the Origins of a Racist Trope".
202:
recorded a song titled "Nigger Love a Watermelon Ha!, Ha! Ha!", set to the tune of the popular folk song "
45:
348:
222:
87:
The first published caricature of Black people reveling in watermelon is believed to have appeared in
2011:
611:
362:
On January 7, 2016, Australian cartoonist Chris Roy Taylor published a cartoon of Jamaican cricketer
228:
339:
was presented with an award for young people's literature. Woodson, who is Black, won the award for
265:
Protesters against African Americans frequently hold up watermelons, among other things; imagery of
1453:
1367:
1032:
328:
203:
94:
the Southern people as a sign of their own supposed benevolence. The stereotype was perpetuated in
2016:
1984:
1643:
1398:
1389:
682:
644:
336:
304:
59:
41:
580:
213:
1769:
1577:
1890:
1819:
1673:
1635:
1168:
953:
928:
808:
770:
674:
367:
287:
217:
1905:
1859:
1839:
1737:
1666:
Maynard, David; Maynard, Donald (2000). Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (eds.).
1458:
1229:"Danny Hafley, Kentucky Man, Defends Watermelon-Eating Obama Display: He 'Might Get Hungry'"
797:
629:
565:
380:
49:
28:
1599:"Fox & Friends draws ire by dressing up black child as watermelon slice for Halloween"
1426:
1309:"Lemony Snicket apologizes for watermelon joke about black writer at National Book Awards"
1233:
1200:
556:
548:
545:
312:
199:
1114:
1951:
1814:
332:
2000:
1869:
1854:
496:
481:
292:
247:
95:
1549:
1313:
713:
266:
114:
1707:
1522:"Chris Gayle: Cricketer fined after telling female reporter, 'Don't blush, baby'"
1956:
1895:
1864:
873:
372:
363:
282:
270:
259:
1283:"NYC dem socialists under fire for watermelon flier aimed at Black congressman"
1977:
1941:
1920:
1834:
1742:
1725:
1624:"How Watermelons Became Black: Emancipation and the Origins of a Racist Trope"
1493:
601:
468:"Coon card" from 1911, with the title "You can plainly see how miserable I am"
405:
255:
238:(2001). Watermelons also provided a theme for many racial jokes in the 2000s.
234:
118:
63:
1656:
On eating watermelon in front of white people: "I'm not as free as I thought"
1639:
678:
511:
Reproduction of an old tin sign advertising Picaninny Freeze, a frozen treat.
375:. Taylor said he was unaware of the stereotype, and the cartoon was removed.
1961:
1910:
1900:
1824:
1659:
634:
172:
67:
1758:
1708:
Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors: Stories from the Jim Crow Museum
311:
began using the Watermelon image to pressure African American Congressman
1946:
1915:
1720:. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Oct. 23, 2018.
1711:
1554:
385:
152:
1647:
1623:
686:
420:
Lithograph of Black people dancing around a pile of watermelons, c. 1900
1603:
344:
281:
Mayor Dean Grose resigned (albeit temporarily) after forwarding to the
107:
299:
The watermelon has been used as a symbol of resistance, especially in
1925:
1363:"Daniel Handler does more than apologize for his 'watermelon' joke"
1000:"Recall That Ice Cream Truck Song? We Have Unpleasant News For You"
355:
113:
78:
27:
1449:"Award-Winning Author Jacqueline Woodson Responds To Racist Joke"
769:. Shmoop Literature Guide. Los Altos: Shmoop. 2010. p. 26.
83:
The first known image associating Black people with watermelons.
1773:
923:
Massood, Paula J. (2008). "Urban Cinema". In Boyd, Todd (ed.).
319:, which drew criticism because of the stereotype connotations.
1526:
1004:
262:, a description widely criticized as racist and out of touch.
1028:"If Blair's so good at running the Congo, let him stay there"
1672:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–313.
1257:"Boston Herald apologizes for Obama cartoon after backlash"
742:"Watermelon: Symbolizing the Supposed Simplicity of Slaves"
296:
asking if Obama has tried watermelon-flavored toothpaste.
1724:
Sousa, Emily C.; Raizada, Manish N. (December 15, 2020).
1550:"'Watermelon boy' finds fame with Australia cricket fans"
351:, and promised to match donations up to $ 100,000. In a
1422:"Jacqueline Woodson Responds to Racist Watermelon Joke"
250:
alluded to "piccaninies" with "watermelon smiles" in a
246:
In 2002, British journalist (and later prime minister)
1718:
Popular and Pervasive Stereotypes of African Americans
126:
One poem from the early 1900s (pictured right) reads:
1337:"Lemony Snicket's Series of Unfortunate Racist Jokes"
111:
performers booked to attend on Colored People's Day.
62:, in several areas of the south, former slaves grew
1934:
1883:
1805:
1696:"How Watermelon's Reputation Got Tangled In Racism"
1082:"UK's racism legacy goes deeper than a few statues"
872:. Ferris State University. May 2008. Archived from
55:and economic self-sufficiency in the late 1860s.
838:"The Coon Obsession with Chicken & Watermelon"
796:
480:"Whar De Watermelon Grow", sheet music of an 1898
32:A 1909 postcard, with the caption "I'se so happy!"
499:is also used in stereotypes of African Americans.
408:of a Black boy holding a watermelon, c. 1850–1900
1137:"GOP group depicts Obama with watermelon, ribs"
799:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
128:
1107:"II.C.6. – Cucumbers, Melons, and Watermelons"
1785:
1196:"Mayor Who Sent Obama Watermelon Email Quits"
273:circulated by political opponents during the
8:
1800:African-American caricatures and stereotypes
307:. In 2023, the New York City chapter of the
16:Racist stereotype of African American people
155:and stealing chickens, with titles such as
131:George Washington Watermelon Columbus Brown
1792:
1778:
1770:
702:
700:
698:
696:
1741:
1482:
1480:
998:Johnson, Theodore R. III (May 11, 2014).
918:
916:
335:made a controversial remark after author
135:At eating melon I can put a pig to shame
1576:Taylor, Chris 'ROY' (January 6, 2016).
1487:Taylor, Chris 'ROY' (January 6, 2016).
1164:"Monkeys, watermelons and black people"
860:
858:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
790:
788:
786:
709:"How Watermelons Became a Racist Trope"
657:
395:
48:. It first arose as a backlash against
974:"Nigger Love a Watermelon Ha! Ha! Ha!"
721:from the original on December 24, 2014
1730:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
1361:Ohlheiser, Abby (November 21, 2014).
1307:Gambino, Lauren (November 20, 2014).
1281:WALKER, JACKSON (November 16, 2023).
925:African Americans and Popular Culture
870:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
432:Postcard ("Coon card") from the 1900s
133:I'se black as any little coon in town
7:
1548:Donnelly, Ashley (January 4, 2016).
1520:Eastaugh, Sophie (January 6, 2016).
1255:Killough, Ashley (October 1, 2014).
1162:Mitchell, Mary (February 26, 2009).
269:consuming watermelon was subject of
90:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
1461:. November 29, 2014. Archived from
1204:. February 27, 2009. Archived from
1111:The Cambridge World History of Food
1026:Johnson, Boris (January 10, 2002).
707:Black, William (December 8, 2014).
1694:Okona, Nneka M. (August 2, 2019).
1669:Cucumbers, Melons, and Watermelons
1420:Frizell, Sam (November 29, 2014).
523:A character from the 1941 cartoon
331:ceremony in November 2014, author
254:article about then-prime minister
212:(1939) contained a scene in which
14:
1394:"The Pain of the Watermelon Joke"
1335:Cohen, Anne (November 20, 2014).
950:Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s
137:For Watermelon am my middle name
2007:Stereotypes of African Americans
1757:
1227:Wing, Nick (December 27, 2012).
740:Wade, Lisa (December 26, 2012).
647:– Symbol of Ukrainian resistance
620:Stereotypes of African Americans
604:
588:
573:
564:
555:
534:
526:Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat
516:
504:
488:
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
413:
398:
309:Democratic Socialists of America
275:2008 Obama presidential campaign
1080:Thomas, Holly (June 11, 2020).
640:Watermelon (Palestinian symbol)
315:to call for a ceasefire in the
21:Watermelon (Palestinian symbol)
1:
1054:McTague, Tom (June 7, 2021).
1628:Journal of the Civil War Era
667:Journal of the Civil War Era
104:World's Columbian Exposition
216:'s slave Prissy, played by
2033:
1622:Black, William R. (2018).
948:Lawrence, Novotny (2008).
18:
1743:10.3389/fsufs.2020.586340
952:. Routledge. p. 37.
795:Smith, Andrew F. (2007).
378:On October 22, 2017, the
1850:Fried chicken stereotype
1341:The Jewish Daily Forward
927:. ABC-CLIO. p. 90.
866:"Blacks and Watermelons"
625:Fried chicken stereotype
347:and donated $ 10,000 to
40:is an anti-Black racist
19:Not to be confused with
1830:Black American princess
1056:"The Minister of Chaos"
805:Oxford University Press
66:on their own land as a
1967:Black people in comics
896:"WHO SAID WATERMELON?"
529:enjoying a watermelon.
180:The Watermelon Contest
157:The Watermelon Contest
140:
122:
84:
46:Southern United States
33:
1972:Colored people's time
1875:Watermelon stereotype
1764:Watermelon stereotype
1392:(November 28, 2014).
456:"Coon card" from 1910
444:"Coon card" from 1904
349:We Need Diverse Books
117:
82:
38:watermelon stereotype
31:
1766:at Wikimedia Commons
612:United States portal
542:I Know'd It Was Ripe
384:morning show on the
329:National Book Awards
229:The Watermelon Woman
169:Who Said Watermelon?
1654:Greenlee, Cynthia.
1607:. October 22, 2017.
1501:on February 2, 2016
1465:on December 2, 2014
1454:The Huffington Post
1390:Woodson, Jacqueline
1368:The Washington Post
803:. Oxford, England:
341:Brown Girl Dreaming
204:Turkey in the Straw
44:originating in the
1985:Life as a BlackMan
1845:Criminal black man
1714:. October 9, 2017.
1399:The New York Times
1208:on January 2, 2013
1143:. October 17, 2008
978:History on the Net
900:History on the Net
842:History on the Net
645:Kherson watermelon
337:Jacqueline Woodson
209:Gone with the Wind
123:
85:
60:American Civil War
34:
1994:
1993:
1891:Angelfood McSpade
1820:Angry black woman
1762:Media related to
1679:978-1-139-05863-6
1176:on April 29, 2013
1169:Chicago Sun-Times
959:978-0-415-96097-7
746:The Society Pages
381:Fox & Friends
368:Cricket Australia
288:editorial cartoon
218:Butterfly McQueen
2024:
1906:Coon Chicken Inn
1860:Mammy stereotype
1840:Black matriarchy
1794:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1747:
1745:
1706:Pilgrim, David.
1703:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1651:
1609:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1484:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1459:Associated Press
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
970:
964:
963:
945:
939:
938:
920:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
862:
853:
852:
850:
848:
834:
819:
818:
802:
792:
781:
780:
763:
757:
756:
754:
752:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
704:
691:
690:
662:
630:Coon Chicken Inn
614:
609:
608:
607:
592:
577:
568:
559:
538:
520:
508:
492:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
417:
402:
317:Israel–Hamas war
184:Watermelon Feast
165:Watermelon Feast
50:African American
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1930:
1879:
1801:
1798:
1754:
1723:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1662:. Aug 29, 2019.
1621:
1618:
1616:Further reading
1613:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1234:Huffington Post
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1201:Huffington Post
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1117:on June 1, 2013
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
972:
971:
967:
960:
947:
946:
942:
935:
922:
921:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
879:
877:
876:on May 22, 2013
864:
863:
856:
846:
844:
836:
835:
822:
815:
794:
793:
784:
777:
765:
764:
760:
750:
748:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
706:
705:
694:
664:
663:
659:
654:
610:
605:
603:
600:
593:
584:
581:Valentine's Day
578:
569:
560:
551:
549:Brooklyn Museum
546:Thomas Hovenden
539:
530:
521:
512:
509:
500:
493:
484:
478:
469:
466:
457:
454:
445:
442:
433:
430:
421:
418:
409:
403:
394:
325:
313:Hakeem Jeffries
244:
214:Scarlett O'Hara
200:Harry C. Browne
198:In March 1916,
193:
161:Dancing Darkies
149:
139:
136:
134:
132:
77:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Mister Charlie
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Alligator bait
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1752:External links
1750:
1749:
1748:
1721:
1715:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1663:
1652:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1568:
1540:
1512:
1476:
1440:
1412:
1381:
1353:
1327:
1299:
1273:
1247:
1219:
1187:
1154:
1128:
1098:
1072:
1046:
1018:
990:
965:
958:
940:
933:
912:
887:
854:
820:
813:
782:
775:
758:
732:
692:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
615:
599:
596:
595:
594:
587:
585:
579:
572:
570:
563:
561:
554:
552:
540:
533:
531:
522:
515:
513:
510:
503:
501:
494:
487:
485:
479:
472:
470:
467:
460:
458:
455:
448:
446:
443:
436:
434:
431:
424:
422:
419:
412:
410:
404:
397:
393:
390:
353:New York Times
333:Daniel Handler
324:
321:
243:
240:
223:Watermelon Man
192:
189:
148:
145:
129:
96:minstrel shows
76:
73:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Welfare queen
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Magical Negro
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1505:September 12,
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1033:The Telegraph
1029:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
979:
975:
969:
966:
961:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
934:9780313064081
930:
926:
919:
917:
913:
901:
897:
891:
888:
875:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
843:
839:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:9780195307962
810:
806:
801:
800:
791:
789:
787:
783:
778:
776:9781610624190
772:
768:
762:
759:
747:
743:
736:
733:
720:
716:
715:
710:
703:
701:
699:
697:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
651:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
602:
597:
591:
586:
583:card, c. 1940
582:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
550:
547:
544:, c. 1888 by
543:
537:
532:
528:
527:
519:
514:
507:
502:
498:
497:fried chicken
491:
486:
483:
482:minstrel song
476:
471:
464:
459:
452:
447:
440:
435:
428:
423:
416:
411:
407:
401:
396:
391:
389:
387:
383:
382:
376:
374:
369:
365:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:
293:Boston Herald
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Boris Johnson
241:
239:
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
196:
190:
188:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
167:(1896), and
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
144:
138:
127:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
99:
97:
92:
91:
81:
74:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
1983:
1976:
1874:
1733:
1729:
1699:
1683:. Retrieved
1668:
1634:(1): 64–86.
1631:
1627:
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1553:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1492:
1469:November 30,
1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1452:
1443:
1433:November 30,
1431:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1405:November 30,
1403:. Retrieved
1397:
1384:
1374:November 30,
1372:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1346:November 30,
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1320:November 21,
1318:. Retrieved
1314:The Guardian
1312:
1302:
1292:November 19,
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1167:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:Deseret News
1140:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1110:
1101:
1091:February 19,
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1065:February 19,
1063:. Retrieved
1060:The Atlantic
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:
968:
949:
943:
924:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
869:
845:. Retrieved
841:
798:
766:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
735:
723:. Retrieved
714:The Atlantic
712:
673:(1): 64–86.
670:
666:
660:
541:
524:
379:
377:
361:
352:
340:
326:
323:Modern usage
298:
291:
279:Los Alamitos
271:viral emails
267:Barack Obama
264:
251:
245:
233:
232:(1996), and
227:
221:
207:
197:
194:
183:
179:
177:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
141:
130:
124:
100:
88:
86:
57:
53:emancipation
37:
35:
25:
2012:Watermelons
1957:House negro
1896:Bigger Hair
1884:Caricatures
1865:Video vixen
1807:Stereotypes
1685:January 23,
364:Chris Gayle
283:White House
260:West Africa
153:cakewalking
2001:Categories
1978:Ghettopoly
1942:Black doll
1921:Pickaninny
1835:Black Buck
1583:January 7,
1561:January 7,
1533:January 6,
1494:Herald Sun
1266:October 2,
1147:August 16,
1039:August 16,
725:August 20,
652:References
406:Lithograph
256:Tony Blair
235:Bamboozled
119:Pickaninny
64:watermelon
58:After the
2017:Soul food
1962:Uncle Tom
1911:Coon song
1901:Blackface
1825:Baby mama
1640:2154-4727
1489:"Cartoon"
1240:March 30,
1212:March 30,
1180:April 13,
1121:March 31,
1011:March 18,
983:March 30,
905:March 30,
880:March 30,
847:March 30,
751:March 30,
679:2154-4727
635:Coon card
301:Palestine
258:visiting
252:Telegraph
173:blackface
147:In cinema
68:cash crop
1947:Miss Ann
1916:Golliwog
1712:PM Press
1700:HuffPost
1648:26381503
1555:BBC News
719:Archived
687:26381503
598:See also
386:Fox News
242:Politics
226:(1970),
191:In music
163:(1896),
159:(1896),
106:held in
1604:AOL.com
392:Gallery
345:Twitter
327:At the
305:Ukraine
290:in the
108:Chicago
75:History
1926:Rastus
1676:
1646:
1638:
956:
931:
811:
773:
767:Fences
685:
677:
1935:Other
1644:JSTOR
683:JSTOR
373:viral
356:op-ed
42:trope
1687:2021
1674:ISBN
1636:ISSN
1585:2016
1563:2016
1535:2016
1507:2018
1471:2014
1435:2014
1427:Time
1407:2014
1376:2014
1348:2014
1322:2014
1294:2023
1287:WPDE
1268:2014
1242:2013
1214:2013
1182:2013
1149:2022
1123:2013
1093:2023
1067:2023
1041:2023
1013:2017
985:2013
954:ISBN
929:ISBN
907:2013
882:2013
849:2013
809:ISBN
771:ISBN
753:2013
727:2016
675:ISSN
303:and
182:and
36:The
1738:doi
1660:VOX
1527:CNN
1261:CNN
1086:CNN
1005:NPR
2003::
1736:.
1732:.
1728:.
1710:.
1698:.
1658:.
1642:.
1630:.
1626:.
1601:.
1552:.
1524:.
1491:.
1479:^
1457:.
1451:.
1424:.
1396:.
1365:.
1339:.
1311:.
1285:.
1259:.
1231:.
1198:.
1166:.
1139:.
1109:.
1084:.
1058:.
1030:.
1002:.
976:.
915:^
898:.
868:.
857:^
840:.
823:^
807:.
785:^
744:.
717:.
711:.
695:^
681:.
669:.
175:.
1793:e
1786:t
1779:v
1746:.
1740::
1734:4
1702:.
1689:.
1650:.
1632:8
1587:.
1565:.
1537:.
1509:.
1473:.
1437:.
1409:.
1378:.
1350:.
1324:.
1296:.
1270:.
1244:.
1216:.
1184:.
1151:.
1125:.
1095:.
1069:.
1043:.
1015:.
987:.
962:.
937:.
909:.
884:.
851:.
817:.
779:.
755:.
729:.
689:.
671:8
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
