903:
72:
1356:
1300:
1008:
980:, to maintain waterways inside polders and to control various water levels in and outside local polders. The mandate of these water boards (which remains largely unchanged) was maintenance of dikes, dunes and waterways (and roads too, in several municipalities), control of water level and quality of all surface water (including punishment of polluters). The original water boards varied much in organisation, power and area they managed. The differences were often caused by different circumstances, whether they had to defend a sea dike against a storm surge or keep water level in a polder within bounds.
996:
1033:
1093:
1284:
1020:). This meant that those living at the dike had to pay and care for it. Those people could go bankrupt from having to repair a breached dike. Those living further inland often refused to pay for or assist upkeep of dikes, even though they were just as much affected by floods. This system led to haphazard maintenance and it is believed that many floods would be prevented or mitigated if dikes had been maintained within another governing and financing system.
297:
266:
2127:
1476:
702:
1054:(English: Directorate General for Public Works and Water Management), established in 1798 under French rule, was to centralise water control in the Netherlands. Local water boards refused to give up their autonomy however, so Rijkswaterstaat ended up working alongside the local water boards. Today Rijkswaterstaat has responsibility for major water control structures and other infrastructure like bike- and motorways.
545:
767:) is a regional governing body solely charged with the management of surface water in the environment. Water boards are independent of administrative governing bodies like provinces and municipalities. In general, they are responsible for managing rivers and canals, issues with the flow of watercourses and drainage issues, water collection, flood and erosion prevention and provision of potable water. They manage
1459:, literally: "dike count", but sometimes called "dike reeve" or "dike warden" in English). The chair is appointed by the king on the recommendation of the board for a period of six years. The chair presides over the executive board and the general administrative body and has certain ceremonial duties as well. The chair of a water board is at the same level as a
33:
1085:
889:) keep the low-lying parts available for habitation and agriculture. Water councils are regional governing bodies organised along a specific water-household system, responsible for maintenance and improvement of the system. All organisations and their works are financed by citizens and companies based in the Netherlands, through various taxes.
1296:
projects, maintenance, innovation, issuing permits (sewage discharge requires a permit) and treatment of sewage and by-products. The various municipalities within the geographic area covered by a water board are responsible for collecting sewage from households and industries, but water boards transport and treat the sewage.
795:
Since the settlement of the
Netherlands, large parts of the land have been constantly threatened by rivers and the sea. Fertile soil and peatlands often were located near rivers, thus engineering water courses was part of daily life for farmers, landowners and peat extractors. Rivers and canals were
1723:
Anyone who is aged 18 or over and is registered with a local authority in the
Netherlands can vote in the water board elections, which are held every four years on the same day as the provincial elections. Prior to the vote, the local council mails each voter a list of candidates, a ballot paper and
1295:
in the
Netherlands. Water boards levy taxes to finance the work, they have the authority to penalize offenders through means of administrative measures. To control quality of surface water (canals, lakes, ponds and streams), water boards fulfill several tasks: policy making, planning and building of
1243:
are "water board", "water council", "water control board", "district water board" or "regional water authority", the last word being recently adopted by the water boards as a preferred
English translation on grounds that it is less ambiguous. The jurisdiction of a Dutch regional water authority is
930:
The methodical organisation of surface water household management emerged as lowlands were drained for agriculture. Dikes and water control structures were built and maintained by those directly benefiting from them, mostly farmers and landowners. As the structures got more extensive and complex,
1409:
The constituencies of members of the general administrative body are the various categories of stakeholders: landholders, leaseholders, owners of buildings, companies and all residents. The nature of the interest and financial contribution are factors in determining how many representatives each
1040:
In the 17th century there were many of these independent local bodies levying their own taxes and administering justice. This early form of local government played a role in the development of a political system in the
Netherlands that was decentralised and dependent on communal cooperation.
1732:
The Unie van
Waterschappen (the union of Dutch regional water authorities, referring to itself as Dutch Water Authorities) promotes the interests of Dutch water boards at a national and international level. All 21 water boards are member of this association. The Unie van Waterschappen acts
1023:
Punishments meted out by water boards were fines for misdemeanors such as emptying waste in the nearest canal; according to various historical documents, the death penalty was used more than once for serious offenders who threatened dike safety or water quality.
300:
1015:
Dikes were maintained by individuals who benefited from their existence, every farmer was designated a part of a dike to maintain, with reviews by the water board directors. The old rule was "Whom the water harms stops the water" (Dutch:
1374:
In addition to taxes raised by water boards, central government contributes to their finances by paying construction and maintenance costs of water barriers and main waterways. The costs of waste water treatment are financed by a
1061:
The tasks of water boards remain basically unchanged. They belong to the historically grown structure of governing bodies and are one of the oldest democratic institutions in the
Netherlands. Dutch water boards have their own
1057:
By 1850 there were about 3,500 water boards in the country. In modern times water boards merged as they dealt with joint (and sometimes conflicting) interests. Mergers eventually reduced the number to 25 water boards in 2011.
975:
was dealt with by authorities organised around a certain water household system and water boards were chaired by the local nobility. Water boards were set up to maintain integrity of water drainage and defences around local
969:. The ever-present threat of loss of life, land, animals and goods required short lines of communication between authorities and the people who did design, build and maintain the infrastructure. The threat of flooding in a
305:
1442:
in Dutch, represent five types of stake holders: local residents, industry (factories and industrial buildings), municipalities (urban areas), farmers and land-owners of agricultural land, and natureconservation parks.
523:
1391:
Water boards hold elections, levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies. Water board structures vary, but they each have an elected general administrative body, an executive board and a chair.
902:
312:
1406:) are elected democratically, although some stakeholders (e.g. agrarian interests) may have the power to appoint members. Members of the general administrative body are elected for a period of four years.
269:
931:
councils were formed by people with a common interest in controlling the water levels of their land. The first water councils were formed in the 12th century, often controlling a single polder or dike.
849:
is a national policy priority, since about two-thirds of the country is vulnerable to flooding and the whole country is densely populated. Natural and man-made sand dunes along the sea coast, man-made
802:
settlements from 50 - 350 AD built harbours, riverside enforcements, waterdraining canals, dikes and mounds. From the year 1000 onward, continuing problems in water management in wide areas along the
645:
2115:
528:
1491:. The territory of a water board generally covers several municipalities and may include areas located in two or more provinces. As of 2018, there are 21 water boards in the Netherlands.
1355:
3259:
136:
730:
286:
274:
499:
494:
489:
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1299:
3264:
984:
were coordinating bodies, responsible for protecting the land against the sea and for regulating water levels of various canals and lakes into which water was pumped from
2108:
2602:
2093:
1307:
between
Kesteren and Opheusden. This 1995 photo was taken when river levels were high. Note the level difference to the low-lying ground behind the dike on the right.
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538:
1983:
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190:
92:
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723:
601:
3254:
203:
159:
3123:
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2144:
1007:
566:
281:
154:
141:
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1829:
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255:
2847:
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2659:
2639:
1765:
716:
635:
594:
1996:
3239:
3015:
337:
129:
1275:
in the
Netherlands is charged with the control and management of water as well as treatment of waste water, but not with water supply.
3143:
2874:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2617:
2345:
1291:
Water boards act independently from administrative governing bodies to manage the continuously needed control and improvement of the
3025:
3020:
2916:
2906:
2891:
2797:
2741:
2607:
1879:
243:
186:
149:
1066:, a colourful reminder of their importance in Dutch governing. The historic buildings that used to house the water boards, called
3185:
2901:
2721:
2706:
2681:
2552:
2393:
2202:
1718:
1292:
846:
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104:
85:
1841:
1220:
3133:
2864:
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2817:
1623:
1609:
1244:
generally referred to as the "water board district" or "regional water authority district". These translations also apply to
1188:
923:
814:
caused farmers, landowners and civilians with administrative responsibilities to collaborate. Around 1122 in the area around
509:
462:
457:
452:
447:
1733:
collaboratively with other appropriate bodies or institutions to pursue the
Association's objectives. It is a member of the
958:. Early works were the building of draining canals around the city of Leiden. From 1408 on, with the first at Zoeterwoude,
3098:
2837:
2832:
2807:
663:
230:
962:(windmills) are being installed along the Old Rhine, to pump water from the lowlands into the river and drainage canals.
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3002:
2896:
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2827:
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1422:
367:
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2131:
406:
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396:
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386:
381:
124:
117:
62:
2276:
1824:
Bosker, F (2008). "Zeedijken in het noorden, Mythes en feiten over 2000 jaar kustbescherming", uitgeverij Noordboek,
1791:
3204:
3158:
3039:
3010:
2987:
2940:
2428:
2420:
1659:
548:
347:
179:
954:
to become central coordinator of all water course works in the area under the name "High Water Council", in Dutch
3066:
2962:
2441:
2340:
1959:
1746:
838:
3153:
3118:
3113:
995:
1330:
innovation, building, management and maintenance of water pumping systems, locks for the navigation of water;
3173:
2454:
1380:
772:
688:
98:
71:
2869:
2542:
2244:
2176:
1917:
1863:
1464:
1032:
873:
from the sea and water overflow from the rivers. River dikes prevent flooding of land by the major rivers
841:
run through this relatively small country. Historically there always was a good deal of coastal and river
673:
342:
2300:
1895:
1420:
The general administrative body elects some of its own members to sit on the executive board, called the
2957:
2154:
1698:
943:
907:
822:, a collaborative water household organisation was founded to build and maintain a dam in the Rhine. In
668:
625:
1971:
3213:
2649:
2567:
2547:
2360:
2188:
2164:
1526:
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1454:
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250:
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1812:
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850:
259:
3218:
2592:
2515:
1592:
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1559:
815:
352:
2004:
1868:
Waterschappen in Nederland: een bestuurskundige verkenning van de institutionele ontwikkeling (
2587:
2537:
2519:
1875:
1825:
54:
1948:
Waterschappen in Nederland: een bestuurskundige verkenning van de institutionele ontwikkeling
1943:
3108:
2577:
2528:
2463:
2436:
1003:
Delft, date 1645, the year this house has been bought for board administration and meetings.
935:
776:
2761:
2644:
2523:
2495:
1496:
1376:
1367:
responsible for the water supply to the general public and are therefore not considered a
1122:
1068:
1050:
1000:
938:
began granting charters to the boards. In 1255 a cooperating group of water boards in the
882:
706:
607:
40:
1849:
1041:
Widespread experience with decentralized government was a factor in the formation of the
1870:
Water boards in the Netherlands: a management inquiry into the institutional development
1475:
2572:
2510:
2505:
1488:
1368:
1042:
862:
834:
760:
630:
218:
213:
826:
in the 12th century the right to build a sea dike was granted, and in the area around
701:
3233:
3071:
2476:
2350:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1617:
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1603:
1596:
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1581:
878:
784:
3128:
2972:
1921:
1460:
1264:
1260:
1063:
971:
799:
779:
in their respective regions. The concept of a coordinating "High Water Authority" (
290:
223:
1179:), the Dutch statute that governs regional water authorities, only uses the word
2691:
2458:
2409:
2126:
1402:
Most of the members of the general administrative body of the water boards (the
1256:
1160:
is still used by some Dutch water boards for historical reasons or when several
870:
858:
744:
581:
208:
196:
36:
2018:
1132:
refers to the jurisdiction or to the administrative body. This also applies to
3076:
1645:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1348:
796:
also important ways for transportation that had to be dug and kept navigable.
1842:"Branding iron still in the possession of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
1347:
maintenance of surface water quality through prevention of waste-dumping and
1255:
The term "water board" or "regional water authority" may be confusing in the
3163:
3056:
2952:
1705:
1515:
1504:
1334:
1304:
1263:
and regional water authorities in other countries are often responsible for
854:
823:
811:
2043:
32:
17:
2967:
2532:
2481:
2472:
2365:
1438:
1432:
959:
886:
842:
1117:
was also traditionally the word used for water boards located along the
2500:
2450:
2378:
1670:
1649:
1548:
1537:
1530:
1508:
1341:
1084:
977:
951:
947:
915:
911:
819:
807:
44:
833:
Nowadays around 26 percent of the Netherlands' surface is at or below
2468:
2446:
1484:
985:
827:
768:
1315:
innovation, building, management and maintenance of water barriers:
1792:"Correction wording flood risks for the Netherlands in IPCC report"
1239:
When referring to the administrative body, English translations of
2232:
1766:"Geschiedenis Friese waterschappen · Stichting Waterschapserfgoed"
1354:
1324:
1316:
1298:
1282:
1091:
1083:
1031:
1006:
994:
966:
901:
874:
803:
31:
906:
1654 painting by Cesar van Everdingen and Pieter Post, depicting
1118:
2382:
2097:
1483:
Typically, a water board's territory is made up of one or more
830:
a water household managing collaboration has been established.
1950:, Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum (1993), pp. 76 ff. (in Dutch)
1903:
922:
and hoogheemraden, an organisation that would evolve into the
646:
Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean
999:
Heraldic shields of Hoogheemraadschap Delfland at façade of
934:
As these collaborative groups became better organised, the
1011:
Waterpumping windmills at Driemanspolder near Leiden, 1672
2069:"European Union of Water Management Associations (EUWMA)"
1203:
no longer has its traditional structure with subordinate
1109:
was used for a large area comprising a number of smaller
965:
Water councils were also granted the right to constitute
2068:
1946:, in: J.C.N. Raadschelders and Th.A.J. Toonen (Eds.),
1633:
Hoogheemraadschap van Schieland en de Krimpenerwaard (
1088:
Polder drainage canal integrated in dike around polder
1896:"Website for the Regional Water Authority of Salland"
1287:
Polder landscape at 't Beijersche, southeast of Gouda
3038:
3001:
2939:
2774:
2668:
2427:
1430:, see below) these executive board members, called
1311:In its territory a water board is responsible for:
1164:are grouped together into a larger regional body.
1794:. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
1076:, can be found at the heart of many Dutch towns.
881:, while a system of drainage ditches, canals and
3260:Water management authorities in the Netherlands
1735:European Union of Water Management Associations
27:Water management authorities in the Netherlands
1479:The 21 water boards in the Netherlands in 2023
2394:
2109:
1152:. In present-day usage, the official term is
1036:Diesel machine pump, Werkspoor, gemaal Cremer
918:granting privileges in 1255 to the Spaarndam
724:
8:
1602:Hoogheemraadschap Hollands Noorderkwartier (
1195:was part of the historical name. However, a
1167:Officially there is no difference between a
783:) originated in what now is the province of
1997:"Website of Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
1813:(in Dutch) "Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland"
3044:
2945:
2780:
2674:
2635:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2401:
2387:
2379:
2140:
2116:
2102:
2094:
1576:Hoogheemraadschap De Stichtse Rijnlanden (
771:systems, water levels, water barriers and
731:
717:
49:
3265:Science and technology in the Netherlands
1944:Vroegste ontwikkelingen in het Waterschap
1724:details of their local polling stations.
1248:, which is translated in the same way as
1211:itself. Some water boards chose the name
1474:
1221:Hoogheemraadschap De Stichtse Rijnlanden
1018:Wie het water deert, die het water keert
869:) provide defense against high-tide and
2630:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
2132:Decentral government in the Netherlands
1757:
1453:Each water board is headed by a chair (
1340:maintenance of a proper water level in
60:
2226:college van burgemeester en wethouders
1536:Waterschap Drents Overijsselse Delta (
1410:category may have on the water board.
1183:. A Dutch water board that still uses
1223:). When used in this sense, the word
1207:, as these have been merged into the
7:
3250:Local government in the Netherlands
1191:) may have chosen to do so because
1587:Waterschap Amstel, Gooi en Vecht (
1426:. Except for the chairperson (the
1423:college van dijkgraaf en heemraden
775:, enforcements, water quality and
25:
2044:"About - Dutch Water Authorities"
1463:in municipality government and a
2125:
1719:2023 Dutch water board elections
1045:in the 16th and 17th centuries.
847:Flood control in the Netherlands
700:
684:Republicanism in the Netherlands
641:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
544:
543:
296:
295:
265:
264:
70:
3255:Subdivisions of the Netherlands
1974:(in Dutch). Accessed 2008-08-13
1866:; Th.A.J. Toonen, eds. (1993).
1986:(in Dutch) Accessed 2008-08-11
1984:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1918:"Waterschappen.nl | Home"
1624:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1610:Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
1333:management and maintenance of
1215:after a merger of a number of
1189:Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
1096:Den Helder, Seadike, View West
924:Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland
1:
3245:Government of the Netherlands
2655:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1558:Waterschap Vallei en Veluwe (
1359:Gemaal Leijepolder, Friesland
898:Origins and early development
664:Corruption in the Netherlands
1676:Waterschap Brabantse Delta (
1379:levy, which is based on the
837:and several branches of the
1874:. Hilversum: Verloren b.v.
1669:Waterschap Scheldestromen (
1569:Waterschap Rijn en IJssel (
1337:and water drainage systems;
1227:refers to a large regional
765:waterschap or heemraadschap
602:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
63:Politics of the Netherlands
3281:
3240:Water boards (Netherlands)
2421:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1716:
1704:Waterschap Zuiderzeeland (
1660:Waterschap Hollandse Delta
1525:Waterschap Hunze en Aa's (
1467:in provincial government.
1136:. In Dutch, the plural of
3198:
3047:
2948:
2783:
2747:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2677:
2491:Development urban centers
2417:
2335:
2182:commissaris van de Koning
2138:
1747:Floods in the Netherlands
1640:Waterschap Rivierenland (
1547:Waterschap Vechtstromen (
1113:within its jurisdiction.
839:Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta
142:Ministers Plenipotentiary
1219:into a larger one (e.g.
1199:that styles itself as a
313:Parliamentary committees
282:House of Representatives
2048:Dutch Water Authorities
1690:Waterschap Aa en Maas (
1381:polluter pays principle
1363:Dutch water boards are
1175:. The Water Board Act (
1105:Historically, the name
689:Social Economic Council
99:Wet Algemene Bepalingen
3094:Decorations and medals
2543:Burgundian Netherlands
1728:Unie van Waterschappen
1683:Waterschap De Dommel (
1480:
1360:
1308:
1288:
1187:in its name (e.g. the
1097:
1089:
1037:
1012:
1004:
960:wind-operated machines
942:area was appointed by
927:
866:
764:
674:Law of the Netherlands
616:Diplomatic missions of
338:High Councils of State
204:Deputy Prime Ministers
47:
3089:Customs and etiquette
1864:Raadschelders, J.C.N.
1770:waterschapserfgoed.nl
1478:
1358:
1302:
1286:
1095:
1087:
1035:
1010:
998:
905:
787:in the 12th century.
669:De Nederlandsche Bank
35:
3124:Orders of knighthood
2757:World Heritage Sites
2660:Coronavirus pandemic
2650:European debt crisis
2623:Dutch Liberation Day
2548:Habsburg Netherlands
2301:Island commissioners
2165:Provincial executive
2155:Special municipality
1697:Waterschap Limburg (
1514:Wetterskip Fryslân (
1471:List of water boards
1156:. However, the word
1150:hoogheemraadschappen
982:Hoogheemraadschappen
306:Historic composition
275:Historic composition
137:Council of Ministers
2732:Mountains and hills
2583:Batavian Revolution
2563:Spanish Netherlands
2558:Seventeen Provinces
2306:eilandgedeputeerden
2289:Lieutenant governor
2221:Municipal executive
2189:Provincial deputies
2177:King's commissioner
2170:Gedeputeerde Staten
1465:king's commissioner
1235:English translation
707:Politics portal
567:Provincial politics
260:Jan Anthonie Bruijn
2983:Telecommunications
2593:Kingdom of Holland
2208:Provinciale Staten
2203:Provincial council
1924:on 2 November 2012
1481:
1361:
1309:
1289:
1098:
1090:
1038:
1013:
1005:
928:
857:, among which the
816:Wijk bij Duurstede
620:in the Netherlands
577:Municipal politics
353:National Ombudsman
301:Current membership
270:Current membership
48:
3227:
3226:
3194:
3193:
3034:
3033:
2935:
2934:
2912:Political parties
2848:Foreign relations
2770:
2769:
2640:Same-sex marriage
2588:Batavian Republic
2568:Eighty Years' War
2538:Holy Roman Empire
2376:
2375:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2277:Executive council
2267:
2259:Municipal council
2253:
2241:
2229:
2211:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2019:"Zoek Waterschap"
1830:978-90-330-0751-4
1303:A dike along the
1273:hoogheemraadschap
1246:hoogheemraadschap
1225:hoogheemraadschap
1213:hoogheemraadschap
1209:hoogheemraadschap
1201:hoogheemraadschap
1193:hoogheemraadschap
1185:hoogheemraadschap
1169:hoogheemraadschap
1158:hoogheemraadschap
1146:hoogheemraadschap
1134:hoogheemraadschap
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2927:Water boards
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2853:Human rights
2843:Homelessness
2813:Demographics
2803:Constitution
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2005:the original
2001:rijnland.net
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1938:
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224:Mona Keijzer
105:Human rights
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3186:Terminology
3134:Pornography
2875:Enforcement
2865:Immigration
2838:Health care
2818:Drug policy
2697:Earthquakes
2692:Delta Works
2553:Renaissance
2459:Cananefates
2410:Netherlands
2356:Water board
2320:eilandsraad
2294:gezaghebber
1928:28 February
1815:, John Ooms
1495:Waterschap
1327:and levees;
867:Deltawerken
859:Delta Works
853:, dams and
818:, south of
749:water board
745:Netherlands
582:BES islands
549:Politicians
510:Referendums
446:Municipal:
209:Fleur Agema
197:Dick Schoof
160:St. Maarten
37:Gable stone
3234:Categories
3109:Literature
3099:Irreligion
2907:Parliament
2833:Euthanasia
2808:Corruption
2578:Golden Age
2366:Executives
2361:Dike-reeve
2250:wethouders
1962:(in Dutch)
1772:(in Dutch)
1753:References
1717:See also:
1646:Gelderland
1571:Gelderland
1564:Gelderland
1553:Overijssel
1542:Overijssel
1489:watersheds
1387:Governance
1351:treatment.
1349:wastewater
1269:waterschap
1250:waterschap
1241:waterschap
1229:waterschap
1197:waterschap
1181:waterschap
1173:waterschap
1154:waterschap
1138:waterschap
1130:waterschap
855:floodgates
791:Background
606:Minister:
473:European:
231:Ministries
39:on a 1645
18:Waterschap
3104:Languages
3003:Transport
2953:AEX index
2897:Provinces
2880:Law Firms
2828:Elections
2823:Education
2752:Volcanoes
2712:Gas field
2670:Geography
2442:Roman Era
2078:7 October
1798:7 October
1737:(EUWMA).
1713:Elections
1706:Flevoland
1527:Groningen
1520:Groningen
1516:Friesland
1505:Friesland
1501:Groningen
1456:dijkgraaf
1448:Dijkgraaf
1433:heemraden
1428:dijkgraaf
1335:waterways
1305:Nederrijn
1128:The term
940:Old Rhine
920:dijkgraaf
887:windmills
824:Friesland
812:North Sea
380:General:
368:Elections
326:Judiciary
256:President
3214:Category
3149:Religion
3062:Cannabis
2978:Taxation
2968:Euronext
2922:Military
2788:Abortion
2776:Politics
2533:Guelders
2516:Flanders
2482:Dorestad
2473:Frisians
2245:Aldermen
2145:Province
2053:10 March
1776:10 March
1741:See also
1121:and the
843:flooding
810:and the
631:Passport
118:Monarchy
3205:Outline
3159:Symbols
3072:Cuisine
3040:Culture
3011:Cycling
2988:Tourism
2941:Economy
2887:Monarch
2793:Cabinet
2737:Regions
2727:Mammals
2717:Islands
2529:Brabant
2520:Holland
2486:Utrecht
2451:Chamavi
2429:History
2346:Borough
1699:Limburg
1671:Zeeland
1650:Utrecht
1593:Utrecht
1578:Utrecht
1560:Utrecht
1549:Drenthe
1538:Drenthe
1531:Drenthe
1509:Drenthe
1485:polders
1369:utility
1342:polders
986:polders
978:polders
952:Zeeland
948:Holland
916:Zeeland
912:Holland
893:History
820:Utrecht
808:Utrecht
743:In the
287:Speaker
180:Cabinet
155:Curaçao
93:Charter
45:Halfweg
3219:Portal
3164:Anthem
3129:People
3067:Cinema
2963:Energy
2742:Rivers
2687:Cities
2477:Franks
2469:Saxons
2455:Batavi
2447:Frisii
2339:Other
1900:wgs.nl
1878:
1828:
1171:and a
967:bylaws
828:Leiden
769:polder
251:Senate
3154:Sport
3119:Music
3114:Media
2722:Lakes
2682:Birds
2233:Mayor
2073:EUWMA
1461:mayor
1325:quays
1321:dikes
1317:dunes
1257:Dutch
1123:Vecht
879:Meuse
875:Rhine
863:Dutch
851:dikes
804:Rhine
773:locks
761:Dutch
150:Aruba
3179:Lion
3174:Flag
3077:Wine
2858:LGBT
2080:2017
2055:2023
2030:2018
1930:2012
1876:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1800:2017
1778:2023
1652:and
1616:and
1595:and
1580:and
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988:and
950:and
914:and
877:and
747:, a
529:2018
524:2016
519:2005
500:2024
495:2019
490:2014
485:2009
480:2004
475:1999
463:2022
458:2018
453:2014
448:2010
436:2023
431:2019
426:2015
421:2011
408:Next
402:2023
397:2021
392:2017
387:2012
382:2010
191:list
125:King
3057:Art
2870:Law
1487:or
1436:or
1365:not
1271:or
1148:is
1140:is
1072:or
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910:of
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