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Optimization of the depth of the water table is related to the benefits and costs of the drainage system (Figure 3). The shallower the permissible depth of the water table, the lower the cost of the drainage system to be installed to achieve this depth. However, the lowering of the originally too
291:, while the negative environmental side effects were ignored. In circles with environmental concern, the profession of land drainage got a poor reputation, sometimes justly so, sometimes unjustified, notably when land drainage was confused with the more encompassing activity of
892:. Published in V.P.Singh and B.Kumar (eds.), Subsurface-Water Hydrology, p. 153-160, Vol.2 of Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, 1993. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
238:
By the end of the 19th century and early in the 20th century it was felt that the ditches were a hindrance for the farm operations and the ditches were replaced by buried lines of clay pipes (tiles), each tile about 30 cm long. Hence the term
845:
SaltMod, Description of
Principles, User Manual, and Examples of Application. ILRI Special Report. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download from :
142:, the purpose of water table control is to establish a depth of the water table (Figure 1) that does no longer interfere negatively with the necessary farm operations and crop yields (Figure 2, made with the
377:
subsurface drainage (drainage by pipes, ditches, trenches, at a spacing of 100m or less). For the design of a well field for control of the water table, the WellDrain model may be helpful.
823:, Chapter 17 in: H.P.Ritzema (2006), Drainage Principles and Applications, Publication 16, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
271:
Thus, land drainage became a powerful industry. At the same time agriculture was steering towards maximum productivity, so that the installation of drainage systems came in full swing.
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Most crops need a water table at a minimum depth. For some important food and fiber crops a classification was made because at shallower depths the crop suffers a yield decline.
919:. Paper explaining the basics of the WellDrain model, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download as PDF :
864:. In: ILRI Annual Report 1991, pp. 21–36, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download from :
365:. Although the experiences were not overly successful, the feasibility of this technique in areas with deep and permeable aquifers is not to be discarded. The
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is required to give the designer and manager of the drainage system a target to achieve in terms of maintenance of an optimum depth of the water table.
959:
Crop Yield versus Depth of the Ground Water Table, Statistical
Analysis of Data Measured in Farm Lands Aiming at the Formulation of Drainage Needs.
917:
well spacing equations for fully and partially penetrating wells in uniform or layered aquifers with or without anisotropy and entrance resistance
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The energy balance of groundwater flow applied to subsurface drainage in anisotropic soils by pipes or ditches with entrance resistance
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Figure 4 shows an example of the effect of drain depth on soil salinity and various irrigation/drainage parameters as simulated by the
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started with the digging of relatively shallow open ditches that received both runoff from the land surface and outflow of
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The design of subsurface drainage systems in terms layout, depth and spacing of the drains is often done using subsurface
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land at a depth acceptable for the purpose for which the land is used. The depth of the water table with drainage is
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881:, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Download from:
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Data provided by various authors on banana, cotton, sugarcane, and wheat response to shallow water tables
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The computations can be done using computer models like EnDrain, which uses the hydraulic equivalent of
190:. These have also to be taken into account, including the costs of mitigation of negative side effects.
153:
938:
In: Proceedings of the 44th
Conference of the Queensland Society of Sugar Cane Technology, Australia.
147:
71:
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The effects of drainage on cane yields as measured by water table height in the
Machnade Mill area.
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Yield of sugarcane versus depth of the water table, Australia. The critical depth is 0.6 m.
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Chapters of ILRI publication 16 on "Drainage
Principles and Applications" can be viewed in:
797:
Nosenko, P.P. and I.S. Zonn 1976. Land
Drainage in the World. ICID Bulletin 25, 1, pp.65–70.
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83:
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Various articles on
Waterlogging and Land Drainage can be freely downloaded from :
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For answers to frequently asked questions on
Waterlogging and Land Drainage see :
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59:
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A model of subsurface groundwater drainage for water table and soil salinity control (
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Reports and case studies on
Waterlogging and Land Drainage can be consulted at :
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drainage systems were introduced, as shown in Figure 5 and discussed on the page:
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Software on
Waterlogging and Land Drainage can be freely downloaded from :
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979:. In: ILRI Annual Report 1983, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 19–29. Online:
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Subsurface drainage of groundwater can also be accomplished by pumped wells (
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As a result of large scale developments, many modern drainage projects were
236:. Hence the ditches had a surface as well as a subsurface drainage function.
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in these areas can be so wide (more than 1000m) that the installation of
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295:. Nowadays, in some countries, the hardliner trend is reversed. Further,
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with parameters like drain depth, depth of the water table, soil depth,
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of the soil and drain discharge. The drain discharge is found from an
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Paper based on: R.J. Oosterbaan, J. Boonstra and K.V.G.K. Rao, 1996,
143:
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Crop yields, soil salinity and water table depth in the Nile Delta
961:
International Journal of Agriculural Science, 6, 174-187. Online:
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269:, that would prevent the entry of soil particles into the drains.
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261:. The pipes could be pre-wrapped with an envelope material, like
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A classification of drainage systems is found in the article
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Figure 2. Crop yield (Y) and depth of water table (X in dm)
357:
drainage). Drainage wells have been used extensively in the
1021:
1011:- Manufacturer of strip drain used in watertable management
27:
Use of drainage to control the groundwater level in an area
464:
Yield declines at water tables < than 70 cm deep
257:) pipes that could be installed efficiently in one go by
245:
Since 1960, one started using long, flexible, corrugated
176:
Figure 3. Positive and negative effects of land drainage
948:
Software for partial regression with horizontal segment
373:
drainage systems could be relatively cheap compared to
58:) and in cities to manage the extensive underground
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Figure 1. Drainage parameters in watertable control
478:Cotton needs dry feet, water table should be deep
1020:Website on Waterlogging and Land Drainage :
862:a wider application through caution and restraint
450:The water table should be deeper than 60 cm
38:is the practice of controlling the height of the
359:Salinity Control and Reclamation Program (SCARP)
1083:
521:
8:
1058:with a polygonal model of groundwater flow (
319:Figure 6. Geometry of a well drainage system
162:plays an important role in drainage design.
923:Download the WellDrain program from :
197:Figure 4. Example of effects of drain depth
1090:
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528:
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205:of drainage design and the development of
1321:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
904:Download the EnDrain program from :
759:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
152:In addition, land drainage can help with
816:
814:
407:
124:
1062:) can be freely downloaded from :
1049:) can be freely downloaded from :
790:
186:shallow depth by land drainage entails
992:Crop tolerance to shallow water tables
890:The energy balance of groundwater flow
7:
975:Nijland, H.J. and S. El Guindy 1984.
915:Subsurface drainage by (tube)wells:
485:(Where DWT = depth to water table)
70:systems, and extensive utilities (
25:
934:Rudd, A.V. and C.W Chardon 1977.
1138:Irrigation environmental impacts
576:Irrigation environmental impacts
228:Historically, agricultural land
209:are discussed in the article on
46:. Its main applications are in
821:Agricultural Drainage Criteria
167:agricultural drainage criteria
1:
1171:Drainage system (agriculture)
1098:Agricultural water management
609:Drainage system (agriculture)
536:Agricultural water management
436:Resists shallow water tables
387:Drainage system (agriculture)
305:Drainage system (agriculture)
278:Figure 5. Controlled drainage
56:agricultural drainage systems
1214:Hydrological transport model
1016:https://edepot.wur.nl/262058
860:Agricultural Land Drainage:
652:Hydrological transport model
90:Description and definitions
1403:
1242:Groundwater energy balance
884:or directly as PDF :
867:or directly as PDF :
834:or directly as PDF :
680:Groundwater energy balance
333:agricultural water balance
140:agricultural land drainage
1387:Water and the environment
1292:Agro-hydro-salinity group
900:. Download as PDF :
730:Agro-hydro-salinity group
353:drainage, in contrast to
1319:SahysMod polygonal model
1314:SaltMod integrated model
1219:Runoff model (reservoir)
757:SahysMod polygonal model
752:SaltMod integrated model
657:Runoff model (reservoir)
427:Wheat, Nile Delta, Egypt
98:aims at controlling the
32:geotechnical engineering
1299:Hydrology (agriculture)
831:. Download from :
737:Hydrology (agriculture)
361:in the Indus valley of
1252:Hydraulic conductivity
690:Hydraulic conductivity
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329:hydraulic conductivity
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160:hydraulic conductivity
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1382:Hydraulic engineering
1309:Leaching model (soil)
1304:Soil salinity control
1133:Irrigation management
1128:Irrigation statistics
990:K.J.Lenselink et al.
747:Leaching model (soil)
742:Soil salinity control
571:Irrigation management
566:Irrigation statistics
441:Sugar cane, Australia
400:
393:Effects on crop yield
318:
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154:soil salinity control
146:model, see the page:
128:
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72:water supply networks
1196:Surface water/runoff
849:or directly as PDF:
634:Surface water/runoff
148:segmented regression
66:of large buildings,
1273:Acid sulphate soils
1148:Subsurface drainage
1054:The combination of
1009:American Wick Drain
711:Acid sulphate soils
586:Subsurface drainage
293:wetland reclamation
165:The development of
68:underground transit
1209:Hydrological model
1176:Watertable control
1113:Surface irrigation
647:Hydrological model
614:Watertable control
551:Surface irrigation
469:Cotton, Nile Delta
461:Slightly sensitive
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325:drainage equations
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259:trenching machines
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82:, and underground
62:that includes the
36:watertable control
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1247:Groundwater model
1204:Contour trenching
1186:Drainage by wells
1181:Drainage research
1166:Drainage equation
898:978-0-7923-3651-8
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685:Groundwater model
642:Contour trenching
624:Drainage by wells
619:Drainage research
604:Drainage equation
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411:Crop and location
345:Drainage by wells
211:drainage research
207:drainage criteria
48:agricultural land
16:(Redirected from
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1229:Groundwater
667:Groundwater
414:Tolerance
339:Joule's law
283:Environment
234:groundwater
158:The soil's
108:waterlogged
104:groundwater
100:water table
64:foundations
40:water table
1351:Categories
1257:Watertable
1105:Irrigation
994:. Online:
786:References
695:Watertable
543:Irrigation
496:Dewatering
375:horizontal
355:horizontal
301:controlled
267:geotextile
52:crop yield
475:Sensitive
220:program.
1362:Aquifers
1357:Drainage
1336:Sand dam
1060:SahysMod
774:Sand dam
490:See also
447:Tolerant
371:vertical
363:Pakistan
351:vertical
230:drainage
96:drainage
76:sewerage
44:drainage
1056:SaltMod
1047:SaltMod
416:DWT(cm)
297:checked
247:plastic
224:History
218:SaltMod
134:Purpose
112:greater
102:of the
896:
827:
144:SegReg
54:using
1156:Ditch
594:Ditch
894:ISBN
825:ISBN
265:and
201:The
964:or
299:or
253:or
251:PVC
243:".
138:In
86:).
42:by
30:In
1353::
813:^
472:90
458:70
444:60
430:45
389:.
307:.
255:PE
213:.
150:).
78:,
74:,
34:,
1091:e
1084:t
1077:v
529:e
522:t
515:v
335:.
249:(
239:"
156:.
20:)
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