161:, written from AD 1111 to 1117 and published in 1119. Chinese shipbuilders made sailboats with bulkheads and watertight compartments as early as the second century AD. Bulkhead watertight compartments improved buoyancy and protected cargo. Development of watertight compartments continued during the Song dynasty in China. The watertight compartments were there to ensure that if one part of the ship was leaking, the ship itself would not sink. Song Chinese naval engineers came up with this idea by cutting up bamboo plants. In a bamboo plant, the stem is split into sections and at the end of a section there is a plug-like device that lets in water, but does not let it out. By using this as a model, they were able to make a large scale version that would protect the ship. In addition, the compartments were used as storage tanks in which fresh water could be stored for sailors on board. Compartments were also used to help control the masts and sails so they could all be used at once. The wide application of Chinese watertight compartments soon spread across East Asia and later to the Europeans through contacts with Indian and Arab merchants.
31:
39:
96:), and by other means. If a ship's hull is divided into watertight compartments, any flooding resulting from a breach of the hull can be contained in the compartments where the flooding occurs. In most cases, the watertight compartments are fitted with a system of automatic doors, which can be triggered either remotely or locally as soon as flooding is detected (an early example of such as system was used on the
103:, which sank in spite of its watertight bulkheads). Smaller vessels and submarines generally feature watertight hatches between compartments, which are closed manually to block water from escaping the flooded compartment. As long as the flooding is localised, this can allow a ship to retain sufficient
112:
the vessel. In such cases, damage control parties can intentionally flood the corresponding compartment on the other side, equalizing the list (although this can happen in ships without longitudinal bulkheads, as well). Such techniques can work fore-and-aft as well; for example, if a flooded bow is
107:
to remain afloat, but if numerous compartments are opened to the sea, the ship can sink regardless. If a ship is fitted with longitudinal bulkheads (running fore and aft) as well as transverse bulkheads, flooding along one side of the ship can cause a serious list, which can threaten to
125:, can intentionally flood their own hulls or tanks within their hulls, to sink below the water, and then pump all of the water back out and re-float themselves with the salvaged object on deck. Similarly,
61:
purposes, or to increase stability, which is particularly important in combat vessels, which often face the possibility of serious hull breach due to enemy action, and which rely on well-trained
30:
154:
164:
Watertight compartments were frequently implemented in East Asian ships, and had been implemented in the
Mongolian Yuan Dynasty maritime warships of
480:
38:
416:
378:
353:
313:
288:
344:
Richardson, Douglas; Castree, Noel; Goodchild, Michael F.; Kobayashi, Audrey; Liu, Weidong; Marston, Richard A. (2017).
525:
58:
477:
172:
often had 14 crosswalls, some of which could be flooded to increase stability or for the carriage of liquids.
535:
530:
520:
369:
Richardson, Douglas; Goodchild, Michael F.; Kobayashi, Audrey; Liu, Weidong; Marston, Richard (2017).
371:
International
Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
81:
420:
247:
The
Britannica Guide to Modern China: A Comprehensive Introduction to the World's New Economic Giant
73:
374:
349:
309:
284:
85:
69:
62:
442:
484:
150:
122:
277:
180:
514:
176:
89:
57:. It also refers to the ability to intentionally flood certain areas of the hull for
395:
183:
worked extensively on the research of ship floodability in the early 20th century.
146:
134:
17:
169:
165:
126:
93:
77:
499:
331:
Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology
249:. Running Press Book Publishers (published April 30, 2008). 2008. p. 1.
130:
118:
109:
104:
54:
97:
114:
37:
29:
133:
also produce negative buoyancy by allowing compartments (called "
208:
50:
373:. Wiley-Blackwell (published March 20, 2017). p. 7161.
487:ΠΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ // Encyclopedia of seafaring
121:
out of the water. Some types of ships, such as certain
68:
Floodability is reduced by dividing the volume of the
34:
Compartmentalisation of a ship, to reduce floodability
333:. Vol. 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. p. 362.
279:
Great
Ancient China Projects: You Can Build Yourself
264:. Trafford Publishing (published November 8, 2014).
27:
Susceptibility of a ship's construction to flooding
276:
203:Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty (June 1943).
65:to equalize and then stop flooding of the hull.
157:invented watertight compartments in his book,
465:The shorter Science and Civilisation in China
8:
233:KWANGCHOW - Freddy Everard On The China Seas
308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
306:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
262:Understanding China: Dangerous Resentments
283:. Nomad Press (published June 11, 2008).
235:. BookBaby (published December 30, 2011).
175:Russian naval engineer and mathematician
275:Kramer, Lance; Weinberg, Steven (2008).
348:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7161.
346:International Encyclopedia of Geography
192:
396:"Chronology of Asian maritime history"
467:, vol. 3, C.U.P., pp. 70β77
7:
463:Colin Ronan; Joseph Needham (1986),
394:Sten Sjostrand & Claire Barnes.
42:Parts of a water-tight compartment
25:
231:Harper, David Adamson (2011) .
221:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 469.
502:Short biography of A.N. Krylov
1:
49:is the susceptibility of a
552:
179:and Russian vice-admiral
84:(which also increase the
329:Needham, Joseph (1986).
304:Hobson, John M. (2004).
260:Du Bois, George (2014).
74:watertight compartments
478:Π‘ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Ρ Ρ.2
205:A Seaman's Pocket-Book
43:
35:
41:
33:
201:by Authority of the
159:Pingzhou Table Talks
168:. Chinese seagoing
53:'s construction to
18:Watertight bulkhead
526:Chinese inventions
483:2013-01-10 at the
417:"Life - The Times"
123:heavy lift vessels
44:
36:
443:"The Seoul Times"
211:. pp. 11β12.
86:strength of ships
63:damage controlmen
16:(Redirected from
543:
505:
497:
491:
490:
475:
469:
468:
460:
454:
453:
451:
449:
439:
433:
432:
430:
428:
419:. Archived from
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
391:
385:
384:
366:
360:
359:
341:
335:
334:
326:
320:
319:
301:
295:
294:
282:
272:
266:
265:
257:
251:
250:
243:
237:
236:
228:
222:
219:
213:
212:
197:
21:
551:
550:
546:
545:
544:
542:
541:
540:
511:
510:
509:
508:
498:
494:
488:
485:Wayback Machine
476:
472:
462:
461:
457:
447:
445:
441:
440:
436:
426:
424:
423:on June 3, 2010
415:
414:
410:
400:
398:
393:
392:
388:
381:
368:
367:
363:
356:
343:
342:
338:
328:
327:
323:
316:
303:
302:
298:
291:
274:
273:
269:
259:
258:
254:
245:
244:
240:
230:
229:
225:
220:
216:
199:
198:
194:
189:
149:Chinese author
143:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
549:
547:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
513:
512:
507:
506:
492:
470:
455:
434:
408:
386:
380:978-0470659632
379:
361:
355:978-0470659632
354:
336:
321:
315:978-0521547246
314:
296:
290:978-1934670026
289:
267:
252:
238:
223:
214:
191:
190:
188:
185:
181:Stepan Makarov
142:
139:
59:damage control
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
548:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
504:
503:
500:Mike Botchev
496:
493:
486:
482:
479:
474:
471:
466:
459:
456:
444:
438:
435:
422:
418:
412:
409:
397:
390:
387:
382:
376:
372:
365:
362:
357:
351:
347:
340:
337:
332:
325:
322:
317:
311:
307:
300:
297:
292:
286:
281:
280:
271:
268:
263:
256:
253:
248:
242:
239:
234:
227:
224:
218:
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
193:
186:
184:
182:
178:
177:Alexei Krylov
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:
138:
137:") to flood.
136:
135:ballast tanks
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:double bottom
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
32:
19:
536:Yuan dynasty
531:Song dynasty
521:Shipbuilding
501:
495:
489:(in Russian)
473:
464:
458:
446:. Retrieved
437:
425:. Retrieved
421:the original
411:
399:. Retrieved
389:
370:
364:
345:
339:
330:
324:
305:
299:
278:
270:
261:
255:
246:
241:
232:
226:
217:
204:
200:
195:
174:
163:
158:
155:Song Chinese
147:Song Dynasty
144:
127:submersibles
113:holding the
99:
67:
47:Floodability
46:
45:
166:Kublai Khan
94:double hull
515:Categories
207:. London:
187:References
131:submarines
119:propellers
88:), use of
153:wrote of
82:bulkheads
481:Archived
105:buoyancy
55:flooding
141:History
110:capsize
100:Titanic
448:1 June
427:1 June
401:1 June
377:
352:
312:
287:
151:Zhu Yu
115:rudder
170:junks
78:decks
76:with
72:into
450:2015
429:2015
403:2015
375:ISBN
350:ISBN
310:ISBN
285:ISBN
209:HMSO
145:The
129:and
117:and
98:RMS
92:(or
80:and
70:hull
51:ship
517::
452:.
431:.
405:.
383:.
358:.
318:.
293:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
