579:. However, the situation quickly escalated: someone shoved Price, Frye was struck, Price jumped an officer, and another officer pulled out a shotgun. Backup police officers attempted to arrest Frye by using physical force to subdue him. After community members reported that police had roughed up Frye and shared a rumor they had kicked a pregnant woman, angry mobs formed. As the situation intensified, growing crowds of local residents watching the exchange began yelling and throwing objects at the police officers. Frye's mother and brother fought with the officers and eventually were arrested along with Marquette Frye.
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515:. As a result, housing in South Los Angeles became increasingly scarce, overwhelming the already established communities and providing opportunities for real estate developers. Davenport Builders, for example, was a large developer who responded to the demand, with an eye on undeveloped land in Compton. What was originally a mostly white neighborhood in the 1940s increasingly became an African-American, middle-class dream in which blue-collar laborers could enjoy suburbia away from the slums.
284:. After he failed a field sobriety test, officers attempted to arrest him. Marquette resisted arrest, with assistance from his mother, Rena Frye; a physical confrontation ensued in which Marquette was struck in the face with a baton. Meanwhile, a crowd of onlookers had gathered. Rumors spread that the police had kicked a pregnant woman who was present at the scene. Six days of civil unrest followed, motivated in part by allegations of police abuse. Nearly 14,000 members of the
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and looted and 208 buildings completely destroyed, including 14 damaged public buildings and 1 public building completely destroyed. Many white
Americans were fearful of the breakdown of social order in Watts, especially since white motorists were being pulled over by rioters in nearby areas and assaulted. Many in the black community, however, believed the rioters were taking part in an "uprising against an oppressive system." In a 1966 essay, black civil rights activist
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while fighting fires in a store, a Los
Angeles County Sheriff's deputy was accidentally shot by another deputy while in a struggle with rioters, and a Long Beach Police Department officer was shot by another police officer during a scuffle with rioters. 23 out of the 34 people killed in the riots were shot by LAPD officers or National Guardsmen.
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Over the course of six days, between 31,000 and 35,000 adults participated in the riots. Around 70,000 people were "sympathetic, but not active." Over the six days, there were 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $ 40 million in property damage from 769 buildings and businesses damaged
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rookie motorcycle officer Lee
Minikus for alleged reckless driving. After Frye failed a field sobriety test, Minikus placed him under arrest and radioed for his vehicle to be impounded. Marquette's brother, Ronald, a passenger in the vehicle, walked to their house nearby, bringing their mother, Rena
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The rioting intensified, and on Friday, August 13, about 2,300 National
Guardsmen joined the police in trying to maintain order on the streets. Sergeant Ben Dunn said: "The streets of Watts resembled an all-out war zone in some far-off foreign country, it bore no resemblance to the United States of
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Marquette Frye was convicted of drunk driving, battery and malicious mischief. On
February 18, 1966 he received a sentence of 90 days in county jail and three years' probation. He received another 90-day jail term after a jury convicted him of battery and disturbing the peace on May 18, 1966. Over
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The McCone
Commission identified the root causes of the riots to be high unemployment, poor schools, and related inferior living conditions that were endured by African Americans in Watts. Recommendations for addressing these problems included "emergency literacy and preschool programs, improved
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Despite allegations that "criminal elements" were responsible for the riots, the vast majority of those arrested had no prior criminal record. Three sworn personnel were killed in the riots: a Los
Angeles Fire Department firefighter was struck when a wall of a fire-weakened structure fell on him
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In the post-World War II era, suburbs in the Los
Angeles area grew explosively as black residents also wanted to live in peaceful white neighborhoods. In a thinly-veiled attempt to sustain their way of life and maintain the general peace and prosperity, most of these suburbs barred black people,
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After the arrests of Price and her sons, the Frye brothers, the crowd continued to grow along Avalon
Boulevard. Police came to the scene to break up the crowd several times that night, but were attacked when people threw rocks and chunks of concrete. A 46-square-mile (120 km) swath of Los
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on
December 20, 1986, at age 42. His mother, Rena Price, died on June 10, 2013, at age 97. She never recovered the impounded 1955 Buick which her son had been driving because the storage fees exceeded the car's value. Motorcycle officer Lee Minikus died on October 19, 2013, at age 79.
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directing defense contractors not to discriminate in hiring or promotions, opening up new opportunities for minorities. The black population in Los Angeles dramatically rose from approximately 63,700 in 1940 to about 350,000 in 1965, rising from 4% of L.A.'s population to 14%.
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Debate rose quickly over what had taken place in Watts, as the area was known to be under a great deal of racial and social tension. Reactions and reasoning about the riots greatly varied based on the perspectives of those affected by and participating in the riots' chaos.
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After the Watts Riots, white families left surrounding nearby suburbs like Compton, Huntington Park, and South Gate in large numbers. Although the unrest did not reach these suburbs during the riots, many white residents in Huntington Park, for instance, left the area.
545:, Parker pushed for more independence from political pressures that would enable him to create a more professionalized police force. The public supported him and voted for charter changes that isolated the police department from the rest of the city government.
523:, a technique whereby real estate speculators would buy a home on an all-white street, sell or rent it to a black family, and then buy up the remaining homes from Caucasians at cut-rate prices, then sell them to housing-hungry black families at hefty profits.
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using a variety of methods. White middle-class people in neighborhoods bordering black districts moved en masse to the suburbs, where newer housing was available. The spread of African Americans throughout urban Los Angeles was achieved in large part through
835:, a Los Angeles attorney who would be the committee's vice chairman, Earl C. Broady, Los Angeles Superior Court judge; Asa V. Call, former president of the State Chamber of Commerce; Rev. Charles Casassa, president of Loyola University of Los Angeles; the
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After a night of increasing unrest, police and local black community leaders held a community meeting on Thursday, August 12, to discuss an action plan and to urge calm. The meeting failed. Later that day, Chief Parker called for the assistance of the
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took place in Los Angeles to assess the condition of relations between the police force and minorities. These hearings were also intended to make a ruling on the discrimination case against the police for their alleged mistreatment of members of the
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70,000 Japanese-Americans from Los Angeles, leaving empty spaces in predominantly Japanese-owned areas. This further bolstered the migration of black residents into the city during the Second Great Migration to occupy the vacated spaces, such as
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in real estate. By the 1940s, 95% of Los Angeles and southern California housing was off-limits to certain minorities. Minorities who had served in World War II or worked in L.A.'s defense industries returned to face increasing patterns of
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groups who were active in the area protesting high unemployment rates and racial discrimination. Those opinions concerning racism and discrimination were expressed three years after hearings conducted by a committee of the
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police-community ties, increased low-income housing, more job-training projects, upgraded health-care services, more efficient public transportation, and many more." Most of these recommendations were never implemented.
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By nightfall on Saturday, 16,000 law enforcement personnel had been mobilized and patrolled the city. Blockades were established, and warning signs were posted throughout the riot zones threatening the use of
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With so much destruction of residential properties after the Watts Riots, black families began to relocate in other cities that had established black neighborhoods. One of these was the city of
1343:' 2009 comedy special "Love is Evol", Titus mentions that his father, Ken Titus was a California National Guardsman during the Watts Riots and defended liquor stores from rock-throwing rioters.
680:. Rioters tore up sidewalks and bricks to hurl at Guardsmen and police, and to smash their vehicles. Those actively participating in the riots started physical fights with police and blocked
707:(LASD) were deployed during the rioting. Watts and all black-majority areas in Los Angeles were put under the curfew. All residents outside of their homes in the affected areas after 8:00
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was passed. At the beginning of the 20th century, Los Angeles was geographically divided by ethnicity, as demographics were being altered by the rapid migration from the Philippines (
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p.m. were subject to arrest. Eventually, nearly 3,500 people were arrested, primarily for curfew violations. By the morning of Sunday, August 15, the riots had largely been quelled.
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When Rena Price reached the intersection of Avalon Boulevard and 116th Street that evening, she scolded Frye about drinking and driving as he recalled in a 1985 interview with the
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were largely confined to local white-owned stores and businesses that were said to have caused resentment in the neighborhood due to low wages and high prices for local workers.
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Resentment of such longstanding racial injustices is cited as reason why Watts' African-American population exploded on August 11, 1965, in what would become the Watts Riots.
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A variety of opinions and explanations were published. Public opinion polls studied in the few years after the riot showed that a majority believed the riots were linked to
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Despite its reform and having a professionalized, military-like police force, William Parker's LAPD faced repeated criticism from the city's Latino and black residents for
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is asked by police to investigate a racially charged murder in neighborhoods where white investigators are unwelcome, takes place in the aftermath of the Watts riots.
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On the evening of Wednesday, August 11, 1965, 21-year-old Marquette Frye, an African-American man driving his mother's 1955 Buick while drunk, was pulled over by
2010:"Chief Parker Molded LAPD Image – Then Came the '60s : Police: Press treated officers as heroes until social upheaval prompted skepticism and confrontation"
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552: – resulting from his recruiting of officers from the South with strong anti-black and anti-Latino attitudes. Chief Parker coined the term "
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in 1964, which was sponsored by the California real estate industry, and supported by a majority of white voters. Psychiatrist and civil rights activist
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helped suppress the disturbance, which resulted in 34 deaths, as well as over $ 40 million in property damage. It was the city's worst unrest until the
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676:(one sign warned residents to "Turn left or get shot"). Angered over the police response, residents of Watts engaged in a full-scale battle against the
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1141:", in the chorus "...Songs of joy instead of "burn, baby, burn" (Burn, baby, burn)...". “Burn, baby, burn!” was the rallying call for the Watts riots.
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of Westminster Presbyterian Church and member of the Los Angeles Board of Education; Mrs. Robert G. Newmann, a League of Women Voters leader; and
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The arrest of the Frye brothers and the riots are referred to by the character George Hutchence in the second volume of the comics miniseries
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at the time) and immigration from Mexico, Japan, Korea, and Southern and Eastern Europe. In the 1910s, the city was already 80% covered by
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1277:'s autobiography, Angelou gives an account of the riots. She had a job in the neighborhood at the time and was there as they played out.
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America." The first riot-related death occurred on the night of August 13, when a black civilian was killed in the crossfire during a
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Violence in the City – An End or a Beginning?: A Report by the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots, 1965
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Violence in the City – An End or a Beginning?: A Report by the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots, 1965
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and was carried on with the express purpose of asserting that they would no longer quietly submit to the deprivation of slum life.
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to pursue jobs in newly established manufacturing industries; to cement better educational and social opportunities; and to flee
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787:. These different arguments and opinions are often cited in continuing debates over the underlying causes of the Watts riots.
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Jeffries, Vincent & Ransford, H. Edward. "Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reaction to the Watts Riot".
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opens up with the line "Not since the Watts Riot of 1965, has the city seem so out of control. Los Angeles is still on edge".
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499:. Such real-estate practices severely restricted educational and economic opportunities available to the minority community.
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depicts the Watts riots from the perspective of journalist Bob Richardson as a resident of Watts and a reporter for the
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shifts into the body of a black medical student who is engaged to a white woman while living in Watts during the riots.
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Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century
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1035:(1993) opens with images taken from the riots of 1965. The entire film is set in Watts from the 1970s to the 1990s.
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The whole point of the outbreak in Watts was that it marked the first major rebellion of Negroes against their own
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between the police and rioters. Over the next few days, rioting had then spread throughout other areas, including
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1974:"Chapter 1: "Alabama on Avalon" Rethinking the Watts Uprising and the Character of Black Protest in Los Angeles"
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2351:"A Report Concerning the California National Guard's Part in Suppressing the Los Angeles Riot, August 1965"
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from August 11 to 16, 1965. The riots were motivated by anger at the racist and abusive practices of the
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To end mistreatment by the police and to end discrimination in housing, employment, and schooling systems
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320:. Most of the sources used make no connection of their material with the Watts riots, which violates
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1289:(1971), and the 1972 movie adaptation of the same name, are partially set during the Watts riots.
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1557:"Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles) | The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute"
2748:"25 Years After the Watts Riots : McCone Commission's Recommendations Have Gone Unheeded"
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The Rumford Fair Housing Act, designed to remedy residential segregation, was overturned by
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to take place there and saw many of those white families move to neighboring cities in the
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From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America
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was appointed and sworn in as Los Angeles Chief of Police. After a major scandal called
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Shall We Wake the President?: Two Centuries of Disaster Management from the Oval Office
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Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility
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620:. Chief Parker believed the riots resembled an insurgency, compared it to fighting the
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the following year), declaring the amendment to violate the US constitution and laws.
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spoke two days after the riots happened in Watts. The riots were partly a response to
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in large numbers, in response to defense industry recruitment efforts at the start of
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Widespread rioting, looting, assault, arson, protests, firefights, and property damage
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Bridges of Reform: Interracial Civil Rights Activism in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles
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2464:"Watts Riots: Traffic stop was the spark that ignited days of destruction in L.A."
1614:"Watts Riots: Traffic stop was the spark that ignited days of destruction in L.A."
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Scenes in "Burn, Baby, Burn, Baby, burn, burn, bird", an episode of the TV series
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Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History, Volume 3
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1497:(born 1929), Los Angeles City Councilman, 1963–74, investigated the Watts riots
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franchise stated that the riots inspired the ape uprising featured in the film
684:(LAFD) firefighters from using fire hoses on protesters and burning buildings.
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considered Proposition 14 to be one of the causes of black rebellion in Watts.
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https://www.newspapers.com/image/382248954/?terms=Marquette%20Frye&match=1
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https://www.newspapers.com/image/382248722/?terms=Marquette%20Frye&match=1
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https://www.newspapers.com/image/74401058/?terms=Marquette%20Frye&match=1
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The Revolt Against the Masses: How Liberalism Has Undermined the Middle Class
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investigated the riots, known as the McCone Commission, and headed by former
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Barnhill, John H. (2011). "Watts Riots (1965)". In Danver, Steven L. (ed.).
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the 10-year period following the riots he was arrested 34 times. He died of
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703:. In addition to the Guardsmen, 934 LAPD officers and 718 officers from the
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2376:. Timothy Hughes: Rare & Early Newspapers. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
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1055:), and later slightly rewritten as "More Trouble Every Day", available on
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Black Against Empire: The History And Politics Of The Black Panther Party
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The commission released a 101-page report on December 2, 1965, entitled
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Angeles was transformed into a combat zone during the ensuing six days.
941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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387:
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1101:, dissected the riots in detail in a fact-based semi-documentary tone.
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1978:
The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights–Black Power Era
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who commanded National Guard soldiers in Los Angeles during the event
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Watts Riots (August 1965) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
338:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2315:
Oberschall, Anthony (1968). "The Los Angeles Riot of August 1965".
1837:"The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles"
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tells the story of a group of high school seniors during the riots.
1073:' 1965 song "In the Heat of the Summer", most famously recorded by
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2850:"Rena Price dies at 97; her and son's arrests sparked Watts riots"
2677:"Watts riots: Inland Valley African-Americans faced same problems"
2130:"Rena Price dies at 97; her and son's arrests sparked Watts riots"
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wrote a lyrical commentary inspired by the Watts riots, entitled "
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The politics of violence: The new urban Blacks and the Watts riot
2835:"Rena Price, woman whose arrest sparked Watts riots, dies at 97"
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Policing Los Angeles: Race, Resistance, and the Rise of the LAPD
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The riots are occurring in episodes five and six of the TV show
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2101:"To CHP Officer Who Sparked Riots, It Was Just Another Arrest"
1813:"Photos: Black Los Angeles During The First 'Great Migration'"
1676:"To CHP Officer Who Sparked Riots, It Was Just Another Arrest"
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Rebuilding Los Angeles: A Lesson of Community Reconstruction
2158:
Race, Space, and Riots in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles
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The Martin Luther King Jr., Research and Education Institute
556:", representing the police as holding down pervasive crime.
2944:, vol. 2, no. 2 (December 2015).
2070:"How Legacy of the Watts Riot Consumed, Ruined Man's Life"
1782:"How Legacy of the Watts Riot Consumed, Ruined Man's Life"
1643:"How Legacy Of The Watts Riot Consumed, Ruined Man's Life"
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mentioned the Watts riots in his poem "Who in the hell is
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Burn, Baby, Burn! The Los Angeles Race Riot, August 1965,
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Reitman, Valerie; Landsberg, Mitchell (August 11, 2005).
2374:"The Watts Riots of 1965, in a Los Angeles newspaper... "
803:. The arrival of so many black families to Pomona caused
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Michael Dear; H. Eric Schockman & Greg Hise (1996).
2507:"Fireman Warren E. Tilson, Los Angeles Fire Department"
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To quell the riots, Chief Parker initiated a policy of
426:. This wave of migration largely bypassed Los Angeles.
327:
3009:, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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school board representative tells head football coach
1125:?" and briefly mentions the events towards the end of
1111:", makes reference to the riots as resulting from the
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after the courts ruled such practices illegal in 1948
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prevented specific minorities from renting and buying
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The Last Days of the Late, Great State of California
458:
Los Angeles had racially restrictive covenants that
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Decline and Fall of the Spectacle-Commodity Economy
2650:"Cultures Follow Separate Paths in Huntington Park"
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502:Following the US entry into World War II after the
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2703:"King and Yorty Feud Over Causes of Roiting in LA"
2045:Cohen, Jerry; Murphy, William S. (July 15, 1966).
276:On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, a 21-year-old
2509:. Los Angeles Fire Department Historical Archive.
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1237:The riots are depicted in the third issue of the
595:Police arrest a man during the riots on August 12
572:Price, back with him to the scene of the arrest.
3007:Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s
2604:
2602:
2809:"Marquette Frye Dead; 'Man Who Began ///..Riot"
760:reinstated the Rumford Fair Housing Act in the
632:declared that law enforcement was confronting "
2648:Holguin, Rick; Ramos, George (April 7, 1990).
2558:"A Haunting Story Behind the 1965 Watts Riots"
2419:"Finding aid for the Watts Riots records 0084"
2233:"Violence in the City: An End or a Beginning?"
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1902:. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–109.
1766:. University of California Press. p. 30.
433:, black workers and families migrated to the
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3055:A Huey P. Newton Story – Times - Watts Riots
3015:, "A Journey into the Mind of Watts", 1966.
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1739:. Harvard University Press. pp. 68–72.
3092:African-American riots in the United States
2624:"On Race, Housing, and Confronting History"
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1480:History of African-Americans in Los Angeles
1246:The riots are referred to in the 2000 film
3001:A situationist interpretation of the riots
2985:Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties
2774:Los Angeles Times, 19 February 1966, p. 17
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2160:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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1376:The riots are mentioned in the 2020 novel
1064:The Best Band You Never Heard In Your Life
265:neighborhood and its surrounding areas of
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1213:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America
1001:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:Learn how and when to remove this message
1207:are set in Los Angeles during the riots.
668:(LBPD) in controlling the unruly crowd.
27:1965 riots in Los Angeles, United States
3102:August 1965 events in the United States
3087:African-American history in Los Angeles
2798:Progress Bulletin, 17 August 1975, p. 6
2291:. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 156.
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1811:McReynolds, Devon (February 14, 2016).
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705:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
3112:Riots and civil disorder in California
1588:. University of North Carolina Press.
1187:, an episode of the television series
1089:, directly references the Watts riots.
744:National civil rights leader Rev. Dr.
3127:Police brutality in the United States
3044:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 1968.
2403:"Watts Riot begins – August 11, 1965"
2152:
2150:
2080:from the original on December 6, 2013
2068:Szymanski, Michael (August 5, 1990).
1792:from the original on December 6, 2013
1780:Szymanski, Michael (August 5, 1990).
1760:Joshua, Bloom; Martin, Waldo (2016).
1476:, derived from the riots in the 1960s
1077:, was a chronicle of the Watts Riots.
628:" response to the disorder. Governor
462:property in certain areas, even long
7:
3037:. New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1969.
2960:Cohen, Jerry and William S. Murphy,
2786:Los Angeles Times, 19 May 1966, p. 3
2707:Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com
2539:"Police Officer Richard R. LeFebvre"
1086:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised
939:adding citations to reliable sources
607:direct traffic away from an area of
3063:– Watts and the riots of the 1960s.
2099:Dawsey, Darrell (August 19, 1990).
2036:. The Black Past (August 11, 1965).
1950:Gaspaire, Brent (January 7, 2013).
1674:Dawsey, Darrell (August 19, 1990).
1230:, in which Mosley's lead character
831:. Other committee members included
370:of 1915–1940, major populations of
2969:Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness
2893:Abramovich, Alex (July 20, 2001).
2556:Jerkins, Morgan (August 3, 2020).
1653:from the original on July 24, 2018
1326:'s lost chapter of his 1999 novel
1298:, as an example of class struggle.
1177:Conquest of the Planet of the Apes
25:
3132:Protests against police brutality
2734:University of Southern California
2521:"Deputy Sheriff Ronald E. Ludlow"
2196:University of Southern California
766:case (a decision affirmed by the
3117:Urban decay in the United States
2882:– via www.theguardian.com.
2874:Maycock, James (July 20, 2002).
2746:Dawsey, Darrell (July 8, 1990).
2462:Queally, James (July 29, 2015).
1612:Queally, James (July 29, 2015).
1453:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1397:
915:
865:
304:
2622:Ramirez, Aron (July 10, 2019).
1695:"Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles)"
926:needs additional citations for
780:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
253:, sometimes referred to as the
2583:Miracle at Malibu Materialized
2436:"Inside the Watts curfew zone"
1976:. In Joseph, Peniel E. (ed.).
1509:California Army National Guard
1216:mentions the Watts riots as a
1193:which aired November 9, 1990,
618:California Army National Guard
476:racially restrictive covenants
286:California Army National Guard
1:
2848:Woo, Elaine (June 22, 2013).
2709:. August 20, 1965. p. 17
2480:Rustin, Bayard (March 1966).
2425:. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
2409:. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
2387:"Watts Riots, 40 Years Later"
2128:Woo, Elaine (June 22, 2013).
2058:. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
1980:. Routledge. pp. 46–48.
1260:that he would be replaced by
611:burning during the Watts riot
472:U.S. unincorporated territory
271:Los Angeles Police Department
223:Hunters Point social uprising
2736:. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
2423:Online Archive of California
2008:Shaw, David (May 25, 2014).
1330:, as well as his 2005 novel
819:A commission under Governor
666:Long Beach Police Department
198:1966 Chicago West Side riots
3061:Watts – The Standard Bearer
1582:Felker-Kantor, Max (2018).
1322:The riots are mentioned in
1309:The riots are mentioned in
1014:The 1972 music festival at
682:Los Angeles Fire Department
334:the claims made and adding
188:1964 Philadelphia race riot
3153:
2543:Officer Down Memorial Page
2525:Officer Down Memorial Page
2174:. Oxford University Press.
1972:Theoharis, Jeanne (2006).
1870:. NYU Press. p. 202.
1733:Hinton, Elizabeth (2016).
1561:kinginstitute.stanford.edu
1405:Greater Los Angeles portal
636:fighting with gangsters".
2971:, New York: Bantam, 1967.
1896:Bernstein, Shana (2010).
1270:A Song Flung Up To Heaven
1240:Before Watchmen: Comedian
841:Dr. Sherman M. Mellinkoff
701:South Central Los Angeles
609:South Central Los Angeles
603:Soldiers of California's
569:California Highway Patrol
506:, the federal government
481:discrimination in housing
280:man, was pulled over for
168:
54:Two buildings on fire on
47:
42:Ghetto riots of the 1960s
39:
3137:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
2988:. New York: Verso Books.
2588:January 9, 2013, at the
2185:Alonso, Alex A. (1998).
1185:"Black on White on Fire"
758:California Supreme Court
754:Rumford Fair Housing Act
543:Bloody Christmas of 1951
468:Civil Rights Act of 1964
233:King assassination riots
228:Long, hot summer of 1967
178:1964 Rochester race riot
161:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
2964:New York: Dutton, 1966.
2405:. This Day in History.
2170:Walker, Yvette (2008).
1316:The Time of Our Singing
454:Residential segregation
1926:Rethinking Los Angeles
1474:Cloward–Piven strategy
1469:1992 Los Angeles riots
1273:, the sixth volume of
746:Martin Luther King Jr.
729:
612:
596:
504:attack on Pearl Harbor
431:Second Great Migration
208:1966 Perth Amboy riots
3107:Crimes in Los Angeles
2612:16.3 (1969): 312–324.
2258:Siegel, Fred (2014).
2156:Abu-Lughod, Janet L.
1303:O.J.: Made in America
1168:The producers of the
1113:Santa Ana Foehn winds
721:
660:, and even as far as
605:40th Armored Division
602:
594:
491:, which includes the
443:Franklin D. Roosevelt
429:In the 1940s, in the
218:1966 Dayton race riot
213:Waukegan riot of 1966
3035:Watts: The Aftermath
3027:Clayton D. Clingan,
1929:. Sage. p. 40.
1485:List of ethnic riots
1419:United States portal
1254:Alexandria, Virginia
1053:Mothers of Invention
1016:Los Angeles Coliseum
935:improve this article
508:removed and interned
447:Executive Order 8802
261:, took place in the
3097:Arson in California
3077:1965 in Los Angeles
3042:Listen to the Lambs
2895:"The Apes of Wrath"
2815:. December 25, 1986
2596:, November 14, 2002
2486:Commentary Magazine
2285:Troy, Tevi (2016).
2264:. Encounter Books.
2047:"Burn, Baby, Burn!"
1249:Remember the Titans
1220:rather than a riot.
1051:(with the original
907:Cultural references
837:Rev. James E. Jones
238:1969 York race riot
173:Harlem riot of 1964
18:Watts riots of 1965
3122:Watts, Los Angeles
2932:Gianfelice, Davide
2813:The New York Times
2628:The Downey Patriot
1505:United States Army
1501:Charles A. Ott Jr.
1379:The Vanishing Half
1286:The New Centurions
1171:Planet of the Apes
1162:There Goes My Baby
1058:Roxy and Elsewhere
877:. You can help by
833:Warren Christopher
768:U.S. Supreme Court
613:
597:
412:racial segregation
315:possibly contains
76:Watts, Los Angeles
66:August 11–16, 1965
2854:Los Angeles Times
2752:Los Angeles Times
2655:Los Angeles Times
2468:Los Angeles Times
2444:. August 11, 2015
2441:Los Angeles Times
2391:Los Angeles Times
2134:Los Angeles Times
2105:Los Angeles Times
2014:Los Angeles Times
1681:Los Angeles Times
1618:Los Angeles Times
1595:978-1-4696-4684-8
1461:California portal
1341:Christopher Titus
1153:Los Angeles Times
1043:Trouble Every Day
1032:Menace II Society
1011:
1010:
1003:
985:
895:
894:
815:McCone Commission
763:Reitman v. Mulkey
624:, and decreed a "
563:Inciting incident
539:William H. Parker
495:neighborhood and
489:South Los Angeles
372:African Americans
364:
363:
356:
317:original research
290:Rodney King riots
246:
245:
183:Dixmoor race riot
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
3144:
3021:David O' Sears,
2989:
2949:
2941:Jupiter's Circle
2928:Torres, Wilfredo
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2876:"Loud and proud"
2871:
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2838:
2837:. June 23, 2013.
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2683:. August 8, 2015
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1324:Michael Connelly
1306:, first episode.
1295:Jupiter's Circle
1267:In Chapter 9 of
1119:Charles Bukowski
1107:'s 1968 essay, "
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577:Orlando Sentinel
550:police brutality
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336:inline citations
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2974:
2967:Conot, Robert,
2957:
2955:Further reading
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2610:Social Problems
2607:
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2590:Wayback Machine
2581:Tracy Domingo,
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2239:on May 14, 2012
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1701:. June 12, 2017
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1563:. June 12, 2017
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1538:Zoot Suit Riots
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1281:Joseph Wambaugh
1218:slave rebellion
1095:'s 1968 novel,
1081:Gil Scott-Heron
1027:Hughes brothers
1007:
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875:needs expansion
860:
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785:Nation of Islam
756:. In 1966, the
738:
736:After the riots
708:
589:
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532:Alvin Poussaint
456:
424:Southern states
418:, violence and
382:cities such as
368:Great Migration
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3013:Thomas Pynchon
3010:
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2054:. Archived at
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1952:"Blockbusting"
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1370:I Am the Night
1365:
1358:'s 2010 album
1350:from American
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1159:The 1994 film
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1139:Pipes of Peace
1137:'s 1983 song "
1135:Paul McCartney
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1109:The Santa Anas
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528:Proposition 14
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2019:September 21,
2015:
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1909:9780199715893
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1512:Major General
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1328:Angels Flight
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1224:Walter Mosley
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955:
952: –
951:
950:"Watts riots"
947:
946:Find sources:
940:
936:
930:
929:
924:This section
922:
918:
913:
912:
906:
904:
901:
889:
886:February 2019
880:
876:
873:This section
871:
868:
864:
863:
857:
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851:
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809:Pomona Valley
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717:Bayard Rustin
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416:Jim Crow laws
413:
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408:New York City
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324:. (See Talk.)
323:
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313:This section
311:
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282:drunk driving
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3040:Johny Otis,
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2983:
2968:
2961:
2946:Image Comics
2939:
2920:Millar, Mark
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2880:The Guardian
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:
2843:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2757:November 22,
2755:. Retrieved
2751:
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2728:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2653:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
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2609:
2593:
2577:
2567:November 14,
2565:. Retrieved
2561:
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2515:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2439:
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2398:
2390:
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2320:
2316:
2287:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2215:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2110:November 23,
2108:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2056:Google Books
2049:
2041:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:
1957:November 13,
1955:. Retrieved
1945:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1866:
1856:
1851:, LA Almanac
1849:"Population"
1844:
1832:
1822:November 13,
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1785:
1762:
1755:
1735:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1679:
1655:. Retrieved
1646:
1622:. Retrieved
1616:
1584:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1433:1960s portal
1384:Brit Bennett
1377:
1368:
1359:
1356:Cypress Hill
1348:titular song
1339:In comedian
1331:
1314:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1275:Maya Angelou
1268:
1262:Herman Boone
1247:
1238:
1232:Easy Rawlins
1227:
1211:
1201:
1190:Quantum Leap
1188:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1126:
1096:
1084:
1075:Judy Collins
1062:
1056:
1046:
1030:
997:
988:
978:
971:
964:
957:
945:
933:Please help
928:verification
925:
896:
883:
879:adding to it
874:
852:
847:
845:
818:
805:White flight
798:
794:
791:White flight
772:
761:
743:
739:
730:
722:
713:
694:
674:deadly force
670:
638:
626:paramilitary
614:
581:
576:
574:
566:
558:
547:
536:
525:
521:blockbusting
517:
513:Little Tokyo
501:
457:
441:. President
439:World War II
428:
400:Philadelphia
376:Northeastern
365:
350:
344:January 2024
341:
314:
275:
258:
254:
250:
248:
192:
40:Part of the
29:
3029:Watts Riots
2980:Wiener, Jon
2976:Davis, Mike
2901:. Slate.com
2687:December 5,
2482:"The Watts"
2218:. ABC-CLIO.
1567:October 22,
1523:Urban riots
1518:Urban decay
1333:The Closers
1243:comic book.
1195:Sam Beckett
1128:Post Office
1105:Joan Didion
1093:Curt Gentry
1039:Frank Zappa
991:August 2018
697:mass arrest
587:Riot begins
267:Los Angeles
251:Watts riots
203:Hough riots
193:Watts riots
35:Watts riots
3082:1965 riots
3071:Categories
2993:Guy Debord
2905:August 30,
2661:August 23,
2633:August 23,
2491:January 3,
2243:January 3,
1993:January 9,
1258:Bill Yoast
1210:The movie
1203:Dark Skies
1048:Freak Out!
961:newspapers
658:Long Beach
634:guerrillas
435:West Coast
396:Cincinnati
380:Midwestern
328:improve it
296:Background
99:Casualties
3017:full text
1544:Footnotes
1283:'s novel
1226:'s novel
1147:Heat Wave
1123:Tom Jones
1083:'s song,
1071:Phil Ochs
1018:known as
900:pneumonia
858:Aftermath
827:director
821:Pat Brown
775:communist
725:masochism
662:San Diego
630:Pat Brown
622:Viet Cong
537:In 1950,
392:St. Louis
374:moved to
332:verifying
292:of 1992.
2999:, 1965.
2982:(2020).
2859:June 22,
2819:June 23,
2586:Archived
2139:June 22,
2084:June 22,
2078:Archived
1864:(2014).
1796:June 22,
1790:Archived
1657:March 2,
1651:Archived
1533:Wattstax
1391:See also
1313:' novel
1020:Wattstax
654:Monrovia
646:Pasadena
642:shootout
466:and the
120:Arrested
112:Injuries
104:Death(s)
71:Location
2938:).
2934: (
2926:),
2922: (
2713:July 3,
2594:Graphic
2448:May 20,
2407:History
1705:June 6,
1624:May 31,
1361:Rise Up
1352:hip hop
1319:(2003).
975:scholar
719:wrote:
690:looting
650:Pacoima
497:Compton
445:issued
422:in the
388:Chicago
384:Detroit
366:In the
326:Please
91:Methods
3057:at PBS
2337:799788
2335:
2295:
2268:
1984:
1933:
1906:
1874:
1839:, KCET
1743:
1592:
1354:group
977:
970:
963:
956:
948:
801:Pomona
709:
406:, and
404:Boston
322:WP:NOR
2354:(PDF)
2333:JSTOR
2192:(PDF)
1817:LAist
1252:. An
1029:film
982:JSTOR
968:books
686:Arson
493:Watts
263:Watts
123:3,438
115:1,032
83:Goals
2907:2011
2861:2013
2821:2013
2759:2011
2715:2021
2689:2022
2663:2020
2635:2020
2569:2020
2562:Time
2493:2012
2450:2023
2293:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2245:2012
2141:2013
2112:2011
2086:2013
2051:Life
2021:2014
1995:2024
1982:ISBN
1959:2020
1931:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1824:2020
1798:2013
1741:ISBN
1707:2020
1659:2018
1626:2020
1590:ISBN
1569:2018
1507:and
1346:The
1061:and
1025:The
954:news
688:and
485:East
378:and
249:The
63:Date
2325:doi
1382:by
1183:In
937:by
881:.
825:CIA
487:or
330:by
257:or
3073::
2995:,
2978:;
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