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302:. In 1936, trouble again flared up in Waziristan in the form of a political and religious agitation by Mirzali Khan. For some time, there had been growing unrest in the region, fueled by a perception of a weakening of British resolve to govern following a number of constitutional changes in India; however, following a trial of a Muslim student on a charge of abducting a Hindu girl, Mirzali Khan began spreading anti-British sentiment in earnest, claiming that the government was interfering in a religious matter.
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409:. Using captured mountain guns and modern rifles, the vehicles were destroyed and the exits blocked, and in the ensuing battle seven officers and 45 men were killed, while another 47 were wounded. The tribesmen did not have everything their way, however, as the British began quartering the troubled areas and destroying hostile villages with both air and ground forces. These forces included five
362:
357:
from Mirali ran into even tougher opposition and were delayed until the following day. The supply situation was desperate and casualties numbered around 100, so it was decided to withdraw both columns back to Mirali. This was achieved, but the picquets and rearguard were heavily engaged on numerous
401:
While the
British attempted to stamp out the insurrection by drawing the tribesmen into decisive engagement, Mirzali Khan remained at large (and indeed was never caught), and on the main, the tribesmen managed to avoid being drawn into battle using guerrilla tactics of ambush in order to keep the
369:
The outcome of the expedition was the reverse of the desired outcome, as, instead of demonstrating government resolve and strength, it had in fact highlighted their weakness and
Mirzali Khan's support rose dramatically. For the next year, trouble and insurrection spread throughout Waziristan, as
444:
By
December 1937, the Mirzali Khan's support began to wane and following this, the decision was made to withdraw most of the additional brigades that had been brought up to bolster the garrisons at Razmak, Bannu and Wanna as it was decided that their presence would only serve to inflame the
353:, began the march without incident, but after three days came under fire while traversing a narrow valley about 10 miles (16 km) short of Bichhe Kashkai. Intense fighting ensued as the column had to fight its way through to the village, while the two Indian battalions that made up
810:
806:
460:
After 1939, the North West
Frontier quieted down, and remained reasonably peaceful. Apart from the occasional raid on a village or attack on a garrison, things would remain this way until the end of British rule in 1947 when
274:, also known by the British as the "Faqir of Ipi", a religious and political agitator who was spreading anti-British sentiment in the region and undermining the prestige of the Indian government in Waziristan at the time.
1918:
681:
British airpower was again to prove a decisive asset in this campaign, as the use of aerial reconnaissance and close air support at the tactical level was refined and put to great effect. See
Moreman for further
346:, and as the purpose of the expedition was only as a demonstration to the tribesmen of government resolve, the decision was made that no offensive action was to be taken unless troops were fired upon.
1846:
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against the fiercely independent tribesmen that inhabited this region. These operations were conducted in 1936–1939, when operations were undertaken against followers of the
Pashtun nationalist
402:
initiative. In doing so, they inflicted considerable casualties upon the
British and Indian troops. An example of this occurred in April 1937, when a convoy from Wanna was ambushed in the
2060:
398:
and at the height of the campaign in 1937, some 60,000 regular and irregular troops were employed by the
British in an effort to bring to battle an estimated 4,000 hostile tribesmen.
452:, killing up to 200 civilians and damaging a considerable amount of property. As a result of this, British prestige was again weakened and support for Mirzali Khan grew once again.
298:
there had been a period of relative peace in the region. Throughout 1921–1924 the
British undertook a road construction effort in the region that led to further conflict during the
853:
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Consisting of the 1st
Northamptonshire Regiment, 5th/12th Frontier Force Regiment, 6th/13th Frontier Force Rifles, 1st/9th Gurkhas and three mountain batteries
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Trouble flared up again in 1938–39, although to a much lesser extent. On 23 July 1938, a tribal force launched an attack on the town of
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against the Wazir tribes. Minor skirmishes had continued into 1921, but after the establishment of a permanent garrison at
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One Man against the Empire: The Faqir of Ipi and the British in Central Asia on the Eve of and during the Second World War
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In late November 1936, in order to reassert the perception of control over the region, with the approval of the Tori Khel
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Souvenir presented by British Officers depicting Tribal Marksman in an ambush against invading British Indian Forces.
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Empire and Tribe in the Afghan Frontier Region: Custom, Conflict and British Strategy in Waziristan until 1947
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Beattie, Hugh (2019). "Chapter 7: British policy in Waziristan and the Razmak base".
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to the east, to join up at the village of Bichhe Kashkai with a column from the
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An RAF Hawker Hart and an Indian Army Crossley armoured car, c. late 1930s
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August 1938, Waziristan. Razani Military Camp. Taken from the Razmak side
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Official History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1936–37
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The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare 1847–1947
780:. Naval & Military Press, and The Imperial War Museum, London.
326:. This would be achieved by marching a column from the garrison at
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835:
322:, the government of India decided to move troops through the
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had been brought in to reinforce the garrisons at Razmak,
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there were strict rules governing such expeditions on the
640:. Kyber.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013
827:
British and Indian Army Frontier Military Operations
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816: [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180831 180831
721:Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947
2061:Military campaigns involving the United Kingdom
487:– Geography, economy, political situation, etc.
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262:comprised a number of operations conducted in
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638:"Army in India and Frontier Warfare 1914–39"
465:was launched against the state of Pakistan.
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334:, which would advance from the south from
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290:In 1919–1920, the British had fought a
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491:North-West Frontier (military history)
807:From The Black Mountain To Waziristan
7:
1113:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
413:of mechanised field artillery, two
755:Wilkinson-Latham, Robert. (1977).
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2066:Military history of British India
862:Colonial conflicts involving the
506:Waziristan rebellion of 1948-1954
27:British military campaign in Asia
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1:
2071:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1438:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
1282:Castle Hill convict rebellion
759:. Osprey Publishing: London.
757:North West Frontier 1837–1947
525:Motadel, David (2014-11-30).
480:Waziristan campaign (1919–20)
260:Waziristan campaign 1936–1939
18:Waziristan campaign 1936–1939
531:. Harvard University Press.
528:Islam and Nazi Germany's War
349:The Razmak column, known as
719:Barthorp, Michael. (2002).
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1955:Jewish revolt in Palestine
1600:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
1245:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
1137:American Revolutionary War
1726:Jameson Raid South Africa
741:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
658:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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584:Wilkinson-Latham, p. 28.
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1630:Second Anglo-Afghan War
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1408:Third Anglo-Maratha War
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1143:First Anglo-Maratha War
1871:Third Anglo-Afghan War
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557:(1981) by Milan Hauner
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1071:French and Indian War
811:. Macmillan: London.
794:. Macmillan: London.
790:Moreman, Tim. (1998)
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340:British rule in India
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244:Casualties and losses
1690:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
1498:First Anglo-Sikh War
1474:Egyptian–Ottoman War
804:Wylly, H.C. (1912).
214:Thakur Mahadeo Singh
1943:Waziristan campaign
1877:Waziristan campaign
1570:Revolt of Rajab Ali
1047:War of Jenkins' Ear
723:. Cassell: London.
496:Pashtun Nationalism
485:North-West Frontier
475:No. 31 Squadron RAF
344:North West Frontier
338:. By this stage of
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33:Waziristan campaign
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1720:Chitral Expedition
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974:King Philip's War
950:Anglo-Spanish War
800:978-0-31221-703-7
748:978-1-83860-085-3
694:Barthorp, p. 175.
672:Barthorp, p. 173.
614:Barthorp, p. 171.
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463:another rebellion
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1059:Carnatic Wars
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1942:
1883:Iraqi Revolt
1738:Matabeleland
1714:North Borneo
1708:Matabeleland
1660:Saskatchewan
1462:Upper Canada
1456:Lower Canada
1414:Persian Gulf
1330:Persian Gulf
1270:Newfoundland
1251:Polygar Wars
1221:Kandyan Wars
1173:Nootka Sound
805:
791:
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756:
737:
720:
682:information.
677:
668:
642:. Retrieved
619:
610:
601:
580:
571:
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554:
547:
527:
520:
501:Pashtunistan
459:
447:
443:
431:Hawker Harts
404:Shahur Tangi
400:
368:
354:
350:
348:
317:
289:
272:Mirzali Khan
259:
257:
191:Mirzali Khan
108:
90:Belligerents
2003:Suez Crisis
1901:Transjordan
1805:West Africa
1782:(1899–1902)
1776:(1898–1901)
1768:Six-Day War
1716:(1894–1905)
1704:(1891–1895)
1684:Mashonaland
1648:Mahdist War
1588:Shimonoseki
1518:(1847–1901)
1428:(1824–1901)
1396:Cape Colony
1294:Cape Colony
1253:(1799–1805)
1247:(1799–1803)
1235:(1798–1800)
1223:(1796–1818)
1197:Cape Colony
1187:(1793–1806)
1169:(1788–1934)
1065:Nova Scotia
1035:Yamasee War
1006:(1694–1700)
980:Child's War
968:2nd Tangier
962:1st Tangier
958:(1655–1739)
908:Saint Kitts
886:(1593–1603)
63:British Raj
2055:Categories
1907:Pink's War
1799:Somaliland
1636:Basutoland
1390:Guadeloupe
1372:Xhosa Wars
1354:Seychelles
1336:Guadeloupe
1324:Martinique
1191:Rohilkhand
1155:Gold Coast
1125:Rohilkhand
1083:Bengal War
920:Pequot War
714:References
306:Operations
278:Background
264:Waziristan
104:Waziristan
55:Waziristan
2039:Falklands
2035:(1963–67)
2029:(1962–66)
2023:(1962–90)
2011:(1962–76)
1999:(1955–59)
1993:(1954–59)
1987:(1952–60)
1981:(1948–60)
1975:(1946–50)
1967:Indonesia
1963:(1945–46)
1961:Indochina
1957:(1944–48)
1945:(1936–39)
1939:(1936–39)
1927:(1931–32)
1921:(1930–31)
1915:(1927–30)
1897:(1922–24)
1895:Kurdistan
1879:(1919–20)
1855:(1916–17)
1835:Nyasaland
1831:(1914–15)
1825:(1914–15)
1813:(1903–04)
1807:(1901–02)
1801:(1900–20)
1764:(1897–98)
1758:(1897–98)
1740:(1896–97)
1710:(1893–94)
1674:(1886–89)
1650:(1881–99)
1644:(1880–81)
1638:(1880–81)
1632:(1879–80)
1620:(1875–76)
1606:Abyssinia
1602:(1866–71)
1596:(1864–65)
1584:(1863–64)
1576:Kagoshima
1572:(1857–58)
1566:(1857–59)
1560:(1856–60)
1554:(1856–57)
1548:(1854–56)
1546:Åland War
1530:(1848–49)
1506:(1845–50)
1500:(1845–46)
1494:(1845–72)
1488:(1839–42)
1482:(1839–42)
1476:(1839–41)
1464:(1837–38)
1458:(1837–38)
1452:(1831–33)
1446:(1831–32)
1440:(1828–32)
1434:(1824–26)
1410:(1817–18)
1386:(1814–16)
1380:(1812–15)
1374:(1811–79)
1368:(1810–11)
1348:Mauritius
1320:(1808–09)
1302:(1806–07)
1278:(1803–05)
1241:(1798–99)
1211:(1795–96)
1205:(1795–96)
1181:(1789–92)
1157:(1781–82)
1151:(1779–84)
1145:(1775–82)
1139:(1775–83)
1127:(1773–74)
1121:(1769–73)
1115:(1765–71)
1109:(1763–66)
1103:(1762–63)
1091:(1758–61)
1085:(1756–65)
1079:(1756–63)
1073:(1754–63)
1067:(1749–55)
1061:(1746–63)
1055:(1744–48)
1049:(1740–42)
1043:(1722–25)
1037:(1715–17)
1031:(1711–15)
1025:(1702–13)
1000:(1688–97)
994:(1688–91)
982:(1686–90)
976:(1675–78)
952:(1654–60)
946:(1654–67)
940:(1649–53)
934:(1641–53)
922:(1634–38)
892:(1609–46)
456:Aftermath
427:squadrons
415:companies
411:batteries
80:aftermath
45:1936–1939
2027:Malaysia
1949:Ethiopia
1847:Peshawar
1612:Manitoba
1594:Duar War
890:Virginia
654:cite web
469:See also
425:and six
388:brigades
384:Bettanis
292:campaign
231:Strength
67:Pakistan
50:Location
2021:Sarawak
1973:Sarawak
1865:Nigeria
1853:Mohmand
1841:Nigeria
1792:century
1450:Malacca
1444:Jamaica
1402:Algiers
1342:Reunion
1288:Surinam
1263:century
1209:Grenada
1203:Jamaica
1095:Jamaica
1016:century
956:Jamaica
884:Ireland
877:century
864:English
380:Mahsuds
266:by the
249:unknown
122:Germany
2041:(1982)
2017:(1962)
2015:Brunei
2005:(1956)
1969:(1945)
1951:(1943)
1933:(1935)
1909:(1925)
1903:(1923)
1891:(1921)
1885:(1920)
1873:(1919)
1867:(1918)
1861:(1917)
1859:Quebec
1849:(1915)
1843:(1915)
1837:(1915)
1819:(1906)
1770:(1899)
1752:(1897)
1746:(1897)
1734:(1896)
1728:(1896)
1722:(1895)
1698:(1891)
1692:(1891)
1686:(1890)
1680:(1888)
1678:Hazara
1668:(1885)
1662:(1885)
1656:(1882)
1626:(1879)
1614:(1870)
1608:(1868)
1590:(1864)
1578:(1863)
1542:(1854)
1536:(1852)
1524:(1848)
1522:Ceylon
1512:(1847)
1510:Canton
1470:(1839)
1422:(1823)
1420:Guiana
1416:(1819)
1404:(1816)
1398:(1815)
1392:(1815)
1362:(1810)
1356:(1810)
1350:(1810)
1344:(1810)
1338:(1810)
1332:(1809)
1326:(1809)
1314:(1807)
1308:(1807)
1296:(1806)
1290:(1804)
1284:(1804)
1272:(1800)
1229:(1798)
1217:(1795)
1215:Ceylon
1199:(1795)
1193:(1794)
1175:(1789)
1163:(1786)
1133:(1774)
1097:(1762)
988:(1687)
970:(1664)
964:(1662)
944:Acadia
928:(1641)
916:(1628)
914:Quebec
910:(1626)
904:(1622)
898:(1612)
896:Swally
798:
784:
763:
745:
727:
644:14 May
535:
407:defile
376:Dawars
372:Wazirs
351:Razcol
336:Mirali
328:Razmak
320:maliks
296:Razmak
165:
147:
119:
75:Result
1919:Tirah
1829:Tochi
1618:Perak
1384:Nepal
1306:Egypt
1233:Malta
1161:Assam
1004:Ghana
902:Ormuz
552:JSTOR
512:Notes
450:Bannu
419:Mk II
396:Wanna
392:Bannu
355:Tocol
252:heavy
168:India
134:Italy
2033:Aden
2009:Oman
1991:Oman
1790:20th
1366:Java
1261:19th
1014:18th
986:Siam
875:17th
814:OCLC
796:ISBN
782:ISBN
761:ISBN
743:ISBN
725:ISBN
660:link
646:2009
533:ISBN
437:and
421:and
394:and
258:The
78:see
42:Date
1378:USA
417:of
2057::
699:^
687:^
656:}}
652:{{
628:^
589:^
441:.
433:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
866:/
855:e
848:t
841:v
767:.
751:.
731:.
662:)
648:.
541:.
69:)
61:,
57:,
20:)
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