46:
4190:
4130:
4170:
4150:
1548:
2417:
3237:. A typical procedure would be as follows. A quantity of strong acid is added to a solution containing the acid or a salt of the acid, to the point where the compound is fully protonated. The solution is then titrated with a strong base
2892:
45:
3432:
The strength of an acid varies from solvent to solvent. An acid which is strong in water may be weak in a less basic solvent, and an acid which is weak in water may be strong in a more basic solvent. According to
2500:
3724:
975:
2505:
The solvent (e.g. water) is omitted from this expression when its concentration is effectively unchanged by the process of acid dissociation. The strength of a weak acid can be quantified in terms of a
4454:
Zhang, Dingliang; Rettig, Stephen J.; Trotter, James; Aubke, Friedhelm (1996). "Superacid Anions: Crystal and
Molecular Structures of Oxonium Undecafluorodiantimonate(V), , Cesium Fluorosulfate, CsSO
2728:
1750:
1651:
3901:, and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths. The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by
3529:
3305:
3045:
3765:
744:
2120:
4098:
3962:
3867:
3231:
2377:
2026:
1837:
1788:
1410:
1376:
1311:
1277:
1243:
1182:
1109:
467:
1313:
values indicating that it undergoes incomplete dissociation in these solvents, making it a weak acid. However, as the rigorously dried, neat acidic medium, hydrogen fluoride has an
2652:
3119:
3829:
3581:
785:
649:
550:
593:
3386:
3172:
3077:
2684:
2076:
1506:
919:
882:
818:
507:
1993:
1072:
1042:
3337:
2444:
1680:
1477:
1004:
408:
375:
342:
2343:
2296:
2236:
2176:
2962:
2566:
654:
A weak acid is only partially dissociated, or is partly ionized in water with both the undissociated acid and its dissociation products being present, in solution, in
2923:
2711:
2535:
1537:
1444:
1338:
1209:
1148:
2723:
2424:
A weak acid is a substance that partially dissociates, or partly ionizes when it is dissolved in a solvent. In solution there is an equilibrium between the acid,
3359:
It is sometimes stated that "the conjugate of a weak acid is a strong base". Such a statement is incorrect. For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a
3434:
238:
179:
4285:
Trummal, Aleksander; Lipping, Lauri; Kaljurand, Ivari; Koppel, Ilmar A.; Leito, Ivo (2016). "Acidity of strong acids in water and dimethyl sulfoxide".
1344:. (To prevent ambiguity, in the rest of this article, "strong acid" will, unless otherwise stated, refer to an acid that is strong as measured by its
299:
1839:, cannot be measured experimentally. The values in the following table are average values from as many as 8 different theoretical calculations.
1512:, which may be determined by an equilibrium calculation. For concentrated solutions of acids, especially strong acids for which pH < 0, the
3964:
value. The effect decreases, the further the electronegative element is from the carboxylate group, as illustrated by the following series of
4365:
2452:
1682:
is too low to be measured. For practical purposes a strong acid can be said to be completely dissociated. An example of a strong acid is
4458:
F, Cesium
Hydrogen Bis(fluorosulfate), Cs, Cesium Tetrakis(fluorosulfato)aurate(III), Cs, Cesium Hexakis(fluorosulfato)platinate(IV), Cs
4026:
4011:
3996:
1211:
values are measures of distinct properties and may occasionally diverge. For instance, hydrogen fluoride, whether dissolved in water (
1150:
value. Although these two concepts of acid strength often amount to the same general tendency of a substance to donate a proton, the
3905:. It has been shown that to define the order of Lewis acid strength at least two properties must be considered. For the qualitative
3589:
4433:
4273:
4253:
4565:
Laurence, C. and Gal, J-F. Lewis
Basicity and Affinity Scales, Data and Measurement, (Wiley 2010) pp 50-51 ISBN 978-0-470-74957-9
924:
4041:
2930:
of the acid. When all the quantities in this equation are treated as numbers, ionic charges are not shown and this becomes a
4492:, Schlosberg RH (1968). "Chemistry in Super Acids. I. Hydrogen Exchange and Polycondensation of Methane and Alkanes in FSO
292:
4575:
Cramer, R. E.; Bopp, T. T. (1977). "Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases".
3926:
In organic carboxylic acids, an electronegative substituent can pull electron density out of an acidic bond through the
1692:
2686:
is known it can be used to determine the extent of dissociation in a solution with a given concentration of the acid,
1565:
3443:
3243:
2970:
3420:= 10), which certainly does not correspond to a strong base. The conjugate of a weak acid is often a weak base and
3194:
3178:
2411:
1846:
1111:
value measures the tendency of an acidic solute to transfer a proton to a standard solvent (most commonly water or
885:
852:
788:
31:
70:
3736:
664:
3347:. The equilibrium constant is found by fitting calculated pH values to the observed values, using the method of
115:
2927:
2081:
1509:
1120:
411:
285:
135:
120:
4069:
3933:
3838:
3202:
2348:
1997:
1808:
1759:
1381:
1347:
1340:
value of –15, making it a more strongly protonating medium than 100% sulfuric acid and thus, by definition, a
1282:
1248:
1214:
1153:
1080:
140:
424:
65:
2387:
4100:
values decrease with the oxidation state of the element. The oxoacids of chlorine illustrate this trend.
4504:
and
Related Hydrocarbon Ions. The High Chemical Reactivity of "Paraffins" in Ionic Solution Reactions".
2575:
2399:
655:
268:
243:
184:
150:
110:
100:
3094:
1115:), the tendency of an acidic solvent to transfer a proton to a reference solute (most commonly a weak
4540:
4294:
3880:
3781:
2714:
2507:
2133:
145:
4228:
The
Hammett Acidity Function for Hydrofluoric Acid and some related Superacid Systems (Ph.D. Thesis)
4226:
3541:
755:
601:
515:
4189:
2300:
2240:
840:
835:
for the atom to which the proton may be attached. Acid strength is solvent-dependent. For example,
828:
558:
3362:
3132:
3053:
2660:
2036:
1482:
895:
858:
794:
482:
4318:
3775:
2931:
1966:
1657:
418:
of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions.
345:
4129:
3185:, for which the simple method of calculating the pH of a solution, shown above, cannot be used.
1047:
1017:
4593:
The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C parameters are listed in
3313:
2427:
1790:
value which is less than about -2 is classed as a strong acid. This results from the very high
1663:
1453:
980:
384:
351:
325:
4429:
4361:
4310:
4269:
4249:
4195:
2305:
2245:
2185:
2138:
2127:
1874:
1011:
836:
824:
477:
155:
2937:
2541:
4584:
4548:
4513:
4471:
4404:
4302:
3927:
3897:
reacting with Lewis bases in gas phase and non-aqueous solvents have been classified in the
3084:
2887:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T_{H}&=+\\&=+/K_{a}\\&=+^{2}/K_{a}\end{aligned}}}
1890:
320:
258:
228:
90:
80:
2901:
2689:
1515:
1422:
1316:
1187:
1126:
4135:
3768:
3730:
3340:
3126:
2513:
1938:
1906:
1805:
The following are strong acids in aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The values of
1799:
1791:
1683:
832:
510:
130:
95:
55:
3879:
are strong acids even in solvents of low dielectric constant. Examples of superacids are
4544:
4298:
4626:
4489:
4620:
4175:
3968:
3348:
3182:
2383:
2031:
1007:
596:
4610:
4322:
4155:
4046:
3122:
1922:
1551:
Image of a strong acid mostly dissociating. The small red circles represent H ions.
1479:
in solution. The pH of a simple solution of an acid in water is determined by both
1412:< –1.74). This usage is consistent with the common parlance of most practicing
248:
199:
194:
189:
105:
3050:
This equation shows that the pH of a solution of a weak acid depends on both its
977:) than weaker acids. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton,
787:) is an example of a weak acid. The strength of a weak acid is quantified by its
3965:
3906:
3894:
3888:
3832:
3535:
3088:
3080:
2395:
1961:
749:
553:
473:
253:
204:
85:
4169:
3125:
because it can lose two protons and react with two molecules of a simple base.
4149:
4025:
4010:
3995:
3887:. Some superacids can be crystallised. They can also quantitatively stabilize
3884:
2180:
1660:(DMSO), to such an extent that the concentration of the undissociated species
415:
219:
4306:
3831:. A compound which is a weak acid in water may become a strong acid in DMSO.
3339:, remains in solution. At each point in the titration pH is measured using a
4594:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3876:
3234:
1341:
889:
273:
263:
214:
209:
160:
4314:
839:
is a strong acid in aqueous solution, but is a weak acid when dissolved in
4500:("Magic Acid") Solution. Protonation of Alkanes and the Intermediacy of CH
3344:
1074:
bond. Acid strengths also depend on the stability of the conjugate base.
17:
4517:
3909:
the two properties are hardness and strength while for the quantitative
1547:
4063:
3389:
2391:
1508:
and the acid concentration. For weak acid solutions, it depends on the
1413:
1116:
4588:
4552:
4475:
2495:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HA} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {H^{+}+A^{-}} }
2416:
1656:
where S represents a solvent molecule, such as a molecule of water or
3870:
1450:
value, which is a negative logarithm of the concentration of aqueous
1419:
When the acidic medium in question is a dilute aqueous solution, the
4409:
4385:
4040:
3774:
An important example of a solvent which is more basic than water is
3079:
value and its concentration. Typical examples of weak acids include
3534:
For example, hydrochloric acid is a weak acid in solution in pure
2415:
1546:
378:
1044:
bond and the size of atom A, which determine the strength of the
3835:
is an example of such a substance. An extensive bibliography of
3719:{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2CCH3 + HCl <=> (HO)2CCH3+ + Cl-}}}
1112:
316:
169:
60:
3869:
values in solution in DMSO and other solvents can be found at
3195:
Acid dissociation constant § Experimental determination
970:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}=-\log K_{\text{a}}}
4441:
1795:
1447:
827:
acid may depend on substituent effects. The strength of an
125:
2402:
is an example of a substance that is a solid strong acid.
3814:
3801:
3684:
3617:
3604:
3569:
3556:
3290:
3160:
3147:
2327:
2280:
2267:
2220:
2207:
2160:
2106:
2064:
2051:
1981:
1707:
770:
633:
620:
577:
534:
2464:
4462:, and Cesium Hexakis(fluorosulfato)antimonate(V), Cs".
1559:
is an acid that dissociates according to the reaction
3647:
3478:
2934:
in the value of the hydrogen ion concentration value,
1600:
693:
4440:
Chapter 4: Experimental
Procedure for Potentiometric
4234:. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University. p. 94.
4072:
3936:
3841:
3784:
3739:
3592:
3544:
3446:
3365:
3316:
3246:
3205:
3135:
3097:
3056:
2973:
2940:
2904:
2726:
2692:
2663:
2578:
2569:
signifies the concentration of a chemical moiety, X.
2544:
2516:
2455:
2430:
2351:
2308:
2248:
2188:
2141:
2084:
2039:
2000:
1969:
1811:
1762:
1695:
1666:
1568:
1518:
1485:
1456:
1425:
1384:
1350:
1319:
1285:
1251:
1217:
1190:
1156:
1129:
1083:
1050:
1020:
983:
927:
898:
861:
797:
758:
667:
604:
561:
518:
485:
427:
387:
354:
328:
4340:(2nd ed.), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
851:
The usual measure of the strength of an acid is its
4531:Vogel G. C.; Drago, R. S. (1996). "The ECW Model".
3973:
3913:the two properties are electrostatic and covalent.
3177:For a more rigorous treatment of acid strength see
1745:{\displaystyle {\ce {HClO_{4}-> H+ + ClO_{4}-}}}
4092:
3956:
3861:
3823:
3759:
3718:
3575:
3523:
3380:
3331:
3299:
3225:
3166:
3113:
3071:
3039:
2956:
2917:
2886:
2705:
2678:
2646:
2560:
2529:
2494:
2438:
2394:. Some sulfonic acids can be isolated as solids.
2371:
2337:
2290:
2230:
2170:
2114:
2070:
2020:
1987:
1831:
1782:
1744:
1674:
1645:
1539:value is a better measure of acidity than the pH.
1531:
1500:
1471:
1438:
1404:
1370:
1332:
1305:
1271:
1237:
1203:
1176:
1142:
1103:
1066:
1036:
998:
969:
913:
876:
812:
779:
738:
643:
587:
544:
501:
461:
402:
369:
336:
4613:and simulation of potentiometric titration curves
3655:
3654:
3637:
3636:
3486:
3485:
3468:
3467:
1646:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + S <=> SH+ + A-}}}
1608:
1607:
1590:
1589:
1006:. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of
701:
700:
683:
682:
3524:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + S<=> A- + HS+}}}
27:Measure of the tendency of an acid to dissociate
3300:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA + OH- -> A- + H2O}}}
3181:. This includes acids such as the dibasic acid
3040:{\displaystyle {\frac {^{2}}{K_{a}}}+-T_{H}=0}
2390:(tosylic acid) are a class of strong organic
293:
8:
4426:Determination and Use of Stability Constants
4351:
4349:
4347:
3871:Acidity–Basicity Data in Nonaqueous Solvents
3760:{\displaystyle {\ce {HI > HBr > HCl}}}
2126:The following can be used as protonators in
739:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA <=> H+ + A-}}}
3233:value is commonly performed by means of a
2115:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a1}}}}
300:
286:
35:
4408:
4379:
4377:
4356:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
4093:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
4083:
4082:
4073:
4071:
3957:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
3947:
3946:
3937:
3935:
3862:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
3852:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3771:for the three acids, while water is not.
3740:
3738:
3709:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3514:
3501:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3289:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3247:
3245:
3226:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
3216:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3025:
2998:
2987:
2974:
2972:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2909:
2903:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2821:
2812:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2697:
2691:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2618:
2602:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2521:
2515:
2485:
2472:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2431:
2429:
2372:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
2362:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2021:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
2011:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1832:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1822:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1783:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1773:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1735:
1730:
1717:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1667:
1665:
1636:
1623:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1523:
1517:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1430:
1424:
1405:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1395:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1371:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1324:
1318:
1306:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1296:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1272:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1262:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1238:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1228:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1195:
1189:
1177:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1167:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1134:
1128:
1104:{\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{{\ce {a}}}}
1094:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1025:
1021:
1019:
989:
984:
982:
961:
938:
937:
928:
926:
904:
903:
897:
867:
866:
860:
803:
802:
796:
769:
764:
759:
757:
729:
716:
702:
695:
694:
692:
684:
677:
675:
674:
672:
668:
666:
632:
627:
619:
614:
606:
605:
603:
576:
571:
563:
562:
560:
533:
528:
520:
519:
517:
487:
486:
484:
452:
439:
428:
426:
393:
388:
386:
360:
355:
353:
329:
327:
4506:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4424:Martell, A.E.; Motekaitis, R.J. (1992).
4102:
2420:Image of a weak acid partly dissociating
1843:
462:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA -> H+ + A-}}}
4444:Measurement of Metal Complex Equilibria
4217:
3630:
3461:
3437:, the solvent S can accept a proton.
3388:= 1.75 x 10. Its conjugate base is the
1583:
676:
227:
168:
38:
2446:, and the products of dissociation.
892:methods. Stronger acids have a larger
4386:"Hydrolysis of esters of oxy acids: p
4248:(2nd ed., Prentice-Hall 1998, p.170)
3310:until only the deprotonated species,
7:
3199:The experimental determination of a
921:and a smaller logarithmic constant (
3583:, which is more acidic than water.
4074:
3938:
3843:
3406:= 5.7 x 10 (from the relationship
3207:
2647:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {}{}}}
2482:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2353:
2086:
2002:
1813:
1764:
1386:
1352:
1287:
1253:
1219:
1158:
1085:
929:
25:
3917:Factors determining acid strength
3114:{\displaystyle {\ce {HOOC-COOH}}}
1798:of 1 or less and is known as the
4188:
4168:
4148:
4128:
4039:
4024:
4009:
3994:
3824:{\displaystyle {\ce {(CH3)2SO}}}
3729:The extent of ionization of the
44:
4360:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
3576:{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2CCH3}}}
3435:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
780:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH3COOH}}}
644:{\displaystyle {\ce {(H2SO4)}}}
545:{\displaystyle {\ce {(HClO4)}}}
3804:
3788:
3767:. Acetic acid is said to be a
3674:
3668:
3657:
3632:
3488:
3463:
3264:
3015:
3009:
2984:
2977:
2949:
2943:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2638:
2629:
2624:
2611:
2608:
2595:
2553:
2547:
2330:
2314:
2283:
2254:
2223:
2194:
2163:
2147:
1710:
1610:
1585:
1446:is approximately equal to the
703:
678:
636:
607:
588:{\displaystyle {\ce {(HNO3)}}}
580:
564:
537:
521:
494:
488:
432:
1:
4577:Journal of Chemical Education
4533:Journal of Chemical Education
4225:Liang, Joan-Nan Jack (1976).
3428:Acids in non-aqueous solvents
3381:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
3167:{\displaystyle {\ce {H3PO4}}}
3072:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
2679:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
2071:{\displaystyle {\ce {H2SO4}}}
1501:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
914:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
877:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
813:{\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}}
502:{\displaystyle {\ce {(HCl)}}}
4611:- freeware for data analysis
4268:(Addison-Wesley 1984) p.260
4244:Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A.
4186:
4166:
4146:
4126:
2537:, defined as follows, where
1988:{\displaystyle {\ce {HNO3}}}
1067:{\displaystyle {\ce {H-A}}}
1037:{\displaystyle {\ce {H-A}}}
4643:
3332:{\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}}
3192:
3189:Experimental determination
3179:acid dissociation constant
2657:When a numerical value of
2439:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA}}}
2412:Acid dissociation constant
2409:
2078:(first dissociation only,
1675:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA}}}
1472:{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}
999:{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}
853:acid dissociation constant
789:acid dissociation constant
403:{\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}}
370:{\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}}
337:{\displaystyle {\ce {HA}}}
32:Acid dissociation constant
29:
4058:Effect of oxidation state
3930:, resulting in a smaller
2713:, by applying the law of
2338:{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}
2291:{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}
2231:{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}
2171:{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}
1119:base) is measured by its
886:determined experimentally
847:Measures of acid strength
831:acid is dependent on the
4393:values for strong acids"
4307:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02253
4264:Porterfield, William W.
3355:Conjugate acid/base pair
2957:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
2928:analytical concentration
2561:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
1121:Hammett acidity function
136:Self-ionization of water
121:Hammett acidity function
4338:The Proton in Chemistry
3769:differentiating solvent
3733:decreases in the order
823:The strength of a weak
344:, to dissociate into a
4384:Guthrie, J.P. (1978).
4094:
3958:
3863:
3825:
3761:
3720:
3577:
3525:
3382:
3333:
3301:
3227:
3168:
3115:
3073:
3041:
2958:
2919:
2888:
2707:
2680:
2648:
2562:
2531:
2496:
2440:
2421:
2388:p-toluenesulfonic acid
2373:
2339:
2292:
2232:
2172:
2116:
2072:
2022:
1989:
1833:
1784:
1746:
1676:
1647:
1552:
1533:
1510:degree of dissociation
1502:
1473:
1440:
1406:
1372:
1334:
1307:
1273:
1239:
1205:
1178:
1144:
1105:
1068:
1038:
1000:
971:
915:
878:
814:
781:
740:
645:
589:
546:
503:
463:
404:
371:
338:
315:is the tendency of an
4095:
4031:4-chlorobutanoic acid
4016:3-chlorobutanoic acid
4001:2-chlorobutanoic acid
3959:
3864:
3826:
3762:
3721:
3578:
3526:
3383:
3334:
3302:
3228:
3169:
3116:
3074:
3042:
2959:
2920:
2918:{\displaystyle T_{H}}
2889:
2708:
2706:{\displaystyle T_{H}}
2681:
2649:
2563:
2532:
2530:{\displaystyle K_{a}}
2508:dissociation constant
2497:
2441:
2419:
2400:polystyrene sulfonate
2374:
2340:
2293:
2233:
2173:
2117:
2073:
2023:
1990:
1834:
1785:
1752:(in aqueous solution)
1747:
1677:
1648:
1550:
1534:
1532:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
1503:
1474:
1441:
1439:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
1407:
1373:
1335:
1333:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
1308:
1274:
1240:
1206:
1204:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
1179:
1145:
1143:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
1106:
1069:
1039:
1001:
972:
916:
879:
815:
782:
741:
646:
590:
547:
504:
464:
405:
372:
339:
151:Frustrated Lewis pair
111:Equilibrium chemistry
101:Dissociation constant
71:Acid–base homeostasis
4336:Bell, R. P. (1973),
4070:
3934:
3922:The inductive effect
3881:fluoroantimonic acid
3839:
3782:
3737:
3590:
3542:
3444:
3363:
3314:
3244:
3203:
3133:
3095:
3054:
2971:
2938:
2926:is the value of the
2902:
2724:
2715:conservation of mass
2690:
2661:
2576:
2542:
2514:
2453:
2428:
2398:functionalized into
2349:
2306:
2246:
2186:
2139:
2134:Fluoroantimonic acid
2082:
2037:
1998:
1967:
1809:
1794:of solutions with a
1760:
1693:
1664:
1566:
1516:
1483:
1454:
1423:
1382:
1348:
1317:
1283:
1249:
1215:
1188:
1154:
1127:
1081:
1048:
1018:
981:
925:
896:
859:
795:
756:
665:
602:
559:
516:
483:
425:
385:
352:
326:
319:, symbolised by the
146:Lewis acid catalysis
4609:Titration of acids
4545:1996JChEd..73..701V
4518:10.1021/ja01012a066
4358:Inorganic Chemistry
4299:2016JPCA..120.3663T
4266:Inorganic Chemistry
4246:Inorganic Chemistry
3816:
3803:
3701:
3686:
3643:
3619:
3606:
3571:
3558:
3474:
3292:
3162:
3149:
2329:
2301:Fluorosulfuric acid
2282:
2269:
2241:Carborane superacid
2222:
2209:
2162:
2108:
2066:
2053:
1983:
1856:
1740:
1709:
1596:
841:glacial acetic acid
772:
689:
635:
622:
579:
536:
4090:
3954:
3859:
3821:
3791:
3786:
3776:dimethyl sulfoxide
3757:
3716:
3687:
3666:
3662:
3607:
3594:
3573:
3559:
3546:
3521:
3493:
3378:
3329:
3297:
3280:
3223:
3164:
3150:
3137:
3111:
3087:. An acid such as
3069:
3037:
2954:
2932:quadratic equation
2915:
2884:
2882:
2703:
2676:
2644:
2558:
2527:
2492:
2436:
2422:
2369:
2335:
2317:
2288:
2270:
2257:
2228:
2210:
2197:
2168:
2150:
2112:
2096:
2068:
2054:
2041:
2018:
1985:
1971:
1844:
1829:
1780:
1742:
1726:
1697:
1672:
1658:dimethyl sulfoxide
1643:
1615:
1553:
1529:
1498:
1469:
1436:
1402:
1368:
1330:
1303:
1269:
1235:
1201:
1174:
1140:
1101:
1064:
1034:
996:
967:
911:
874:
810:
777:
760:
736:
708:
641:
623:
610:
585:
567:
542:
524:
499:
459:
400:
367:
334:
66:Acid–base reaction
4589:10.1021/ed054p612
4553:10.1021/ed073p701
4476:10.1021/ic960525l
4470:(21): 6113–6130.
4403:(17): 2342–2354.
4367:978-0-13-039913-7
4293:(20): 3663–3669.
4207:
4206:
4196:hypochlorous acid
4086:
4055:
4054:
3950:
3855:
3819:
3794:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3708:
3690:
3673:
3664:
3625:
3610:
3597:
3562:
3549:
3513:
3500:
3495:
3456:
3450:
3374:
3321:
3295:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3250:
3219:
3153:
3140:
3109:
3101:
3065:
3004:
2948:
2672:
2642:
2552:
2434:
2365:
2320:
2312:
2273:
2260:
2252:
2213:
2200:
2192:
2153:
2145:
2128:organic chemistry
2099:
2057:
2044:
2014:
1974:
1953:
1952:
1875:Hydrochloric acid
1825:
1776:
1729:
1716:
1700:
1670:
1635:
1622:
1617:
1578:
1572:
1494:
1461:
1398:
1364:
1299:
1265:
1231:
1170:
1097:
1062:
1054:
1032:
1024:
988:
964:
941:
907:
870:
837:hydrogen chloride
806:
775:
763:
728:
715:
710:
671:
658:with each other.
626:
613:
570:
527:
493:
478:hydrochloric acid
451:
438:
431:
392:
359:
332:
310:
309:
156:Chiral Lewis acid
16:(Redirected from
4634:
4598:
4592:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4287:J. Phys. Chem. A
4282:
4276:
4262:
4256:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4192:
4172:
4152:
4132:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4077:
4043:
4028:
4013:
3998:
3974:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3941:
3928:inductive effect
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3846:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3792:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3731:hydrohalic acids
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3595:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3547:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3121:) is said to be
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3085:phosphorous acid
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2975:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2775:
2740:
2739:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2463:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2005:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1891:Hydrobromic acid
1857:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1756:Any acid with a
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1245:= 3.2) or DMSO (
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
995:
994:
993:
986:
976:
974:
973:
968:
966:
965:
962:
944:
943:
942:
939:
932:
920:
918:
917:
912:
910:
909:
908:
905:
884:), which can be
883:
881:
880:
875:
873:
872:
871:
868:
819:
817:
816:
811:
809:
808:
807:
804:
786:
784:
783:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
761:
745:
743:
742:
737:
735:
734:
733:
726:
721:
720:
713:
711:
709:
707:
706:
699:
691:
690:
688:
681:
673:
669:
650:
648:
647:
642:
640:
639:
634:
631:
624:
621:
618:
611:
594:
592:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
575:
568:
551:
549:
548:
543:
541:
540:
535:
532:
525:
508:
506:
505:
500:
498:
497:
491:
468:
466:
465:
460:
458:
457:
456:
449:
444:
443:
436:
429:
409:
407:
406:
401:
399:
398:
397:
390:
376:
374:
373:
368:
366:
365:
364:
357:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
330:
321:chemical formula
302:
295:
288:
269:Non-nucleophilic
96:Buffer solutions
81:Acidity function
48:
36:
21:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4436:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4410:10.1139/v78-385
4392:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4355:
4354:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4263:
4259:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4136:perchloric acid
4123:
4113:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:of an element,
4060:
3989:
3942:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3780:
3779:
3735:
3734:
3705:
3588:
3587:
3540:
3539:
3510:
3497:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3341:glass electrode
3318:
3312:
3311:
3267:
3254:
3242:
3241:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3174:) is tribasic.
3131:
3130:
3127:Phosphoric acid
3093:
3092:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3021:
2994:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2936:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2855:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2773:
2772:
2741:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2628:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2540:
2539:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2481:
2468:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2304:
2303:
2244:
2243:
2184:
2183:
2137:
2136:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2035:
2034:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1965:
1964:
1957:Also, in water
1939:Perchloric acid
1907:Hydroiodic acid
1853:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1800:leveling effect
1792:buffer capacity
1768:
1758:
1757:
1713:
1691:
1690:
1684:perchloric acid
1662:
1661:
1632:
1619:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1046:
1045:
1016:
1015:
985:
979:
978:
957:
933:
923:
922:
899:
894:
893:
862:
857:
856:
849:
833:oxidation state
798:
793:
792:
754:
753:
725:
712:
663:
662:
600:
599:
557:
556:
514:
513:
511:perchloric acid
481:
480:
448:
435:
423:
422:
389:
383:
382:
356:
350:
349:
324:
323:
306:
131:Proton affinity
56:Acceptor number
39:Acids and bases
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4640:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4605:
4604:External links
4602:
4600:
4599:
4567:
4558:
4539:(8): 701–707.
4523:
4512:(10): 2726–7.
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:George A. Olah
4481:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4434:
4416:
4390:
4373:
4366:
4343:
4328:
4277:
4257:
4237:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:† theoretical
4205:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4081:
4076:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3969:butanoic acids
3945:
3940:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3850:
3845:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3752:
3746:
3727:
3726:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3659:
3652:
3641:
3634:
3622:
3614:
3601:
3566:
3553:
3532:
3531:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3429:
3426:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3369:
3356:
3353:
3325:
3308:
3307:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3214:
3209:
3193:Main article:
3190:
3187:
3157:
3144:
3105:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2951:
2945:
2912:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2700:
2696:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2555:
2549:
2524:
2520:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2410:Main article:
2407:
2404:
2384:Sulfonic acids
2381:
2380:
2360:
2355:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2298:
2285:
2277:
2264:
2256:
2238:
2225:
2217:
2204:
2196:
2178:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2061:
2048:
2029:
2009:
2004:
1978:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1820:
1815:
1771:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1654:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1612:
1605:
1594:
1587:
1575:
1544:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1489:
1465:
1433:
1429:
1393:
1388:
1359:
1354:
1327:
1323:
1294:
1289:
1260:
1255:
1226:
1221:
1198:
1194:
1165:
1160:
1137:
1133:
1092:
1087:
1058:
1028:
992:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
936:
931:
902:
865:
848:
845:
801:
767:
747:
746:
732:
724:
719:
705:
698:
687:
680:
638:
630:
617:
609:
582:
574:
566:
539:
531:
523:
496:
490:
470:
469:
455:
447:
442:
434:
396:
363:
308:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Brønsted–Lowry
233:
232:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
180:Brønsted–Lowry
174:
173:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4639:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4435:0-471-18817-4
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:0-201-05660-7
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:0-13-841891-8
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4176:chlorous acid
4174:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4079:
4065:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4047:butanoic acid
4045:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3943:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3848:
3834:
3809:
3796:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3750:
3744:
3732:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3679:
3650:
3639:
3620:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3564:
3551:
3537:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3481:
3470:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3391:
3367:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3349:least squares
3346:
3342:
3323:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3259:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3212:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:succinic acid
3180:
3175:
3155:
3142:
3128:
3124:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3058:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2910:
2906:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2698:
2694:
2665:
2635:
2632:
2619:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2358:
2322:
2302:
2299:
2275:
2262:
2242:
2239:
2215:
2202:
2182:
2179:
2155:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2091:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2032:Sulfuric acid
2030:
2007:
1976:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1818:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1769:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1659:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1603:
1592:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1487:
1463:
1449:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1391:
1357:
1343:
1325:
1321:
1292:
1258:
1224:
1196:
1192:
1163:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1090:
1075:
1056:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1008:deprotonation
990:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
934:
900:
891:
887:
863:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
799:
790:
765:
751:
730:
722:
717:
696:
685:
661:
660:
659:
657:
652:
628:
615:
598:
597:sulfuric acid
572:
555:
529:
512:
479:
475:
453:
445:
440:
421:
420:
419:
417:
413:
394:
380:
361:
347:
322:
318:
314:
313:Acid strength
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
283:
281:
280:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
76:Acid strength
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4509:
4505:
4484:
4467:
4463:
4449:
4425:
4419:
4400:
4397:Can. J. Chem
4396:
4387:
4357:
4337:
4331:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4265:
4260:
4245:
4240:
4227:
4220:
4208:
4156:chloric acid
4118:
4062:In a set of
4061:
3984:
3925:
3893:
3889:carbocations
3875:
3773:
3728:
3533:
3431:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3358:
3309:
3198:
3176:
3049:
2898:
2896:
2656:
2538:
2504:
2423:
2382:
2125:
1956:
1923:Triflic acid
1848:
1804:
1755:
1655:
1556:
1554:
1543:Strong acids
1418:
1076:
850:
822:
748:
653:
474:strong acids
472:Examples of
471:
412:dissociation
312:
311:
106:Donor number
75:
4583:: 612–613.
4464:Inorg. Chem
3966:halogenated
3907:HSAB theory
3895:Lewis acids
3833:Acetic acid
3536:acetic acid
3089:oxalic acid
3081:acetic acid
2396:Polystyrene
1962:Nitric acid
1901:−6.8 ± 0.8
1885:−2.0 ± 0.6
1557:strong acid
1279:= 15), has
750:Acetic acid
656:equilibrium
554:nitric acid
86:Amphoterism
4213:References
4106:Structure
3977:Structure
3911:ECW model
3885:magic acid
3877:Superacids
3422:vice versa
2406:Weak acids
2386:, such as
2181:Magic acid
1917:−10.9 ± 1
1898:−8.8 ± 0.8
1882:−5.9 ± 0.4
1845:Estimated
1077:While the
416:ionization
264:Superbases
210:Superacids
116:Extraction
30:See also:
4595:ECW model
4428:. Wiley.
4112:Oxidation
3903:C-B plots
3899:ECW model
3711:−
3658:⇀
3651:−
3640:−
3633:↽
3503:−
3489:⇀
3482:−
3471:−
3464:↽
3392:ion with
3324:−
3273:−
3265:⟶
3260:−
3235:titration
3104:−
3019:−
2620:−
2487:−
2465:⇌
1737:−
1711:⟶
1638:−
1611:⇀
1604:−
1593:−
1586:↽
1342:superacid
1057:−
1027:−
955:
949:−
890:titration
829:inorganic
731:−
704:⇀
697:−
686:−
679:↽
454:−
433:⟶
395:−
377:, and an
161:ECW model
141:Titration
18:Weak Acid
4621:Category
4323:29697201
4315:27115918
4064:oxoacids
3778:, DMSO,
3345:pH meter
2392:oxyacids
1949:−15 ± 2
1933:−14 ± 2
1914:−9.5 ± 1
1869:in DMSO
1866:in water
1796:pH value
1414:chemists
1012:polarity
1010:are the
4541:Bibcode
4295:Bibcode
3390:acetate
3123:dibasic
2379:= −6.4)
2028:= −1.6
1946:−15 ± 2
1930:−14 ± 2
1863:Formula
1855:values
1378:value (
1117:aniline
1014:of the
825:organic
820:value.
249:Organic
195:Organic
190:Mineral
4432:
4364:
4321:
4313:
4272:
4252:
4114:state
3343:and a
2897:where
1123:, the
410:. The
346:proton
259:Strong
205:Strong
4627:Acids
4496:H–SbF
4319:S2CID
4232:(PDF)
4203:7.53
4004:2.86
3980:Name
3399:= 10/
2122:≈ −3)
379:anion
254:Oxide
244:Lewis
231:types
220:Solid
200:Oxide
185:Lewis
172:types
4430:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4311:PMID
4270:ISBN
4250:ISBN
4183:2.0
4109:Name
4051:4.5
4034:4.5
4019:4.0
3883:and
3751:>
3745:>
3108:COOH
3100:HOOC
3083:and
1860:Acid
1699:HClO
1184:and
1113:DMSO
774:COOH
595:and
526:HClO
476:are
317:acid
274:Weak
229:Base
215:Weak
170:Acid
91:Base
61:Acid
4585:doi
4549:doi
4514:doi
4472:doi
4405:doi
4303:doi
4291:120
4163:-1
4143:-8
3754:HCl
3748:HBr
3689:CCH
3624:HCl
3609:CCH
3561:CCH
2319:FSO
2259:CHB
2212:SbF
2199:FSO
2152:SbF
1973:HNO
1895:HBr
1879:HCl
1728:ClO
1416:.)
952:log
888:by
569:HNO
492:HCl
414:or
4623::
4597:.
4581:54
4579:.
4547:.
4537:73
4535:.
4510:90
4508:.
4468:35
4466:.
4442:pH
4401:56
4399:.
4395:.
4376:^
4346:^
4317:.
4309:.
4301:.
4289:.
3971:.
3891:.
3873:.
3818:SO
3793:CH
3742:HI
3707:Cl
3672:HO
3596:HO
3548:HO
3538:,
3512:HS
3449:HA
3424:.
3413:×
3351:.
3256:OH
3249:HA
3152:PO
2964:.
2717:.
2510:,
2433:HA
2276:11
2272:Cl
2263:11
2056:SO
1911:HI
1802:.
1686:.
1669:HA
1621:SH
1571:HA
1555:A
1448:pH
843:.
791:,
762:CH
670:HA
651:.
625:SO
552:,
509:,
430:HA
381:,
348:,
331:HA
126:pH
4591:.
4587::
4555:.
4551::
4543::
4520:.
4516::
4502:5
4498:5
4494:3
4478:.
4474::
4460:2
4456:3
4438:.
4413:.
4407::
4391:a
4388:K
4370:.
4325:.
4305::
4297::
4200:1
4180:3
4160:5
4140:7
4122:a
4119:K
4117:p
4085:a
4080:K
4075:p
3988:a
3985:K
3983:p
3949:a
3944:K
3939:p
3854:a
3849:K
3844:p
3810:2
3805:)
3797:3
3789:(
3703:+
3698:+
3693:3
3680:2
3675:)
3669:(
3621:+
3613:3
3600:2
3565:3
3552:2
3516:+
3508:+
3499:A
3455:S
3452:+
3418:b
3415:K
3411:a
3408:K
3404:a
3401:K
3397:b
3394:K
3373:a
3368:K
3320:A
3294:O
3286:2
3282:H
3278:+
3269:A
3252:+
3218:a
3213:K
3208:p
3156:4
3143:3
3139:H
3129:(
3091:(
3064:a
3059:K
3035:0
3032:=
3027:H
3023:T
3016:]
3013:H
3010:[
3007:+
3000:a
2996:K
2989:2
2985:]
2981:H
2978:[
2950:]
2947:H
2944:[
2911:H
2907:T
2876:a
2872:K
2867:/
2861:2
2857:]
2853:H
2850:[
2847:+
2844:]
2841:H
2838:[
2835:=
2823:a
2819:K
2814:/
2810:]
2807:H
2804:[
2801:]
2798:A
2795:[
2792:+
2789:]
2786:H
2783:[
2780:=
2770:]
2767:A
2764:H
2761:[
2758:+
2755:]
2752:H
2749:[
2746:=
2737:H
2733:T
2699:H
2695:T
2671:a
2666:K
2639:]
2636:A
2633:H
2630:[
2625:]
2616:A
2612:[
2609:]
2604:+
2600:H
2596:[
2590:=
2585:a
2581:K
2554:]
2551:H
2548:[
2523:a
2519:K
2483:A
2479:+
2474:+
2470:H
2461:A
2458:H
2364:a
2359:K
2354:p
2345:(
2331:]
2323:3
2315:[
2311:H
2284:]
2255:[
2251:H
2224:]
2216:5
2203:3
2195:[
2191:H
2164:]
2156:6
2148:[
2144:H
2102:1
2098:a
2092:K
2087:p
2060:4
2047:2
2043:H
2013:a
2008:K
2003:p
1977:3
1943:H
1927:H
1852:a
1849:K
1847:p
1824:a
1819:K
1814:p
1775:a
1770:K
1765:p
1732:4
1724:+
1719:+
1715:H
1703:4
1634:A
1630:+
1625:+
1577:S
1574:+
1525:0
1521:H
1493:a
1488:K
1464:+
1460:H
1432:0
1428:H
1397:a
1392:K
1387:p
1363:a
1358:K
1353:p
1326:0
1322:H
1298:a
1293:K
1288:p
1264:a
1259:K
1254:p
1230:a
1225:K
1220:p
1197:0
1193:H
1169:a
1164:K
1159:p
1136:0
1132:H
1096:a
1091:K
1086:p
1061:A
1053:H
1031:A
1023:H
991:+
987:H
963:a
959:K
946:=
940:a
935:K
930:p
906:a
901:K
869:a
864:K
855:(
805:a
800:K
766:3
752:(
727:A
723:+
718:+
714:H
637:)
629:4
616:2
612:H
608:(
581:)
573:3
565:(
538:)
530:4
522:(
495:)
489:(
450:A
446:+
441:+
437:H
391:A
362:+
358:H
301:e
294:t
287:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
