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perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation at the equator, while the axis of rotation and the vertical are the same at the pole; this causes the Earth's rotation to influence the atmospheric circulation more strongly at high latitudes than low latitudes. Because of these two factors, clouds and rainstorms in the tropics can occur more spontaneously compared to those at higher latitudes, where they are more tightly controlled by larger-scale forces in the atmosphere. Because of these differences, clouds and rain are more difficult to forecast in the tropics than at higher latitudes. On the other hand, the temperature is easily forecast in the tropics, because it does not change much.
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1147:. As a result, small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole. This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tidal waves or eclipses. Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance,
1208:
Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect it has on humans in
1177:
Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air.
1379:
nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, the error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as of the difference in
1409:
Tropical weather forecasting is different from that at higher latitudes. The sun shines more directly on the tropics than on higher latitudes (at least on average over a year), which makes the tropics warm (Stevens 2011). And, the vertical direction (up, as one stands on the Earth's surface) is
2803:
1628:
On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), at
2807:
962:. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood.
852:
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant.
1074:) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation. Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which is the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces the
1367:
are now used to determine future conditions. On the other hand, human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills,
1462:
in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the
Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in
1213:
has an annual report for fatalities, injury, and total damage costs which include crop and property. They gather this data via
National Weather Service offices located throughout the 50 states in the United States as well as
3370:
M. Fulchignoni; F. Ferri; F. Angrilli; A. Bar-Nun; M.A. Barucci; G. Bianchini; et al. (2002). "The
Characterisation of Titan's Atmospheric Physical Properties by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (Hasi)".
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angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude in the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the spread of the
1347:
for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting
3600:
Knutson, Heather A.; David
Charbonneau; Lori E. Allen; Jonathan J. Fortney; Eric Agol; Nicolas B. Cowan; et al. (10 May 2007). "A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b".
2434:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 70–86, i.e. the chapter 'Climate and weather discourse in anthropology: from determinism to uncertain futures' by Nicholas Peterson & Kenneth Broad.
1701:
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth. Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on
1478:
Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:
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2110:
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There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and
1750:, the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on the planet
1321:
to expand. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one-third of the
Finnish population died.
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is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
1391:
are important to agriculture, and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.
2435:
1108:
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface
837:
at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's
1317:(1560–1630), volcanic forcing events seem to have led to more extreme weather events. These included droughts, storms and unseasonal blizzards, as well as causing the Swiss
1921:
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of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on
Neptune is far greater than on Earth. As of 2007, the strongest planetary winds discovered are on the
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2316:
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This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in
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deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in
3708:
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events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the
1055:). This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of
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is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the
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3437:
1555:, generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).
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2135:
2643:
2100:
1226:. As of 2019, tornadoes have had the greatest impact on humans with 42 fatalities while costing crop and property damage over 3 billion dollars.
1116:
moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this airflow due to the
2258:
1614:
In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface
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In some areas, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy
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3160:
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1954:
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Forecast of surface pressures five days into the future for the north
Pacific, North America, and the north Atlantic Ocean as on 9 June 2008
4771:
3099:
1984:
2706:
3453:
3420:
3177:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for July from 1951-2023"
2019:
619:
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876:
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the
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winds in 1281. French claims to
Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer
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624:
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research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction. However, it is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day
3183:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). August 2023.
2746:
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United States. National
Weather Service. Office of Climate, Water, Weather Services, & National Climatic Data Center. (2000).
2426:
2047:
2044:
1819:, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as
1097:
thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests,
1017:
865:; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to
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of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome.
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Milankovitch, Milutin. Canon of
Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva: Belgrade, 1941.
1992:
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are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than
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is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the
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The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including
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banded appearance shows many such zones, Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude, and
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is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military
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1758:. The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about
1210:
1051:, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see
36:
4320:
2512:
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1633:, Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at
1623:
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790:
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1775:, which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph).
1579:
1406:, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events and to plan ahead to survive through them.
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known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, the weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A
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2132:
1816:
1723:. Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere. In contrast,
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and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of
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2513:
The Other Diaspora: New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina.
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1081:. In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an
770:
738:, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or
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1962:
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1645:, Ethiopia. The coldest recorded average annual temperature was −55.1 °C (−67.2 °F) at
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789:. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale
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288:
195:
156:
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Suomi, V.E.; Limaye, S.S.; Johnson, D.R. (1991). "High Winds of Neptune: A possible mechanism".
1996:
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1705:, but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The
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different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about. The
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The Use of Ensemble Forecasts to Produce Improved Medium Range (3–15 days) Weather Forecasts.
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2027:
1343:
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the
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1602:. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.
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The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or
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discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid
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1815:. Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as
1794:
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1641:. The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at
1443:
1435:
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916:
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557:
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457:
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3189:(change "202307" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 07=July)
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2099:
Brown, Dwayne; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie; Norton, Karen (20 January 2016).
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1808:
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1656:, in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).
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differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the
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The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at
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The Concept of Frontogenesis and its Application to Winter Weather Forecasting.
2101:"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015"
1238:
New Orleans, Louisiana, after being struck by Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was a
1101:
sheets, or human-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as
31:
This article is about the atmospheric process. For the geological process, see
17:
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4282:
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1804:
1679:, Washington, US. It was recorded as 31,102 mm (102.04 ft) of snow.
1524:
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1446:
dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase
1403:
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1133:
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differences from one place to another. These differences can occur due to the
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is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin
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on Record (since 1880) as of 2021 – Colors indicate temperature anomalies (
3746:
2085:
Carlyle H. Wash, Stacey H. Heikkinen, Chi-Sann Liou, and Wendell A. Nuss.
4155:
4099:
4031:
3966:
3852:
3840:
3812:
2554:"Weird weather in Bristol during the Grindelwald Fluctuation (1560–1630)"
1510:
1299:
1187:
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is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot in February 1979, photographed by the uncrewed
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1458:. China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of
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1007:
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Futures/Options; Cold Weather Brings Surge In Prices of Heating Fuels.
2275:
1598:; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a
1454:. A recent example of weather control was China's preparation for the
817:, are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. Because Earth's
4511:
4378:
4358:
4133:
4126:
3835:
3830:
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3772:
3663:
Shock to the (Solar) System: Coronal Mass Ejection Tracked to Saturn.
3418:
Overview – Climate: The Spherical Shape of the Earth: Climatic Zones.
2722:
Klaus Weickmann, Jeff Whitaker, Andres Roubicek and Catherine Smith.
2578:
2553:
2492:
1828:
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1102:
349:
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332:
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current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the
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and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include the
861:
for a future time and a given location. Earth's weather system is a
1258:
that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the
746:, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's
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4458:
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4163:
4121:
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Bay (George V Coast). Here the gales reach 199 mph (320
1609:
1546:
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1506:
1334:
1242:
when it struck although it had been a category 5 hurricane in the
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1016:
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such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns.
838:
743:
552:
489:
151:
144:
1843:, and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as
1372:, knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases.
845:
received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global
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4368:
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Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the
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over a greater surface. The strong temperature contrast between
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3575:"Hubble Provides a Moving Look at Neptune's Stormy Disposition"
2934:
2552:
Jones, Evan T.; Hewlett, Rose; Mackay, Anson W. (5 May 2021).
2386:
NASA Mission Finds New Clues to Guide Search for Life on Mars.
1439:
1434:. The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve
1098:
1086:
1048:
970:
965:
Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure, temperature and
935:
893:
564:
1823:. Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the
1746:
storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. On other
869:
have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that
1811:. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the
1250:
The weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in
1159:
more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to
2428:
Anthropology and Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions
3199:
Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.
2353:"The Discovery of Global Warming: Chaos in the Atmosphere"
1298:
elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest
4197:
1839:
with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular
1359:
Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in
2768:
TPC/NHC’S Review of the NCEP Production Suite For 2006.
2744:
Tropical cyclone motion and intensity talk (June 2007).
2326:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
1294:
redistributed over one million people from the central
1182:
reactions that can affect the surface further (such as
1151:
are continually working to extend this limit through
3704:"Space Weather: What is it? How Will it Affect You?"
2511:
Anthony E. Ladd, John Marszalek, and Duane A. Gill.
1537:
into the air is expected to affect the frequency of
1352:
about the current state of the atmosphere and using
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4698:
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4585:
4520:
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4397:
4349:
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4253:
4040:
3997:
3919:
3861:
3811:
3092:"Cities Affect Temperatures for Thousands of Miles"
2959:
The Seven Key Messages of the Energy Drill Program.
2542:, NASA, 28 July 2020). Date retrieved: 28 May 2021.
2020:"Weather Forecasters May Look Sky-high For Answers"
1831:. The activity of this system can affect planetary
1659:The windiest place ever recorded is in Antarctica,
46:"Fair weather" redirects here. For other uses, see
3438:Jupiter's "Jet Stream" Heated by Surface, Not Sun.
1835:and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the
1120:. The simple systems thus formed can then display
3155:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 61–62.
1590:, about 1 km or less. These two branches of
1363:, current weather conditions, and sky condition,
1354:scientific understanding of atmospheric processes
2870:Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care.
2613:Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s
2317:"How Much Better Can Weather Prediction Become?"
2461:Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics.
982:and tropical air gives rise to the large scale
3012:"Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification"
2979:"Tropical Weather | Learn Science at Scitable"
1541:events such as drought, extreme temperatures,
4213:
3788:
3262:"Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 – Eureka"
3035:"Beijing disperses rain to dry Olympic night"
2893:After Freeze, Counting Losses to Orange Crop.
2804:"National Meteorological Service of Slovenia"
2087:A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9.
712:
8:
3709:Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
2425:Crate, Susan A; Nuttall, Mark, eds. (2009).
2193:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1014:systems, are caused by different processes.
762:, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas
758:. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature,
3288:"The Places with the Most Extreme Climates"
2784:National Weather Service Mission Statement.
2684:Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching.
2133:Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons!
2054:(10 March 2013). Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
1450:over mountains, and techniques to suppress
1356:to project how the atmosphere will evolve.
1006:). Weather systems in the tropics, such as
4220:
4206:
4198:
4046:
3795:
3781:
3773:
3573:Sromovsky, Lawrence A. (14 October 1998).
2830:Dry weather conditions continue for Texas.
2639:An Economic History of Weather Forecasting
1313:in Europe. During the period known as the
841:can affect the amount and distribution of
785:at any particular spot, which varies with
719:
705:
55:
3614:
2589:1983/28c52f89-91be-4ae4-80e9-918cd339da95
2587:
2577:
2256:Relation between density and temperature.
2018:O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (18 October 2001).
1262:of the Middle East, and the formation of
1043:is tilted relative to its orbital plane,
3122:"The Regional Impacts of Climate Change"
3061:"The Regional Impacts of Climate Change"
2226:(8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing.
1734:One of the most famous landmarks in the
1475:recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters.
3349:"The Worst Weather in the Solar System"
1888:
1132:while a smaller scale example would be
67:
3006:
3004:
1063:and influence long-term climate. (See
2989:from the original on 8 September 2020
2664:Weather Forecasting Through the Ages.
2441:from the original on 27 February 2021
2363:from the original on 28 November 2016
1533:caused by human activities that emit
1302:in the history of the United States.
998:, are caused by instabilities of the
7:
4772:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
3720:from the original on 23 October 2015
3581:from the original on 11 October 2008
3497:. Hayden Planetarium. Archived from
3187:from the original on 14 August 2023.
2762:Richard J. Pasch, Mike Fiorino, and
2191:Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling
2113:from the original on 20 January 2016
1949:
1947:
1430:by lengthening the North Vietnamese
3294:. 10 September 2020. Archived from
2704:Field Forecasting: A Short Summary.
1731:has a single jet near the equator.
1637:, Libya, on 13 September 1922, but
3347:Britt, Robert Roy (6 March 2001).
3328:from the original on 4 August 2020
3071:from the original on 24 March 2023
2939:Heatwave causes electricity surge.
2076:and wind. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
1105:, roughness, or moisture content.
27:Short-term state of the atmosphere
25:
3102:from the original on 4 March 2021
2404:West Gulf River Forecast Center.
1471:, to the southwest and Beijing's
4795:
4794:
4182:
4181:
3757:
3745:
3683:What Causes the Aurora Borealis?
3318:"Greatest snowfall in 12 months"
3132:from the original on 14 May 2023
3090:Zhang, Guang (28 January 2012).
2493:Fort Caroline National Memorial.
2296:The Discovery of Global Warming.
1754:. This has created a puzzle for
1186:), and sodium and chloride ions
688:
41:Weather systems (disambiguation)
4502:Human impact on the environment
3702:Viereck, Rodney (Summer 2007).
3153:A Short Course in Cloud Physics
3016:American Meteorological Society
2406:Glossary of Hydrologic Terms: E
1993:American Meteorological Society
1163:for improved prediction skill.
4331:Climate variability and change
3713:University of Colorado Boulder
2733:Retrieved on 16 February 2007.
2189:Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005).
1053:Effect of sun angle on climate
994:in the mid-latitudes, such as
1:
4767:Evolution of the Solar System
3242:Coldest Temperature On Earth.
3222:Hottest Temperature on Earth.
3209:National Climatic Data Center
3033:Huanet, Xin (9 August 2008).
1862:Indigenous Australian seasons
1667:). Furthermore, the greatest
1567:, food and fiber production,
942:. Less common events include
4507:Evolutionary history of life
3544:10.1126/science.251.4996.929
3211:. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
2533:Volcanoes and Climate Change
2315:Lorenz, Edward (July 1969).
2045:World Book at NASA: Weather.
1582:is the study of short-lived
48:Fairweather (disambiguation)
3037:. Chinaview. Archived from
2650:Retrieved on 15 April 2007.
2616:". Karen J. Cullen (2010).
2522:Retrieved on 29 March 2008.
2024:Goddard Space Flight Center
1112:. The resulting horizontal
616:Severe weather terminology
78:Temperate and polar seasons
4839:
3692:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3672:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3495:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
3483:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3460:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3440:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3427:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3251:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3231:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2957:Toronto Catholic Schools.
2753:Retrieved on 21 July 2007.
2618:Edinburgh University Press
2502:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2482:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2415:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2395:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2305:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2285:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2265:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2179:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2142:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2089:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
1911:Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
1901:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1792:
1617:
1328:
1201:
1170:
29:
4790:
4235:
4177:
4090:
4049:
3474:The Environment of Venus.
3414:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3247:10 September 2007 at the
2968:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2948:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2925:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2902:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2879:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2859:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2839:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2793:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2713:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2693:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2673:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2669:10 September 2005 at the
2222:C. Donald Ahrens (2006).
2131:Windows to the Universe.
2069:27 September 2007 at the
1456:2008 Summer Olympic Games
1309:caused crop failures and
809:. Weather systems in the
4777:Location in the Universe
4708:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4407:List of sovereign states
3470:Georgia State University
3451:The jet stream of Titan.
3227:14 February 2021 at the
2964:17 February 2012 at the
2921:14 December 2023 at the
2875:24 December 2008 at the
2789:24 November 2013 at the
2780:National Weather Service
2770:Retrieved on 5 May 2008.
2749:27 February 2021 at the
2729:15 December 2007 at the
2498:17 November 2012 at the
2261:27 November 2022 at the
1683:Extraterrestrial weather
1426:, an attempt to disrupt
1211:National Weather Service
1167:Shaping the planet Earth
791:atmospheric circulations
37:Weather (disambiguation)
3456:25 January 2012 at the
3393:10.1023/A:1023688607077
2473:Relics of the Kamikaze.
2411:16 January 2009 at the
2274:Encyclopedia of Earth.
2175:24 October 2013 at the
1989:Glossary of Meteorology
1959:Glossary of Meteorology
1926:Glossary of Meteorology
1857:Glossary of meteorology
1639:that reading is queried
1624:List of weather records
1586:phenomena smaller than
1485:, caused by industrial
1315:Grindelwald Fluctuation
1024:5th Warmest Global Year
984:atmospheric circulation
3762:Quotations related to
3668:1 January 2011 at the
3449:ESA: Cassini–Huygens.
3322:Guinness World Records
2855:5 October 2011 at the
2026:(NASA). Archived from
1867:Outline of meteorology
1817:coronal mass ejections
1790:
1698:
1671:in a period of twelve
1615:
1580:Microscale meteorology
1575:Microscale meteorology
1340:
1247:
1230:Effects on populations
1036:
996:extratropical cyclones
919:
815:extratropical cyclones
677:Tropical cyclone terms
35:. For other uses, see
4487:Biogeochemical cycles
4412:dependent territories
3373:Space Science Reviews
2898:31 March 2021 at the
2709:25 March 2009 at the
2168:Ron W. Przybylinski.
2138:8 August 2007 at the
1786:
1690:
1613:
1338:
1237:
1202:Further information:
1020:
911:
769:Weather is driven by
284:Extratropical cyclone
208:Air-mass thunderstorm
4535:Computer cartography
4268:Prebiotic atmosphere
4062:Evolutionary history
3754:at Wikimedia Commons
3688:3 March 2016 at the
3479:7 March 2019 at the
3423:26 July 2009 at the
3324:. 18 February 1972.
2850:Drought Corn Silage.
2518:24 June 2008 at the
2478:6 March 2011 at the
2391:11 June 2008 at the
1965:on 28 September 2012
1756:planetary scientists
1571:, and human health.
1569:economic development
1501:, adversely affects
1448:winter precipitation
1240:Category 3 hurricane
1039:Because the Earth's
734:is the state of the
644:Weather modification
242:Anticyclonic tornado
4678:Geologic time scale
4399:Culture and society
4263:Atmosphere of Earth
3999:Natural environment
3730:powerpoint download
3633:10.1038/nature05782
3625:2007Natur.447..183K
3536:1991Sci...251..929S
3385:2002SSRv..104..395F
3268:on 11 November 2007
3151:Rogers, R. (1989).
2944:20 May 2009 at the
2868:Kathryn C. Taylor.
2835:3 July 2009 at the
2570:2021Wthr...76..104J
2538:29 May 2021 at the
2301:7 June 2011 at the
1907:9 July 2017 at the
1847:and radio signals.
1438:; they include the
1420:control the weather
1361:barometric pressure
1331:Weather forecasting
1319:Grindelwald Glacier
1149:weather forecasters
1089:and often act as a
1065:Milankovitch cycles
1034:; 20 January 2016).
867:control the weather
855:Weather forecasting
639:Weather forecasting
475:Rain and snow mixed
301:Subtropical cyclone
4673:Geological history
4547:Geodetic astronomy
3661:Bill Christensen.
2912:The New York Times
2689:9 May 2008 at the
2646:3 May 2007 at the
2471:James P. Delgado.
2281:9 May 2013 at the
2254:Michel Moncuquet.
1791:
1699:
1616:
1545:, high winds, and
1519:pollutants reduce
1418:The aspiration to
1341:
1248:
1122:emergent behaviour
1037:
920:
913:Cumulonimbus cloud
886:anticyclonic storm
695:Weather portal
311:Atlantic hurricane
289:European windstorm
196:Volcanic lightning
157:Cumulonimbus cloud
4808:
4807:
4759:Planetary science
4742:Natural satellite
4663:Extremes on Earth
4630:Signal processing
4195:
4194:
4173:
4172:
3846:chemical elements
3750:Media related to
3609:(7141): 183–186.
3530:(4996): 929–932.
3162:978-0-7506-3215-7
3041:on 12 August 2008
2848:Dr. Terry Mader.
2742:Todd Kimberlain.
2233:978-0-495-01162-0
2224:Meteorology Today
2200:978-0-521-83970-9
1845:electricity grids
1770:extrasolar planet
1721:organic compounds
1697:NASA space probe.
1620:Extremes on Earth
1606:Extremes on Earth
1565:natural resources
1473:Fangshan District
1350:quantitative data
1292:Hurricane Katrina
1290:. More recently,
1114:pressure gradient
944:natural disasters
928:weather phenomena
754:, just below the
729:
728:
16:(Redirected from
4830:
4798:
4797:
4690:History of Earth
4341:Paleoclimatology
4222:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4185:
4184:
4057:
4047:
3987:tropical cyclone
3937:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3761:
3749:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3699:
3693:
3679:
3673:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3618:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3501:on 8 August 2007
3490:
3484:
3467:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3355:. Archived from
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3264:. Archived from
3258:
3252:
3238:
3232:
3218:
3212:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3022:on 12 June 2010.
3018:. Archived from
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2932:
2926:
2909:
2903:
2889:Associated Press
2886:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:. Archived from
2800:
2794:
2777:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2700:
2694:
2682:Weather Doctor.
2680:
2674:
2657:
2651:
2634:
2628:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2579:10.1002/wea.3846
2549:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2509:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:. January 2017.
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2333:on 17 April 2016
2332:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2272:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2063:John P. Stimac.
2061:
2055:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:on 12 July 2009.
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1932:on 15 March 2012
1928:. Archived from
1918:
1912:
1893:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1535:greenhouse gases
1503:freshwater lakes
1424:Operation Popeye
1256:climatic changes
1198:Effect on humans
1194:of the surface.
1124:to produce more
1059:received by the
896:is known as the
871:human activities
835:different angles
821:relative to its
811:middle latitudes
721:
714:
707:
693:
692:
306:Tropical cyclone
218:Dry thunderstorm
113:Tropical seasons
56:
51:
44:
21:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4786:
4753:
4737:
4694:
4685:Geologic record
4639:
4625:Plate tectonics
4615:Mineral physics
4595:Earth structure
4581:
4516:
4463:
4393:
4345:
4302:
4249:
4231:
4226:
4196:
4191:
4169:
4086:
4055:
4036:
3993:
3935:
3915:
3906:Gaia hypothesis
3896:Plate tectonics
3857:
3807:
3801:
3770:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3723:
3721:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3690:Wayback Machine
3680:
3676:
3670:Wayback Machine
3660:
3656:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3481:Wayback Machine
3468:
3464:
3458:Wayback Machine
3448:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3425:Wayback Machine
3412:
3408:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3298:on 5 April 2024
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3249:Wayback Machine
3239:
3235:
3229:Wayback Machine
3219:
3215:
3204:25 May 2012 at
3197:
3193:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2966:Wayback Machine
2956:
2952:
2946:Wayback Machine
2933:
2929:
2923:Wayback Machine
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2887:
2883:
2877:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2857:Wayback Machine
2847:
2843:
2837:Wayback Machine
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2810:on 18 June 2012
2802:
2801:
2797:
2791:Wayback Machine
2778:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2751:Wayback Machine
2741:
2737:
2731:Wayback Machine
2721:
2717:
2711:Wayback Machine
2701:
2697:
2691:Wayback Machine
2681:
2677:
2671:Wayback Machine
2658:
2654:
2648:Wayback Machine
2636:Eric D. Craft.
2635:
2631:
2609:
2605:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2540:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2520:Wayback Machine
2510:
2506:
2500:Wayback Machine
2490:
2486:
2480:Wayback Machine
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2413:Wayback Machine
2403:
2399:
2393:Wayback Machine
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2357:history.aip.org
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2303:Wayback Machine
2294:Spencer Weart.
2293:
2289:
2283:Wayback Machine
2273:
2269:
2263:Wayback Machine
2253:
2249:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2177:Wayback Machine
2167:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2140:Wayback Machine
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2071:Wayback Machine
2062:
2058:
2039:
2035:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1909:Wayback Machine
1894:
1890:
1885:
1877:Weather of 2024
1872:Weather station
1853:
1807:throughout the
1797:
1788:Aurora borealis
1781:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1708:Cassini–Huygens
1685:
1654:Eureka, Nunavut
1626:
1618:Main articles:
1608:
1577:
1539:extreme weather
1495:nitrogen oxides
1416:
1370:teleconnections
1365:forecast models
1333:
1327:
1272:extreme weather
1260:desertification
1232:
1206:
1200:
1175:
1169:
1134:coastal breezes
1126:complex systems
1118:Coriolis effect
1035:
906:
833:is incident at
725:
687:
682:
681:
657:
649:
648:
507:
497:
496:
409:
399:
398:
387:Ground blizzard
147:
137:
136:
115:
105:
104:
80:
52:
45:
30:
28:
23:
22:
18:Weather Systems
15:
12:
11:
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4836:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
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4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
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4754:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Atlantic Ocean
4715:
4710:
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4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
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4612:
4607:
4602:
4600:Fluid dynamics
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4572:Geopositioning
4569:
4567:Remote Sensing
4564:
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4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Climate change
4323:
4321:Energy balance
4318:
4316:Climate system
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
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3990:
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3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3741:
3740:External links
3738:
3735:
3734:
3694:
3681:AlaskaReport.
3674:
3654:
3592:
3577:. HubbleSite.
3565:
3512:
3485:
3462:
3442:
3429:
3406:
3379:(1): 395–431.
3362:
3359:on 2 May 2001.
3339:
3309:
3279:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3191:
3168:
3161:
3143:
3113:
3082:
3052:
3025:
3000:
2983:www.nature.com
2970:
2950:
2927:
2904:
2881:
2861:
2841:
2828:Blair Fannin.
2821:
2795:
2772:
2755:
2735:
2715:
2695:
2675:
2652:
2629:
2603:
2564:(4): 104–110.
2544:
2524:
2504:
2484:
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2417:
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2287:
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2199:
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2091:
2078:
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2033:
2010:
1999:on 7 July 2011
1976:
1943:
1913:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1793:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1740:Great Red Spot
1684:
1681:
1649:, Antarctica.
1647:Vostok Station
1631:Vostok Station
1607:
1604:
1596:synoptic scale
1576:
1573:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1531:Climate change
1528:
1514:
1491:sulfur dioxide
1469:Hebei Province
1415:
1412:
1329:Main article:
1326:
1323:
1307:Little Ice Age
1244:Gulf of Mexico
1231:
1228:
1224:Virgin Islands
1204:Biometeorology
1199:
1196:
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1153:meteorological
1145:chaotic system
1021:
986:cells and the
934:, rain, snow,
930:include wind,
915:surrounded by
905:
902:
882:Great Red Spot
863:chaotic system
847:climate change
819:axis is tilted
727:
726:
724:
723:
716:
709:
701:
698:
697:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
669:
667:Climate change
664:
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651:
650:
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641:
636:
635:
634:
633:
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627:
622:
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602:Severe weather
599:
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584:
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436:Megacryometeor
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24:
14:
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10:
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4:
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2:
4835:
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4756:
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4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Pacific Ocean
4726:
4724:
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4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
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4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
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4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Earth science
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
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4613:
4611:
4610:Magnetosphere
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4577:Virtual globe
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Earth's orbit
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
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4475:
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4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:World history
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:World economy
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4389:South America
4387:
4385:
4384:North America
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
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4128:
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4098:
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4089:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4056:(abiogenesis)
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
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3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Earth science
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
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3837:
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3596:
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3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3493:Ellen Cohen.
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:Anne Minard.
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
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3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:Glenn Elert.
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3220:Glenn Elert.
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:archive.today
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3181:NCEI.NOAA.gov
3178:
3172:
3169:
3164:
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3154:
3147:
3144:
3131:
3127:
3123:
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3101:
3097:
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3083:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3029:
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3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2988:
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2967:
2963:
2960:
2954:
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2908:
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2901:
2897:
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2862:
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2845:
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2838:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:Chris Landsea
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:0-7486-3887-3
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:Jason Wolfe,
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:Mike Strong.
2488:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2437:
2430:
2429:
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2257:
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2239:
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2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:86-17-06619-9
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Archived copy
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:"Troposphere"
1950:
1948:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:"Hydrosphere"
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
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1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
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1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:space weather
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1795:Space weather
1789:
1785:
1779:Space weather
1778:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:giant planets
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:Mount Rainier
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:severe storms
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:Anthropogenic
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:cloud seeding
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1389:precipitation
1385:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Fort Caroline
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:. Aside from
1253:
1252:human history
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
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1181:
1174:
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1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:frontogenesis
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:or organized
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
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937:
933:
929:
926:, the common
925:
918:
917:stratocumulus
914:
910:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:star's corona
887:
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868:
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850:
848:
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836:
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828:
824:
823:orbital plane
820:
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808:
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784:
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760:precipitation
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733:
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19:
4810:
4782:Solar System
4733:Oceanography
4723:Indian Ocean
4713:Arctic Ocean
4653:Age of Earth
4605:Geomagnetism
4297:
4288:Thermosphere
4278:Stratosphere
4162:
4095:Biodiversity
4081:astrobiology
3920:
3803:Elements of
3769:
3766:at Wikiquote
3729:
3722:. Retrieved
3707:
3697:
3677:
3657:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3568:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:the original
3488:
3465:
3445:
3432:
3409:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:the original
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3291:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3256:
3236:
3216:
3194:
3180:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3126:www.grida.no
3125:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3096:ScienceDaily
3095:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3065:www.grida.no
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:the original
3028:
3020:the original
3015:
2991:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2953:
2930:
2907:
2884:
2864:
2844:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2798:
2775:
2758:
2738:
2718:
2702:Mark Moore.
2698:
2678:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2611:
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2561:
2557:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2427:
2420:
2400:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2324:web.mit.edu/
2323:
2310:
2290:
2270:
2250:
2223:
2217:
2190:
2184:
2164:
2147:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2104:
2094:
2081:
2074:Air pressure
2059:
2036:
2028:the original
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1925:
1916:
1900:
1891:
1825:Solar System
1809:Solar System
1801:Sun's corona
1798:
1744:anticyclonic
1738:, Jupiter's
1736:Solar System
1733:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1675:occurred in
1661:Commonwealth
1658:
1651:
1627:
1578:
1558:
1477:
1428:supply lines
1417:
1414:Modification
1408:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1358:
1342:
1304:
1264:land bridges
1249:
1207:
1176:
1138:
1110:air pressure
1107:
1103:reflectivity
1069:
1057:solar energy
1038:
1012:thunderstorm
964:
921:
880:, Jupiter's
878:Solar System
875:
851:
843:solar energy
825:(called the
771:air pressure
768:
756:stratosphere
731:
730:
448:Diamond dust
372:Winter storm
203:Thunderstorm
68:
53:
4530:Cartography
4469:Environment
4336:Climatology
4273:Troposphere
4146:Prokaryotes
3934:Atmosphere
3929:Meteorology
3505:16 November
3332:11 February
2814:25 February
1833:atmospheres
1773:HD 189733 b
1711:mission to
1600:weather map
1592:meteorology
1584:atmospheric
1521:air quality
1325:Forecasting
1280:Kublai Khan
1216:Puerto Rico
1157:predictions
1130:Hadley cell
1004:baroclinity
940:dust storms
799:Ferrel cell
795:Hadley cell
783:Sun's angle
775:temperature
752:troposphere
662:Meteorology
597:Meteorology
485:Snow roller
480:Snow grains
443:Ice pellets
392:Snow squall
323:Storm surge
269:Anticyclone
225:Mesocyclone
213:Thundersnow
162:Arcus cloud
4635:Tomography
4620:Seismology
4587:Geophysics
4562:Navigation
4454:Time zones
4419:In culture
4364:Antarctica
4351:Continents
4283:Mesosphere
4255:Atmosphere
4027:Wilderness
3880:geological
2993:8 February
2117:21 January
1969:11 October
1883:References
1837:solar wind
1813:solar wind
1805:atmosphere
1719:and other
1561:ecosystems
1525:visibility
1511:structures
1507:vegetation
1499:atmosphere
1442:- and low
1404:wind chill
1345:atmosphere
1296:Gulf coast
1270:periods),
1222:, and the
1173:Weathering
1141:atmosphere
1095:suppresses
1079:lapse rate
1002:flow (see
1000:jet stream
990:. Weather
988:jet stream
960:ice storms
952:hurricanes
898:solar wind
859:atmosphere
813:, such as
807:jet stream
805:, and the
803:polar cell
748:atmosphere
736:atmosphere
656:Glossaries
592:Jet stream
531:Convection
517:Atmosphere
465:Cloudburst
328:Dust storm
294:Nor'easter
264:Fire whirl
259:Dust devil
252:Waterspout
179:Heat burst
174:Microburst
132:Wet season
120:Dry season
33:Weathering
4552:Geomatics
4497:Ecosystem
4482:Biosphere
4444:Etymology
4424:Earth Day
4374:Australia
4293:Exosphere
4105:Eukaryota
4072:Hierarchy
4067:Biosphere
4032:Wildfires
4022:Radiation
4012:Ecosystem
3952:Moonlight
3886:Structure
3841:particles
3616:0705.0993
3585:6 January
3401:189778612
3353:Space.com
3292:Inkerman™
3045:24 August
2620:. p. 21.
2598:225239334
2242:224863929
2209:243560910
1985:"Climate"
1725:Jupiter's
1694:Voyager 1
1588:mesoscale
1497:into the
1483:Acid rain
1278:fleet of
1184:acid rain
1161:potential
1083:inversion
1076:adiabatic
948:tornadoes
587:Heat wave
582:Cold wave
526:Chemistry
377:Ice storm
367:Firestorm
279:Polar low
247:Landspout
230:Supercell
191:Lightning
169:Downburst
125:Harmattan
59:Part of
4817:Category
4800:Category
4187:Category
4156:bacteria
4139:protista
4100:Organism
3967:Sunlight
3813:Universe
3718:Archived
3686:Archived
3666:Archived
3641:17495920
3579:Archived
3560:46419483
3552:17847386
3477:Archived
3454:Archived
3421:Archived
3326:Archived
3245:Archived
3225:Archived
3202:Archived
3185:Archived
3130:Archived
3100:Archived
3069:Archived
2987:Archived
2962:Archived
2942:Archived
2919:Archived
2896:Archived
2873:Archived
2853:Archived
2833:Archived
2787:Archived
2747:Archived
2727:Archived
2707:Archived
2687:Archived
2667:Archived
2644:Archived
2536:Archived
2516:Archived
2496:Archived
2476:Archived
2436:Archived
2409:Archived
2389:Archived
2361:Archived
2299:Archived
2279:Archived
2259:Archived
2173:Archived
2136:Archived
2111:Archived
2067:Archived
1905:Archived
1897:Weather.
1851:See also
1742:, is an
1669:snowfall
1635:'Aziziya
1543:flooding
1487:emission
1467:City of
1402:and the
1300:diaspora
1284:Kamikaze
1180:chemical
1045:sunlight
1008:monsoons
976:sunlight
967:moisture
956:typhoons
946:such as
884:, is an
831:sunlight
827:ecliptic
787:latitude
779:moisture
458:Freezing
419:Freezing
382:Blizzard
61:a series
4823:Weather
4645:Geology
4557:Gravity
4522:Geodesy
4492:Ecology
4308:Climate
4298:Weather
4245:History
4240:Outline
4164:Viruses
4151:archaea
4127:animals
4079: (
4077:Biology
4054:Origin
4007:Ecology
3982:tornado
3942:Climate
3936:(Earth)
3921:Weather
3891:Geology
3878: (
3876:History
3764:Weather
3752:Weather
3724:28 June
3649:4402268
3621:Bibcode
3532:Bibcode
3523:Science
3381:Bibcode
3302:5 April
3272:28 June
3106:9 March
2566:Bibcode
2558:Weather
2367:21 July
2337:21 July
2052:WebCite
1936:27 June
1841:aurorae
1763:⁄
1752:Neptune
1717:methane
1465:Baoding
1460:Beijing
1444:stratus
1432:monsoon
1377:chaotic
1311:famines
1282:by the
1268:glacial
1266:during
1192:erosion
1022:2015 –
992:systems
764:climate
732:Weather
612:Extreme
558:Physics
548:Climate
536:Physics
426:Graupel
414:Drizzle
362:Sirocco
345:Monsoon
316:Typhoon
274:Cyclone
237:Tornado
184:Derecho
69:Weather
4700:Oceans
4668:Future
4512:Nature
4434:Symbol
4379:Europe
4359:Africa
4115:plants
3947:Clouds
3911:Future
3901:Oceans
3853:Change
3836:Matter
3831:Energy
3805:nature
3647:
3639:
3603:Nature
3558:
3550:
3399:
3159:
3136:14 May
3075:14 May
2624:
2596:
2445:21 May
2240:
2230:
2207:
2197:
2155:
2003:14 May
1829:Saturn
1673:months
1643:Dallol
1509:, and
1276:Mongol
1188:(salt)
904:Causes
801:, the
797:, the
793:: the
777:, and
750:, the
740:cloudy
620:Canada
575:Season
505:Topics
350:Amihan
338:Haboob
333:Simoom
145:Storms
100:Autumn
95:Summer
90:Spring
85:Winter
4477:Biome
4459:World
4229:Earth
4134:fungi
4122:fauna
4110:flora
4017:Field
3972:Tides
3863:Earth
3821:Space
3645:S2CID
3611:arXiv
3556:S2CID
3397:S2CID
2594:S2CID
2439:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2276:Wind.
1729:Venus
1713:Titan
1703:Earth
1382:range
1143:is a
1093:that
1061:Earth
980:polar
932:cloud
924:Earth
839:orbit
744:Earth
742:. On
625:Japan
553:Cloud
541:River
490:Slush
152:Cloud
4749:Moon
4429:Flag
4369:Asia
4042:Life
3977:Wind
3962:Snow
3957:Rain
3826:Time
3726:2008
3637:PMID
3587:2006
3548:PMID
3507:2007
3334:2021
3304:2024
3274:2008
3157:ISBN
3138:2023
3108:2018
3077:2023
3047:2008
2995:2020
2816:2012
2660:NASA
2622:ISBN
2447:2014
2382:NASA
2369:2017
2339:2017
2238:OCLC
2228:ISBN
2205:OCLC
2195:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2119:2016
2106:NASA
2041:NASA
2005:2008
1971:2020
1938:2008
1665:km/h
1622:and
1553:Heat
1523:and
1493:and
1452:hail
1400:snow
1396:rain
1375:The
1305:The
1220:Guam
1139:The
1041:axis
1032:NOAA
1028:NASA
958:and
938:and
607:List
570:Mist
470:Snow
453:Rain
431:Hail
357:Gale
39:and
3711:at
3629:doi
3607:447
3540:doi
3528:251
3389:doi
3377:104
2935:BBC
2584:hdl
2574:doi
2050:at
1827:as
1765:900
1489:of
1440:fog
1099:ice
1091:cap
1087:fog
1067:).
1049:Sun
971:sun
936:fog
922:On
894:Sun
829:),
565:Fog
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3063:.
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3003:^
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2891:.
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2766:.
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2322:.
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2103:.
2043:.
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