280:
315:
many different sensors to measure weather conditions. These sensors can vary between models but most measure wind speed, wind direction, outdoor and indoor temperatures, outdoor and indoor humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, and UV or solar radiation. Other available sensors can measure soil moisture, soil temperature, and leaf wetness. The quality, number of instruments, and placement of personal weather stations can vary widely, making the determination of which stations collect accurate, meaningful, and comparable data difficult. There are a comprehensive number of
499:. Moored weather buoys range from 1.5–12 metres (5–40 ft) in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in). Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity.
112:
27:
456:
371:
314:
A personal weather station is a set of weather measuring instruments operated by a private individual, club, association, or business (where obtaining and distributing weather data is not a part of the entity's business operation). Personal weather stations have become more advanced and can include
322:
Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems.
294:, to keep direct sunlight off the thermometer and wind off the hygrometer. The instrumentation may be specialized to allow for periodic recording, otherwise significant manual labour is required for record keeping. Automatic transmission of data, in a format such as
330:
Personal weather stations may be operated solely for the enjoyment and education of the owner, while some owners share their results with others. They do this by manually compiling data and distributing it, distributing data over the
Internet, or sharing data via
414:. The agreement of the weather ships ended in 1990. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like merchant ships tended to and were considered a valuable resource. The last weather ship was
397:
as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological measurements for use in weather forecasting. It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during
1019:
The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean
Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research
307:
339:(CWOP) is a service which facilitates the sharing of information from personal weather stations. This data is submitted through use of software, a personal computer, and internet connection (or amateur radio) and are utilized by groups such as the
351:
Internet site is another popular destination for the submittal and sharing of data with others around the world. As with CWOP, each station submitting data to
Weather Underground has a unique Web page displaying their submitted data. The UK
739:
The firmware is under active development, and users are encouraged to contribute to it by forking the repository on Github. An initiative to further develop the hardware and make it commercially available is ongoing as spin-off project
94:
are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as
495:, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the
482:
data within the world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains,
1088:
155:
A weather instrument is any device that measures weather related conditions. Since there are a variety of different weather conditions, there are a variety of different weather instruments.
1523:
991:
460:
116:
290:
Except for those instruments requiring direct exposure to the elements (anemometer, rain gauge), the instruments should be sheltered in a vented box, usually a
508:
86:
measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or
718:
526:) and at intermediate synoptic hours 03h00, 09h00, 15h00, 21h00 (UTC). Every weather station has assigned station unique code by WMO for identification.
403:
1016:
National
Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction (1974).
286:'s are the source of the most commonly cited weather reports in the United States, located at airports in all major cities and most smaller ones
1154:
1049:
829:
802:
348:
1443:
347:. Each weather station submitting data to CWOP will also have an individual Web page that depicts the data submitted by that station. The
406:(ICAO) established a global network of 13 weather ships in 1948. Of the 12 left in operation in 1996, nine were located in the northern
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422:
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224:
1518:
668:
562:
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336:
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496:
279:
1211:
344:
987:
887:
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The common instruments of measure are anemometer, wind vane, pressure sensor, thermometer, hygrometer, and rain gauge.
522:
weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic time 00h00, 06h00, 12h00, 18h00 (
819:
678:
150:
1488:
1041:
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and pressure systems, such as the synoptic observation network, while others are more regional in nature, known as
523:
519:
512:
241:
1463:
111:
1314:
983:
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A variety of land-based weather station networks have been set up globally. Some of these are basic to analyzing
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752:
682:
340:
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The weather measures are formatted in special format and transmit to WMO to help the weather forecast model.
316:
507:
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96:
1378:
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231:
1419:
1282:
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645:
271:, soil temperature, water temperature in ponds, lakes, creeks, or rivers, and occasionally other data.
1362:
1103:
912:
G. L. Timpe & N. Van de Voorde (October 1995). "NOMAD buoys: An overview of forty years of use".
617:
324:
172:
128:
63:
1423:
1489:
Initial
Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations at Urban Sites, by Tim R. Oke
673:
429:
was removed from service
January 1, 2010. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by
47:
43:
20:
26:
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935:
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260:
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1111:
917:
914:'Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment'. Conference Proceedings. OCEANS '95 MTS/IEEE
626:
291:
568:
1467:
1447:
1254:
1215:
246:
216:
193:
31:
1107:
356:'s Weather Observations Website (WOW) also allows such data to be shared and displayed.
298:, is also desirable as many weather station's data is required for weather forecasting.
1183:
407:
75:
455:
213:, also called a weather vane or a weathercock: it shows which way the wind is blowing.
1512:
1123:
939:
697:
687:
541:
488:
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415:
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79:
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weather stations are available that are designed to be fully customizable by users.
655:
492:
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is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring
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605:
434:
67:
1395:
AgriMet: The
Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network.
1460:
599:
545:
452:
project transcribes naval logs from before the era of dedicated ships.
370:
55:
51:
1441:
Department of
Agriculture and Food Western Australia Weather Stations.
1271:
Indiana Purdue
Automated Agricultural Weather Station Network (PAAWS).
1407:
1115:
595:
Indiana Purdue
Automated Agricultural Weather Station Network (PAAWS)
421:, known as weather station M ("jilindras") at 66°N, 02°E, run by the
1302:
1286:
855:
1498:
1424:
Automatic Weather Stations for Agricultural and Other Applications.
1350:
1247:
506:
484:
454:
394:
369:
305:
295:
278:
110:
25:
1266:
1087:
Bridget R. Thomas; Elizabeth C. Kent & Val R. Swail (2005).
956:
875:
390:
136:
83:
1195:
651:
Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia
1504:
NWS Observing Handbook No. 2: Cooperative Station Observations
631:
The Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network
589:
441:. Weather observations from ships continue from thousands of
201:
for measuring liquid precipitation over a set period of time.
1231:
1382:
1366:
158:
Typical weather stations have the following instruments:
103:
outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount.
1089:"Methods to Homogenize Wind Speeds From Ships and Buoys"
478:
Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and
1483:
1209:
Central Pennsylvania Volunteer Weather Station Network.
583:
Central Pennsylvania Volunteer Weather Station Network
1461:
Lower Murray Water Automatic Weather Station Network.
227:, additional instruments may be employed, including:
1170:
207:
for measuring general wind speed and wind direction
821:Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction
259:More sophisticated stations may also measure the
1494:International Weather Watchers Observer Handbook
1149:. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 24–25.
16:Facility for atmospheric research and prediction
992:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1146:Data analysis methods in physical oceanography
99:(SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting
1408:Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project.
1143:William J. Emery; Richard E. Thomson (2001).
957:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
569:Weather Underground Personal Weather Stations
165:for measuring air and sea surface temperature
8:
1524:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
641:Antarctic Automatic Weather Stations Project
1102:(7). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 979–995.
1319:Michigan Automated Weather Network (MAWN).
753:"WOW - A new weather website for everyone"
1248:Georgia Environmental Monitoring Network.
1034:K. A. Browning; Robert J. Gurney (1999).
610:Michigan Automated Weather Network (MAWN)
410:while three were located in the northern
404:International Civil Aviation Organization
1333:Agricultural Electronic Bulletin Board.
1065:R. Lumpkin & M. Pazos (2010-06-08).
590:Georgia Environmental Monitoring Network
586:Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN)
310:Roof-mounted weather station instruments
978:
976:
709:
658:Water Automatic Weather Station Network
824:. World Scientific. pp. 369–371.
580:Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET)
123:harbor measures and transmits data on
46:conditions to provide information for
768:
766:
445:in routine commercial operation; the
234:for identifying falling precipitation
19:For the Canadian folk-rock band, see
7:
1406:Automatic Weather Stations Project.
1096:International Journal of Climatology
794:The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II
1435:Department of Agriculture and Food
961:"Ocean Motion and Surface Currents"
791:Malcolm Francis Willoughby (1980).
284:Automated Surface Observing Station
1232:Florida Automated Weather Network.
1207:Pennsylvania State Climatologist.
423:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
225:automated airport weather stations
14:
1171:Citizen Weather Observer Program.
1023:. National Academies. p. 40.
916:. Vol. 1. pp. 309–315.
58:. The measurements taken include
1499:NWS Cooperative Observer Program
1484:Citizen Weather Observer Program
797:. Arno Press. pp. 127–130.
669:Global Telecommunications System
563:Citizen Weather Observer Program
337:Citizen Weather Observer Program
1196:Arizona Meteorological Network.
558:Global Climate Observing System
1459:Lower Murray Water Resources.
1037:Global energy and water cycles
774:"Britain's First Weather Ship"
1:
1351:Cooperative Observer Program.
459:Weather buoy operated by the
1069:. The Global Drifter Program
818:Stanislaw R. Massel (1996).
497:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
1287:Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
679:Surface weather observation
255:for measuring cloud ceiling
151:List of weather instruments
1542:
1335:Missouri Weather Stations.
1042:Cambridge University Press
922:10.1109/OCEANS.1995.526788
888:"Crater Lake weather buoy"
717:Verbelen, Yannick (2016).
491:. With the decline of the
471:
443:voluntary merchant vessels
363:
219:for measuring evaporation.
148:
142:
18:
1315:Michigan State University
1184:Personal Weather Station.
984:National Data Buoy Center
616:National Weather Service
613:Missouri Weather Stations
515:automatic weather station
463:National Data Buoy Center
32:Mildura Airport, Victoria
1470:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1450:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1426:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1410:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1397:Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
1385:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1369:Retrieved on 2017-05-21.
1353:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1347:National Weather Service
1337:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1321:Retrieved on 2008-12-01.
1305:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1289:Retrieved on 2009-11-12.
1285:Department of Agronomy.
1273:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1257:Retrieved on 2010-09-01.
1234:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1218:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1198:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1186:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
1173:Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
683:surface weather analysis
575:United States of America
503:Synoptic weather station
341:National Weather Service
302:Personal weather station
249:for measuring visibility
223:In addition, at certain
186:for measuring wind speed
1519:Meteorological stations
317:retail weather stations
145:Weather instrumentation
97:sea surface temperature
1379:University of Oklahoma
1331:University of Missouri
623:New York State Mesonet
516:
464:
382:
343:(NWS) when generating
311:
287:
242:drop size distribution
232:Present weather sensor
180:for measuring humidity
140:
35:
1420:Bureau of Meteorology
1283:Iowa State University
1244:University of Georgia
1228:University of Florida
1182:Weather Underground.
988:"Moored Buoy Program"
646:Bureau of Meteorology
510:
458:
373:
309:
282:
149:Further information:
114:
29:
1363:University of Albany
618:Cooperative Observer
173:atmospheric pressure
129:atmospheric pressure
64:atmospheric pressure
1108:2005IJCli..25..979T
1067:"What's a Drifter?"
852:"Great Lakes buoys"
674:Lightning detection
636:Southern Hemisphere
598:Iowa Environmental
349:Weather Underground
119:weather station at
107:Weather instruments
30:Weather station at
21:The Weather Station
1466:2008-07-20 at the
1446:2008-08-19 at the
1299:University of Utah
1253:2010-06-09 at the
1214:2008-05-26 at the
876:Muskegon Lake buoy
719:"WeatherStation 3"
517:
465:
383:
312:
288:
141:
36:
1437:Western Australia
1383:Oklahoma Mesonet.
1156:978-0-444-50757-0
1051:978-0-521-56057-3
831:978-981-02-2109-6
804:978-0-405-13081-6
780:: 136. June 1948.
778:Popular Mechanics
693:Weather satellite
654:Australia: Lower
393:stationed in the
374:The weather ship
261:ultraviolet index
50:and to study the
48:weather forecasts
1531:
1471:
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1116:10.1002/joc.1176
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1074:
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1006:
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1003:
994:. Archived from
980:
971:
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968:
967:
953:
944:
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909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
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854:. Archived from
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838:
815:
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770:
761:
760:
749:
743:
742:
740:OpenObservatory.
736:
734:
725:. Archived from
714:
627:Oklahoma Mesonet
292:Stevenson screen
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
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1528:
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1468:Wayback Machine
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1448:Wayback Machine
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1216:Wayback Machine
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1169:Russ Chadwick.
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638:
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505:
476:
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468:Dedicated buoys
368:
362:
360:Dedicated ships
345:forecast models
304:
277:
247:Transmissometer
217:Evaporation pan
194:solar radiation
153:
147:
133:air temperature
109:
40:weather station
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1478:External links
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1044:. p. 62.
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1008:
986:(2008-02-04).
972:
959:(2009-04-15).
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542:weather fronts
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472:Main article:
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408:Atlantic Ocean
364:Main article:
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240:for measuring
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171:for measuring
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143:Main article:
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76:wind direction
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998:on 2011-01-03
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759:. 2011-02-11.
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729:on 2017-04-16
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698:Wind profiler
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688:Weather radar
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447:Old Weather
325:Open-source
319:available.
238:Disdrometer
190:Pyranometer
163:Thermometer
121:Wake Island
60:temperature
44:atmospheric
1513:Categories
1129:2011-01-29
1073:2011-01-29
1002:2011-01-29
966:2011-01-28
898:2012-06-16
862:2012-06-16
837:2011-01-18
757:Met Office
704:References
431:satellites
427:Polarfront
418:Polarfront
378:Polarfront
354:Met Office
253:Ceilometer
199:Rain gauge
184:Anemometer
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125:wind speed
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402:that the
211:Wind vane
205:Wind sock
169:Barometer
90:. Manual
82:amounts.
1464:Archived
1444:Archived
1251:Archived
1212:Archived
733:16 April
663:See also
606:MesoWest
546:mesonets
536:Networks
520:Synoptic
513:Synoptic
435:aircraft
416:MS
376:MS
275:Exposure
68:humidity
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1020:Council
600:Mesonet
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485:nylon
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