114:. Logging the IP address can, for example, monitor if a person voted more than once, as well as their viewing pattern. Knowing the visitor's location indicates, besides other things, the country. This may, for example, result in prices being quoted in the local currency, the price or the range of goods that are available, special conditions applying and in some cases requests from or responses to a certain country being blocked entirely. Internet users may
165:
A third-party cookie is created by websites other than the one a user visits. They insert additional tracking code that can record a user's online activity. On-site analytics refers to data collection on the current site. It is used to measure many aspects of user interactions, including the number
138:
is code and information embedded onto a user's device by a website when the user visits the website. The website might then retrieve the information on the cookie on subsequent visits to the website by the user. Cookies can be used to customise the user's browsing experience and to deliver targeted
379:
Web browsing is linked to a user's personal information. Location, interests, purchases, and more can be revealed just by what page a user visits. This allows them to draw conclusions about a user, and analyze patterns of activity. Use of web tracking is unethical when applied in the context of a
481:
Users can also control third-party web tracking to some extent by other means. Opt-out cookies let users block websites from installing future cookies. Websites may be blocked from installing third-party advertisers or cookies on a browser, which will prevent tracking on the user's page.
161:
A first-party cookie is created by the website the user is visiting. These cookies are considered "good" since they help the user rather than spy on them. The main goal of first-party cookies is to recognize the user and their preferences so that their desired settings can be applied.
540:, which prioritize preventing the storage and tracking of user activity. It's worth noting that while these alternatives offer enhanced privacy, some may not guarantee complete anonymity, and a few might be less user-friendly compared to mainstream search engines such as
60:
Advertising companies actively collect information about users and make profiles that are used to individualize advertisements. User activities include websites visited, watched videos, interactions on social networks, and online transactions. Websites like
801:
85:
focuses more on the performance of a website as a whole. Web tracking will give insight on how a website is being used and see how long a user spends on a certain page. This can be used to see who may have the most interest in the content of the
238:
Because ETags are cached by the browser and returned with subsequent requests for the same resource, a tracking server can simply repeat any ETag received from the browser to ensure an assigned ETag persists indefinitely (in a similar way to
286:
relies on your browser and is a way of identifying users every time they go online and track your activity. Through fingerprinting, websites can determine the user's operating system, language, time zone, and browser version without your
48:. Analysis of a user's behaviour may be used to provide content that enables the operator to infer their preferences and may be of interest to various parties, such as advertisers. Web tracking can be part of visitor management.
419:
which are relevant to their current requirements. From the point of view of a sales organization, engaging with a potential customer when they are actively looking to buy can produce savings in otherwise wasted marketing funds.
486:
is a web browser setting that can request a web application to disable the tracking of a user. Enabling this feature will send a request to the website users are on to voluntarily disable their cross-site user tracking.
350:
in 2021, which intends to replace existing behavioral tracking which relies on tracking individual user actions and aggregating them on the server side with web browser declaring their membership in a behavioral cohort.
110:, which is needed to enable devices to communicate with each other. With appropriate software on the host website, the IP address of visitors to the site can be logged and can also be used to determine the visitor's
519:
Some web browsers use "tracking protection" or "tracking prevention" features to block web trackers. The teams behind the NoScript and uBlock add-ons have assisted with developing
Firefox's SmartBlock capabilities.
1986:
We monitor websites and services to find out what user data companies collect, how they collect it, and what they do with it. With our measurement platform, we study privacy, security, and ethics of consumer data
817:
92:
is the practice of testing how easy a design is to use. Users are observed as they complete tasks. This would help identify usability problems with a website's design so they can be fixed for easier navigation.
194:) so that it's masqueraded as first-party even though it's a separate entity in legal and organizational terms. This technique is blocked by some browsers and ad blockers using block lists of known trackers.
297:" can not only be used to track users across the web, but they are also hard to detect and difficult to remove since they are stored in a different place than the standard cookies.
1154:
Ayenson, Mika D.; Wambach, Dietrich James; Soltani, Ashkan; Good, Nathan; Hoofnagle, Chris Jay (29 July 2011). "Flash
Cookies and Privacy II: Now with HTML5 and ETag Respawning".
528:
To safeguard user data from tracking by search engines, various privacy focused search engines have been developed as viable alternatives. Examples of such search engines include
1525:
Randall, Audrey; Snyder, Peter; Ukani, Alisha; Snoeren, Alex C.; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan; Schulman, Aaron (25 October 2022). "Measuring UID smuggling in the wild".
1444:
1119:
Dimova, Yana; Acar, Gunes; Olejnik, Lukasz; Joosen, Wouter; Van
Goethem, Tom (2021-02-23). "The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion".
227:, were using ETags for tracking purposes. Hulu and KISSmetrics have both ceased "respawning" as of 29 July 2011, as KISSmetrics and over 20 of its clients are facing a
1420:
1617:
1798:
473:, which mitigates web tracking on mobile to a large extent, including Total Cookie Protection and similar to the private mode in the conventional Firefox browser.
2329:
1643:
1254:
1199:
2289:
2284:
2178:
992:
Martin, Kirsten (2015-12-22). "Data aggregators, consumer data, and responsibility online: Who is tracking consumers online and should they stop?".
1671:
2036:
1593:
359:, where "each user's behavior follows them from site to site as a label, inscrutable at a glance but rich with meaning to those in the know".
2339:
511:. Many times, the functionality of the website fails. For example, one may not be able to log in to the site, or preferences are lost.
1697:
1499:
1094:
563:
1542:
1072:
855:
115:
1723:
69:
collect information about what shows users watch, which helps them suggest more shows that they might like. Search engines like
1035:
352:
1748:
2526:
381:
342:
1621:
499:
does not prevent (all) tracking attempts because it usually only blocks the storage of information on the visitor site (
1831:
1255:"What is Canvas Fingerprinting and how the companies use it to track you online | So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish"
2076:
1494:
1395:
268:
are used by advertisers to help identify which channels are most successful in helping convert browsers into buyers.
2580:
2534:
2201:
1299:
416:
2565:
2269:
2174:
2029:
776:
73:
will keep a record of what users search for, which could help them suggest more relevant searches in the future.
2436:
2354:
2071:
903:
385:
1371:
560:
provides insight into the actions of people when they are online, usually when they purchase products online.
2334:
1275:
356:
123:
274:
is used by advertisers to measure the number of clicks they receive on their ads per number of impressions.
2570:
1571:
405:
283:
262:
allows websites to identify and track users using HTML5 canvas elements instead of using a browser cookie.
76:
879:
362:"UID smuggling" was found to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by latest protection tools – such as
2378:
2144:
2066:
1060:
571:
is the use of workplace surveillance to gather information on the activities and locations of employees.
265:
259:
1773:
2104:
2022:
611:
557:
409:
401:
228:
1576:
1174:
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activities. Visiting companies can be approached, both online and offline, with marketing and sales
2081:
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606:
568:
1323:
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1599:
1548:
1120:
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974:
954:
861:
758:
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691:
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is an invisible graphic that is placed on a website to monitor the behavior of the user visiting.
504:
308:
271:
187:
1897:
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1879:
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851:
809:
750:
672:
601:
578:
433:
240:
89:
1566:
Mayer, J. R.; Mitchell, J. C. (May 2012). "Third-Party Web
Tracking: Policy and Technology".
2585:
2471:
2324:
2255:
1921:
1869:
1581:
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1140:
1001:
966:
843:
742:
703:
662:
595:
389:
232:
31:
1816:
458:. However, VPNs cost money and as of 2023 NoScript may "make general web browsing a pain".
2099:
616:
312:
44:
and third parties collect, store and share information about visitors' activities on the
2431:
2319:
2114:
730:
545:
500:
467:
440:
329:
300:
277:
216:
175:
45:
2559:
2539:
2344:
2091:
1799:"Think you're anonymous online? A third of popular websites are 'fingerprinting' you"
1552:
1396:"Redirect tracking protection - Privacy, permissions, and information security | MDN"
1021:
762:
715:
622:
584:
541:
470:
436:
367:
347:
319:
246:
180:
122:
and protect personal identity and location to stay anonymous on the internet using a
82:
1644:"How to use Ublock Origin and Privacy Badger to prevent browser tracking in Firefox"
1603:
978:
865:
17:
2486:
2421:
2134:
1947:
598:
is the level of privacy an individual has while they are connected to the internet
589:
574:
508:
496:
483:
191:
119:
1005:
1898:"What is the Definition of Online Privacy? | Winston & Strawn Legal Glossary"
970:
380:
private individual; and to varying degrees is subject to legislation such as the
2491:
2374:
2274:
2196:
2139:
2129:
1204:
1200:"AOL, Spotify, GigaOm, Etsy, KISSmetrics sued over undeletable tracking cookies"
731:"Using mixed methods to study the historical use of web beacons in web tracking"
388:. When it is done without the knowledge of a user, it is considered a breach of
290:
220:
212:
170:
135:
111:
1858:"Web Tracking Domain and Possible Privacy Defending Tools: A Literature Review"
746:
707:
625:
is the reporting and analysis of website data to improve the user's experience
619:
is used to track a product's status and monitor their location when transported
2506:
2441:
2279:
2226:
2149:
1225:
1059:
Loshin, David; Reifer, Abie (2013-01-01), Loshin, David; Reifer, Abie (eds.),
628:
529:
451:
325:
294:
243:). Additional caching headers can also enhance the preservation of ETag data.
107:
1883:
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754:
676:
667:
650:
2501:
2461:
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2396:
2221:
2216:
2159:
2154:
1534:
1421:"New browser-tracking hack works even when you flush caches or go incognito"
847:
651:"Institutional characteristics, signaling variables and IPO initial returns"
537:
412:
204:
1095:"Online Trackers Are Now Shifting To New Invasive CNAME Cloaking Technique"
2466:
2451:
2386:
2364:
447:
304:
2516:
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2426:
2401:
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2349:
2314:
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533:
429:
363:
338:
can be used to track users since they persist across browsing sessions.
335:
66:
62:
41:
1698:"Mozilla unveils Total Cookie Protection for Firefox Focus on Android"
802:"Tracking Phones, Google Is a Dragnet for the Police (Published 2019)"
2496:
2359:
2294:
2246:
2211:
2191:
2014:
1998:
1230:
215:
are increasingly being deleted by privacy-aware users. In July 2011,
70:
1672:"Our Favorite Ad Blockers and Browser Extensions to Protect Privacy"
1125:
2446:
2416:
2304:
2299:
2264:
2236:
2231:
1993:
1976:"Princeton Web Transparency & Accountability Project (WebTap)"
955:"Big Data fingerprinting information analytics for sustainability"
840:
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web
1372:"FullStory | Build a More Perfect Digital Experience | FullStory"
404:
context, understanding a visitor's behavior in order to identify
173:
are bypassed by some tracking companies using a technique called
2544:
2411:
2406:
1975:
408:
is seen by many commercial organizations as an effective way to
224:
2018:
1724:"If You Care About Privacy, It's Time to Try a New Web Browser"
581:
as alternatives serving mostly textual content without tracking
2481:
953:
Kobusińska, Anna; Pawluczuk, Kamil; Brzeziński, Jerzy (2018).
455:
303:
scripts allows the ability to replay a visitor's journey on a
1495:"New web tracking technique is bypassing privacy protections"
1065:
Using
Information to Develop a Culture of Customer Centricity
929:"How cookies track you around the web & how to stop them"
370:– by a 2022 study, which also contributed to countermeasures.
355:
has criticized FLoC as retaining the fundamental paradigm of
328:
are commonly used to check whether or not an individual who
106:
Every device connected to the
Internet is assigned a unique
79:
may use web tracking to spy on individuals and solve crimes.
1527:
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet
Measurement Conference
280:
collects the user's mouse cursor positions on the computer.
1520:
1518:
842:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1143–1144.
466:
On mobile, the most advanced method may be the use of the
139:
ads. Some browsing activities that cookies can store are:
27:
Collection of information regarding user usage by websites
1529:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 230–243.
690:
Samarasinghe, Nayanamana; Mannan, Mohammad (2019-11-01).
1856:
Abdulaziz Saad
Bubukayr, Maryam; Frikha, Mounir (2022).
1300:"What is online tracking and how do websites track you?"
1347:
1749:"Firefox enables its anti-tracking feature by default"
592:
can track the location of an entity or object remotely
186:, where a third-party tracking service is assigned a
1832:"Firefox 87 reveals SmartBlock for private browsing"
2525:
2373:
2254:
2173:
2090:
2057:
2050:
1061:"Chapter 4. Customer Lifetime and Value Analytics"
503:). It does not help, however, against the various
428:The most advanced protection tools are or include
169:Restrictions on third-party cookies introduced by
838:Kleinberg, Samantha; Mishra, Bud (2008). "PSST".
777:"Internet Safety: Understanding Browser Tracking"
190:record in the first-party origin domain (usually
1774:"What is an Opt Out Cookie? - All about Cookies"
1666:
1664:
56:The uses of web tracking include the following:
450:, the use of an alternative search engine like
149:when a user clicked on an online advertisement,
692:"Towards a global perspective on web tracking"
446:Moreover, they may include the browser add-on
223:reported that a number of websites, including
2030:
8:
211:ETags can be used to track unique users, as
1994:"OpenWPM – A privacy measurement framework"
1568:2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
735:International Journal of Digital Humanities
2054:
2037:
2023:
2015:
1948:"What is Web Beacon? Webopedia Definition"
800:Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (2019-04-13).
1873:
1618:"Website visitor tracking going too far?"
1575:
1124:
666:
649:D. Sundarasen, Sheela Devi (2019-04-08).
1324:"Cookies - Definition - Trend Micro USA"
641:
245:ETags may be flushable by clearing the
235:partially involving the use of ETags.
40:is the practice by which operators of
7:
1620:. Prospectvision.net. Archived from
585:Google Chrome#User tracking concerns
495:Contrary to popular belief, browser
1067:, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 23–31,
1500:University of California-San Diego
1470:"Google's FLoC Is a Terrible Idea"
1173:Soltani, Ashkan (11 August 2011).
959:Future Generation Computer Systems
564:Consumer Data Industry Association
507:methods. Such fingerprints can be
318:"Redirect tracking" is the use of
25:
1198:Anthony, Sebastian (2011-08-04).
884:The Interaction Design Foundation
143:pages and content a user browsed,
1946:Beal, Vangie (22 January 2002).
1722:Chen, Brian X. (31 March 2021).
1642:Wallen, Jack (24 October 2018).
1276:"What is cross-device tracking?"
375:Unethical Nature of Web Tracking
205:HTTP ETag § Tracking using ETags
203:This section is an excerpt from
152:what time a user visited a site.
1468:Cyphers, Bennett (2021-03-03).
1036:"What are first-party cookies?"
432:'s tracking protection and the
322:to track users across websites.
1474:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1445:"Federated Learning Component"
1175:"Flash Cookies and Privacy II"
231:over the use of "undeletable"
157:First- and third-party cookies
1:
2527:Web content management system
1253:Andrea Fortuna (2017-11-06).
1006:10.1080/01972243.2015.1107166
729:Nielsen, Janne (2021-04-27).
343:Federated Learning of Cohorts
219:and a team of researchers at
1817:"Firefox 42.0 release notes"
971:10.1016/j.future.2017.12.061
880:"What is Usability Testing?"
146:what a user searched online,
366:'s tracking protection and
2602:
2535:Document management system
2202:Domain Technologie Control
2175:Web hosting control panels
1419:Goodin, Dan (2021-02-19).
1274:BigCommerce (2019-12-12).
1141:"tracking without cookies"
747:10.1007/s42803-021-00033-4
708:10.1016/j.cose.2019.101569
202:
29:
1875:10.32604/jcs.2022.029020
1862:Journal of Cybersecurity
904:"What is an IP address?"
696:Computers & Security
668:10.1108/prr-10-2016-0003
382:EU's eCommerce Directive
166:of times a user visits.
77:Law enforcement agencies
30:Not to be confused with
1778:www.allaboutcookies.org
1535:10.1145/3517745.3561415
994:The Information Society
848:10.1145/1367497.1367697
249:(implementations vary).
1922:"Web Analytics Basics"
284:Browser fingerprinting
2145:Web content lifecycle
1493:Patringenaru, Ioana.
1400:developer.mozilla.org
266:Cross-device tracking
260:Canvas fingerprinting
116:circumvent censorship
112:geographical location
2105:Mobile web analytics
1902:Winston & Strawn
1570:. pp. 413–427.
1226:"Cookieless cookies"
612:Network surveillance
558:Behavioral analytics
402:business-to-business
357:surveillance economy
229:class-action lawsuit
18:Web visitor tracking
1780:. 27 September 2018
1449:source.chromium.org
1143:. 17 February 2003.
655:PSU Research Review
607:Information privacy
569:Employee monitoring
386:Data Protection Act
346:(FLoC), trialed in
2165:Website governance
2045:Website management
1728:The New York Times
1676:The New York Times
1586:10.1109/SP.2012.47
1502:via techxplore.com
1328:www.trendmicro.com
1040:IONOS Digitalguide
806:The New York Times
309:mobile application
272:Click-through rate
241:persistent cookies
2581:Mass surveillance
2553:
2552:
2477:Network Solutions
2125:
2124:
1952:www.webopedia.com
1926:www.usability.gov
1678:. 10 January 2023
1595:978-1-4673-1244-8
1376:www.fullstory.com
1179:askhansoltani.org
602:Internet tracking
454:and the use of a
406:buying intentions
332:actually read it.
330:received an email
16:(Redirected from
2593:
2566:Internet privacy
2472:NearlyFreeSpeech
2325:Identity Digital
2256:Top-level domain
2055:
2039:
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1348:"Session replay"
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816:. Archived from
797:
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788:
787:
773:
767:
766:
726:
720:
719:
687:
681:
680:
670:
646:
596:Internet privacy
477:Opt-out requests
390:browser security
233:tracking cookies
184:
32:Website tracking
21:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
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2100:Click analytics
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1803:Washington Post
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1577:10.1.1.388.5781
1565:
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1394:
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1389:
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1370:
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1365:
1357:
1355:
1352:Knowledge (XXG)
1346:
1345:
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1332:
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1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1298:
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1932:2019-12-13
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