31:
620:
or if there is an update to the service worker. Activation occurs when all of the PWA's pages are closed, so that there is no conflict between the previous version and the updated one. The lifecycle also helps maintain consistency when switching among versions of a service worker since only a single service worker can be active for a domain.
758:. The major app stores support the publication of PWAs to varying to degrees. Google Play, Microsoft Store, and Samsung Galaxy Store support PWAs, but Apple App Store does not. Microsoft Store publishes some qualifying PWAs automatically (even without app authors' requests) after discovering them via
542:
There are many technologies commonly used to create progressive web apps. A web application is considered a PWA if it satisfies the installation criteria, thus can work offline and can be added to the device's home screen. To meet this definition, all PWAs require at minimum a manifest and a service
619:
Service workers go through a three-step lifecycle of
Registration, Installation and Activation. Registration involves telling the browser the location of the service worker in preparation for installation. Installation occurs when there is no service worker installed in the browser for the web app,
610:
that implements a programmable network proxy that can respond to web/HTTP requests from the main document. It is able to check the availability of a remote server, cache content when that server is available, and serve that content later to the document. Service workers, like any other web workers,
184:, and the screen-size flexibility it provides have made PWA development more accessible. Continued enhancements to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript allowed web applications to incorporate greater levels of interactivity, making native-like experiences possible on a website.
597:
Safari partially implements manifests, while most of the PWA metadata can be defined via Apple-specific extensions to the meta tags. These tags allow developers to enable full-screen display, define icons and splash screens, and specify a name for the application.
672:
is a W3C standard API that enables key-value storage in modern browsers. The API consists of two objects, sessionStorage (that enables session-only storage that gets wiped upon browser session end) and localStorage (that enables storage that persists across
169:, as a means of appeasing frustrated developers. In October 2007 Jobs announced that an SDK would be launched the following year. As a result, although Apple continued to support web apps, the vast majority of iOS applications shifted toward the App Store.
231:(OS). Google then put significant efforts into promoting PWA development for Android. Firefox introduced support for service workers in 2016, and Microsoft Edge and Apple Safari followed in 2018, making service workers available on all major systems.
521:(with 192 px and a 512 px versions). Information contained in the manifest makes PWAs easily shareable via a URL, discoverable by search engines, and alleviates complex installation procedures (but PWAs still be listed in a third-party
265:" configuration that had been available as an experimental feature). A Firefox architect noted: "The signal I hope we are sending is that PWA support is not coming to desktop Firefox anytime soon." Mozilla still plans to support PWAs on Android.
661:
Progressive Web App execution contexts get unloaded whenever possible, so progressive web apps need to store the majority of their long-term internal state (user data, dynamically loaded application resources) in one of the following manners:
847:
615:
and synchronize data in the background, cache or retrieve resource requests, intercept network requests and receive centralized updates independently of the document that registered them, even when that document is not loaded.
202:
rendering engine with a user interface called Gaia, written in HTML5. The development of
Firefox OS ended in 2016, and the project was completely discontinued in 2017, although a fork of Firefox OS was used as the basis of
741:
Since a PWA a does not require separate bundling or distribution for different platforms and is available to users via the web, it is not necessary for developers to release it over digital distribution systems like the
713:
provides a PWA that is 99.84% smaller than its equivalent iOS app. After deploying its PWA, Starbucks doubled the number of online orders, with desktop users ordering at about the same rate as mobile app users.
1653:
69:(device-specific) applications, with the advantage that they do not require separate bundling or distribution for different platforms. They can be used on a range of different systems, including
459:
The technical baseline criteria for a site to be considered a progressive web app and therefore capable of being installed by browsers were described by
Russell in 2016 and updated since:
478:, which caches content after the first use and then rely on various heuristics to guess when content is no longer needed, programmable caches can explicitly prefetch content in advance
428:. As with other cross-platform solutions, the goal is to help developers build cross-platform apps more easily than they would with native apps. Progressive web apps employ the
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2167:
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1947:
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it's used for the first time and explicitly discard it when it is no longer needed. This requirement helps pages to be accessible offline or on low-quality networks.
1305:
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saw an 84% decrease in time until the page is interactive, leading to a 17% increase in conversions and a 53% increase in mobile sessions on iOS with their PWA.
1344:
Angle, Patrick; Avenard, Jean-Yves; Caceres, Marcos; Cannon, Ada Rose; Carlson, Eric; Davidson, Garrett; Davis, Jon; Dubost, Karl; Eidson, Brady (2023-06-06).
642:
can be added to web apps. Announced in 2015 and first released in March 2017, WebAssembly became a W3C recommendation on
December 5, 2019 and it received the
688:
objects and any structures representable as a string. The
Indexed Database API can be used with a wrapper library providing additional constructs around it.
474:
Register a service worker with a fetch handler. Progressive web apps must use service workers to create programmable content caches. Unlike regular HTTP
219:
engineer Alex
Russell coined the term "progressive web apps" to describe apps taking advantage of new features supported by modern browsers, including
435:
Some progressive web apps use an architectural approach called the App Shell Model. In this model, service workers store the Basic User
Interface or "
725:'s PWA spent 40% more time on the site compared to the previous mobile website. Ad revenue rates also increased by 44%, and core engagements by 60%.
2149:
2053:
2204:
857:
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447:. This model allows for PWAs to maintain native-like use with or without web connectivity. This can improve loading time, by providing an
1369:
Angle, Patrick; Caceres, Marcos; Caliman, Razvan; Davis, Jon; Eidson, Brady; Hatcher, Timothy; Niwa, Ryosuke; Simmons, Jen (2023-03-27).
1870:
647:
1921:
2134:
1844:
1151:
994:
1973:
2678:
2119:
947:
684:
is a W3C standard database API available in all major browsers. The API is supported by modern browsers and enables storage of
146:
1319:
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112:, it can work on any platform with a PWA-compatible browser. As of 2021, PWA features are supported to varying degrees by
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1997:
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552:
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In
December 2020, Firefox for desktop abandoned the implementation of PWAs (specifically, removed the prototype "
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639:
464:
158:
792:
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2555:
2039:
586:
This metadata is crucial for an app to be added to a home screen or otherwise listed alongside native apps.
429:
1674:
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1099:"KaiOS, a feature phone platform built on the ashes of Firefox OS, adds Facebook, Twitter and Google apps"
922:
362:
320:
101:
78:
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2129:
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525:). Furthermore, PWAs support native app-style interactions and navigation, including being added to the
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262:
181:
559:-based manifest (usually labelled manifest.json) to provide developers with a centralized place to put
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2418:
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117:
55:
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822:
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Progressive web apps are all designed to work on any browser that is compliant with the appropriate
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2383:
2172:
1819:
354:
350:
121:
1751:"WebAssembly 1.0 Becomes a W3C Recommendation and the Fourth Language to Run Natively in Browsers"
451:, a layout or architecture into which content can be loaded progressively as well as dynamically.
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2482:
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2162:
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638:
code to run in a web browser, at near-native speed. Thus, libraries written in languages such as
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66:
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worker. Other technologies may be used to store data, communicate with servers or execute code.
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771:
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apps. According to
Twitter, Twitter Lite consumed only 1–3% of the size of the native apps.
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199:
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70:
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30:
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saw 60% of customers who had uninstalled their native app return to use the
Flipkart PWA.
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17:
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759:
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161:(SDK) was required, and the apps would be fully integrated into the device through the
125:
1974:"Publish your Progressive Web App to the Microsoft Store - Microsoft Edge Development"
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for running web apps as native apps on mobile devices. Firefox OS was based on the
227:, that let users upgrade web apps to progressive web applications in their native
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By 2019, PWAs were supported by desktop versions of most browsers, including
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work separately from the main document context. Service workers can handle
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and have no active mixed content. Progressive web apps must be served via
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would "run applications created with Web 2.0 Internet standards". No
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2025:
1049:"Mozilla ends commercial Firefox OS development - gHacks Tech News"
2608:
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995:"Jobs' original vision for the iPhone: No third-party native apps"
873:
468:
299:
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247:
204:
29:
2031:
1594:"Instant Loading Web Apps with an Application Shell Architecture"
2735:
2214:
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released Twitter Lite, a PWA alternative to the official native
685:
556:
97:
2035:
1178:"Progressive Web Apps Are Here and They're Changing Everything"
1145:
1143:
1141:
2560:
2279:
1871:"Twitter's app is helping stop phones from strangling the web"
1075:"Mozilla is stopping all commercial development on Firefox OS"
970:"App Store Year Zero: Unsweet web apps drove iPhone to an SDK"
706:
594:
489:. The manifest must contain at least the five key properties:
309:
77:. Publishing the app to digital distribution systems like the
1293:
We have no plans of sunsetting PWAs on mobile that I know of.
1125:"Progressive Web Apps: Escaping Tabs Without Losing Our Soul"
58:. PWAs are installed using the offline cache of the device's
1998:"The first batch of Windows 10 Progressive Web Apps is here"
1775:
923:"Firefox just walked away from a key piece of the open web"
471:
to ensure user privacy, security, and content authenticity.
1948:"Why Progressive Web Apps Will Replace Native Mobile Apps"
176:
allowed web technologies to be used to create interactive
1896:"12 Best Examples of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) in 2021"
1922:"A Pinterest Progressive Web App Performance Case Study"
793:"What are Progressive Web Apps? PWA Guide for Beginners"
774:, an open-source audit tool for PWAs developed by Google
1669:
1667:
1346:"News from WWDC23: WebKit Features in Safari 17 beta"
165:
browser engine. This model was later switched to the
948:"iPhone to Support Third-Party Web 2.0 Applications"
582:
The option to set the display mode, e.g. full screen
65:
PWAs were introduced from 2016 as an alternative to
2701:
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2617:
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2453:
2444:
2382:
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2313:
2240:
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2069:
1203:"Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc"
963:
961:
54:that can be installed on a device as a standalone
1636:"What's new on iOS 12.2 for Progressive Web Apps"
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
573:The preferred URL to launch or open the web app
1527:
1525:
96:built using common web technologies including
2047:
1152:"Apple goes back to the future with web apps"
563:associated with a web application including:
8:
1436:"What, Exactly, Makes a Progressive Web App"
463:Originate from a secure origin. Served over
88:Because a PWA is delivered in the form of a
27:Specific form of single page web application
1304:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
570:Links to the web app icons or image objects
2450:
2379:
2075:
2054:
2040:
2032:
1230:"Progressive Web Apps on Windows overview"
1506:"Service worker caching and HTTP caching"
443:web application in the browser's offline
1410:"The App Shell Model | Web Fundamentals"
1073:Hoffman, Chris; PCWorld | (2016-09-28).
272:
1224:
1222:
784:
215:In 2015, designer Frances Berriman and
1796:"Programming Languages Software Award"
1675:"Introduction to Service Worker | Web"
1457:"What does it take to be installable?"
1297:
7:
823:"Progressive Web Apps | Software AG"
817:
815:
813:
644:Programming Languages Software Award
1869:Shankland, Stephen (30 July 2020).
946:Jobs, Steve; Apple (11 June 2007).
579:Default orientation of the web app
25:
1946:Gazdecki, Andrew (9 March 2018).
1920:Osmani, Addy (30 November 2017).
1533:"Web App Manifest", Working Draft
1257:"Progressive Web Apps on Desktop"
1727:"WebAssembly Core Specification"
1371:"WebKit Features in Safari 16.4"
1150:Evans, Jonny (26 January 2018).
1176:Ladage, Aaron (17 April 2018).
1020:Marcotte, Ethan (25 May 2010).
849:Mastering Front-end development
567:The name of the web application
555:(W3C) specification defining a
147:Worldwide Developers Conference
2026:Web Applications Working Group
1731:World Wide Web Consortium (W3)
1654:"Configuring Web Applications"
1535:, retrieved 12 September 2016.
968:Ritchie, Rene (5 March 2018).
852:. Cybellium Ltd. p. 273.
576:The web app configuration data
1:
172:Beginning in the early 2010s
1774:Kantha Nguyen (2022-05-01).
1255:LePage, Pete (4 June 2019).
1234:Microsoft Edge Documentation
921:Newman, Jared (2021-01-26).
207:, a feature phone platform.
1845:"Concepts behind IndexedDB"
1725:World Wide Web Consortium.
717:A 2018 review published by
693:Comparison with native apps
191:. It was intended to be an
40:progressive web application
2807:
1618:"Web Manifest Docs on MDN"
1281:agi90 (19 December 2020).
899:"Is Service Worker Ready?"
627:
551:The web app manifest is a
432:web development strategy.
187:In 2013, Mozilla released
1574:Mozilla Developer Network
1550:Mozilla Developer Network
553:World Wide Web Consortium
283:
280:
277:
1658:Safari Web Content Guide
827:techradar.softwareag.com
159:software development kit
18:Web application manifest
1022:"Responsive Web Design"
430:progressive enhancement
1701:"WebAssembly Concepts"
1053:gHacks Technology News
737:Release via app stores
721:, found that users of
606:A service worker is a
35:
1570:"Network independent"
1481:"Progressive Web App"
1395:"The App Shell Model"
441:responsive web design
263:site-specific browser
182:Responsive web design
33:
756:Samsung Galaxy Store
682:Indexed Database API
678:Indexed Database API
485:Reference a web app
449:initial static frame
211:Initial introduction
634:WebAssembly allows
274:
153:announced that the
122:Firefox for Android
48:progressive web app
2349:Application server
2028:index of standards
1978:docs.microsoft.com
1105:. 26 February 2018
613:push notifications
455:Technical criteria
273:
36:
2778:
2777:
2697:
2696:
2674:Browser extension
2649:
2648:
2369:
2368:
2305:Phusion Passenger
1820:"Web Storage API"
1679:Google Developers
1598:Google Developers
1414:Google Developers
1320:"Get your PWA on"
1261:Google Developers
1001:. 21 October 2011
901:. Jake Archibald.
859:979-8-8668-4882-9
772:Google Lighthouse
505:(with a value of
417:
416:
225:web app manifests
174:dynamic web pages
16:(Redirected from
2798:
2791:Web applications
2743:Web API security
2665:Remote scripting
2635:Web SQL Database
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1642:. 27 March 2019.
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874:"Can I use pwa?"
870:
864:
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846:Ltd, Cybellium.
843:
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808:
807:
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797:freeCodeCamp.org
789:
520:
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508:
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229:operating system
196:operating system
178:web applications
21:
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2748:Web application
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2215:JavaScript JSGI
2195:ASP.NET Handler
2178:Jakarta Servlet
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2017:
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2002:Windows Central
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1434:Russell, Alex.
1433:
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1324:Vivaldi Browser
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1236:. 13 March 2021
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1123:Russell, Alex.
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752:Microsoft Store
744:Apple App Store
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602:Service workers
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420:Characteristics
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269:Browser support
221:service workers
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79:Apple App Store
50:, is a type of
28:
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2020:External links
2018:
2015:
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1546:"Discoverable"
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1408:Osmani, Addi.
1400:
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531:splash screens
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126:Microsoft Edge
85:is optional.
75:mobile devices
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2731:Web standards
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1156:Computerworld
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426:web standards
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343:Google Chrome
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246:(on Windows,
245:
244:Google Chrome
241:
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217:Google Chrome
210:
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132:for desktop.
131:
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114:Google Chrome
111:
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41:
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2762:
2384:Browser APIs
2325:Web resource
2006:. Retrieved
2004:. 2018-04-07
2001:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1972:MSEdgeTeam.
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1902:. 2021-02-22
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1681:. 1 May 2019
1678:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1622:MDN Web Docs
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1326:. 2021-10-07
1323:
1314:
1292:
1286:
1276:
1266:13 September
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1233:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1128:. Retrieved
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1055:. 2016-09-27
1052:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:A List Apart
1025:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:
951:
941:
930:. Retrieved
927:Fast Company
926:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
868:
848:
841:
830:. Retrieved
826:
801:. Retrieved
799:. 2024-01-18
796:
787:
740:
716:
696:
660:
657:Data storage
633:
618:
605:
593:
585:
550:
541:
538:Technologies
479:
458:
448:
434:
423:
260:
233:
214:
186:
171:
144:
141:Predecessors
118:Apple Safari
87:
64:
47:
43:
39:
37:
2763:Progressive
2758:Single-page
2566:WebAssembly
2546:Geolocation
2503:Web storage
2409:C NPRuntime
2397:LiveConnect
2375:Client-side
2321:Web service
2250:mod_include
2205:Python ASGI
2200:Python WSGI
2150:Server APIs
2071:Server-side
1957:10 February
1931:10 February
1880:11 February
1776:"Home Nest"
1441:October 18,
1207:caniuse.com
748:Google Play
670:Web Storage
666:Web Storage
636:precompiled
630:WebAssembly
624:WebAssembly
590:iOS support
527:home screen
193:open-source
145:At Apple's
128:but not by
110:WebAssembly
83:Google Play
60:web browser
56:application
2531:DOM events
2508:Web worker
2493:WebSockets
2354:comparison
2290:mod_python
2270:mod_parrot
2103:Encryption
2008:2021-05-16
1983:2021-05-16
1906:2021-05-16
1805:2024-05-06
1781:2024-05-06
1760:2024-05-06
1736:2024-05-06
1603:2017-04-24
1579:2017-04-24
1555:2017-04-24
1515:2021-05-19
1466:2021-05-19
1380:2023-06-14
1355:2023-06-14
1330:2021-10-11
1212:2021-05-16
1109:2021-03-17
1103:TechCrunch
1084:2021-03-17
1059:2022-05-05
932:2021-01-27
883:27 January
832:2020-09-25
803:2024-05-06
779:References
762:indexing.
673:sessions).
608:web worker
515:minimal-ui
511:fullscreen
507:standalone
495:short_name
189:Firefox OS
151:Steve Jobs
106:JavaScript
2689:Scripting
2551:IndexedDB
2402:XPConnect
2361:Scripting
2285:mod_proxy
2230:container
2220:Perl PSGI
2210:Ruby Rack
2183:container
2140:WebSocket
2080:Protocols
1854:14 August
1829:14 August
1710:14 August
1283:"Comment"
723:Pinterest
711:Starbucks
697:In 2017,
653:in 2021.
523:app store
499:start_url
476:web cache
439:" of the
411:Partial
402:Partial
341:Includes
167:App Store
149:in 2007,
2785:Category
2714:Web page
2571:WebAuthn
2446:Web APIs
2339:Open API
2300:mod_ruby
2295:mod_wsgi
2275:mod_perl
2265:mod_mono
2260:mod_lisp
2190:CLI OWIN
1900:SimiCart
1490:June 15,
1300:cite web
1240:13 March
1130:June 15,
766:See also
727:Flipkart
561:metadata
547:Manifest
487:manifest
384:Partial
321:Chromium
284:Comment
281:Support
278:Browser
252:ChromeOS
34:PWA logo
2724:Dynamic
2684:Web IDL
2630:GraphQL
2596:Khronos
2426:ActiveX
2414:C PPAPI
2392:C NPAPI
2344:Webhook
2280:mod_php
2225:Portlet
2173:COM ASP
2168:C ISAPI
2163:C ASAPI
2158:C NSAPI
1510:web.dev
1485:web.dev
1461:web.dev
1079:PCWorld
1033:May 25,
999:9to5Mac
878:CanIUse
731:Lancôme
703:Android
699:Twitter
651:SIGPLAN
517:), and
503:display
371:Firefox
359:Vivaldi
323:-based
305:Android
290:Windows
240:Windows
136:History
130:Firefox
94:website
90:webpage
71:desktop
52:web app
2719:Static
2702:Topics
2679:Mashup
2654:Topics
2641:WebUSB
2618:Others
2581:WebRTC
2576:WebGPU
2468:Canvas
2455:WHATWG
2314:Topics
2255:mod_jk
2108:WebDAV
1952:Forbes
1685:23 May
1640:Medium
1419:23 May
1375:WebKit
1350:WebKit
1288:Reddit
1187:23 May
1161:23 May
1005:22 May
979:23 May
856:
719:Forbes
533:, etc.
501:, and
480:before
395:Safari
363:others
361:, and
314:iPadOS
312:&
254:, and
242:) and
163:Safari
155:iPhone
124:, and
108:, and
67:native
46:), or
2669:DHTML
2625:Gears
2609:WebGL
2604:WebCL
2586:WebXR
2488:Video
2463:Audio
1755:InfoQ
974:iMore
952:Apple
754:, or
646:from
519:icons
469:HTTPS
445:cache
437:shell
355:Opera
351:Brave
300:Linux
295:macOS
256:Linux
248:macOS
205:KaiOS
200:Gecko
2753:Rich
2736:REST
2667:vs.
2663:and
2661:Ajax
2541:File
2473:CORS
2436:XBAP
2419:NaCl
2332:vs.
2323:vs.
2135:WSRP
2125:FCGI
2120:SCGI
2088:HTTP
1959:2023
1933:2023
1882:2023
1875:CNET
1856:2018
1831:2018
1712:2018
1687:2019
1531:W3C
1492:2015
1443:2016
1421:2019
1306:link
1268:2019
1242:2021
1189:2019
1163:2019
1132:2015
1035:2010
1007:2019
981:2019
885:2021
854:ISBN
760:Bing
705:and
686:JSON
557:JSON
491:name
381:No
378:No
375:No
335:Yes
332:Yes
329:Yes
326:Yes
238:(on
223:and
98:HTML
73:and
2561:SVG
2556:MSE
2536:EME
2523:W3C
2483:SSE
2478:DOM
2431:BHO
2334:ROA
2330:WOA
2130:AJP
2115:CGI
1849:MDN
1824:MDN
1705:MDN
1182:DEG
707:iOS
648:ACM
595:iOS
513:or
493:or
465:TLS
387:No
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