1021:- (or UV-) curable, and electron beam- (or EB-) curable. Heat-set inks are the most common variety and are "set" by applying heat and then rapid cooling to catalyze the curing process. They are used in magazines, catalogs, and inserts. Cold-set inks are set simply by absorption into non-coated stocks and are generally used for newspapers and books but are also found in insert printing and are the most economical option. Energy-curable inks are the highest-quality offset litho inks and are set by application of light energy. They require specialized equipment such as inter-station curing lamps, and are usually the most expensive type of offset litho ink.
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the dryer too hot for the folding and cutting that are typically downstream procedures, a set of "chill rolls" positioned after the dryer lowers the paper temperature and sets the ink. The speed at which the ink dries is a function of dryer temperature and length of time the paper is exposed to this temperature. This type of printing is typically used for magazines, catalogs, inserts, and other medium-to-high volume, medium-to-high quality production runs.
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50:
643:. Wet offset lithography uses a mix of wetting fluids (dampening solutions) to manage ink adhesion and to protect non-image areas. Waterless offset lithography employs a different method where a plate's non-image areas are protected via a layer of ink-repellent silicon. Waterless offset lithography is newer, invented in the 1960s by 3M. It was later sold and commercialized by Toray.
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decreasing the amount of ink applied to the roller in certain areas. This consequently modifies the density of the color in the respective area of the image. On older machines one adjusts the screws manually, but on modern machines the screw keys are operated electronically by the printer controlling the machine, enabling a much more precise result.
993:
lower cost preparation so that good paper is not wasted while setting up the press, for plates and inks. Waste sheets do bring some disadvantages as often there are dust and offset powder particles that transfer on to the blankets and plate cylinders, creating imperfections on the printed sheet. This method produces the highest quality images.
699:
546:—a press that used a metal cylinder instead of a flat stone. The offset cylinder was covered with specially treated cardboard that transferred the printed image from the stone to the surface of the metal. Later, the cardboard covering of the offset cylinder was changed to rubber, which is still the most commonly used material.
565:, were using the low-cost lithograph process to produce copies of photographs and books. Rubel discovered in 1901—by forgetting to load a sheet—that printing from the rubber roller, instead of the metal, made the printed page clearer and sharper. After further refinement, the Potter Press printing Company in
826:(CTF) technology, and that allows the imaging of metal or polyester plates without the use of film. By eliminating the stripping, compositing, and traditional plate making processes, CTP altered the printing industry, which led to reduced prepress times, lower costs of labor, and improved print quality.
723:
Blanket-to-blanket presses are also called perfecting or duplex presses because they print on both sides of the sheet at the same time. There is no impression cylinder because the opposite blanket cylinders act as impression cylinders to each other during print production. This method is most used on
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Web-fed presses, on the other hand, are much faster than sheet-fed presses, with speeds up to 80,000 cut-offs per hour (a cut-off is the paper that has been cut off a reel or web on the press; the length of each sheet is equal to the cylinder's circumference). The speed of web-fed presses makes them
922:
The
Printing Unit consists of many different systems. The dampening system is used to apply dampening solution to the plates with water rollers. The inking system uses rollers to deliver ink to the plate and blanket cylinders to be transferred to the substrate. The plate cylinder is where the plates
833:
Thermal CTP involves the use of thermal lasers to expose or remove areas of coating while the plate is being imaged. This depends on whether the plate is negative, or positive working. These lasers are generally at a wavelength of 830 nm, but vary in their energy usage depending on whether they
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Offset lithography became the most popular form of commercial printing from the 1950s ("offset printing"). Substantial investment in the larger presses required for offset lithography was needed, and had an effect on the shape of the printing industry, leading to fewer, larger, printers. The change
992:
Sheet-fed presses offer several advantages. Because individual sheets are fed through, a large number of sheet sizes and format sizes can be run through the same press. In addition, waste sheets can be used for make-ready (which is the testing process to ensure a quality print run). This allows for
974:
This subset of web offset printing uses inks which dry by evaporation in a dryer typically positioned just after the printing units; it is typically done on coated papers, where the ink stays largely on the surface, and gives a glossy high contrast print image after the drying. As the paper leaves
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Web-fed refers to the use of rolls (or "webs") of paper supplied to the printing press. Offset web printing is generally used for runs in excess of five or ten thousand impressions. Typical examples of web printing include newspapers, newspaper inserts or ads, magazines, direct mail, catalogs, and
875:
to apply ink to a printing plate, as explained previously. Sheet-fed litho is commonly used for printing of short-run magazines, brochures, letter headings, and general commercial (jobbing) printing. In sheet-fed offset, "the printing is carried out on single sheets of paper as they are fed to the
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Web offset presses are beneficial in long run printing jobs, typically press runs that exceed 10,000 or 20,000 impressions. Speed is a determining factor when considering the completion time for press production; some web presses print at speeds of 3,000 feet (910 meters) per minute or faster. In
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offset web presses, the difference being how the inks dry. Cold web offset printing dries through absorption into the paper, while heat-set utilizes drying lamps or heaters to cure or "set" the inks. Heat-set presses can print on both coated (slick) and uncoated papers, while cold-set presses are
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Most CTP systems use thermal CTP or violet technologies. Both technologies have the same characteristics in terms of quality and plate durability (for longer runs). However, the violet CTP systems are often cheaper than thermal ones, and thermal CTP systems do not need to be operated under yellow
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possible, as this had previously been much more expensive. Subsequent improvements in plates, inks, and paper have further refined the technology of its superior production speed and plate durability. Today, lithography is the primary printing technology used in the U.S. and most often as offset
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ability to adjust the amount of ink on the fountain roller with screw keys. Most commonly, a metal blade controls the amount of ink transferred from the ink duct to the fountain roller. By adjusting the screws, the operator alters the gap between the blade and the fountain roller, increasing or
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Offset lithography is one of the most common ways of creating printed materials. A few of its common applications include: newspapers, magazines, brochures, stationery, and books. Compared to other printing methods, offset printing is best suited for economically producing large volumes of high
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Every printing technology has its own identifying marks, and offset printing is no exception. In text reproduction, the type edges are sharp and have clear outlines. The paper surrounding the ink dots is usually unprinted. The halftone dots can be hexagonal though there are different screening
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A printing method similar to a sheet offset press; except that the plate and cylinder pressures are quite precise. Actual squeeze between plate and blanket cylinder is optimal at 0.005″; as is the squeeze or pressure between the blanket cylinder and the substrate. Blanket-to-steel presses are
983:
This is also a subset of web offset printing, typically used for lower quality print output. It is typical of newspaper production. In this process, the ink dries by absorption into the underlying paper. A typical coldset configuration is often a series of vertically arranged print units and
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The delivery system is the final destination in the printing process while the paper runs through the press. Once the paper reaches delivery, it is stacked for the ink to cure in a proper manner. This is the step in which sheets are inspected to make sure they have proper ink density and
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peripherals. As newspapers seek new markets, which often imply higher quality (more gloss, more contrast), they may add a heatset tower (with a dryer) or use UV (ultraviolet) based inks which "cure" on the surface by polymerization rather than by evaporation or absorption.
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offset presses designed for envelope printing. There are also two plate cylinders per colour on the press. Web and sheet-fed offset presses are similar in that many of them can also print on both sides of the paper in one pass, making it easier and faster to print duplex.
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restricted to uncoated paper stock, such as newsprint. Some cold-set web presses can be fitted with heat dryers, or ultraviolet lamps (for use with UV-curing inks), thus enabling a newspaper press to print color pages heat-set and black & white pages cold-set.
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longer printing plate life than on direct litho presses because there is no direct contact between the plate and the printing surface. Properly developed plates used with optimized inks and fountain solution may achieve run lengths of more than a million
905:. Offset duplicators are made for fast and quick printing jobs; printing up to 12,000 impressions per hour. They are able to print business forms, letterheads, labels, bulletins, postcards, envelopes, folders, reports, and sales literature.
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considered one-color presses. In order to print the reverse side, the web is turned over between printing units by means of turning bars. The method can be used to print business forms, computer letters and direct mail advertising.
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The feeder system is responsible for making sure paper runs through the press correctly. This is where the substrate is loaded and then the system is correctly set up to the certain specifications of the substrate to the press.
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instead of a press. Offset duplicators are used for fast, good quality reproduction of one-color and two-color copies in sizes up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm). Popular models were made by
1016:
There are many types of paste inks available for utilization in offset lithographic printing and each have their own advantages and disadvantages. These include heat-set, cold-set, and energy-curable (or EC), such as
718:
A printing method in which both sides of a sheet of paper are printed simultaneously, with two blanket cylinders per colour; a sheet of paper is passed between them, with each cylinder printing on one side of
871:
Sheet-fed refers to individual sheets of paper or rolls being fed into a press via a suction bar that lifts and drops each sheet onto place. A lithographic ("litho" for short) press uses principles of
523:
Lithography was initially created to be an inexpensive method of reproducing artwork. This printing process was limited to use on flat, porous surfaces because the printing plates were produced from
744:
A printing process that is based on the concept of using fresh ink for each revolution by removing residual inks on the inking drum after each revolution. It is suitable for printing newspapers.
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The modern "web" process feeds a large reel of paper through a large press machine in several parts, typically for several meters, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through.
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propensity for anodized aluminum printing plates to become sensitive (due to chemical oxidation) and print in non-image–background areas when developed plates are not cared for properly;
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Waterless inks are heat-resistant and are used to keep silicone-based plates from showing toning in non-image areas. These inks are typically used on waterless Direct
Imaging presses.
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are used to expose or ablate material. Violet CTP lasers have a much shorter wavelength, 405 nm–410 nm. Violet CTP is "based on emulsion tuned to visible light exposure".
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Polyester plates, which are much cheaper and can be used in place of aluminum plates for smaller formats or medium quality jobs, as their dimensional stability is lower.
576:
The Harris
Automatic Press Company also created a similar press around the same time. Charles and Albert Harris modeled their press "on a rotary letter press machine".
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containing all of the imaging are mounted. Finally, the blanket and impression cylinders are used to transfer the image to the substrate running through the press.
511:(1904), holder of a patent for an offset disc machine (two rubber transfer rollers facing each other) – rolling-press. In 1907, he successfully started printing in
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Single Fluid Inks are newer inks that use a process allowing lithographic plates on a lithographic press without using a dampening system during the process.
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to relate each sheet to one another to ensure that they are reproduced with the same imagery in the same position on every sheet running through the press.
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time and cost associated with producing plates and printing press setup. As a result, very small quantity printing jobs may now use digital offset machines.
477:) image carrier. Ink rollers transfer ink to the image areas of the image carrier, while a water roller applies a water-based film to the non-image areas.
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Another process is the computer-to-conventional plate (CTCP) system in which conventional offset plates can be exposed, making it an economical option.
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In the United States, an offset press with paper size up to 12 in × 18 in (300 mm × 460 mm), is classified as a
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production. This stage makes sure that all files are correctly processed in preparation for printing. This includes converting to the proper
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ideal for large runs such as newspapers, magazines, and comic books. However, web-fed presses have a fixed cut-off, unlike rotogravure or
800:
The plates used in offset printing are thin, flexible, and usually larger than the paper size to be printed. Two main materials are used:
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image is transferred (or "offset") from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the
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1171:
Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and
Communication, Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 11
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Letterset inks are mainly used with offset presses that do not have dampening systems and use imaging plates that have a raised image.
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A printing process that uses removable printing units, inserts, or cassettes for one-sided and blanket-to-blanket two-sided printing.
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addition to the benefits of speed and quick completion, some web presses have the inline ability to cut, perforate, and fold.
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technology instead of illustration, became the primary aesthetic of the era. Many printers, including Ira
Washington Rubel of
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527:. In fact the word "lithograph", which comes from Greek (λιθογραφία), means "an image from stone" or "written in stone".
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consistent high image quality. Offset printing produces sharp and clean images and type more easily than, for example,
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and patented in 1875 by Robert
Barclay. This development combined mid-19th century transfer printing technologies and
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cost. Offset printing is the cheapest method for producing high quality prints in commercial printing quantities;
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Side view of the offset printing process. Multiple ink rollers are used to distribute and homogenize the ink.
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Offset printing uses inks that, compared to other printing methods, are highly viscous. Typical inks have a
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Metal plates, usually aluminum, although sometimes they are made of multi-metal, paper, or plastic.
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quality prints in a manner that requires little maintenance. Many modern offset presses use
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invented the
Vanguard web offset press for newspaper printing, which he unveiled in 1954 in
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lithography, which is "responsible for over half of all printing using printing plates".
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Development of the offset press came in two versions: in 1875 by Robert
Barclay of
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Commercial Color Offset
Printing – A Compendium of Commercial Printing Terminology
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Disadvantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:
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1279:"What is Offset Printing? Differences Between Offset and Digital Printing"
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Advantages of offset printing compared to other printing methods include:
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1616:. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
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produced a press in 1903. By 1907 the Rubel offset press was in use in
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1249:"Staley McBrayer, 92; Inventor of Offset Press for Newspaper Printing"
770:. This method is used for printing on injection moulded rigid plastic
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1951:
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printing where the ink is transferred directly from the plate to the
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Production or impact of double image in printing is known as slur.
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1108:"Ofsetová tisková technika: Přišla na svět díky zapomnětlivosti?"
1151:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 146–150.
53:
42:
1651:
845:"Sheetfed" redirects here. For the type of image scanner, see
553:
became popular, many lithographic firms went out of business.
466:
458:
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books. Web-fed presses are divided into two general classes:
822:
Computer-to-plate (CTP) is a newer technology which replaced
1557:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1406:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
1306:
Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods
595:
One of the important functions in the printing process is
1376:
Johansson, Kaj; Lundberg, Peter; Ryberg, Robert (2007).
876:
press one at a time". Sheet-fed presses use mechanical
639:
There are two types of offset printing: wet offset and
1439:
Michael Bruno, Frank Romano, Michael
Riordan (2003).
1409:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 130–144.
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were the largest in the world when installed in 2000
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711:Several variations of the printing process exist:
1192:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 140–148.
1560:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 137.
1442:Pocket Pal - A Graphic Arts Production Handbook
1309:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 354.
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499:for printing on paper. Rubel's contemporary in
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750:A printing process which uses a metal backed
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1455:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
676:slightly inferior image quality compared to
465:process, which is based on the repulsion of
457:is a common printing technique in which the
901:, and the Chief and Davidson lines made by
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1356:"Printing Process Explained - Lithography"
1218:HistoryWired: A few of our favorite things
442:
428:
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59:
34:Web-fed offset lithographic press at speed
1189:The book: the life story of a technology
1106:Stejskalova, Helena (14 November 2016).
1382:(second ed.). Wiley. p. 353.
1072:
473:, the offset technique employs a flat (
67:
2413:Category:Self-publishing online stores
2333:List of English language small presses
1448:
1445:. INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO. p. 137.
1081:"offset printing (printing technique)"
515:on his Triumph sheetfed offset press.
89:
1517:DeJidas & Destree, 2005, p. 55-57
530:The first rotary offset lithographic
7:
791:Negative lithographic printing plate
631:The 910-ton printing presses at the
56:colors of offset printing on a paper
45:four color offset printing on fabric
1526:DeJidas & Destree, 2005, p. 143
1379:A guide to graphic print production
507:, the author of the offset machine
2408:Category:Self-publishing companies
1238:"Short History of Offset Printing"
25:
2343:List of self-publishing companies
2074:Tate Publishing & Enterprises
1214:"Rubel Offset Lithographic Press"
2378:Predatory open access publishing
1041:made a greatly increased use of
611:systems as opposed to the older
2067:International Library of Poetry
2032:American Biographical Institute
1331:"History of Waterless Printing"
549:As the 19th century closed and
1622:Offset Lithographic Technology
1:
2403:Category:Self-published books
2268:Association of Little Presses
1594:Bruno, Romano and Riordan 137
1499:Bruno, Romano and Riordan 126
1001:presses, which are variable.
847:Image scanner § Sheetfed
368:
143:
128:
1478:Romano & Riordan 139–141
1149:A History of Graphic Design
754:relief plate, similar to a
2537:
2338:List of literary magazines
2288:British small press comics
867:Ryobi 4 color offset press
844:
815:
2480:
2263:Article processing charge
2258:Amateur press association
1624:. Tinley Park, Illinois:
1620:Hird, Kenneth F. (2000).
1508:"What is Offset Printing"
1220:. Smithsonian Institution
389:Thermal-transfer printing
2437:Small Press Distribution
1917:Kindle Direct Publishing
1786:Kindle Direct Publishing
1585:Romano & Riordan 160
1554:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
1403:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
1303:Kipphan, Helmut (2001).
633:Las Vegas Review-Journal
264:Photostat and rectigraph
2243:3D printing marketplace
1896:Barnes & Noble Nook
1613:Encyclopædia Britannica
1186:Howard, Nicole (2005).
1086:Encyclopædia Britannica
63:Part of a series on the
2462:Variable data printing
2398:Self Publish, Be Happy
1740:Self Publish, Be Happy
1061:Variable data printing
918:Printing–inking system
868:
860:
859:sheet-fed offset press
792:
735:Variable-size printing
703:
636:
591:Modern offset printing
557:, a process that used
114:Intaglio (printmaking)
57:
46:
35:
2516:Planographic printing
2248:Accessible publishing
2125:Espresso Book Machine
988:Sheet-fed vs. web-fed
866:
855:
790:
701:
630:
544:rotary printing press
234:Hot metal typesetting
52:
41:
33:
2052:Famous Poets Society
652:letterpress printing
579:Newspaper publisher
493:Ira Washington Rubel
254:Daisy wheel printing
2145:Trafford Publishing
2047:Dorrance Publishing
1903:(aka Fiction Press)
1750:Trafford Publishing
1626:Goodheart - Willcox
979:Cold-set web offset
970:Heat-set web offset
857:Roland Favorit RF01
758:plate, but, unlike
747:Dry offset printing
294:Dot matrix printing
69:History of printing
2511:1903 introductions
2358:Mass customization
2313:Dynamic publishing
2298:Desktop publishing
2110:America Star Books
2027:America Star Books
1891:Archive of Our Own
1797:Barnes & Noble
895:A. B. Dick Company
884:Offset duplicators
869:
861:
793:
715:Blanket-to-blanket
707:Process variations
704:
637:
581:Staley T. McBrayer
501:Continental Europe
379:Solid ink printing
94:Woodblock printing
58:
47:
36:
27:Printing technique
2498:
2497:
2328:Independent music
2283:Bootleg recording
2253:Alternative media
2007:Vanity publishers
2001:
2000:
1947:PocketBook Reader
1907:Google Play Books
1812:Kobo Writing Life
1635:978-1-56637-621-1
1608:"Offset Printing"
1544:Spectrum Printers
1389:978-0-471-76138-9
1265:Los Angeles Times
1158:978-0-471-29198-5
1114:. No. Podzim
1011:dynamic viscosity
818:Computer-to-plate
812:Computer-to-plate
774:, tubs, cups and
628:
609:computer-to-plate
585:Fort Worth, Texas
540:Richard March Hoe
452:
451:
417:
416:
284:Spirit duplicator
194:Chromolithography
16:(Redirected from
2528:
2363:Mimeo Revolution
2348:Literary presses
2303:Digital printing
2130:Lightning Source
2042:Author Solutions
2014:books published)
2010:(authors pay to
1886:Apple Book Store
1871:
1817:Lightning Source
1777:e-book platforms
1720:Lightning Source
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1013:of 40–100 Pa·s.
841:Sheet-fed offset
824:computer-to-film
728:Blanket-to-steel
641:waterless offset
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613:computer-to-film
601:CMYK color model
487:for printing on
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2467:Web-to-print
2457:Vanity press
2452:Vanity label
2442:Vanity award
2367:
2293:Custom media
2161:products and
1976:Discontinued
1922:Kindle Store
1862:distribution
1735:Notion Press
1715:FriesenPress
1621:
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1360:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
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1305:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1285:. 2020-10-20
1282:
1273:
1263:– via
1257:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1188:
1167:
1148:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1084:
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999:flexographic
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752:photopolymer
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682:photogravure
671:
661:impressions;
645:
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529:
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475:planographic
463:lithographic
454:
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223:
204:Rotary press
104:Movable type
2472:Web fiction
2432:Small press
2353:Magnitizdat
2318:Fan fiction
2273:Author mill
2238:3D printing
2202:Spreadshirt
2165:merchandise
2115:AuthorHouse
2089:Xulon Press
2037:AuthorHouse
2022:CreateSpace
1983:Sony Reader
1847:Xulon Press
1765:Xulon Press
1490:Kipphan 209
1259:October 19,
1118:30 December
1036:In industry
1019:ultraviolet
873:lithography
760:letterpress
756:letterpress
678:rotogravure
551:photography
399:3D printing
372: 1972
184:Lithography
147: 1515
132: 1440
2521:Typography
2505:Categories
2485:Publishing
2217:Vistaprint
2197:Shutterfly
2177:Custom Ink
2062:Poetry.com
2012:have their
1957:Smashwords
1937:NoiseTrade
1832:Smashwords
1745:Smashwords
1710:FastPencil
1362:2012-11-15
1289:2022-07-09
1112:EpochaPlus
1092:2013-11-24
1067:References
1056:Spot color
890:duplicator
776:flowerpots
563:New Jersey
304:Xerography
244:Mimeograph
214:Hectograph
86:Techniques
2278:Bill Bird
2207:TeePublic
2182:Redbubble
2172:CafePress
2099:Print on
2057:iUniverse
1967:Wikibooks
1942:OverDrive
1866:platforms
1792:App Store
1688:companies
1535:AMAN-2008
1451:cite book
1340:5 January
899:Multilith
796:Materials
768:substrate
764:substrate
695:methods.
684:printing;
525:limestone
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1147:(1998).
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