955:, meaning they can produce viable offspring without fertilisation of the eggs. This phenomenon occurs when a female is, for whatever reason, unable to find a male to mate with, thus giving her and her species reproductive security at all times. After moulting and mating, the female lays a single batch of eggs either within the existing gallery, or wanders away to start a new colony elsewhere. Because the females are flightless, their potential for dispersal is limited to the distance a female can walk.
1108:
1070:, which only have one pair of silk glands per individual, some species of embiid are estimated to have up to 300 silk glands: 150 in each forelimb. These glands are linked to a bristle-like cuticular process known as a silk ejector, and their exceedingly high numbers allow individuals to spin large amounts of silk very quickly, creating extensive galleries. The silk web is produced throughout all stages of the embiopteran lifespan, and requires modest energy output.
646:
885:
144:
618:
122:
702:
1125:
have multiple laminate layers of silk. Each gallery complex contains several individuals, often descended from a single female, and forms a maze-like structure, extending from a secure retreat into whatever vegetable food matter is available nearby. The size and complexity of the colony vary between species, and they can be very extensive in those species that live in hot and humid climates.
723:
3696:
2717:
820:
674:
2847:
998:, which can attack whole batches of undefended eggs. At this time the adult females become very territorial and aggressive to other individuals with whom they previously lived in harmony; three different types of vibratory signals are used to deter other embiopterans that approach the eggs too closely, and the intruder usually retires.
881:(blood), making them rigid enough for use. On landing, these chambers deflate and the wings become flexible, folding back against the body. Wings can also fold forwards over the body, and this, along with the flexibility allows easy movement through the narrow silk galleries, either forwards or backwards, without resulting in damage.
1120:
their galleries by decorating the outer layers with bits of leaf litter or other materials to match their surroundings. The galleries are essential to their life cycle, maintaining moisture in their environment, and also offering protection from predators and the elements while foraging, breeding and
868:
is small and narrow, while the second and third are larger and broader, especially in the males, where they include the flight muscles. All the females and nymphs are wingless, whereas adult males can be either winged or wingless depending on species. The wings, where present, occur as two pairs that
1124:
Webspinners continually extend their galleries to reach new food sources, and expand their existing galleries as they grow in size. The insects spin silk by moving their forelegs back and forth over the substrate, and rotating their bodies to create a cylindrical, silk-lined tunnel. Older galleries
950:
a total of four times before reaching adult form. Adult males never eat, and leave the home colony almost immediately to find a female and mate. Those males that cannot fly often mate with females in nearby colonies, meaning their chosen mates are often siblings or close relatives. In some species,
1270:
Embiopterans are distributed worldwide, and are found on every continent except
Antarctica, with the highest density and diversity of species being in tropical regions. Some common species have been accidentally transported to other parts of the world, while many native species are unobtrusive and
409:
which they spin from glands on their forelegs. Members of these colonies are often related females and their offspring; adult males do not feed and die soon after mating. Males of some species have wings and are able to disperse, whereas the females remain near where they were hatched. Newly mated
1016:
into the silk wrapping the eggs, and this may be eaten by newly hatched nymphs. Perhaps because individuals of this species are so closely related, the adults spin silk together and move around in coordinated groups. Even in species that provide no further parental care, the nymphs in the colony
987:
Maternal care starts with the placement of the eggs. Some species attach batches of eggs to the web structure with silk; others form the eggs into rows in grooves excavated in the bark; others fix them in rows with a cement formed from saliva, while many species bury them in a mass of silk, even
929:
identification used in the past has been close observation of distinctive copulatory structures of males, (although this method is now thought by some entomologists and taxonomists as giving insufficient classification detail). Although males never eat during their adult stage, they do have
839:
All webspinners have a remarkably similar body form, although they do vary in coloration and size. The majority are brown or black, ranging to pink or reddish shades in some species, and range in length from 15 to 20 mm (0.6 to 0.8 in). The body form of these insects is completely
1271:
yet to be detected. Some species live underground, or concealed under rocks or behind sections of loose bark. Others live out in the open, either swathed in sheets of white or blue silk, or hidden in less-conspicuous silken tubes, on the ground, on the trunks of trees or on the surface of
920:
on the final segment. These cerci, made up of two segments and asymmetric in length especially in the males are highly sensitive to touch, and allow the animal to navigate while moving backwards through the gallery tunnels, which are too narrow to allow the insect to turn round. Because
806:
remain monophyletic in one or more of the three analyses, but are broken up in others, so their status remains uncertain. Either the
Clothodidae (under parsimony analysis) or Australembiidae (under Bayesian analysis) is the sister taxon to the remaining Embioptera taxa, so no single
1177:
wasps that are specialist parasites of embiopterans. The wasp lays an egg on the abdomen of a nymph. The wasp larva emerges and attaches itself to the host's body, consuming the host's tissues as it grows. It eventually forms a cocoon and drops off the carcass. A Neotropical
1001:
After the eggs have hatched, the mothers resume their gregarious behaviour. In some species, they continue caring for their young for several days after hatching, and in a few, this parental care even involves the female feeding the nymphs with portions of chewed-up
904:
on the front pair, containing the silk-producing glands; the mid and hind legs also have three tarsal segments with the hind femur enlarged to house the strong tibial depressor muscles that enable rapid reverse movement. It is these silk glands on the front
1035:
When constructing their silken galleries, webspinners use characteristic cyclic movements of their forelegs, alternating actions with the left and right legs while also moving. There are variations in the choreography of these movements across species.
860:
are long, with up to 32 segments. The antennae are flexible, so they do not become entangled in the silk, and the wings have a crosswise crease, allowing them to fold forwards and enable the male to dart backwards without the wings snagging the fabric.
1027:
When webspinners clean their antennae, they may differ in their behavior from other insects which typically make use of the forelegs to either clean or bring the antennae toward the mouthparts for manipulation. Webspinners (as observed in the genus
773:
The internal phylogeny of the group is not yet fully resolved. Miller et al.'s phylogenetic analysis examined 96 morphological characters and 5 genes for 82 species across the order. Four families were found to be robustly
1210:
parasite in Italy effectively sterilises males, forcing the remaining female population to become parthenogenetic. These parasites and agents of disease may put evolutionary pressure on embiopterans to live more socially.
591:(stick insects). The position of the Embioptera within the Polyneoptera suggested by a phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2012 by Miller et al., combining morphological and molecular evidence, is shown in the cladogram.
1115:
The galleries produced by embiopterans are tunnels and chambers woven from the silk they produce. These woven constructions can be found on substrates such as rocks and the bark of trees, or in leaf litter. Some species
445:), meaning "wing", a name that has not been considered to be particularly descriptive for this group of fliers, perhaps instead referring to their remarkable speed of movement both forward and backward. The common name
1704:
Engel, Michael S.; Huang, Diying; Breitkreuz, Laura C. V.; Cai, Chenyang; Alvarado, Mabel (2016). "Two new species of mid-Cretaceous webspinners in amber from northern
Myanmar (Embiodea: Clothodidae, Oligotomidae)".
410:
females may vacate the colony and found a new one nearby. Others may emerge to search for a new food source to which the galleries can be extended, but in general, the insects rarely venture from their galleries.
2699:
972:. Typically, adult females show maternal care of their eggs and young, and often live in large colonies with other adult females, creating and sharing the webbing cover that helps to protect them against
568:
Over 400 embiopteran species in 11 families have been described worldwide, the largest proportion of which inhabit tropical regions. It is estimated that there may be around 2000 species extant today.
1020:
Subsociality is a trade-off for the female, as the energy and time that is exerted in caring for her young is rewarded by giving them a much greater chance of surviving and carrying on her genetic
2460:
Okada, Shoko; Weisman, Sarah; Trueman, Holly E.; Mudie, Stephen T.; Haritos, Victoria S.; Sutherland, Tara D. (2008). "An
Australian webspinner species makes the finest known insect silk fibers".
2351:"Relating the cost of spinning silk to the tendency to share it for three embiids with different lifestyles (Order Embiidina: Clothodidea, Notoligotomidae, and Australembiidea)"
1932:
Dallai, Romano; Machida, Ryuichiro; Jintsu, Yoshie; Frati, Francesco; Lupetti, Pietro (2007). "The sperm structure of
Embioptera (Insecta) and phylogenetic considerations".
988:
incorporating other materials into the covering. The majority of embiopterans guard their eggs, some actually standing over them, the main exception being species such as
1499:
2696:
1815:(2000). "Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 1. Origin, relationships and integumental anatomy of the insect order Embiidina".
4130:
1121:
simply existing. Embiopterans only leave the gallery complex in search of a mate, or when females explore the immediate area in search of a new food source.
2750:
909:
that distinguish the embiopterans; other noteworthy characteristics of this group include three-jointed tarsi, simple wing venation with few cross veins,
4207:
1250:. Whether these are feeding on embiopteran eggs or larvae, on mites and other residents of the gallery, or are scavenging is unclear. The embiopteran
4078:
2597:
2618:
4104:
2246:
Ross, Edward S. (2000). "EMBIA: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order
Embiidina. Part 2: A review of the biology of Embiidina".
840:
specialised for the silk tunnels and chambers in which they reside, being cylindrical, long, narrow and highly flexible. The head has projecting
4212:
2675:
2230:
2058:
2027:
1644:
1560:
1410:
1373:
1133:
The embiopteran diet varies between species, with available food sources changing with varying habitat. The nymphs and adult females feed on
1258:, probably feeding on algae growing on the spider sheetweb, and two webspinner species have been discovered living in the outer covering of
3741:
896:
fills sinus veins for flight; a crosswise crease allows them to fold in half to prevent damage when the insect runs backwards in a gallery.
980:
load that this lifestyle entails. Although some species breed once a year, or even once in two years, others breed more frequently, with
2114:
Collin, Matthew A.; Garb, Jessica E.; Edgerly, Janice S.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. (2008). "Characterization of silk spun by the embiopteran,
2180:
2684:
1282:
in the United States (38°N), and as high as 3,500 m (11,500 ft) in
Ecuador. They were absent from Britain until 2019, when
2205:
2395:
Addison, J. Bennett; Osborn Popp, Thomas M.; Weber, Warner S.; Edgerly, Janice S.; Holland, Gregory P.; Yarger, Jeffery L. (2014).
2495:
Arnaud, P. H. (1963). "Perumyia embiaphaga, a new genus and species of neotropical
Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitic on Embioptera".
1445:
1017:
benefit from the greater silk-producing power of the adults and the extra protection that the more copious silk covering brings.
1024:. Some species do share galleries with more than one adult, however, most groups consist of one adult female and her offspring.
2743:
1972:
Edgerly, Janice S.; Davilla, J. A.; Schoenfeld, N. (2002). "Silk spinning behaviour and domicile construction in webspinners".
1032:) instead fold the antennae under the body and clean the antennae as they are held between the mouthparts and the substrate.
845:
4109:
4117:
2655:
1441:
1513:
Wallace, Daniel Rains (2009). "Biologist Janice
Edgerly-Rooks & the Extraordinary Embiids, Silken Choreographies".
472:
suggested a new name, Embiomorpha in 2007. The currently most-widely accepted ordinal name is
Embioptera, suggested by
3977:
3954:
394:. More than 400 species in 11 families have been described, the oldest known fossils of the group being from the mid-
143:
4057:
2736:
2667:
1234:
larvae. Birds may pull sheets of silk off the galleries to expose their prey, ants may cut holes to gain entry and
464:
and a variety of group names have been suggested including Adenopoda, Embidaria, Embiaria, and Aetioptera. In 1909
4135:
2293:
1316:
4070:
1453:
1255:
930:
mouthparts similar to those of the females. These mouthparts are used to hold onto the female during copulation.
398:. Species are very similar in appearance, having long, flexible bodies, short legs, and only males having wings.
3734:
2355:
951:
the female eats the male after mating, but in any event, the male does not survive for long. A few species are
2294:"Choreography of silk spinning by webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) reflects lifestyle and hints at phylogeny"
1462:
925:
is so similar between taxa, species identification is extremely difficult. For this reason, the main form of
3380:
2019:
517:
had wings, supporting Ross's proposal that both sexes of ancestral Embioptera were winged. Species such as
4202:
3894:
2762:
990:
3982:
3875:
2325:
Alberti, G.; Storch, V. (1976). "Ultrastructural investigations on silk glands of Embioptera (Insecta)".
2154:
1184:
130:
4156:
2327:
1836:
1834:
Yoshizawa, K. (2007). "The Zoraptera problem: evidence for Zoraptera plus Embiodea from the wing base".
1493:
1079:
976:. The advantages of living in these colonies outweigh the disadvantage that results from the increased
4174:
3631:
1315:
Miller, Kelly B.; Hayashi, Cheryl; Whiting, Michael F.; Svenson, Gavin J.; Edgerly, Janice S. (2012).
1107:
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4026:
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1845:
1812:
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922:
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469:
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280:
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230:
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1394:
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645:
3816:
3798:
3671:
3593:
3568:
2575:
2374:
1989:
1951:
1914:
1871:
1794:
1577:
1474:
1344:
1289:
1073:
Webspinner silk is among the thinnest of all animal silks, being in most species about 90 to 100
926:
549:
380:
324:
138:
4161:
942:
that resemble small, wingless adults. After a short period of parental care, the nymphs undergo
3588:
2519:
4217:
4143:
4003:
3621:
2671:
2477:
2442:
2424:
2226:
2201:
2176:
2164:
2158:
2135:
2054:
2044:
2023:
1786:
1730:
1686:
1640:
1630:
1556:
1406:
1389:
Ross, Edward S. (2008). "Webspinners (Embiidina)". In Chow, Y. S.; Gupta, Virendra K. (eds.).
1369:
1008:
884:
857:
841:
808:
1550:
1363:
1214:
Adult webspinners are vulnerable when they emerge from their galleries, and are preyed on by
1058:(lower leg segments) of the forelimbs, and can be produced by both adults and larvae. Unlike
540:) has been found in the same locality. The largest number of fossils have been found in mid-
4148:
3563:
3414:
3100:
2659:
2567:
2534:
2500:
2469:
2432:
2416:
2364:
2305:
2274:
2168:
2127:
2050:
1981:
1943:
1904:
1861:
1853:
1776:
1766:
1722:
1676:
1592:
1466:
1458:
1437:
1398:
1336:
449:
comes from the insects' unique tarsi on their front legs, which produce multiple strands of
3932:
2096:
Ross, Edward S. (1991). "Embioptera". In Naumann, I. D.; Carne, P. B.; et al. (eds.).
1278:
Largely restricted to warmer locations, webspinners are found as far north as the state of
701:
4018:
3839:
3641:
3558:
3548:
3525:
3092:
2703:
1662:"Oldest webspinners from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China (Insecta: Embiodea)"
1153:; during his research, Ross maintained a number of species in the laboratory on a diet of
1092:
952:
939:
803:
506:
354:
253:
778:
in whatever way the phylogeny was analysed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, or Bayesian):
2412:
1849:
1718:
1332:
4065:
4052:
3700:
3656:
3651:
3636:
3583:
3186:
2722:
2437:
2396:
2265:
Valentine, Barry D. (1986). "Grooming behavior in Embioptera and Soraptera (Insecta)".
2172:
1482:
1247:
1170:
1051:
943:
525:
to be discovered, sometimes thought to be a "primitive" family, have been found in mid-
510:
473:
419:
2397:"Structural characterization of nanofiber silk produced by embiopterans (webspinners)"
2198:
American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, Second Edition
1661:
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3869:
3824:
3611:
3603:
2829:
2821:
2645:
1934:
1909:
1890:
1857:
1771:
1752:
1681:
1340:
1189:
1055:
906:
791:
312:
226:
73:
2579:
2520:"A new braconid genus (Hymenoptera)parasitising webspinners (Embiidina) in Trinidad"
2378:
1993:
1955:
1918:
1875:
1798:
1478:
1348:
617:
4008:
3946:
3864:
3859:
3834:
3829:
3543:
3316:
3293:
3285:
3227:
3182:
3014:
2957:
2786:
2623:
2473:
1402:
1134:
849:
799:
787:
783:
775:
599:
580:
576:
537:
304:
288:
245:
237:
195:
121:
3959:
2046:
Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Volume 3: Integument, Respiration and Circulation
1726:
3707:
2556:"Notes on Embidobiini (Scelionidae: Hymenoptera) with description of a new genus"
2081:
Ross, Edward S. (2009). "Embiidina". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.).
4122:
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3806:
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3332:
3262:
3113:
3051:
2927:
1203:
1067:
1063:
1046:
1003:
910:
900:
In both males and females the legs are short and sturdy, with an enlarged basal
889:
870:
779:
696:
640:
588:
552:
that have been interpreted as being webspinners have been found from the Eocene/
522:
502:
373:
261:
48:
2369:
2131:
3616:
3340:
3150:
3059:
3027:
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1985:
1947:
1596:
1235:
1199:
1117:
1088:
995:
874:
722:
668:
612:
526:
489:
Fossils of webspinners are rare. The group probably first appeared during the
461:
93:
58:
3917:
3719:
2428:
1734:
1690:
1044:
Embiopterans produce a silk thread similar to that produced by the silkworm,
4039:
3782:
3770:
3578:
3422:
3382:
3357:
3210:
3121:
3080:
3067:
2898:
2885:
2846:
2780:
1365:
Contemporary Insect Diagnostics: The Art and Science of Practical Entomology
1150:
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969:
913:(head with forward-facing mouthparts), and absence of ocelli (simple eyes).
901:
893:
878:
828:
819:
673:
584:
572:
553:
402:
383:
175:
155:
98:
42:
2481:
2446:
2139:
1790:
2685:
World list of extant and fossil Embiidina (California Academy of Sciences)
17:
3990:
3969:
3911:
3844:
3788:
3626:
3535:
3324:
3194:
2986:
2792:
2539:
1279:
1207:
1179:
1174:
977:
795:
490:
395:
369:
272:
110:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
3695:
2716:
2571:
2350:
1246:
Another group of associates inside the galleries are bugs in the family
456:
Early entomologists considered the webspinners to be a group within the
3995:
2965:
2593:
2420:
1781:
1272:
1259:
1154:
1084:
1083:, averaging about 65 nanometres in diameter. Each thread consists of a
947:
869:
are similar in size and shape: long and narrow, with relatively simple
545:
457:
210:
103:
78:
2310:
2278:
1866:
4096:
3776:
3764:
3302:
3202:
3129:
3035:
2944:
2936:
2774:
2759:
2504:
1470:
1231:
1227:
1146:
1096:
1013:
917:
865:
853:
541:
440:
428:
376:
185:
165:
3888:
994:
that scatter their eggs widely. The main threat to the eggs is from
4083:
4044:
877:; pre-flight, chambers (sinus veins) within the wings inflate with
453:. They use the silk to make web-like galleries in which they live.
4169:
2555:
1262:' nests, where their silk galleries may protect them from attack.
1219:
1206:
in the tribe Embidobiini are egg parasitoids of the Embioptera. A
1142:
1106:
1077:
in diameter. The finest of any insect are those of the webspinner
883:
818:
529:
1578:"Genus- and family-group names in the order Embioptera (Insecta)"
984:
producing four or five batches of eggs in a twelve-month period.
3390:
2728:
1891:"Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects"
1215:
1161:
leaves. Adult males do not eat at all, dying soon after mating.
1138:
450:
406:
3892:
3723:
3510:
2805:
2732:
3400:
1288:, a southeast Asian species, was found in a glasshouse at the
1223:
1158:
434:
422:
4031:
2707:
2100:(2 ed.). Melbourne University Press. pp. 405–409.
468:
used the name Embiidina which was used widely for a while.
1552:
The Evolution of Social Behaviour in Insects and Arachnids
1317:"The phylogeny and classification of Embioptera (Insecta)"
2390:
2388:
2349:
Edgerly, Janice S.; Shenoy, S. M.; Werner, V. G. (2006).
968:
Most, if not all, embiopteran species are gregarious but
2292:
McMillan, David; Hohu, Kyle; Edgerly, Janice S. (2016).
1463:
10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3514[1:tewie]2.0.co;2
1062:
and other silk-producing (and spinning) members of both
2248:
Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences
1817:
Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences
1238:
may pierce the silk to feed on the webspinners inside.
3343:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
2619:"Webspinners: the UK's first new insect for 100 years"
3901:
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2014:Hoell, H. V.; Doyen, J. T.; Purcell, A. H. (1998).
827:winged male, male nymph and adult female "from the
2462:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
418:The name Embioptera ("lively wings") comes from
1889:Terry, Matthew D.; Whiting, Michael F. (2005).
2157:. In Resh, Vincent H.; Carde, Ring T. (eds.).
1555:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–27.
1446:"The earliest webspinners (Insecta: Embiodea)"
3735:
2744:
2650:(in German). Hayez, Imprimerie des Academies.
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1254:has been found living inside a colony of the
916:The abdomen has ten segments, with a pair of
8:
2344:
2342:
2163:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp.
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2016:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity
1967:
1965:
1629:Foottit, Robert G.; Adler, Peter H. (2018).
1498:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1230:. They have been observed being attacked by
513:, and were described in 2009. The female of
811:can be taken as definitive from this work.
579:order controversially classed in 2007 as a
3889:
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521:, possibly the first fossil member of the
120:
31:
2538:
2436:
2368:
2309:
2298:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2120:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2109:
2107:
1908:
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1770:
1746:
1744:
1680:
1669:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1549:Choe, Jae C.; Crespi, Bernard J. (1997).
575:of Embioptera has been debated, with the
3472:Four most speciose orders are marked in
3062:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
2598:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
2594:"Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein, 1912)"
2518:Shaw, S. R.; Edgerly, Janice S. (1985).
1632:Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1300:
2697:Insects and Human Society: Webspinners
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1491:
1753:"Phylogeny of embiopterans (Insecta)"
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1006:and other foods. The parthenogenetic
7:
4175:581487B1-FFEC-A72A-D5E0-3D41FC230B9D
4071:0ce4377e-69c4-45e2-b1e9-351c8340482d
3335:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
1050:. The silk is produced in spherical
2085:. Academic Press. pp. 315–316.
1660:Huang, Di-Ying; Nel, André (2009).
689:
661:
633:
605:
594:
401:Webspinners are gregarious, living
2173:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00095-3
2098:The Insects of Australia. Volume 1
873:. These wings operate using basic
25:
4208:Extant Jurassic first appearances
386:. The order has also been called
3694:
2845:
2715:
2554:Masner, L.; Dessart, P. (1972).
1910:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00062.x
1858:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00379.x
1772:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00228.x
1682:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00499.x
1341:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00628.x
852:are kidney-shaped, there are no
721:
700:
672:
644:
616:
142:
2527:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
2200:. CRC Press. pp. 147–148.
505:created for them, are from the
2474:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.06.007
1403:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2635
1368:. Academic Press. p. 87.
892:are stiffened and inflated as
368:, are a small group of mostly
1:
4213:Taxa named by Auguste Lameere
3265:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
1727:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.007
3213:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
2196:Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000).
946:(incomplete metamorphosis),
441:
429:
2267:The Ohio Journal of Science
2223:Social Behaviour in Insects
1202:of adult embioptera. A few
548:Dominican amber. Flattened
4234:
3403:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
3296:(twisted-winged parasites)
2968:(dragonflies, damselflies)
2668:Cambridge University Press
2647:Monograph of the Embiidina
2370:10.1603/0046-225X-35.2.448
2132:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.10.004
1974:Journal of Insect Behavior
1391:Encyclopedia of Entomology
435:
423:
300:Miller & Edgerly, 2012
4016:Embioptera Species File:
3759:
3688:
3521:
3517:
3506:
3468:
3257:
3176:
3023:
3008:
2922:
2881:
2843:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2769:
2560:The Canadian Entomologist
2497:American Museum Novitates
1948:10.1007/s00435-007-0030-8
1597:10.11646/zootaxa.2055.1.1
1576:Miller, Kelly B. (2009).
1454:American Museum Novitates
1362:Gibb, Timothy J. (2014).
1256:Indian cooperative spider
1087:core folded into pleated
864:The first segment of the
715:
694:
687:
671:(grasshoppers, crickets)
666:
659:
638:
631:
610:
603:
519:Atmetoclothoda orthotenes
433:), meaning "lively", and
330:
323:
223:
218:
139:Scientific classification
137:
128:
119:
34:
3054:(stick and leaf insects)
2664:Evolution of the Insects
2356:Environmental Entomology
2153:Ross, Edward S. (2009).
1751:Szumik, Claudia (2008).
1266:Distribution and habitat
643:(cockroaches, mantises)
499:Juraembia ningchengensis
3481:are paraphyletic groups
3124:(cockroaches, termites)
2888:(silverfish, firebrats)
2160:Encyclopedia of Insects
2083:Encyclopedia of Insects
2020:Oxford University Press
1986:10.1023/A:1015437001089
1165:Parasites and predators
1012:incorporates scraps of
544:Baltic amber and early-
532:from northern Myanmar.
501:, both in a new family
379:, classified under the
2832:(jumping bristletails)
2702:31 August 2019 at the
2043:Kerkut, G. A. (2013).
1397:. pp. 4169–4172.
1173:are a small family of
1149:. They are generalist
1112:
897:
856:, and the thread-like
836:
4157:Paleobiology Database
2328:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1837:Systematic Entomology
1637:John Wiley & Sons
1321:Systematic Entomology
1192:species in the genus
1110:
1095:coating rich in waxy
959:Behaviour and ecology
887:
822:
534:Litoclostes delicatus
405:in galleries of fine
4066:Fauna Europaea (new)
3434:(moths, butterflies)
2221:Imms, A.D. (2007) .
2022:. pp. 389–391.
1639:. pp. 229–243.
1516:Santa Clara Magazine
1285:Aposthonia ceylonica
1252:Aposthonia ceylonica
991:Saussurembia calypso
982:Aposthonia ceylonica
938:The eggs hatch into
833:Augustus Daniel Imms
587:(angel insects) and
558:Florissant, Colorado
493:; the oldest known,
360:, commonly known as
3876:Condylopalma agilis
2572:10.4039/ent104505-4
2413:2014RSCAd...441301A
2407:(78): 41301–41313.
1850:2007SysEn..32..197Y
1719:2016CrRes..58..118E
1707:Cretaceous Research
1333:2012SysEn..37..550M
1185:Perumyia embiaphaga
1111:Web on a stone wall
1040:Silk web production
550:compression fossils
131:Notoligotoma nitens
3701:Insects portal
3672:Triadophlebioptera
2642:Enderlein, Günther
2540:10.1155/1985/54285
2421:10.1039/C4RA07567F
2116:Antipaluria urichi
1290:RHS Garden, Wisley
1198:, are known to be
1113:
1080:Aposthonia gurneyi
898:
837:
598:Part of
414:Name and etymology
4185:
4184:
4144:Open Tree of Life
3895:Taxon identifiers
3886:
3885:
3717:
3716:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3622:Palaeodictyoptera
3607:
3539:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3404:
3394:
3386:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3306:
3297:
3266:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3104:
3101:Mantophasmatodea
3096:
3085:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2948:
2937:Ephemeropteroidea
2889:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2677:978-0-521-82149-0
2660:Engel, Michael S.
2311:10.1111/bij.12749
2232:978-1-4067-7038-4
2060:978-1-4832-8619-8
2029:978-0-19-510033-4
1646:978-1-118-94557-5
1562:978-0-521-58977-2
1438:Engel, Michael S.
1412:978-1-4020-6242-1
1375:978-0-12-404692-4
1009:Rhagadochir virgo
809:phylogenetic tree
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
699:(stick insects)
515:J. ningchengensis
466:Günther Enderlein
351:
350:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
258:
250:
242:
234:
214:
114:
16:(Redirected from
4225:
4178:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4125:
4123:NHMSYS0021233880
4113:
4112:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4086:
4074:
4073:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4022:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3890:
3878:(incertae sedis)
3744:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3699:
3698:
3632:Permoplectoptera
3605:
3564:Diaphanopterodea
3537:
3519:
3508:
3433:
3424:
3415:Amphiesmenoptera
3402:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3304:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3264:
3255:
3212:
3204:
3197:(barklice, lice)
3196:
3188:
3178:
3174:
3131:
3123:
3102:
3094:
3093:Grylloblattodea
3083:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3006:
2967:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2887:
2879:
2849:
2831:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2681:
2651:
2629:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2051:Elsevier Science
2040:
2034:
2033:
2018:(2nd ed.).
2011:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1784:
1774:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1626:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1488:on 14 July 2011.
1487:
1481:. Archived from
1450:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1312:
1052:secretory glands
725:
704:
690:
676:
662:
648:
634:
620:
606:
595:
444:
438:
437:
432:
426:
425:
315:
307:
299:
297:Ptilocerembiidae
291:
283:
276:Burmeister, 1839
275:
264:
256:
248:
240:
229:
209:
147:
146:
124:
109:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
27:Order of insects
21:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
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4142:
4134:
4129:
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4108:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4002:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3855:Notoligotomidae
3840:Australembiidae
3811:
3793:
3755:
3748:
3718:
3713:
3693:
3676:
3642:Protelytroptera
3574:Eudiaphanoptera
3559:Coxoplectoptera
3554:Carbotriplurida
3549:Campylopteridae
3526:Aethiocarenodea
3513:
3494:
3440:
3409:
3385:(scorpionflies)
3372:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3311:
3276:
3271:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
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3235:
3233:
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3229:
3218:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3108:
3082:
3075:
3070:(angel insects)
3013:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2952:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2837:
2808:
2797:
2765:
2757:
2721:
2714:
2704:Wayback Machine
2693:
2678:
2656:Grimaldi, David
2654:
2640:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2632:
2627:. 1 March 2019.
2617:
2616:
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2512:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2335:(3–4): 179–186.
2324:
2323:
2319:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2061:
2053:. p. 374.
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1813:Ross, Edward S.
1811:
1810:
1806:
1765:(6): 993–1005.
1750:
1749:
1742:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1628:
1627:
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1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1524:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1490:
1485:
1448:
1442:Grimaldi, David
1436:
1435:
1420:
1413:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1268:
1244:
1204:scelionid wasps
1167:
1131:
1105:
1093:water-repellent
1054:in the swollen
1042:
996:egg parasitoids
966:
961:
953:parthenogenetic
944:hemimetabolosis
936:
817:
804:Australembiidae
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
566:
507:Middle Jurassic
487:
482:
416:
292:Enderlein, 1909
281:Notoligotomidae
254:Australembiidae
208:
141:
115:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4182:
4180:
4179:
4166:
4153:
4140:
4127:
4114:
4101:
4088:
4075:
4062:
4053:Fauna Europaea
4049:
4036:
4023:
4013:
4000:
3987:
3974:
3964:
3951:
3938:
3923:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
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3803:
3801:
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3767:
3760:
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3732:
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3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Protozygoptera
3654:
3652:Protorthoptera
3649:
3647:Protephemerida
3644:
3639:
3637:Protanisoptera
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3606:(griffinflies)
3604:Meganisoptera
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Glosselytrodea
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
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3449:
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3442:
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3428:
3419:
3417:
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3408:
3407:
3397:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3325:Raphidioptera
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3277:Neuropteroidea
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3171:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3095:(ice-crawlers)
3089:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3003:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:Ephemeroptera
2941:
2939:
2930:
2917:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:Archaeognatha
2826:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
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2783:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:Insects portal
2711:
2710:
2708:The Bug Chicks
2706:with video by
2692:
2691:External links
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2652:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2585:
2566:(4): 505–510.
2546:
2533:(4): 505–511.
2510:
2487:
2468:(3): 271–275.
2452:
2384:
2363:(2): 448–457.
2338:
2317:
2304:(3): 430–442.
2284:
2273:(4): 150–152.
2257:
2238:
2231:
2225:. Read Books.
2213:
2206:
2188:
2182:978-0125869904
2181:
2145:
2103:
2088:
2066:
2059:
2035:
2028:
1999:
1980:(2): 219–242.
1961:
1924:
1903:(3): 247–257.
1881:
1844:(2): 197–204.
1826:
1804:
1740:
1696:
1675:(4): 889–895.
1652:
1645:
1602:
1568:
1561:
1522:
1505:
1457:(3514): 1–22.
1418:
1411:
1381:
1374:
1354:
1327:(3): 550–570.
1299:
1297:
1294:
1267:
1264:
1248:Plokiophilidae
1243:
1240:
1171:Sclerogibbidae
1166:
1163:
1130:
1127:
1104:
1101:
1041:
1038:
965:
962:
960:
957:
935:
932:
816:
813:
768:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
720:(webspinners)
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
693:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
665:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
609:
604:
602:
593:
565:
562:
511:Inner Mongolia
495:Sinembia rossi
486:
485:Fossil history
483:
481:
478:
474:Arthur Shipley
470:Edward S. Ross
415:
412:
349:
348:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
328:
327:
321:
320:
319:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
259:
251:
243:
235:
221:
220:
216:
215:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4230:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Insect orders
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:Teratembiidae
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Andesembiidae
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Megasecoptera
3610:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3505:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:(caddisflies)
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3395:
3391:Siphonaptera
3388:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:(Mecopterida)
3355:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3294:Strepsiptera
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3203:Thysanoptera
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3148:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3046:(webspinners)
3042:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2853:
2848:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2499:(2143): 1–9.
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:9780849302121
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:Zoomorphology
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:braconid wasp
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
992:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
958:
956:
954:
949:
945:
941:
933:
931:
928:
924:
919:
914:
912:
908:
903:
895:
891:
886:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
859:
855:
851:
850:compound eyes
847:
844:with chewing
843:
834:
830:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Teratembiidae
789:
785:
781:
777:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
726:
724:
719:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
703:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
675:
670:
664:
663:
657:
656:
653:
652:
649:
647:
642:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
619:
615:(stoneflies)
614:
608:
607:
601:
597:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:polyneopteran
574:
571:The external
569:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
431:
421:
413:
411:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
329:
326:
322:
314:
313:Teratembiidae
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
267:
263:
260:
255:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
232:
228:
227:Andesembiidae
225:
224:
222:
217:
212:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
118:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
3902:
3874:
3865:Paedembiidae
3860:Oligotomidae
3850:Embonychidae
3835:Archembiidae
3830:Anisembiidae
3787:Infraclass:
3751:
3706:
3692:
3662:Syntonoptera
3544:Caloneurodea
3536:Blattoptera
3487:
3478:
3473:
3432:Lepidoptera
3430:
3423:Trichoptera
3399:
3381:
3333:Megaloptera
3327:(snakeflies)
3317:Neuropterida
3301:
3286:Coleopterida
3263:Hymenoptera
3261:
3183:Paraneoptera
3181:
3103:(gladiators)
3052:Phasmatodea
3043:
3030:(stoneflies)
3015:Polyneoptera
2958:Odonatoptera
2822:Monocondylia
2787:Pancrustacea
2785:(unranked):
2663:
2646:
2624:The Guardian
2622:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2588:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2530:
2526:
2513:
2496:
2490:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2404:
2401:RSC Advances
2400:
2360:
2354:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2222:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2159:
2148:
2126:(2): 75–82.
2123:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2045:
2038:
2015:
1977:
1973:
1942:(1): 53–59.
1939:
1933:
1927:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1762:
1756:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1655:
1631:
1588:
1584:
1571:
1551:
1514:
1508:
1494:cite journal
1483:the original
1452:
1390:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1324:
1320:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1213:
1195:Sericobracon
1193:
1183:
1168:
1135:plant litter
1132:
1123:
1114:
1078:
1072:
1059:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1007:
1000:
989:
986:
981:
967:
937:
915:
899:
863:
838:
824:
823:Drawings of
800:Scelembiidae
788:Oligotomidae
784:Anisembiidae
776:monophyletic
772:
717:
716:
695:
667:
639:
611:
600:Polyneoptera
581:sister group
570:
567:
538:Oligotomidae
533:
518:
514:
498:
494:
488:
462:neuropterans
455:
446:
417:
400:
391:
387:
366:footspinners
365:
361:
357:
352:
316:Krauss, 1911
305:Scelembiidae
289:Oligotomidae
246:Archembiidae
238:Anisembiidae
205:
196:Polyneoptera
129:
29:
4092:iNaturalist
3927:Wikispecies
3817:Neoembiodea
3807:Clothodidae
3799:Clothododea
3708:Wikispecies
3667:Titanoptera
3599:Lapeyriidae
3594:Hypoperlida
3569:Eoblattodea
3538:(roachoids)
3531:Archodonata
3373:Antliophora
3341:Neuroptera
3303:Coleoptera
3114:Dictyoptera
3084:(Xenonomia)
3060:Orthoptera
3044:Embioptera
3036:Dermaptera
3028:Plecoptera
2928:Palaeoptera
2791:Subphylum:
2155:"Embiidina"
1782:11336/80639
1713:: 118–124.
1200:parasitoids
1089:beta-sheets
1068:Hymenoptera
1064:Lepidoptera
1060:Bombyx mori
1047:Bombyx mori
1004:leaf litter
911:prognathous
888:The male's
825:Embia major
815:Description
780:Clothodidae
697:Phasmatodea
641:Dictyoptera
589:Phasmatodea
523:Clothodidae
503:Sinembiidae
403:subsocially
374:subtropical
362:webspinners
284:Davis, 1940
262:Clothodidae
241:Davis, 1940
41:199–0
4198:Embioptera
4192:Categories
3960:Embioptera
3947:Embioptera
3933:Embioptera
3903:Embioptera
3781:Subclass:
3771:Arthropoda
3752:Embioptera
3617:Miomoptera
3383:Mecoptera
3211:Hemiptera
3132:(mantises)
3122:Blattodea
3068:Zoraptera
2947:(mayflies)
2886:Zygentoma
2781:Arthropoda
2279:1811/23150
1896:Cladistics
1867:2115/33766
1758:Cladistics
1296:References
1242:Associates
1236:harvestmen
1151:herbivores
1118:camouflage
1075:nanometres
934:Life cycle
923:morphology
875:hydraulics
842:mouthparts
718:Embioptera
669:Orthoptera
613:Plecoptera
556:shales of
527:Cretaceous
447:webspinner
358:Embioptera
308:Ross, 2001
257:Ross, 1963
249:Ross, 2001
206:Embioptera
176:Arthropoda
35:Embioptera
18:Webspinner
3783:Pterygota
3763:Kingdom:
3589:Heraridea
3579:Geroptera
3484:Based on
3358:Panorpida
3305:(beetles)
3195:Psocodea
3130:Mantodea
3081:Notoptera
3038:(earwigs)
2773:Kingdom:
2505:2246/3380
2429:2046-2069
1735:0195-6671
1691:0024-4082
1519:(Spring).
1471:2246/5791
1208:protozoan
1103:Galleries
1091:, with a
1030:Oligembia
974:predators
970:subsocial
964:Behaviour
927:taxonomic
902:tarsomere
894:hemolymph
879:hemolymph
846:mandibles
829:Himalayas
585:Zoraptera
573:phylogeny
564:Phylogeny
554:Oligocene
480:Evolution
476:in 1904.
392:Embiidina
384:Pterygota
342:Embiidina
266:Enderlein
219:Families
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
4218:Neoptera
3991:BugGuide
3967:BioLib:
3912:Wikidata
3845:Embiidae
3789:Neoptera
3769:Phylum:
3765:Animalia
3754:families
3627:Paoliida
3401:Diptera
3205:(thrips)
2966:Odonata
2793:Hexapoda
2779:Phylum:
2775:Animalia
2700:Archived
2662:(2005).
2644:(1912).
2580:85254302
2482:18619485
2447:25383190
2379:21662481
2140:18996196
1994:21673429
1956:28102882
1919:86259809
1876:53321436
1799:84665640
1791:34892879
1591:: 1–34.
1479:85798036
1444:(2006).
1395:Springer
1349:55713692
1280:Virginia
1260:termites
1188:, and a
1180:tachinid
1175:aculeate
1157:and dry
1137:, bark,
978:parasite
948:moulting
871:venation
858:antennae
796:Embiidae
583:to both
491:Jurassic
458:termites
396:Jurassic
388:Embiodea
381:subclass
370:tropical
345:Embiodea
336:Embidina
325:Synonyms
273:Embiidae
192:Cohort:
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
113:– Recent
111:Jurassic
3918:Q467392
3777:Insecta
3775:Class:
3750:Extant
3512:Extinct
3486:Sasaki
3393:(fleas)
3187: *
2603:2 March
2438:4222186
2409:Bibcode
2254:: 1–36.
2165:315–316
1846:Bibcode
1823:: 1–53.
1715:Bibcode
1585:Zootaxa
1329:Bibcode
1275:rocks.
1273:granite
1228:spiders
1155:lettuce
1097:alkanes
1085:protein
1022:lineage
546:Miocene
460:or the
377:insects
339:Embiida
333:Embides
211:Lameere
202:Order:
186:Insecta
182:Class:
4162:190856
4149:893229
4110:102463
4045:1EMBIO
4019:915589
3983:152886
3490:(2013)
3488:et al.
3479:Italic
2807:Extant
2763:orders
2760:Insect
2674:
2578:
2480:
2445:
2435:
2427:
2377:
2229:
2204:
2179:
2138:
2057:
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1992:
1954:
1917:
1874:
1797:
1789:
1733:
1689:
1643:
1559:
1477:
1440:&
1409:
1372:
1347:
1232:owlfly
1220:geckos
1147:lichen
1014:lichen
940:nymphs
866:thorax
854:ocelli
848:. The
835:, 1913
802:, and
794:. The
790:, and
542:Eocene
442:pteron
436:πτερον
430:embios
424:εμβιος
268:, 1909
233:, 2003
213:, 1900
4170:Plazi
4136:50657
4097:56834
4058:11935
4009:8MP8H
3996:16969
3970:17170
2576:S2CID
2523:(PDF)
2375:S2CID
1990:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1795:S2CID
1665:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1475:S2CID
1449:(PDF)
1345:S2CID
1216:birds
1182:fly,
1143:algae
1056:tarsi
918:cerci
907:tarsi
890:wings
831:" by
530:amber
420:Greek
355:order
4131:NCBI
4105:ITIS
4079:GBIF
4040:EPPO
3978:BOLD
3474:bold
2672:ISBN
2605:2019
2478:PMID
2443:PMID
2425:ISSN
2227:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2136:PMID
2055:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1787:PMID
1731:ISSN
1687:ISSN
1641:ISBN
1589:2055
1557:ISBN
1500:link
1407:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1226:and
1224:ants
1169:The
1145:and
1139:moss
1129:Diet
1066:and
497:and
451:silk
407:silk
372:and
353:The
231:Ross
49:PreꞒ
4118:NBN
4084:584
4032:519
4027:EoL
4004:CoL
3955:AFD
3942:ADW
2568:doi
2564:104
2535:doi
2501:hdl
2470:doi
2433:PMC
2417:doi
2365:doi
2333:197
2306:doi
2302:118
2275:hdl
2252:149
2169:doi
2128:doi
2118:".
1982:doi
1944:doi
1940:126
1905:doi
1862:hdl
1854:doi
1821:149
1777:hdl
1767:doi
1723:doi
1677:doi
1673:156
1593:doi
1467:hdl
1459:doi
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1337:doi
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