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More recently, it was found that intense cyclones occurring over the ice pack, far south from the ice edge, were at the origin of the reoccurrence of the
Weddell or Maud Rise Polynya in austral winter 2017. In certain winter months, the general atmospheric circulation around Antarctica exhibits a
78:(ESMR). From 1976 to 2015, this polynya was rarely observed. The polynya reoccurred in 2016, and has since appeared in 2017. The 2010s occurrence has been smaller than the 1970s occurrence, being about the size of Maine in 2017, or roughly 80,000 km (31,000 sq mi).
47:. The formation of the polynya exposes relatively warmer ocean waters (at surface freezing temperatures of –1.9 °C) to a cold atmosphere, leading to a large exchange of heat which drives deep convection in the ocean, often reaching depths of 1,000 to 2,000 meters.
93:
strong zonal wave 3 pattern, which favors the development of polar cyclones closer to the coast, that is, over preconditioned oceanographic areas for polynya formation, such as the
Weddell Polynya in the
472:
Diana
Francis, Clare Eayrs, Juan Cuesta, David Holland (24 April 2019). "Polar Cyclones at the Origin of the Reoccurrence of the Maud Rise Polynya in Austral Winter 2017".
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The size of New
Zealand, it re-occurred each winter between 1974 and 1976. These were the first three austral winters observed by the
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Casimir de
Lavergne, Jaime B. Palter, Eric D. Galbraith, Raffaele Bernardello & Irina Marinov (2 March 2014).
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provides an ice-free area where penguins can feed, and is therefore important for the survival of the
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D M Holland (1 June 2001). "Explaining the
Weddell Polynya--a large ocean eddy shed at Maud Rise".
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89:. Such stratification may be responsible for suppressing the return of the Weddell Sea polynya.
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533:. Tuatara: Volume 15, Issue 3. Victoria University of Wellington
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Claire L. Parkinson; Joey C. Comiso & H. Jay Zwally (2014).
31:, or irregular area of open water surrounded by sea ice, in the
272:"Open-ocean polynyas and deep convection in the Southern Ocean"
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has freshened and stratified, likely a result of anthropogenic
388:"Giant Hole Opens in Antarctic Ice Pack, and No One Knows Why"
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Since the 1970s, the polar
Southern Ocean south of the
351:"Nimbus-5 ESMR Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations"
451:"Climate Change Felt in Deep Waters of Antarctica"
270:Cheon, Woo Geun; Gordon, Arnold L. (6 May 2019).
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514:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
474:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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59:Maud Rise Polynya (center) pictured by the
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480:(10). JGR: Atmospheres: 5251–5267.
353:. National Snow and Ice Data Center
718:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
661:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
604:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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529:B. Stonehouse (3 December 1967).
97:and the Cosmonaut polynya in the
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449:Sarah Zielinski (3 March 2014).
386:Ryan Whitwam (11 October 2017).
765:Geography of the Southern Ocean
198:"Background - Weddell Polynya"
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83:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
67:satellite, September 25, 2017
531:"Penguins in high latitudes"
330:. University of Toronto/NASA
196:David Holland (5 May 2003).
109:The presence of polynyas in
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167:Nansen's Fram expedition
105:Other Antarctic polynyas
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600:-related article is a
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410:Nature Climate Change
328:"The Weddell Polynya"
200:. New York University
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282:(1): 6935.
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137:Ekman layer
95:Lazarev Sea
51:Occurrences
33:Weddell Sea
759:Categories
712:glaciology
598:Antarctica
183:References
115:Cape Royds
41:Antarctica
567:75°S 45°W
502:149497432
172:Upwelling
45:Maud Rise
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121:See also
73:Nimbus 5
482:Bibcode
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284:Bibcode
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221:Science
35:of the
29:polynya
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558:45°W
555:75°S
539:2014
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
