150:
44:
341:, with the public interest at fever-pitch. Rebuffed repeatedly by chief justice James DeLancey during the trial, Hamilton decided to plead his client's case directly to the jury. After the lawyers for both sides finished their arguments on August 5, 1735, the jury retired only to return in ten minutes with a verdict of not guilty, a famous example of
415:
A libel is not less the libel for being true...But this doctrine only holds true as to private and personal failings; and it is quite otherwise when the crimes of men come to affect the publick…Machiavel says, Calumny is pernicious, but accusation beneficial, to a state; and he shews instances where
410:
were published and republished for decades in
Britain and were immensely popular in America." This article gave its readers a preview of the same argument attorneys Hamilton and Smith presented 18 months later in the government's libel case against Zenger – that truth is an absolute defense against
278:
416:
states have suffered or perished for not having, or for neglecting, the power to accuse great men who were criminals, or thought to be so…surely it cannot be more pernicious to calumniate even good men, than not to be able to accuse ill ones.
326:
was Zenger's first counsel, but the court found him in contempt and disbarred him, removing him from the case. After more than eight months in prison, Zenger went to trial, defended by the
Philadelphia lawyer
1415:
734:
The tryal of John Peter Zenger, of New-York, printer, who was lately try'd and acquitted for printing and publishing a libel against the government: with the pleadings and arguments on both sides
348:
In defending Zenger in this landmark case, Hamilton and Smith attempted to establish the precedent that a statement, even if defamatory, is not libelous if it can be proved, thus affirming
293:. On his arrival in New York City, Cosby had plunged into a rancorous quarrel with the colony council over his salary, trying to recoup half of the salary of the previous acting governor
531:
258:, though he returned to New York permanently by 1722. After a brief partnership with Bradford in 1725, Zenger set up as a commercial printer on Smith Street in New York City.
246:, and Nicolaus Zenger was one of those who died before settlement. The governor of New York had agreed to provide apprenticeships for all the children of immigrants from the
1435:
1362:
465:
A ten foot high limestone statue of John Peter Zenger is mounted on the brick wall of P.S. 18 in the Bronx in New York City. The sculpture was created by sculptor
947:
905:
1445:
512:
1009:
The
Archives of the Reformed Church in America; New Brunswick, New Jersey; Collegiate Church, Ecclesiastical Records, Baptisms, Members, Marriages, 1639–1774.
1430:
1000:
Presbyterian
Historical Society; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Church Registers; Book Title: Church Register 1701–1746; Accession Number: V MI46 P477rr v.1.
1420:
230:. Most of the details of his early life are obscure. He was the son of Nicolaus Eberhard Zenger and his wife Johanna. His father was a school teacher in
198:, which voiced opinions critical of the colonial governor, William Cosby. On November 17, 1734, on Cosby's orders, the sheriff arrested Zenger. After a
374:. It was only the following year that the assembly, reacting to this verdict, passed a law that allowed truth as a defense against a charge of libel.
1171:
The
Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien
262:
1455:
342:
1318:
1450:
500:
478:
983:
547:
289:
In 1733, Zenger printed copies of newspapers in New York to voice his disagreement with the actions of the newly appointed colonial governor
672:
1323:
1240:
251:
1030:
1425:
1340:
1179:
1126:
931:
889:
726:
John Peter Zenger; his press, his trial, and a bibliography of Zenger imprints ... also a reprint of the first edition of the trial
1101:
Although this issue of Zenger's newspaper is dated 1733, the actual year was 1734. At the time, Britain and the colonies used a
406:(1723). Jeffery A. Smith writes that "Cato" was "The leading luminary of the 18th century libertarian press theory...Editions of
332:
207:
1312:
1102:
297:. Unable to control the colony's supreme court, which had ruled against Cosby in the dispute, Cosby removed Chief Justice
1105:
wherein
January, February and part of March retained the preceding year's date. This system was eliminated in the 1750s.
506:
518:
384:
307:
194:
169:
140:
425:
Zenger died in New York on July 28, 1746, at the age of 48 years old with his wife continuing his printing business.
202:
refused to indict him, the
Attorney General Richard Bradley charged him with libel in August 1735. Zenger's lawyers,
820:
1356:
1440:
689:
Levy, Leonard W. (January 1960). "Did the Zenger Case Really Matter? Freedom of the Press in
Colonial New York".
592:
Levy, Leonard W. (January 1960). "Did the Zenger Case Really Matter? Freedom of the Press in
Colonial New York".
269:
in the
Collegiate Church, New York. He was the father of many children by his second wife, six of whom survived.
356:. This case is the groundwork of freedom of the press, not its legal precedent. As late as 1804, the journalist
328:
323:
203:
850:
393:
298:
397:
365:
266:
1410:
1405:
495:
349:
255:
186:
182:
94:
353:
247:
227:
68:
337:
941:
919:
899:
877:
706:
649:
609:
370:
630:"The Zenger Case Revisited: Satire, Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America"
570:
Eldridge, Larry D. "Before Zenger: Truth and Seditious Speech in Colonial America, 1607–1700."
352:
in America; however, succeeding royal governors clamped down on freedom of the press until the
1388:
1175:
1122:
927:
885:
668:
543:
466:
452:
402:
1349:
1116:
1041:
795:
1355:
1029:
National Park Service. "Intrigue on the Village Green: The Election of 1733 at St. Paul's."
1018:
698:
641:
601:
243:
149:
1335:
965:
315:
condemning the newspaper's "divers scandalous, virulent, false and seditious reflections."
277:
1344:
437:
211:
725:
43:
1221:
1143:
357:
302:
1203:
311:
continued to publish articles critical of the royal governor. Finally, Cosby issued a
242:
in 1706. The Zenger family immigrated to New York in 1710 as part of a large group of
1399:
1337:
Considering Zenger: Partisan Politics and the Legal Profession in Provincial New York
970:
Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present
733:
662:
653:
582:
563:
Covert, Cathy. "'Passion Is Ye Prevailing Motive': The Feud Behind the Zenger Case."
538:
Burrows, E. G., Wellace, M. (1998). "Chapter 11: Recession, Revival, and Rebellion".
290:
239:
178:
164:
90:
1328:
1374:
490:
484:
434:
312:
854:
664:"The tyranny of printers" : newspaper politics in the early American republic
622:
Freedom of the press from Zenger to Jefferson: early American libertarian theories
1169:
459:
294:
411:
libel. The words are reprinted from Cato's essay "Reflections Upon Libelling":
231:
199:
174:
60:
17:
389:
254:, the first printer in New York. By 1720, he was taking on printing work in
1370:
1019:
Keene, A. (2013, February 12). John Peter Zenger. Retrieved March 05, 2018
645:
163:(October 26, 1697 – July 28, 1746) was a German printer and journalist in
828:
729:
by Livingston Rutherfurd, New York : Dodd, Mead & company, 1904
1284:
710:
697:(1). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 35–60.
613:
600:(1). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 35–50.
235:
64:
575:
1383:
1118:
Printers and Press Freedom: The Ideology of Early American Journalism
755:
667:. Charlottesville ; London : University Press of Virginia.
447:
1258:
702:
629:
605:
1350:"Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press | Early American Bookmarks"
319:
276:
215:
148:
984:"The New York Weekly Journal and the Arrest of John Peter Zenger"
250:, and John Peter was bound for eight years as an apprentice to
48:
Andrew Hamilton defending John Peter Zenger in court, 1734–1735
532: Bibliography of early American publishers and printers
360:
lost a series of prosecutions and appeals because truth was
234:
in 1701. The Zenger family had other children baptised in
153:
The trial, as imagined by an illustrator in the 1883 book
185:, but the jury acquitted Zenger, who became a symbol for
1222:"Zines and Things from the depths of the Sacred PO Box"
305:. Supported by members of the Popular Party, Zenger's
392:"Cato." This was a pen-name used by British writers
1416:
18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
587:. Vol. XVI. St. Louis : Thomas Law Books.
133:
125:
117:
109:
101:
75:
53:
34:
261:On 28 May 1719, Zenger married Mary White in the
1241:"June 14, 1978: FBI and anti-abortion terrorism"
1204:"Hempsters demonstrate against the war on drugs"
1226:Holy Temple of Mass Consumption News, Issue #29
1042:Journalism in the United States, from 1690–1872
413:
565:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
8:
455:that operated during the late 20th century.
265:. On 24 August 1722, widower Zenger married
1363:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
364:a defense against libel, as decided by the
946:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
904:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
540:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
513:Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site
301:, replacing him with the royalist justice
42:
31:
1436:German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
737:London : Printed for J. Wilford 1738
27:German printer and journalist (1697–1746)
1392:(1957 book, edited by Vincent Buranelli)
1121:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
796:"Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press"
790:
788:
747:
263:First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia
939:
897:
882:The Palatine Families of New York 1710
872:
870:
868:
640:(3). University of Maryland: 223–245.
501:Freedom of speech in the United States
479:Early American publishers and printers
388:is an opinion piece written under the
210:, successfully argued that truth is a
959:
957:
556:Copeland, David. "The Zenger Trial."
226:Peter Zenger was born in 1697 in the
7:
756:"7c. The Trial of John Peter Zenger"
1431:Printers from the Thirteen Colonies
926:. Universal City, CA. p. 381.
462:owned and operated by journalists.
1168:Williams, Greg H. (25 July 2014).
382:In the February 25, 1733 issue of
25:
1421:18th-century American journalists
572:American Journal of Legal History
400:, whose essays were published as
1446:People from SĂĽdliche WeinstraĂźe
1142:Gordon, Thomas (10 June 1721).
1077:
1053:
451:was a Madison, Wisconsin based
192:In 1733, Zenger began printing
1456:Journalists from New York City
1202:Getman, James (27 July 1996).
972:. German Historical Institute.
779:
691:The William and Mary Quarterly
594:The William and Mary Quarterly
581:Lawson, John Davidson (1914).
1:
1451:People from colonial New York
1089:
1065:
1144:"Reflections Upon Libelling"
855:"The Obstinate Dr. Heicklen"
624:(Irvington Publishers, 1966)
620:Levy, Leonard Williams, ed.
661:Pasley, Jeffrey L. (2003).
542:. Oxford University Press.
519:The New York Weekly Journal
385:The New York Weekly Journal
238:in 1697 and in 1703 and in
195:The New York Weekly Journal
170:The New York Weekly Journal
141:The New York Weekly Journal
1472:
1371:Works by John Peter Zenger
1357:"Zenger, John Peter"
1239:Masel, Ben (1 June 2009).
529:
1426:American male journalists
1384:The Trial of Peter Zenger
1315:First report of the trial
1044:. Forgotten Books. p. 82.
1040:Hudson, Frederic. (1873)
634:Early American Literature
433:During World War II, the
41:
990:. National Park Service.
443:was named in his honor.
331:and the New York lawyer
318:Zenger was charged with
181:, the royal governor of
1115:Smith, Jeffery (1990).
308:New-York Weekly Journal
283:New-York Weekly Journal
964:Keene, Ann T. (2013).
924:More Palatine Families
884:. Universal City, CA.
628:Olsen, Alison (2000).
418:
366:New York Supreme Court
286:
157:
155:Wall Street in History
1343:23 April 2020 at the
1265:. Z News Service, Inc
646:10.1353/eal.2000.0009
584:American state trials
567:(1973) 50#1 pp: 3–10.
558:Media Studies Journal
530:Further information:
453:underground newspaper
281:A page from Zenger's
280:
152:
853:(28 February 2011).
496:Freedom of the press
350:freedom of the press
187:freedom of the press
173:. He was accused of
95:Province of New York
1330:The Crown v. Zenger
966:"John Peter Zenger"
354:American Revolution
335:The case was now a
267:Anna Catharina Maul
214:against charges of
1148:Classical Liberals
920:Jones, Henry Z Jr.
878:Jones, Henry Z Jr.
831:on 3 December 2012
507:People v. Croswell
371:People v. Croswell
343:jury nullification
333:William Smith, Sr.
287:
208:William Smith, Sr.
161:John Peter Zenger
158:
69:Rhenish Palatinate
1389:Project Gutenberg
1324:John Peter Zenger
1289:Joseph Kiselewski
859:Harper's Magazine
574:(1995): 337-358.
560:14#2 (2000): 2–7.
549:978-0-19-511634-2
467:Joseph Kiselewski
458:Zenger News is a
429:Legacy and honors
228:German Palatinate
167:. Zenger printed
147:
146:
118:Years active
36:John Peter Zenger
16:(Redirected from
1463:
1441:German Palatines
1391:
1367:
1359:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
980:
974:
973:
961:
952:
951:
945:
937:
916:
910:
909:
903:
895:
874:
863:
862:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
827:. Archived from
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
792:
783:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
752:
714:
678:
674:978-0-8139-21891
657:
617:
588:
553:
285:, 7 January 1733
252:William Bradford
244:German Palatines
136:
113:Newspaper writer
86:
84:
57:October 26, 1697
46:
32:
21:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1354:
1345:Wayback Machine
1313:Historybuff.com
1309:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1103:calendar system
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
982:
981:
977:
963:
962:
955:
938:
934:
918:
917:
913:
896:
892:
876:
875:
866:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
794:
793:
786:
778:
774:
764:
762:
754:
753:
749:
744:
721:
719:Primary sources
703:10.2307/1943478
688:
685:
683:Further reading
675:
660:
627:
606:10.2307/1943478
591:
580:
550:
537:
534:
528:
475:
431:
423:
380:
329:Andrew Hamilton
324:James Alexander
275:
224:
204:Andrew Hamilton
134:
121:1720–1746
97:
88:
82:
80:
71:
67:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1352:
1347:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1307:External links
1305:
1302:
1301:
1276:
1250:
1231:
1213:
1194:
1181:978-1476617541
1180:
1160:
1134:
1127:
1107:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1002:
993:
975:
953:
932:
911:
890:
864:
842:
825:History Empire
821:"Zenger Trial"
812:
784:
772:
746:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
730:
720:
717:
716:
715:
684:
681:
680:
679:
673:
658:
625:
618:
589:
578:
568:
561:
554:
548:
527:
524:
523:
522:
515:
510:
503:
498:
493:
488:
481:
474:
471:
430:
427:
422:
419:
408:Cato's Letters
403:Cato's Letters
394:John Trenchard
379:
378:"Cato" article
376:
358:Harry Croswell
303:James DeLancey
274:
271:
223:
220:
145:
144:
137:
131:
130:
127:
126:Known for
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
89:
87:(aged 48)
77:
73:
72:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
18:Weekly Journal
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1183:
1177:
1174:. McFarland.
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1128:9780195362367
1124:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
989:
985:
979:
976:
971:
967:
960:
958:
954:
949:
943:
935:
933:9780897253949
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
907:
901:
893:
891:9780961388829
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
869:
865:
860:
856:
852:
851:Horton, Scott
846:
843:
830:
826:
822:
816:
813:
801:
800:Early America
797:
791:
789:
785:
782:, pp. 223–245
781:
776:
773:
761:
757:
751:
748:
741:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
718:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
676:
670:
666:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
586:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
545:
541:
536:
535:
533:
525:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:
444:
442:
441:
436:
428:
426:
420:
417:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
398:Thomas Gordon
395:
391:
387:
386:
377:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
339:
338:cause célèbre
334:
330:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:William Cosby
284:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Waldfischbach
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:William Cosby
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:New York City
162:
156:
151:
143:
142:
138:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
79:July 28, 1746
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1382:
1375:Open Library
1361:
1336:
1329:
1319:Zenger Trial
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1208:Rally Report
1207:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1170:
1163:
1153:30 September
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1117:
1110:
1097:
1085:
1078:Lawson, 1914
1073:
1061:
1054:Pasley, 2003
1049:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1005:
996:
988:Federal Hall
987:
978:
969:
923:
914:
881:
858:
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:the original
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
775:
763:. Retrieved
759:
750:
732:
724:
694:
690:
663:
637:
633:
621:
597:
593:
583:
571:
564:
557:
539:
526:Bibliography
517:
505:
491:Federal Hall
485:Areopagitica
483:
464:
460:wire service
457:
446:
445:
440:Peter Zenger
439:
435:Liberty ship
432:
424:
414:
407:
401:
383:
381:
369:
361:
347:
336:
317:
313:proclamation
306:
299:Lewis Morris
288:
282:
260:
225:
193:
191:
168:
160:
159:
154:
139:
135:Notable work
129:Zenger trial
29:
1411:1746 deaths
1406:1697 births
1285:"Sculpture"
1269:19 February
1263:Zenger News
1056:, pp. 30–31
835:18 November
780:Olsen, 2000
295:Rip Van Dam
177:in 1734 by
102:Citizenship
1400:Categories
1259:"About Us"
1187:7 December
1090:Levy, 1960
1066:Levy, 1960
805:24 October
765:24 October
760:US History
742:References
273:Libel case
248:Palatinate
232:Impflingen
222:Early life
200:grand jury
110:Occupation
83:1746-07-29
61:Impflingen
1080:, p. viii
942:cite book
900:cite book
654:153329184
390:pseudonym
1341:Archived
1245:TalkLeft
922:(1991).
880:(1985).
576:in JSTOR
473:See also
438:SS
256:Maryland
183:New York
91:New York
1366:. 1889.
1294:6 April
1228:. 1995.
1092:, p. 38
1068:, p. 43
711:1943478
614:1943478
236:Rumbach
212:defense
105:British
81: (
65:Rumbach
1178:
1125:
930:
888:
709:
671:
652:
612:
546:
448:Zenger
707:JSTOR
650:S2CID
610:JSTOR
421:Death
320:libel
216:libel
175:libel
63:, or
1296:2023
1271:2023
1189:2017
1176:ISBN
1155:2016
1123:ISBN
948:link
928:ISBN
906:link
886:ISBN
837:2012
807:2012
767:2012
669:ISBN
544:ISBN
396:and
206:and
76:Died
54:Born
1387:at
1373:at
699:doi
642:doi
602:doi
368:in
362:not
1402::
1360:.
1287:.
1261:.
1243:.
1224:.
1206:.
1146:.
986:.
968:.
956:^
944:}}
940:{{
902:}}
898:{{
867:^
857:.
823:.
798:.
787:^
758:.
705:.
695:17
693:.
648:.
638:35
636:.
632:.
608:.
598:17
596:.
469:.
345:.
322:.
218:.
189:.
93:,
1298:.
1273:.
1247:.
1210:.
1191:.
1157:.
1131:.
950:)
936:.
908:)
894:.
861:.
839:.
809:.
769:.
713:.
701::
677:.
656:.
644::
616:.
604::
552:.
85:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
