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and late dumping syndrome. Dumping syndrome in some cases may be associate with more efficient weight loss, however it can be uncomfortable. Symptoms of dumping syndrome include nausea, diarrhea, painful abdominal cramps, bloating, and autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, and sweating. Early dumping syndrome (emptying within 1 hour of eating) is also associated with a rapid drop in blood pressure, which may cause fainting. Late dumping syndrome is characterized by low blood sugar 1–3 hours after a meal, presenting with palpitations, tremor, sweating, a feeling of faintness, and irritability. Dumping syndrome is best mitigated by consuming small meals and avoiding high carb or high fat foods.
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1090:
bariatric procedure is not always clearly defined, as multiple mechanisms may be used by a single procedure. For instance, while sleeve gastrectomy (discussed below) was initially thought to work simply by reducing the size of the stomach, research has begun to elucidate changes in gut hormone signaling as well. The two most frequently performed procedures are sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (also galled gastric bypass), with sleeve gastrectomy accounting for more than half of all procedures since 2014.
728:. This meta-analysis also found that median life-expectancy was 9.3 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5.1 years longer for obese adults without diabetes. The risk of death in the period following surgery is less than 1 in 1,000. A 2016 review estimated bariatric surgery could reduce all-cause mortality by 30-50% in obese people. Bariatric surgery may also lower disease risk, including improvement in
870:) within the obese population show that 58% prioritize improvement of diabetes, while 33% pursued surgery for weight loss alone. While weight loss is essential in T2DM management, sustaining improvements long-term is challenging; 50% to 90% of people struggle to achieve adequate diabetes control, suggesting the need for alternative interventions. In this context, studies have reported an 85.3–90% resolution of T2DM after bariatric surgery, measured by reductions in fasting plasma glucose and
851:
protocol has not been found to be superior to the other. In one 2019 systematic review, estimated weight loss (EWL) for each surgical protocol is as follows: 56.7% for gastric bypass, 45.9% for gastric banding, 74.1% for biliopancreatic bypass +/- duodenal switch and 58.3% for sleeve gastrectomy. Most patients do remain obese (BMI 25-35) following surgery despite significant weight loss, and patients with BMI over 40 tended to lose more weight than those with BMI under 40.
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1202:
900:
bariatric surgery patients was decreased by 44%, especially in colorectal, endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancer. Improvements in cardiovascular health are the most well described changes after bariatric surgery, with notable reductions in the incidence of stroke (except in patients with T2DM), heart attack, atrial fibrillation, all-cause cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic heart disease.
1361:
1106:), despite initial development to target reduction of food intake and/or nutrient absorption. This is especially important when considering the durability of weight loss compared to lifestyle changes. While diet and exercise are essential for maintaining a healthy weight and physical fitness, metabolism typically slows as the individual loses weight, a process known as
968:, and 5% after biliopancreatic diversion. Over a 10-year study while using a common data model to allow for comparisons, 9% of patients who received a sleeve gastrectomy required some form of reoperation within 5 years compared to 12% of patients who received a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Both of the effects were fewer than those reported with adjustable gastric banding.
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36:
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gastric band. Gastric band malpositioning can be devastating, leading to gastric prolapse, overdistention, and resultingly, gastric ischemia and necrosis. Erosion and migration of the band may also occur post-operatively, in which case, if over 50% of the circumference of the band migrates, then surgical repositioning is necessary.
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3–8 kg within several study ranges. Weight loss with the gastric balloon tends to be more modest than other interventions. The intragastric balloon may be used prior to another bariatric surgery to assist the patient to reach a weight which is suitable for surgery, but can be used repeatedly and unrelated to other procedures.
953:
reduced overall long-term all-cause mortality compared to controls. However, obese populations maintain an elevated risk of disease and mortality compared to the general population even after surgery, therefore elevated mortality after surgery may be related to the ongoing complications of existing obesity-related disease.
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1110:. Thus, efforts for obese individuals to lose weight often stall, or result in weight re-gain. Bariatric surgery is thought to affect the weight "set point," leading to a more durable weight loss. This is not completely understood, but may involve the cell-signaling pathways and hunger/satiety hormones.
1340:
Gastric plication significantly reduces the volume of the patient's stomach, so smaller amounts of food provide a feeling of satiety. In a 2020 review and meta-analysis, long-term weight loss was not as durable as other, more common bariatric techniques. Gastric plication has not performed as well as
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are common after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass, with estimates of prevalence ranging from 7-11%. All surgical modalities are associated with a significant increase in risk of kidney stones compared to nonsurgical weight loss treatment, with biliopancreatic diversion being the most associated at a ten-fold
878:
The relative risk reductions associated with bariatric surgery are 61%, 64%, and 77% for the development of T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, respectively, highlighting the efficacy of bariatric surgery in prevention as well as resolution of chronic obesity. Predictors for post-operative diabetes
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levels, and remission rates of up to 74% two years post-surgery. Furthermore, there is a difference in effectiveness between bariatric surgery and traditional interventions. The
Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study demonstrated the difference in T2DM remission rates between conventional medical therapy
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Kominiarek MA, Jungheim ES, Hoeger KM, Rogers AM, Kahan S, Kim JJ (May 2017). "American
Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery position statement on the impact of obesity and obesity treatment on fertility and fertility therapy Endorsed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
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Weight loss following the surgery is largely due to alteration of gut hormones that control hunger and satiety, as well as the physical restriction of the stomach and decrease in nutrient absorption. Compared to the sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, BPD/DS produces better results with
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This was the most commonly performed bariatric surgery as of 2021 in the United States, and is one of the two most commonly performed bariatric surgeries in the world. Though initially thought to work strictly by reducing the size of the stomach, recent research has shown that there are also changes
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Procedures may reduce the amount of intestine that food passes through in an effort to decrease the absorption of nutrients from food. For example, a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass connects the stomach to a more distal part of the intestine, which reduces the ability of the intestines to absorb nutrients
952:
The overall risk of mortality is low in bariatric surgery at 0 to .01%. Severe complications, such as gastric perforation or necrosis, have been significantly reduced by improved surgical experience and training. Bariatric surgery morbidity is also low at 5%. In fact, several studies have reported a
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Among people seeking bariatric surgery, pre-operative mental health disorders are commonly reported. Some studies indicate that psychological health can improve after bariatric surgery, due in part to improved body image, self-esteem, and change in self-concept; these findings were found in children
886:
Bariatric surgery is also considered for individuals with new-onset T2DM and obesity, although the level of improvement may be slightly less. The
International Diabetes Federation Task recommends bariatric surgery under certain circumstances, including failure of conventional weight and T2DM therapy
858:, bariatric surgery patients were able to achieve remission 2.4 times as often as those who underwent nonsurgical treatment. No significant difference was noted for changes cholesterol, or LDL, but HDL did increase in the surgical groups, and reduction in blood pressure was variable between studies.
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Reviews have shown similar weight loss in adolescents following bariatric surgery as in adults. Reduction of eating disorders for several years after bariatric surgery has also been shown in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Long-term reduction in or resolution of weight-related conditions, such
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Bariatric surgical procedures available to adolescents include: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and adjustable gastric banding. Multiple organizations have created guidelines for bariatric surgery indications in children and adolescents. In 2022-23, such guidelines overlapped
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Intragastric balloon involves placing a deflated balloon into the stomach, and then filling it to decrease the amount of gastric space, resulting in the feeling of fullness after a smaller meal. The balloon can be left in the stomach for a maximum of 6 months and results in weight loss of 3 BMI or
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The surgery is a permanent procedure that aims to decrease the absorption of nutrients due to the new, limited connection created. The surgery is also works by affecting gut hormones, resetting hunger and satiety levels. The physically-smaller stomach and increase in baseline satiety hormones help
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Bariatric procedures function by a variety of mechanisms, such as: alteration of gut hormones, reduction of the gut size (reducing the amount of food that may pass through), and reduction or blockage of nutrient absorption. The distinction in these mechanisms, and which are at work for a particular
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The most common complication, especially after sleeve gastrectomy, is GERD, which may occur in up to 25% of cases. Dumping syndrome (rapid emptying of undigested stomach contents) is another common complication of bariatric surgery, especially after Roux-en-Y, which is further classified into early
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When counseling a patient on bariatric procedures, providers take an interdisciplinary approach. Psychiatric screening is also critical for determining postoperative success. People with a BMI of 40 or greater have a 5-fold risk of depression, and half of bariatric surgery candidates are depressed.
763:
Bariatric surgery has proven to be the most effective obesity treatment option for enduring weight loss. Along with this weight reduction, the procedure reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, depression syndromes, among others. While often effective, numerous
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surgery. This operation can be performed laparoscopically, and is commonly referred to as a "lap band". Weight loss is predominantly due to the restriction of nutrient intake that is created by the small gastric pouch and the narrow outlet. It is considered somewhat of a safe surgical procedure,
1020:
like iron (15%), vitamin D, vitamin B12, fat soluble vitamins, thiamine, and folate are common after bariatric procedures. Such deficiencies are potentiated by alterations in absorption and lack of appetite and often require supplementation. Notably, chronic vitamin D deficiency may contribute to
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Bariatric surgery is cost-effective when compared to savings estimated from treatment or prevention of obesity-related conditions. Cost-effectiveness occurs at the individual level due to fewer healthcare expenses for medications, and nationally with a reduction in the overall lifetime healthcare
1414:
specialists. Follow-up after surgery is typically focused on helping avoid complications and tracking the progress toward body weight goals. Having a structure of social support in the post-operative time may be beneficial as people work through the changes that present physically and emotionally
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Difficulties surrounding obesity treatment selection among children and adolescents include ethical considerations when obtaining consent from those who may be unable to do so without adult guidance or understand the potential lasting effects of invasive procedures. Among high-quality randomized
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In adults, malabsorptive procedures lead to more weight loss than restrictive procedures, but they have a higher risk profile. Gastric banding is the least invasive, so it may offer fewer complications, while gastric bypass may offer the highest initial and most sustainable weight loss. A single
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surgical techniques made the procedure safer, and high-quality research showed effectiveness at improving health among various conditions. In
October 2022, ASMBS/IFSO revised the eligibility criteria, which include all adult patients with BMI greater than 35, and those with BMI more than 30 with
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Pregnancy in patients post-bariatric surgery must be carefully monitored. Infant mortality, preterm birth, small fetal size, congenital anomalies, and NICU admission are all elevated in bariatric surgery patients. This elevation in adverse outcomes is thought to be because of malnutrition. Most
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Complications specific to the laparoscopic gastric band procedure include esophageal perforation from advancement of the calibration probe, gastric perforation from creation of a retrograde gastric tunnel, esophageal dilation, and acute dilation of the gastric pouch due to malpositioning of the
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In the 21st century, obesity rates increased globally, and with this, a proportional rise in related diseases and complication. In the United States during 2017-20, an estimated 40% of adults were obese, up from 30% in 1999-2000. The costs of treating obesity and related conditions has a large
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This is most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the United States, with approximately 140,000 gastric bypass procedures performed in 2005. Though, since 2013, sleeve gastrectomy has overtaken RYGB as the most common bariatric procedure. RYGB still remains to be one of the two most
911:
The position of the
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery as of 2017 was that it was not clearly understood whether medical weight-loss treatments or bariatric surgery had an effect responsiveness to subsequent treatments for infertility in both men and women. Bariatric surgery
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respectively. It also found that median life-expectancy was 9 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5 years longer for obese adults without diabetes. The overall cancer risk in
1324:
In the vertical banded gastroplasty, a part of the stomach is permanently stapled to create a smaller, new stomach. This new stomach is physically restricted, allowing for people to feel full with smaller meals. Short term weight loss is similar to other bariatric procedures, but long-term
2029:
Syn NL, Cummings DE, Wang LZ, Lin DJ, Zhao JJ, Loh M, et al. (May 2021). "Association of metabolic-bariatric surgery with long-term survival in adults with and without diabetes: a one-stage meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective controlled studies with 174 772 participants".
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notably, a reduction in serum folate and iron are well-established correlates to neural tube defects and preterm birth, respectively. People considering pregnancy should consult with their physician before conceiving to optimize their health and nutritional status before pregnancy.
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Techniques for weight loss have been reported for decades, with a more formal transition to noting weight loss following surgical intervention in the 1950s when subsequent weight loss after surgical shortening of the small intestine in dogs and people was observed. Specifically,
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and soft proteins (1.0–1.5g/kg/day). During recovery, people must adapt to eating more slowly and to avoid eating past fullness; overeating may lead to nausea and vomiting. Alcohol is avoided completely in the first 6 months to 1 year after surgery. Some people may take a daily
1002:, kidney stones, and gallstones. Bowel obstruction tends to be more difficult to diagnose in post-bariatric surgery patients due to their reduced ability to vomit; symptoms mainly involve abdominal pain and are intermittent due to twisting and untwisting of the intestinal
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This procedure where a device similar to a heart pacemaker that is implanted by a surgeon, with the electrical leads stimulating the external surface of the stomach, was under preliminary research in 2015. Electrical stimulation is thought to modify the activity of the
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or nutrient deficiency, since a person having bariatric surgery will likely undergo significant weight loss and changes in metabolism. Over many years, the rates of potential adverse maternal and fetal outcomes are reduced for mothers following bariatric surgery.
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Bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity can lead to vitamin deficiencies. Long-term follow-up reported deficiencies for vitamins D, E, A, K and B12. There are guidelines for multivitamin supplementation, but adherence rates are reported to be less than 20%.
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Historically, eligibility for bariatric surgery was defined as a BMI greater than 40, or a BMI more than 35 with an obesity-associated comorbidity, as based on the 1991 NIH Consensus
Statement. In the three decades that followed, obesity rates continued to rise,
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procedures, sometimes called body contouring, may be an option for people wishing to remove excess skin following the large change in weight. Targeted areas include the arms, buttocks and thighs, abdomen, and breasts, with changes occurring slowly over years.
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Ha J, Kwon Y, Kwon JW, Kim D, Park SH, Hwang J, et al. (July 2021). "Micronutrient status in bariatric surgery patients receiving postoperative supplementation per guidelines: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".
791:. However, BMI is a limited measurement, for which factors such as ethnicity are not used in the BMI calculation. Eligibility criteria for bariatric surgery is modified for people who identify as a part of the Asian population to a BMI more than 27.5.
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During the early 21st century, obesity among children and adolescents increased globally, as did treatment options including lifestyle changes, drug treatments, and surgical procedures. The medical complications and health concerns associated with
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liquid or soft-solid diet that is slightly increased in viscosity. This may consist of high protein, liquid or soft foods such as protein shakes, soft meats and dairy products. People in recovery are encouraged to compose their diet mainly of
1118:
Procedures may reduce food intake by reducing the size of the stomach that is available to hold a meal (see below: gastric sleeve or stomach folding). Filling the stomach faster enables an individual to feel more full after a smaller meal.
742:
As of
October 2022, the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity recommended consideration of bariatric surgery for adults meeting two specific criteria: people with a
1046:, especially at 6 and 18 months. Estimates for prevalence of symptomatic gallstones after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass range from 3–13%. The risk of gallstones following bariatric surgery has shown to be higher among those of the female sex.
1337:, rather than physically removing stomach tissue. This allows for the natural ability of the stomach to absorb nutrients to remain intact. This procedure is reversible, is a less invasive procedure, and does not use hardware or staples.
987:). Similar to other surgical procedures, there is a risk of atelectasis (collapse of small airways) and pleural effusion (fluid buildup in lungs), and pneumonia which tends to be less associated with minimally invasive procedures.
2678:"Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding"
1267:(see above section) is performed. This part of the procedure causes food intake restriction due to the physical reduction of the stomach size, and is permanent. Next, the stomach is then disconnected from the upper part of the
692:
and obesity-related conditions. Long term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size, reduction of nutrient absorption, or a combination of these.
751:. However, these designated BMI ranges do not hold the same meaning in particular populations, such as among Asian individuals, for whom bariatric surgery may be considered when a BMI is more than 27.5. Similarly, the
1423:
Dietary restrictions after recovery from surgery depend in part on the type of surgery. In general, immediately after bariatric surgery, the person is restricted to a clear liquid diet, which includes foods such as
1025:; insufficiency fractures, especially of the upper extremity, are of higher incidence in bariatric surgery patients. Sleeve gastrectomy leads to fewer long-term vitamin deficiencies compared to gastric banding.
882:
Bariatric surgery likewise plays a role in the reduction of medication use. During post-operative follow-up, 76% of people discontinued use of insulin, while 62% no longer required T2DM medications at all.
5299:
Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. (February 2023). "Clinical
Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity".
2137:"2022 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery"
1409:
People are followed closely both before and after bariatric procedures by a healthcare team. The care team may include people in a variety of disciplines, such as social workers, dietitians, and medical
768:
between the medical provider and person affected include lack of insurance coverage or understanding how it functions, a lack of knowledge about procedures, conflicts with organizational priorities and
5400:
Wu Z, Gao Z, Qiao Y, Chen F, Guan B, Wu L, et al. (June 2023). "Long-Term
Results of Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents with at Least 5 Years of Follow-up: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
4753:
Kurz CF, Rehm M, Holle R, Teuner C, Laxy M, Schwarzkopf L (November 2019). "The effect of bariatric surgery on health care costs: A synthetic control approach using
Bayesian structural time series".
2361:
Arterburn D, Tuzzio L, Anau J, Lewis CC, Williams N, Courcoulas A, et al. (February 2023). "Identifying barriers to shared decision-making about bariatric surgery in two large health systems".
822:, and idiopathic hypertension or a BMI above 40 without comorbidities. Surgery is contraindicated with a medically correctable cause of obesity, substance abuse, concurrent or planned pregnancy,
1566:
with recommendations for potential bariatric surgical management in children and adolescents with a BMI of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher while also experiencing related experiences.
1368:
The restriction of the stomach also can be created using a silicone band, which can be adjusted by addition or removal of saline through a port placed just under the skin, a procedure called
1927:
Hedjoudje A, Abu Dayyeh BK, Cheskin LJ, Adam A, Neto MG, Badurdeen D, et al. (May 2020). "Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
875:
and bariatric surgery: while conventional methods achieved a 21% remission at two years and 12% at 10 years, bariatric surgery exhibited a 72% remission at two years and 37% at 10 years.
1428:, diluted fruit juices or sugar-free drinks. This diet is continued until the gastrointestinal tract begins to recover approximately 2–3 weeks after surgery. The next stage provides a
1185:. The risk of ulcers or narrowing of the gut due to intestinal strictures is less so with sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but it is not as effective at treating
1401:
of the stomach, which is interpreted by the brain to give a sense of satiety, or fullness. Early evidence suggests that it is less effective than other forms of bariatric surgery.
5728:
3274:
Kwong W, Tomlinson G, Feig DS (June 2018). "Maternal and neonatal outcomes after bariatric surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis: do the benefits outweigh the risks?".
2010:
Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age is increasing. Bariatric surgery is currently viewed as the most effective, long-term solution for this problem
941:(see Considerations in adolescent patients below). Bariatric surgery has consistently been associated with postoperative decreases in depression symptoms and reduced severity.
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in individuals with a BMI of 30–35. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, however, maintain their recommendation of bariatric surgery for only those of BMI above 35.
1205:
Image of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass showing the new connection, formed by staples, of the smaller portion of the stomach connected to a further part of the small intestine.
6629:
1275:, creating the alimentary limb. The leftover section of the far part of the small intestine is then used to make a connection that brings digestive fluids from the
4196:
Suarez DF, Gangemi A (January 2021). "How Bad Is "Bad"? A Cost Consideration and Review of Laparoscopic Gastric Plication Versus Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy".
3414:
Beaulac J, Sandre D (May 2017). "Critical review of bariatric surgery, medically supervised diets, and behavioural interventions for weight management in adults".
6400:
4021:"Comparative effectiveness of bariatric surgeries in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
3692:
Chen L, Chen Y, Yu X, Liang S, Guan Y, Yang J, et al. (July 2024). "Long-term prevalence of vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis".
2858:"Association of bariatric surgery with all-cause mortality and incidence of obesity-related disease at a population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2798:"Association of bariatric surgery with all-cause mortality and incidence of obesity-related disease at a population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
6361:
4148:
van Wezenbeek MR, Smulders JF, de Zoete JP, Luyer MD, van Montfort G, Nienhuijs SW (August 2015). "Long-Term Results of Primary Vertical Banded Gastroplasty".
2214:
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results from direct treatment of obesity, treatment of obesity-related conditions, as well as other economic losses from decreased workforce productivity.
664:
3459:"Interventions and Operations 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery in a Cohort From the US National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network Bariatric Study"
1881:
Zarshenas N, Tapsell LC, Neale EP, Batterham M, Talbot ML (May 2020). "The Relationship Between Bariatric Surgery and Diet Quality: a Systematic Review".
1500:, was performed. During the late 1960s, the initiation of bariatric surgery followed development of a procedure to bypass portions of the stomach – the
895:
A 2021 meta-analysis found that bariatric surgery was associated with 59% and 30% reductions in all-cause mortality among obese adults with or without
798:
recommended bariatric surgery without age-based eligibility limits under the following indications: BMI more than 35 with severe comorbidity, such as
6431:
5721:
2641:
Contival N, Menahem B, Gautier T, Le Roux Y, Alves A (February 2018). "Guiding the non-bariatric surgeon through complications of bariatric surgery".
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about overweight or body image exist for those with childhood obesity; self-harm among children and adolescents bullied for their weight also occurs.
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6324:
994:
Risks of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass include anastomotic stenosis (narrowing of the intestine where the two segments are rejoined), bleeding, leaks,
709:, from which weight loss is largely achieved by altering gut hormone levels responsible for hunger and satiety, leading to a new hormonal weight
4662:
Moshiri M, Osman S, Robinson TJ, Khandelwal S, Bhargava P, Rohrmann CA (July 2013). "Evolution of bariatric surgery: a historical perspective".
2318:
English WJ, Williams DB (July 2018). "Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: An Effective Treatment Option for Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease".
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1574:, occurred in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery in adolescents remains under research, as of 2023.
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5714:
1318:
1313:
803:
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resolution include current method of diabetes control, adequate blood sugar control, age, duration of diabetes, and waist circumference.
5928:
3048:"Diabetes and weight in comparative studies of bariatric surgery vs conventional medical therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Sleeve gastrectomy also carries a small risk of stenosis, staple line leak, stricture formation, leaks, fistula formation, bleeding and
917:
6366:
979:
bariatric surgery requires an average hospital stay of 2–5 days, barring potential complications. Minimally invasive procedures (i.e.
765:
248:
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6619:
5480:
2738:"Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
1140:
Image of sleeve gastrectomy showing the reduced, new stomach (the gastric sleeve) and the removed stomach tissue (resected stomach).
815:
205:
3875:"Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of energy imbalance and changes in circulating leptin"
1481:
between upper and lower portions of the small intestine to skip, or bypass, part of the small intestine led to what was called the
1260:(BPD/DS) is a slightly less common bariatric procedure, but is increasing in use with proven efficacy for sustainable weight loss.
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Weight loss surgery in adults is associated with an elevated risk of complications compared to nonsurgical treatments for obesity.
5250:"Improving Access to Child and Adolescent Weight Loss Surgery: A Review of Updated National and International Practice Guidelines"
5540:
1215:
1167:
1098:
Studies have shown that bariatric procedures may have additional affects on the hormones that affect hunger and satiety (such as
4352:"Intragastric Balloon Versus Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty for the Treatment of Obesity: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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1451:
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1010:
819:
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recommends bariatric surgery for adolescents 13 and older with a BMI greater than 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex.
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In morbidly obese people, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for weight loss and reducing complications. A 2021
657:
433:
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Marchese SH, Pandit AU (December 2022). "Psychosocial Aspects of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgeries and Endoscopic Therapies".
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control trial data for surgical treatment of obesity, many studies are not specific to children and adolescents. Concerns for
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5815:
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795:
752:
621:
5838:
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Bariatric surgery in older patients is a safety concern; the relative benefits and risks in this population are not known.
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6246:
5990:
254:
4246:"The effect of surgical gastric plication on obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2978:"Bariatric Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with BMI <30 kg/m2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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In general, women are advised to avoid pregnancy for 12–24 months after a bariatric surgery to reduce the possibility of
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6004:
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5764:
5755:
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1300:
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747:(BMI) of more than 35 whether or not they have an obesity-associated condition, and people with a BMI of 30–35 who have
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5800:
5452:
3568:
830:
Among bariatric surgery candidates and those who undergo bariatric surgery, mental health-related conditions including
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6256:
5565:
3645:"Incidence of Kidney Stones After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery-Data from the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry"
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2189:
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124:
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the sleeve gastrectomy, with the sleeve gastrectomy associated with greater weight loss and fewer complications.
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229:
45:
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Snoek KM, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Hazebroek EJ, Willemsen SP, Galjaard S, Laven JS, et al. (October 2021).
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Larsen AT, Højgaard B, Ibsen R, Kjellberg J (February 2018). "The Socio-economic Impact of Bariatric Surgery".
1519:
1182:
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626:
94:
4519:"Does Body Contouring After Bariatric Weight Loss Enhance Quality of Life? A Systematic Review of QOL Studies"
3594:"Incidence and risk factors for cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Maciejewski ML, Arterburn DE, Van Scoyoc L, Smith VA, Yancy WS, Weidenbacher HJ, et al. (November 2016).
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Morledge MD, Pories WJ (April 2020). "Mental Health in Bariatric Surgery: Selection, Access, and Outcomes".
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150:
3817:
Panteliou E, Miras AD (April 2017). "What is the role of bariatric surgery in the management of obesity?".
1972:"The effects of bariatric surgery on periconception maternal health: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
6590:
6405:
5869:
5738:
5670:
1501:
1398:
1303:
showing staples and a gastric band creating the reduced, new stomach (labeled stomach pouch in the image).
1219:
1210:
984:
839:
729:
698:
580:
54:
4608:
3768:"Pregnancy after bariatric surgery and adverse perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1485:. A modified version of this procedure showed long-term improvement of lipid levels in people with known
6565:
6495:
6351:
5945:
5906:
5585:
5555:
5473:
3873:
Knuth ND, Johannsen DL, Tamboli RA, Marks-Shulman PA, Huizenga R, Chen KY, et al. (December 2014).
2910:
Zhang R, Borisenko O, Telegina I, Hargreaves J, Ahmed AR, Sanchez Santos R, et al. (October 2016).
1663:
Rogers AM (March 2020). "Current State of Bariatric Surgery: Procedures, Data, and Patient Management".
611:
486:
362:
322:
6634:
5205:
Thenappan A, Nadler E (April 2019). "Bariatric Surgery in Children: Indications, Types, and Outcomes".
2215:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity"
1463:
After a person successfully loses weight following bariatric surgery, excess skin may occur. Bariatric
6162:
5625:
5620:
2989:
2073:
Robertson AG, Wiggins T, Robertson FP, Huppler L, Doleman B, Harrison EM, et al. (August 2021).
1493:
1486:
1478:
1382:
1054:
913:
770:
596:
548:
282:
2911:
1174:, sutures, or both) to leave the stomach shaped more like a tube, or a sleeve, with a banana shape.
317:
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6356:
6261:
6236:
6152:
6147:
6091:
5886:
5685:
5675:
5560:
5530:
5105:
Martinelli V, Singh S, Politi P, Caccialanza R, Peri A, Pietrabissa A, et al. (January 2023).
4609:"Quality of life among adults following bariatric and body contouring surgery: a systematic review"
1571:
1107:
871:
736:
616:
527:
428:
392:
292:
239:
5156:
Torbahn G, Brauchmann J, Axon E, Clare K, Metzendorf MI, Wiegand S, et al. (September 2022).
4296:
Fernandes M, Atallah AN, Soares BG, Humberto S, Guimarães S, Matos D, et al. (January 2007).
6031:
5874:
5690:
5650:
5630:
5535:
5425:
5325:
5230:
5087:
4928:
4778:
4639:
4221:
4173:
3852:
3766:
Akhter Z, Rankin J, Ceulemans D, Ngongalah L, Ackroyd R, Devlieger R, et al. (August 2019).
3439:
3342:
3299:
2949:
2592:
2438:
2386:
2343:
2166:
2135:
Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, Aminian A, Angrisani L, Cohen RV, et al. (December 2022).
2055:
1952:
1906:
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1482:
1264:
1155:
1150:
965:
855:
788:
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244:
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4213:
4165:
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3992:
3958:
3904:
3844:
3799:
3745:
3709:
3674:
3625:
3537:
3488:
3457:
Courcoulas A, Coley RY, Clark JM, McBride CL, Cirelli E, McTigue K, et al. (March 2020).
3431:
3396:
3334:
3291:
3253:
3217:
3149:
3077:
3017:
2941:
2889:
2829:
2767:
2707:
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2584:
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2430:
2378:
2335:
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2158:
2106:
2047:
2001:
1944:
1898:
1863:
1811:
1762:
1680:
1624:
1550:
may have short or long-term effects, with a growing concern of a potential decline in overall
1547:
1497:
1492:
Further modification of the bypass procedure achieved weight loss in obesity, during which an
1411:
999:
312:
201:
191:
132:
50:
4250:
Wideochirurgia I Inne Techniki Maloinwazyjne = Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques
6601:
6438:
5844:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5640:
5575:
5466:
5409:
5369:
5361:
5309:
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5214:
5177:
5169:
5128:
5118:
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5020:
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4671:
4623:
4579:
4538:
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4489:
4479:
4425:
4415:
4371:
4363:
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4309:
4265:
4257:
4205:
4157:
4117:
4109:
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3834:
3826:
3789:
3779:
3737:
3701:
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3615:
3605:
3527:
3519:
3478:
3470:
3423:
3386:
3376:
3326:
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3207:
3199:
3139:
3129:
3067:
3059:
3007:
2997:
2931:
2923:
2879:
2869:
2819:
2809:
2757:
2749:
2736:
Gloy VL, Briel M, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR, Mingrone G, et al. (October 2013).
2697:
2689:
2650:
2576:
2534:
2524:
2480:
2472:
2420:
2370:
2327:
2261:
2253:
2148:
2096:
2086:
2039:
1991:
1983:
1936:
1890:
1853:
1845:
1801:
1793:
1752:
1744:
1672:
1540:
1434:
831:
710:
543:
538:
418:
302:
297:
264:
234:
186:
2676:
O'Brien PE, Hindle A, Brennan L, Skinner S, Burton P, Smith A, et al. (January 2019).
1242:
826:, or inability to adhere to postoperative recommendations and mandatory lifestyle changes.
6639:
6416:
6412:
6395:
6390:
6177:
6073:
6063:
6038:
6026:
6013:
5965:
5570:
1612:
1551:
1464:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1223:
1201:
1171:
896:
867:
835:
823:
744:
725:
706:
518:
473:
423:
373:
350:
344:
287:
259:
70:
1321:
was more commonly used in the 1980s, and is not typically performed in the 21st century.
1166:
size is reduced by the surgical removal of a large portion of the stomach, following the
5374:
5349:
5276:
5249:
4951:"Bariatric surgery for obese children and adolescents: a review of the moral challenges"
3669:
3644:
2993:
1360:
1333:
This procedure is similar to the sleeve gastrectomy surgery, but a sleeve is created by
1181:
and is not reversible. It has been found to produce a weight loss comparable to that of
6644:
6471:
6334:
6279:
5985:
5955:
5849:
5790:
5773:
5182:
5157:
5133:
5107:"Ethics of Bariatric Surgery in Adolescence and Its Implications for Clinical Practice"
5106:
5033:
5009:"Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management"
5008:
4977:
4950:
4880:
4855:
4824:
4797:
4730:
4705:
4584:
4567:
4543:
4518:
4494:
4467:
4430:
4403:
4376:
4351:
4350:
Singh S, de Moura DT, Khan A, Bilal M, Chowdhry M, Ryan MB, et al. (August 2020).
4322:
4297:
4270:
4245:
4122:
4097:
4045:
4020:
3953:
3926:
3899:
3874:
3794:
3767:
3620:
3593:
3532:
3507:
3483:
3458:
3391:
3364:
3212:
3187:
3144:
3117:
3072:
3047:
3012:
2977:
2884:
2857:
2824:
2797:
2762:
2737:
2702:
2677:
2539:
2512:
2485:
2460:
2266:
2241:
1996:
1971:
1858:
1833:
1806:
1781:
1757:
1732:
811:
721:
631:
458:
368:
307:
224:
5024:
2043:
1733:"Mechanisms underlying the weight loss effects of RYGB and SG: similar, yet different"
6659:
6555:
6284:
6214:
5950:
5785:
5602:
5590:
5580:
5429:
5329:
5234:
5091:
4782:
4225:
3506:
Małczak P, Pisarska M, Piotr M, Wysocki M, Budzyński A, Pędziwiatr M (January 2017).
3346:
2953:
2596:
2442:
2390:
2170:
2059:
1956:
1910:
1692:
1017:
921:
717:
591:
512:
443:
196:
4643:
4177:
3856:
2654:
2347:
956:
The percentage of procedures requiring reoperations due to complications was 8% for
6532:
6346:
6241:
6226:
6081:
5173:
5058:"Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Evidence, Barriers, and Best Practices"
4932:
4468:"Medical management of patients after bariatric surgery: Principles and guidelines"
4313:
3443:
3303:
3203:
2409:"Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Evidence, Barriers, and Best Practices"
1439:
1178:
1022:
976:
636:
571:
553:
448:
438:
378:
17:
3830:
2912:"Systematic review of risk prediction models for diabetes after bariatric surgery"
1364:
Image of an adjustable gastric band in place over the upper portion of the stomach
932:, infertility, and the overall prevalence of PCOS is reduced at 12 and 23 months.
4627:
3784:
3002:
2874:
2814:
2476:
100:
6522:
6378:
6341:
6209:
6204:
6189:
6053:
5940:
5923:
5901:
5891:
5795:
5520:
5515:
4871:
3508:"Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3249:
2153:
2136:
1276:
1159:
783:
732:
533:
468:
463:
176:
171:
161:
5413:
4367:
4209:
3984:
3705:
3660:
3610:
3474:
3287:
3134:
2511:
Lin HY, Huang CK, Tai CM, Lin HY, Kao YH, Tsai CC, et al. (January 2013).
2331:
2257:
1915:
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity.
1894:
1849:
1797:
1676:
6585:
6527:
6504:
6271:
6139:
5918:
5896:
5500:
5218:
4916:
4721:
4534:
4161:
3523:
3063:
2693:
2580:
1940:
1748:
498:
388:
166:
156:
5365:
5313:
4607:
Gilmartin J, Bath-Hextall F, Maclean J, Stanton W, Soldin M (November 2016).
4404:"Gastric Electrical Stimulation with the Enterra System: A Systematic Review"
4261:
3943:
3427:
1987:
1042:
Rapid weight loss after obesity surgery can contribute to the development of
6382:
6185:
6096:
6086:
6043:
5973:
5777:
4967:
4484:
1043:
1003:
929:
928:, post-operatively there tends to be a reduction in menstrual irregularity,
576:
5421:
5383:
5321:
5285:
5226:
5191:
5142:
5123:
5083:
5074:
5057:
5042:
4986:
4924:
4889:
4833:
4814:
4774:
4739:
4683:
4635:
4593:
4552:
4503:
4439:
4385:
4331:
4279:
4217:
4169:
4131:
4054:
3996:
3962:
3908:
3848:
3839:
3803:
3749:
3713:
3678:
3629:
3541:
3492:
3435:
3400:
3338:
3295:
3257:
3221:
3153:
3081:
3021:
2945:
2936:
2893:
2833:
2771:
2711:
2662:
2588:
2548:
2529:
2494:
2434:
2425:
2408:
2382:
2339:
2275:
2162:
2110:
2051:
2005:
1948:
1902:
1867:
1815:
1766:
1684:
1628:
5447:
4420:
3381:
2091:
2074:
1554:. Childhood obesity may affect mental health and impact eating practices.
1170:
of the stomach. The open edges are then attached together (typically with
6453:
6194:
5350:"Long-term Outcomes Following Adolescent Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery"
5348:
Beamish AJ, Ryan Harper E, Järvholm K, Janson A, Olbers T (August 2023).
5266:
4856:"Role of bariatric surgery in a COVID-19 era: a review of economic costs"
4675:
3116:
Liao J, Yin Y, Zhong J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wen Y, et al. (2022-10-28).
1559:
1429:
1334:
1280:
523:
354:
340:
5830:
5489:
4113:
4019:
Ding L, Fan Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Qi D, Tang S, et al. (August 2020).
1820:
Bariatric surgery represents the most effective approach to weight loss
1163:
1099:
998:
formation, ulcers (ulcers near the rejoined segment), internal hernia,
995:
689:
508:
358:
146:
4517:
Toma T, Harling L, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Ashrafian H (October 2018).
4036:
3890:
3741:
3643:
Laurenius A, Sundbom M, Ottosson J, Näslund E, Stenberg E (May 2023).
3330:
2927:
2753:
2374:
1193:
in gut signaling hormones with this procedure leading to weight loss.
110:
6547:
6111:
5056:
Armstrong SC, Bolling CF, Michalsky MP, Reichard KW (December 2019).
4766:
2407:
Armstrong SC, Bolling CF, Michalsky MP, Reichard KW (December 2019).
1103:
601:
2856:
Wiggins T, Guidozzi N, Welbourn R, Ahmed AR, Markar SR (July 2020).
2796:
Wiggins T, Guidozzi N, Welbourn R, Ahmed AR, Markar SR (July 2020).
6316:
5158:"Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents"
1496:
between the small intestine and upper lower intestine, known as a
1425:
1359:
1294:
1241:
1200:
1135:
383:
5111:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4802:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3925:
Cornejo-Pareja I, Clemente-Postigo M, Tinahones FJ (2019-09-19).
398:
5710:
5462:
4244:
Meyer HH, Riauka R, Dambrauskas Z, Mickevicius A (March 2021).
69:"Obesity surgery" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
3186:
Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, Frampton GK (August 2014).
1832:
Bettini S, Belligoli A, Fabris R, Busetto L (September 2020).
1222:
between a smaller portion of the stomach to the middle of the
1136:
920:
in women who later become pregnant, but increases the risk of
720:
found that bariatric surgery was associated with reduction in
29:
4616:
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports
3118:"Bariatric surgery and health outcomes: An umbrella analysis"
2513:"Psychiatric disorders of patients seeking obesity treatment"
2075:"Perioperative mortality in bariatric surgery: meta-analysis"
1442:
to compensate for reduced absorption of essential nutrients.
983:) tend to have less complications than open procedures (i.e.
4798:"Economic Burden of Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review"
3927:"Metabolic and Endocrine Consequences of Bariatric Surgery"
2242:"Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Durability of Weight Loss"
688:) is a medical term for surgical procedures used to manage
5458:
4068:
Brethauer SA, Schauer PR, Schirmer BD, eds. (2015-03-03).
1780:
Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD (March 2022).
4796:
Tremmel M, Gerdtham UG, Nilsson PM, Saha S (April 2017).
3365:"The impact of bariatric surgery on psychological health"
2190:"After 30 Years — New Guidelines For Weight-Loss Surgery"
4854:
Liu D, Cheng Q, Suh HR, Magdy M, Loi K (December 2021).
2976:
Baskota A, Li S, Dhakal N, Liu G, Tian H (2015-07-13).
1287:
lasting weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes.
3920:
3918:
1782:"Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges"
1230:
people to feel full with less food after the surgery.
5007:
Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA (May 2022).
4143:
4141:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
1234:
commonly performed bariatric surgeries in the world.
5354:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4098:"Recent advancements in bariatric/metabolic surgery"
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2194:
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
1611:
Schroeder R, Harrison TD, McGraw SL (January 2016).
773:, and tools supporting people who need the surgery.
6610:
6578:
6546:
6503:
6494:
6452:
6377:
6315:
6306:
6270:
6176:
6138:
6110:
6072:
6012:
6003:
5964:
5829:
5772:
5763:
5754:
5611:
4466:Elrazek AE, Elbanna AE, Bilasy SE (November 2014).
3046:Ribaric G, Buchwald JN, McGlennon TW (March 2014).
1665:
Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1613:"Treatment of Adult Obesity with Bariatric Surgery"
802:(Apnea-Hypopnea Index above 0.5), type 2 diabetes,
93:
85:
80:
5248:Elkhoury D, Elkhoury C, Gorantla VR (April 2023).
1834:"Diet approach before and after bariatric surgery"
866:Studies of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes (
4291:
4289:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2102:20.500.11820/24849bd8-665f-406f-aac2-b8b1fc0fbb16
1218:involves the creation of a new connection in the
3985:"Biliopancreatic Diversion With Duodenal Switch"
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2562:
2560:
2558:
1158:, also known as a gastric sleeve, is a surgical
5343:
5341:
5339:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
3991:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3363:Kubik JF, Gill RS, Laffin M, Karmali S (2013).
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
4191:
4189:
4187:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3761:
3759:
1838:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
1658:
1258:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch
1252:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch
1238:Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch
707:biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch
6362:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
5722:
5474:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4239:
4237:
4235:
3868:
3866:
3358:
3356:
3276:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3269:
3267:
3111:
2905:
2903:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1606:
1604:
658:
8:
4014:
4012:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2184:
2182:
2180:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1263:This procedure has multiple steps. First, a
27:Surgical procedure for management of obesity
5162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4568:"Plastic Surgery after Massive Weight Loss"
4402:Lal N, Livemore S, Dunne D, Khan I (2015).
4397:
4395:
4302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4091:
4089:
3192:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2506:
2504:
2459:Yen YC, Huang CK, Tai CM (September 2014).
2454:
2452:
6500:
6312:
6009:
5769:
5760:
5729:
5715:
5707:
5481:
5467:
5459:
5395:
5393:
4944:
4942:
2461:"Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery"
665:
651:
119:
5373:
5275:
5265:
5181:
5132:
5122:
5073:
5032:
4976:
4966:
4879:
4823:
4813:
4729:
4583:
4542:
4493:
4483:
4472:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
4429:
4419:
4375:
4321:
4269:
4121:
4044:
3952:
3942:
3898:
3838:
3793:
3783:
3668:
3619:
3609:
3531:
3482:
3390:
3380:
3211:
3143:
3133:
3071:
3011:
3001:
2935:
2883:
2873:
2823:
2813:
2761:
2701:
2569:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
2538:
2528:
2484:
2424:
2265:
2152:
2100:
2090:
1995:
1857:
1805:
1756:
1737:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
6168:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
5013:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
4860:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
3238:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
2141:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1929:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1459:Post-operative bariatric plastic surgery
6325:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
1731:Pucci A, Batterham RL (February 2019).
1600:
1271:and connected to a farther part of the
131:
4706:"A brief history of bariatric surgery"
4664:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
4408:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
2402:
2400:
924:, and maternal anemia. For women with
77:
4102:Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery
7:
5880:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
4096:Lee WJ, Almalki O (September 2017).
4070:Minimally Invasive Bariatric Surgery
1314:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
1013:(also known as GERD, or heartburn).
804:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
5929:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
5737:Tests and procedures involving the
3592:Dai Y, Luo B, Li W (January 2023).
3188:"Surgery for weight loss in adults"
2320:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
918:hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
724:among obese adults with or without
106:
6367:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
4298:"Intragastric balloon for obesity"
1291:Other related bariatric procedures
249:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
25:
842:are also more commonly reported.
816:slipped capital femoral epiphysis
5541:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
5446:
5207:Current Gastroenterology Reports
3983:Conner J, Nottingham JM (2023).
1541:Informed consent § Children
1373:with a mortality rate of 0.05%.
1216:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
1197:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
1011:gastro-esophageal reflux disease
34:
6158:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
2655:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.10.012
1518:economic impact globally. This
1452:intrauterine growth restriction
1392:Implantable gastric stimulation
891:Reduced mortality and morbidity
820:gastroesophageal reflux disease
5865:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
5816:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
5174:10.1002/14651858.CD011740.pub2
4314:10.1002/14651858.CD004931.pub2
3204:10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4
2916:The British Journal of Surgery
2219:American Academy of Pediatrics
2079:The British Journal of Surgery
1786:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1589:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
796:American Academy of Pediatrics
753:American Academy of Pediatrics
622:Social determinants of obesity
1:
6247:Lower gastrointestinal series
5991:Upper gastrointestinal series
5025:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X
3831:10.1080/13697137.2017.1262638
3416:Perspectives in Public Health
2465:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
2044:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2
1446:Fertility and family planning
1325:complications may be higher.
255:Metabolically healthy obesity
6513:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
6232:Double-contrast barium enema
6059:Partial ileal bypass surgery
5936:Esophagogastric dissociation
4628:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003182
3785:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002866
3598:Lipids in Health and Disease
3003:10.1371/journal.pone.0132335
2875:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206
2815:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206
2477:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000085
1584:Revision weight loss surgery
1319:Vertical banded gastroplasty
1308:Vertical banded gastroplasty
1301:Vertical banded gastroplasty
808:nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
412:Obesity-associated morbidity
6330:Bioartificial liver devices
6257:Transrectal ultrasonography
5566:Obesity and the environment
4872:10.1016/j.soard.2021.07.015
3250:10.1016/j.soard.2017.02.006
2643:Journal of Visceral Surgery
2154:10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.013
1177:The procedure is performed
739:, and diabetes management.
607:Obesity and the environment
43:It has been suggested that
6687:
6252:Small-bowel follow-through
6120:Abdominoperineal resection
5979:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
5414:10.1007/s11695-023-06593-4
4368:10.1007/s11695-020-04644-8
4210:10.1007/s11695-020-05018-w
3931:Frontiers in Endocrinology
3706:10.1007/s00423-024-03422-9
3661:10.1007/s11695-023-06561-y
3611:10.1186/s12944-023-01774-7
3475:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5470
3288:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.02.003
3236:and the Obesity Society".
3135:10.3389/fendo.2022.1016613
3122:Frontiers in Endocrinology
2332:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.06.003
2258:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2317
1895:10.1007/s11695-020-04392-9
1850:10.1007/s11154-020-09571-8
1798:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8
1677:10.1016/j.tvir.2020.100654
1538:
1487:high levels of cholesterol
1380:
1353:
1311:
1148:
1062:Micronutrient malnutrition
958:adjustable gastric banding
777:Eligibility and guidelines
68:
6612:Clinical prediction rules
6518:Intraperitoneal injection
6222:Abdominal ultrasonography
6130:Total mesorectal excision
6049:Intestine transplantation
5839:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
5821:High resolution manometry
5811:Esophageal motility study
5745:
5526:Classification of obesity
5496:
5219:10.1007/s11894-019-0691-8
4917:10.1007/s11695-017-2834-z
4722:10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.008
4535:10.1007/s11695-018-3323-8
4162:10.1007/s11695-014-1543-0
4072:. Springer. p. 273.
3524:10.1007/s11695-016-2438-z
3064:10.1007/s11695-013-1160-3
2694:10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0
2581:10.1016/j.gtc.2022.07.005
1976:Human Reproduction Update
1941:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.022
1749:10.1007/s40618-018-0892-2
1617:American Family Physician
1489:following the procedure.
1246:Biliopancreatic diversion
230:Classification of obesity
107:
46:Stomach reduction surgery
6467:Pancreas transplantation
6125:Lower anterior resection
5806:Esophageal pH monitoring
5748:Digestive system surgery
5314:10.1542/peds.2022-060640
4949:Hofmann B (April 2013).
4710:Porto Biomedical Journal
4262:10.5114/wiitm.2020.97424
3944:10.3389/fendo.2019.00626
3428:10.1177/1757913916653425
1283:to the alimentary limb.
1183:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
962:Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
862:Type 2 diabetes mellitus
627:Social stigma of obesity
60:Proposed since May 2024.
6561:Inguinal hernia surgery
6477:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
5860:Adjustable gastric band
5801:Impedance–pH monitoring
5551:Anti-obesity medication
4968:10.1186/1472-6939-14-18
4485:10.4240/wjgs.v6.i11.220
1419:Dietary recommendations
1370:adjustable gastric band
1356:Adjustable gastric band
1350:Adjustable gastric band
1273:small intestine (ileum)
1114:Restricting food intake
1058:increase in one study.
1000:small bowel obstruction
981:adjustable gastric band
945:Risks and complications
907:Fertility and pregnancy
800:obstructive sleep apnea
587:Fat acceptance movement
494:Anti-obesity medication
182:Gestational weight gain
6591:Exploratory laparotomy
6406:Hepatoportoenterostomy
5870:Gastric bypass surgery
5739:human digestive system
5366:10.1210/clinem/dgad155
5124:10.3390/ijerph20021232
5075:10.1542/peds.2019-3223
4815:10.3390/ijerph14040435
2530:10.1186/1471-244X-13-1
2426:10.1542/peds.2019-3223
1988:10.1093/humupd/dmab022
1399:enteric nervous system
1365:
1304:
1247:
1220:gastrointestinal tract
1211:Gastric bypass surgery
1206:
1141:
1132:Most common techniques
766:shared decision making
730:cardiovascular disease
6566:Femoral hernia repair
6352:Liver transplantation
5946:Nissen fundoplication
5586:Obesity and sexuality
5556:Management of obesity
3694:Langenbecks Arch Surg
3569:"AGEB – AGEB Article"
1513:Economic implications
1363:
1298:
1245:
1204:
1168:along the major curve
1139:
612:Obesity and sexuality
487:Management of obesity
363:Binge eating disorder
323:Waist-to-height ratio
6671:Surgical specialties
6163:Rubber band ligation
6102:Hartmann's operation
5455:at Wikimedia Commons
5267:10.7759/cureus.38117
4676:10.2214/AJR.12.10131
2038:(10287): 1830–1841.
1383:Intragastric balloon
1377:Intragastric balloon
1345:Implants and devices
1189:or type 2 diabetes.
1162:procedure where the
1108:metabolic adaptation
1085:Mechanisms of action
914:gestational diabetes
912:reduces the risk of
597:Health at Every Size
549:Weight loss coaching
283:Body adiposity index
53:into this article. (
6538:Peritoneal dialysis
6357:Portal hypertension
6262:Virtual colonoscopy
6237:Endoanal ultrasound
6153:Anorectal manometry
6148:Anal sphincterotomy
6092:Colonic polypectomy
5887:Collis gastroplasty
5561:Obesity and walking
5531:Genetics of obesity
4566:Cabbabe SW (2016).
4421:10.1155/2015/762972
3382:10.1155/2013/837989
2994:2015PLoSO..1032335B
2092:10.1093/bjs/znab245
1935:(5): 1043–1053.e4.
1572:high blood pressure
1530:Special populations
1508:Society and culture
1483:jejuno-ileal bypass
1415:following surgery.
1123:Nutrient absorption
737:fatty liver disease
722:all-cause mortality
697:procedures include
686:weight loss surgery
617:Sedentary lifestyle
429:Fatty liver disease
393:Starvation response
293:Body fat percentage
240:Genetics of obesity
89:Weight loss surgery
18:Weight loss surgery
6032:Jejunoileal bypass
5875:Sleeve gastrectomy
5536:Obesity and cancer
5308:(2): e2022060640.
4955:BMC Medical Ethics
4114:10.1002/ags3.12030
3369:Journal of Obesity
1498:jejunocolic bypass
1366:
1305:
1265:sleeve gastrectomy
1248:
1207:
1156:Sleeve gastrectomy
1151:Sleeve gastrectomy
1145:Sleeve gastrectomy
1142:
1094:Hormone regulation
966:sleeve gastrectomy
856:metabolic syndrome
789:metabolic syndrome
749:metabolic syndrome
703:sleeve gastrectomy
454:Obesity and cancer
335:Related conditions
245:Metabolic syndrome
6666:Bariatric surgery
6653:
6652:
6598:Rapid urease test
6574:
6573:
6490:
6489:
6482:Puestow procedure
6444:Cholescintigraphy
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6290:Stool guaiac test
6200:Capsule endoscopy
6022:Bariatric surgery
5999:
5998:
5914:Gastroenterostomy
5855:Bariatric surgery
5704:
5703:
5546:Bariatric surgery
5511:Abdominal obesity
5506:Childhood obesity
5453:Bariatric surgery
5451:Media related to
4866:(12): 2091–2096.
4761:(11): 1293–1307.
4704:Faria GR (2017).
4572:Missouri Medicine
4529:(10): 3333–3341.
4079:978-1-4939-1637-5
4037:10.1111/obr.13030
3891:10.1002/oby.20900
3885:(12): 2563–2569.
3742:10.1111/obr.13249
3331:10.1002/oby.22752
2928:10.1002/bjs.10255
2922:(11): 1420–1427.
2754:10.1136/bmj.f5934
2375:10.1002/oby.23647
2252:(11): 1046–1055.
2147:(12): 1345–1356.
1548:childhood obesity
1435:plant-based foods
1412:weight management
1329:Gastric plication
832:anxiety disorders
771:care coordination
682:metabolic surgery
678:Bariatric surgery
675:
674:
504:Bariatric surgery
313:Relative Fat Mass
202:Childhood obesity
192:Weight management
133:Human body weight
118:
117:
81:Bariatric surgery
67:
66:
62:
16:(Redirected from
6678:
6635:Child–Pugh score
6602:Urea breath test
6501:
6462:Frey's procedure
6439:Cholecystography
6313:
6010:
5845:Nasogastric tube
5770:
5761:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5576:Parental obesity
5483:
5476:
5469:
5460:
5450:
5434:
5433:
5408:(6): 1730–1745.
5397:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5360:(9): 2184–2192.
5345:
5334:
5333:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5126:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5077:
5068:(6): e20193223.
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5004:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4817:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4767:10.1002/hec.3941
4755:Health Economics
4750:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4701:
4688:
4687:
4659:
4648:
4647:
4613:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4463:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4362:(8): 3010–3029.
4347:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4156:(8): 1425–1430.
4145:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3980:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3946:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3842:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3655:(5): 1564–1570.
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3565:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3183:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3043:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3005:
2973:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2853:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2793:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2601:
2600:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2428:
2419:(6): e20193223.
2404:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2315:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2132:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2026:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1982:(6): 1030–1055.
1967:
1961:
1960:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1889:(5): 1768–1792.
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1728:
1697:
1696:
1660:
1633:
1632:
1608:
1570:as diabetes and
1179:laparoscopically
1172:surgical staples
1029:Gastrointestinal
1016:Deficiencies of
836:eating disorders
794:As of 2019, the
699:Roux en-Y bypass
695:Standard of care
667:
660:
653:
544:Weight loss camp
539:Obesity medicine
419:Arteriosclerosis
303:Corpulence index
298:Body Shape Index
265:Set point theory
235:Exercise paradox
219:Medical concepts
187:Diet (nutrition)
141:General concepts
120:
111:edit on Wikidata
103:
78:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6640:Ranson criteria
6606:
6570:
6542:
6486:
6448:
6417:Cholangiography
6413:Medical imaging
6396:Cholecystostomy
6391:Cholecystectomy
6373:
6294:
6266:
6178:Medical imaging
6172:
6134:
6106:
6068:
6064:Strictureplasty
6039:Bowel resection
6027:Duodenal switch
5995:
5966:Medical imaging
5960:
5825:
5756:Digestive tract
5750:
5741:
5735:
5705:
5700:
5671:Pacific islands
5607:
5571:Obesity paradox
5492:
5487:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5402:Obesity Surgery
5399:
5398:
5391:
5347:
5346:
5337:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5168:(9): CD011740.
5155:
5154:
5150:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5006:
5005:
4994:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4905:Obesity Surgery
4902:
4901:
4897:
4853:
4852:
4841:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4703:
4702:
4691:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4622:(11): 240–270.
4611:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4523:Obesity Surgery
4516:
4515:
4511:
4478:(11): 220–228.
4465:
4464:
4447:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4356:Obesity Surgery
4349:
4348:
4339:
4308:(1): CD004931.
4295:
4294:
4287:
4243:
4242:
4233:
4198:Obesity Surgery
4195:
4194:
4185:
4150:Obesity Surgery
4147:
4146:
4139:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4025:Obesity Reviews
4018:
4017:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3778:(8): e1002866.
3765:
3764:
3757:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3649:Obesity Surgery
3642:
3641:
3637:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3566:
3549:
3512:Obesity Surgery
3505:
3504:
3500:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3198:(8): CD003641.
3185:
3184:
3161:
3115:
3114:
3089:
3052:Obesity Surgery
3045:
3044:
3029:
2988:(7): e0132335.
2975:
2974:
2961:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2868:(7): e1003206.
2855:
2854:
2841:
2808:(7): e1003206.
2795:
2794:
2779:
2735:
2734:
2719:
2682:Obesity Surgery
2675:
2674:
2670:
2640:
2639:
2604:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2317:
2316:
2283:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2221:. February 2023
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2028:
2027:
2016:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1883:Obesity Surgery
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1730:
1729:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1636:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1580:
1552:life expectancy
1543:
1537:
1532:
1520:economic impact
1515:
1510:
1474:
1465:plastic surgery
1461:
1448:
1421:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1293:
1269:small intestine
1240:
1224:small intestine
1199:
1153:
1147:
1134:
1128:from the food.
1125:
1116:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1031:
974:
947:
938:
909:
897:type 2 diabetes
893:
864:
854:With regard to
848:
824:eating disorder
779:
761:
745:body mass index
726:type 2 diabetes
671:
642:
641:
567:
559:
558:
519:Caloric deficit
489:
479:
478:
474:Type 2 diabetes
424:Atherosclerosis
414:
404:
403:
374:Hyperthyroidism
351:Eating disorder
336:
328:
327:
318:Waist–hip ratio
288:Body mass index
278:
270:
269:
260:Obesity paradox
220:
212:
211:
142:
114:
99:
74:
71:Obesity Surgery
63:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6684:
6682:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6645:Milan criteria
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6498:
6496:Abdominopelvic
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Pancreatectomy
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6335:Liver dialysis
6332:
6321:
6319:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6280:Fecal fat test
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6005:Lower GI tract
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5986:Barium swallow
5983:
5982:
5981:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5956:Schilling test
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5850:Gastric lavage
5847:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Heller myotomy
5788:
5782:
5780:
5767:
5765:Upper GI tract
5758:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5442:
5441:External links
5439:
5436:
5435:
5389:
5335:
5291:
5240:
5197:
5148:
5097:
5048:
5019:(5): 351–365.
4992:
4938:
4911:(2): 338–348.
4895:
4839:
4788:
4745:
4689:
4670:(1): W40–W48.
4649:
4599:
4578:(3): 202–206.
4558:
4509:
4445:
4391:
4337:
4285:
4231:
4204:(1): 307–316.
4183:
4137:
4108:(3): 171–179.
4085:
4078:
4060:
4008:
3968:
3914:
3862:
3809:
3755:
3719:
3684:
3635:
3584:
3547:
3518:(1): 226–235.
3498:
3469:(3): 194–204.
3449:
3422:(3): 162–172.
3406:
3352:
3325:(4): 689–695.
3309:
3282:(6): 573–580.
3263:
3244:(5): 750–757.
3227:
3159:
3087:
3058:(3): 437–455.
3027:
2959:
2899:
2839:
2777:
2717:
2668:
2602:
2575:(4): 785–798.
2554:
2517:BMC Psychiatry
2500:
2471:(5): 374–379.
2448:
2396:
2369:(2): 565–573.
2353:
2326:(2): 253–269.
2281:
2232:
2206:
2176:
2116:
2085:(8): 892–897.
2065:
2014:
1962:
1919:
1873:
1844:(3): 297–306.
1824:
1792:(3): 201–223.
1772:
1743:(2): 117–128.
1698:
1634:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:gastric bypass
1473:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1447:
1444:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1393:
1390:
1381:Main article:
1378:
1375:
1354:Main article:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1327:
1312:Main article:
1309:
1306:
1292:
1289:
1250:Main Article:
1239:
1236:
1209:Main article:
1198:
1195:
1149:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1018:micronutrients
973:
970:
946:
943:
937:
934:
908:
905:
892:
889:
863:
860:
847:
844:
812:Blount disease
778:
775:
760:
757:
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
634:
632:Weight cutting
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
574:
568:
566:Social aspects
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
521:
516:
506:
501:
496:
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Osteoarthritis
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:Food addiction
366:
348:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Lean body mass
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
227:
225:Adipose tissue
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
129:
128:
116:
115:
108:
105:
104:
97:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6683:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Hernia repair
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:Fecal pH test
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6215:Sigmoidoscopy
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Pyloromyotomy
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Esophagectomy
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5697:
5696:United States
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5603:Overnutrition
5601:
5599:
5598:Social stigma
5596:
5592:
5591:Fat fetishism
5589:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Infectobesity
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5260:(4): e38117.
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4600:
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4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:(8): e13030.
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4009:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3840:10044/1/48057
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:(2): 97–102.
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:PLOS Medicine
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:(7): e13249.
3735:
3731:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2937:10044/1/43870
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:PLOS Medicine
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:PLOS Medicine
2799:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:(1): 100654.
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:Kidney stones
1050:Kidney stones
1049:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
972:Postoperative
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
944:
942:
936:Mental health
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
922:preterm birth
919:
915:
906:
904:
901:
898:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
852:
845:
843:
841:
840:substance use
837:
833:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
785:
776:
774:
772:
767:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:meta-analysis
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
592:Fat fetishism
590:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
513:List of diets
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:Heart disease
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
408:
407:
400:
397:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
207:
203:
200:
198:
197:Overnutrition
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
112:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6533:Paracentesis
6347:Liver biopsy
6242:Enteroclysis
6227:Defecography
6082:Appendectomy
6021:
5854:
5681:Saudi Arabia
5613:Epidemiology
5545:
5405:
5401:
5357:
5353:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5016:
5012:
4958:
4954:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4863:
4859:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4716:(3): 90–92.
4713:
4709:
4667:
4663:
4619:
4615:
4602:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4475:
4471:
4411:
4407:
4359:
4355:
4305:
4301:
4256:(1): 10–18.
4253:
4249:
4201:
4197:
4153:
4149:
4105:
4101:
4069:
4063:
4028:
4024:
4000:. Retrieved
3988:
3934:
3930:
3882:
3878:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3775:
3771:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3466:
3463:JAMA Surgery
3462:
3452:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3372:
3368:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3279:
3275:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3195:
3191:
3125:
3121:
3055:
3051:
2985:
2981:
2919:
2915:
2865:
2861:
2805:
2801:
2745:
2741:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2649:(1): 27–40.
2646:
2642:
2572:
2568:
2520:
2516:
2468:
2464:
2416:
2412:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2323:
2319:
2249:
2246:JAMA Surgery
2245:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2196:. 2022-10-21
2193:
2144:
2140:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2035:
2031:
2009:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1740:
1736:
1668:
1664:
1623:(1): 31–37.
1620:
1616:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1544:
1524:
1516:
1491:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1440:multivitamin
1422:
1408:
1395:
1386:
1367:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1285:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1191:
1176:
1154:
1126:
1117:
1097:
1088:
1074:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1032:
1023:osteoporosis
1015:
1008:
993:
989:
977:Laparoscopic
975:
955:
951:
948:
939:
910:
902:
894:
885:
881:
877:
865:
853:
849:
828:
793:
784:laparoscopic
780:
764:barriers to
762:
759:Medical uses
741:
733:risk factors
715:
685:
681:
677:
676:
637:Weight class
572:Comfort food
554:Yo-yo effect
503:
449:Hypertension
439:Gynecomastia
379:Malnutrition
277:Measurements
206:Epidemiology
151:Epidemiology
75:
59:
44:
6523:Laparoscopy
6379:Gallbladder
6342:Hepatectomy
6272:Stool tests
6210:Proctoscopy
6205:Enteroscopy
6190:Colonoscopy
6074:Large bowel
6054:Jejunostomy
6014:Small bowel
5941:Hill repair
5924:Gastrostomy
5902:Billroth II
5892:Gastrectomy
5796:Sialography
5521:Weight loss
5516:Weight gain
5117:(2): 1232.
3819:Climacteric
3128:: 1016613.
2688:(1): 3–14.
1535:Adolescents
1494:anastomosis
1479:anastomosis
1299:Image of a
1277:gallbladder
1160:weight-loss
960:, 6% after
846:Weight loss
534:Liposuction
469:Sleep apnea
464:Prediabetes
177:Weight loss
172:Weight gain
162:Underweight
86:Other names
6660:Categories
6586:Laparotomy
6528:Omentopexy
6505:Peritoneum
6140:Anal canal
5919:Gastropexy
5897:Billroth I
5501:Overweight
5302:Pediatrics
5062:Pediatrics
4808:(4): 435.
4414:: 762972.
4002:2023-11-08
3989:StatPearls
3700:(1): 226.
3578:2023-11-06
3375:: 837989.
2413:Pediatrics
2200:2022-11-07
1595:References
1539:See also:
1044:gallstones
1038:Gallstones
499:Bariatrics
389:Starvation
167:Body shape
157:Overweight
6383:bile duct
6308:Accessory
6186:Endoscopy
6097:Colostomy
6087:Colectomy
6044:Ileostomy
5974:Endoscopy
5907:Roux-en-Y
5778:Esophagus
5626:Australia
5621:Argentina
5430:258375355
5330:255544218
5235:133605416
5213:(6): 24.
5092:204947687
4961:(1): 18.
4783:201845178
4226:225049319
3347:214618061
2954:205508036
2748:: f5934.
2597:253486687
2443:204947687
2391:255773525
2171:253077054
2060:234345414
1957:201632114
1911:210195296
1693:213191179
1080:Technique
1071:Pregnancy
1004:mesentery
985:Roux-en-Y
964:, 1% for
930:hirsutism
711:set point
581:Criticism
577:Fast food
6454:Pancreas
6195:Anoscopy
5686:Thailand
5676:Pakistan
5422:37115416
5384:36947630
5375:10438888
5322:36622115
5286:37252536
5277:10212726
5227:31025124
5192:36074911
5143:36673981
5084:31656225
5043:35248172
4987:23631445
4925:28735376
4890:34417118
4834:28422077
4775:31489749
4740:32258594
4684:23789695
4644:46824125
4636:27941519
4594:27443046
4553:30069862
4504:25429323
4440:26246804
4386:32399847
4332:17253531
4280:33786112
4218:33098054
4178:23750600
4170:25519773
4132:29863165
4055:32286011
3997:33085340
3963:31608009
3909:25236175
3857:24268282
3849:28051892
3804:31386658
3750:33938111
3730:Obes Rev
3714:39030449
3679:37000381
3670:10156825
3630:36641461
3604:(1): 5.
3542:27817086
3493:31940024
3436:27354536
3401:23606952
3339:32202073
3296:29454871
3258:28416185
3222:25105982
3154:36387921
3082:24374842
3022:26167910
2982:PLOS ONE
2946:27557164
2894:32722673
2834:32722673
2772:24149519
2712:30293134
2663:29277390
2589:36375996
2549:23281653
2495:25036421
2435:31656225
2383:36635226
2348:49592181
2340:29953878
2276:27579793
2163:36280539
2111:34297806
2052:33965067
2006:34387675
1949:31442601
1903:31940138
1868:32734395
1816:34815532
1767:29730732
1685:32192634
1629:26760838
1578:See also
1560:bullying
1405:Recovery
1335:suturing
1281:pancreas
524:Exercise
355:Anorexia
341:Diabetes
125:a series
123:Part of
5831:Stomach
5691:Ukraine
5651:Germany
5631:Austria
5490:Obesity
5183:9454261
5134:9859476
5034:9831747
4978:3655839
4933:2381246
4881:8310782
4825:5409636
4731:6806981
4585:6140063
4544:6153583
4495:4241489
4431:4515290
4377:7720242
4323:9022666
4271:7991956
4123:5881368
4046:7379237
3954:6761298
3937:: 626.
3900:4236233
3879:Obesity
3795:6684044
3621:9840335
3533:5187372
3484:6990709
3444:3853658
3392:3625597
3319:Obesity
3304:3837276
3213:9028049
3145:9650489
3073:3916703
3013:4500506
2990:Bibcode
2885:7386646
2825:7386646
2763:3806364
2703:6320354
2540:3543713
2486:4162326
2363:Obesity
2267:5112115
2225:July 7,
1997:8542997
1859:7455579
1807:8609996
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