Weight management - Knowledge (XXG)

901:(BMR) is one of the main components of a person's daily energy expenditure. It is defined as the amount of energy that is expended during a given amount of time by a person at rest. This energy at rest is used to pump blood throughout the body, maintain proper brain function, break down toxins, and ensure other bodily functions. Technically speaking, BMR is the energy the body expends during the following specific conditions: immediately after waking up, while in a resting state, and after fasting for 12–14 hours. Sometimes the term Resting Metabolic (RMR) is used in place of BMR, but RMR is not solely measured under the previously listed stringent conditions and it is about 10% more than BMR. 856: 1493: 4150: 768:. Attaining a healthy weight involves recognition of general techniques such as portion sizing, self-monitoring, and daily diet consistency. Once this healthy weight has been attained, maintaining this stable weight additionally involves physical activity and control of an individual's environment and eating patterns. Furthermore, healthcare support in the form of primary care medical supervision and following up over time has been shown to be helpful for long-term weight management. 1318:, is a common condition that has been linked to obesity. A combination of genetics, lifestyle, and environment appear to contribute to the hormonal changes responsible for weight gain and obesity seen in individuals with PCOS.There appears to be a bidirectional relationship between obesity and PCOS, whereby PCOS increases the risk of obesity and similarly, obesity has been found to exacerbate PCOS hormonal differences and clinical symptoms. Obesity has been linked with pancreatic 878: 1139: 908:. In other words, the more lean body mass a person has, the higher their BMR. BMR is also affected by acute illnesses and increases with burns, fractures, infections, fevers, etc. It can be measured via direct and indirect calorimetry. However, it is also possible to approximately estimate BMR using several equations that factor in a person's age, sex, height, and weight. Some of the most popular and accurate equations used to calculate BMR are the original 1746: 1577: 1413:, and cholesterol in certain individuals. Compared to a typical diet, low-carbohydrate, low-fat, and moderate macronutrient diets can all positively impact weight loss. However, weight regain is common, and the outcome of a diet can vary widely depending on the individual. Rather than focusing on the nuances of each diet type, molding one diet in a way that the person can continuously adhere in the long-term could be beneficial for weight loss. 1430: 1630: 593: 685: 1698:. It is commonly found in cooked and cooled potatoes, green bananas, beans and legumes. The short chain fatty acids can lead to further oxidation of fat and a higher energy expenditure. Resistant starch dilutes energy density of food intake, maintains a bulking effect similar to non-fermentable fiber, and increases the expression of gut hormones 1426:

further decrease blood pressure, but is not required for therapeutic effect. This is because it has been proven to be effective at a wide range of sodium intake levels. More recent reviews of DASH have continued to advocate its efficacy as an affordable weight loss tool, but stress that diet adherence is key to produce the desired results.

695: 1405:, etc.), have been shown to be equally effective as weight loss tools. Nonetheless, a low-saturated fat diet complemented with high fiber can be helpful for those who are found to be obese based on BMI. Furthermore, a low-carbohydrate diet can have the added benefits of blood sugar control in those with 1472:

is largely based on consumption of beans, grains, fruits, and vegetables and removal of meat, fish, and occasionally dairy and egg products from intake. In other words, fiber and unsaturated fat intake is increased and consumption of higher calorie meats and saturated fats is decreased. This diet has

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dysfunction and insulin resistance. In diabetes, impaired β-islet cells are responsible for the lack of blood glucose control. Individuals with a higher body mass index concerning for obesity may have increased levels of hormones, proinflammatory markers, and glycerol, which can contribute to insulin

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effect of food is another component of a person's daily energy expenditure and refers to the amount of energy it takes the body to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients in the diet. The amount of energy expended while processing food differs by individual but on average it amounts to about 10% the

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Body mass index (BMI) is a value used to get a general sense of a person's overall mass and is calculated using a person's height and weight. It is more often used than weight alone to determine if an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. The following two equations can used

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Due to the high volume or water content of fiber-rich foods, fiber displaces available calories and nutrients from the diet. Consumption of viscous fibers delays gastric emptying, which may cause an extended feeling of fullness. Satiety is also induced by increasing chewing, which limits food intake

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or "keto" diet involves intake of less than 50 g of carbohydrates daily along with increased fat and protein amounts. One type of ketogenic or low carbohydrate diet is the "Atkins" Diet, which does not restrict protein and fat amounts. However, there are other ketogenic diets that place restrictions

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Physical activity can be related to a person's professional activities, non-work related daily activities like walking or cycling, or it can be in the form of activities such as recreation or team sports. The specific type of activity can be tailored to populations such as children, pregnant women,

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Modifying portion sizes may impact energy intake. Those who are presented with larger portion sizes do not report to have high levels of satiety. In other words, hunger and satiety signals could be ignored with large portion sizes. In a study focused on portion sizes, participants consumed 31% less

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Physical inactivity leads to less energy expenditure and is a factor that impacts obesity rates in both children and adults. Physical inactivity has become a worldwide concern since inactivity also elevates the risk of heart disease. Regular physical activity can reduce the risk for noncommunicable

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Though BMI is often used to help assess for excess weight, it is not a perfect representation of a person's body fat percentage. For example, an individual can have a higher than normal BMI but a normal body fat percentage if they have higher than average muscle mass. This is because excess muscle

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The calories a person consumes come from food and drink intake. The calories a person expends comes from their basal metabolic rate and their daily physical activity. The human body is very good at maintaining a neutral energy balance, particularly with a diet composed of fruits, vegetables, and

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Studies have shown that a diet high in dairy decreases total body fat. This occurs because a high amount of dietary calcium increases the amount of energy and fat excreted from the body. Other studies have noted that dairy sources of calcium lead to greater weight loss than supplemental calcium

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focuses on increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products. DASH offers an intervention to manage elevated blood pressures and prevent cardiovascular disease non-pharmacologically. In addition, combining the DASH diet with a reduced sodium intake will

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The majority of guidelines agree that a calorie deficit, particularly 500-750 kcal daily, can be recommended to those who want to lose weight. A moderate decrease in caloric intake will lead to a slow weight loss, which is often more beneficial than a rapid weight loss for long term weight

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involves eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains and beans while replacing butter with extra-virgin olive oil and limiting red meats, dairy, sweets, and processed foods. It has been shown to be effective for long term weight loss with added cardiovascular health benefits. For example, the

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The quantity of food and drink consumed by an individual may play a role in weight management, as may the types of food and drink a person consumes. For example, intake of sweetened drinks such as sodas or juices can lead to increased energy intake that is not neutralized by a decrease in

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Abbott CR, Monteiro M, Small CJ, Sajedi A, Smith KL, Parkinson JR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR (May 2005). "The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway".

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intake. This could be due to the bioactive components of dairy sources, especially when combined with a lower calorie diet. Since most natural dairy products contain fat content, there is a common understanding that this may cause weight gain. However, dairy contains ingredients such as

2147:"Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies. A statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition" 1665:

In general, large intakes of dietary fiber at breakfast have been associated with less food intake at lunchtime. Fiber may have the added benefit of helping consumers reduce food intake throughout the day, but results of studies examining this possibility have been conflicting.

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content. The reduction of energy density has been shown to enhance satiety. The water content adds satisfying weight without excess calories and fiber slows gastric emptying. Studies have also shown that fiber decreases hunger and also decreases total energy intake.

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factors, health care support, medications, and illnesses. Each of these factors affect weight in different ways and to varying degrees, but health professionals most often stress the importance of diet and physical activity because they can be affected by conscious

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Barber TM, Hanson P, Weickert MO, Franks S. Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Implications for Pathogenesis and Novel Management Strategies. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 2019 Sep 9;13:1179558119874042. doi: 10.1177/1179558119874042. PMID 31523137; PMCID:

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Studies have demonstrated that when compared to solid foods, soup ingestion decreases the amount of energy intake and increases feelings of satiety. When soup is consumed before a meal, there is a 20% decrease in the number of calories consumed during said meal.

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Svetkey LP, Simons-Morton D, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Conlin PR, Ryan DH, et al. (February 1999). "Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial".

1048: 1484:(IF) involves consistent fasting blocks of time where fewer or no calories are consumed. Intermittent fasting has been shown to improve fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance with a concurrent reduction in BMI. 3565:

Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, et al. (2003-04-23). "Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial".

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present in formulations. Moreover, catechins in the brain play a major role in satiety. Independent of the caffeine content, green tea has also been shown to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans.

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contributes to a higher weight. Since BMI is not a perfect representation of a person's body fat percentage, other measurements like waist circumference are often used to better assess for unhealthy excess weight.

3333:"Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials" 1558:

leading to weight reduction, particularly 3-6 months into a diet when rapid weight loss is observed. However, these advantages may be reduced later at 12–24 months into a diet during the slow weight loss phase.

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Acheson KJ, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Pittet P, Anantharaman K, Jéquier E (May 1980). "Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals".

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Mediterranean diet can lead to decreased triglyceride and lipid levels as well as improved blood pressure readings. It can also improve blood sugar levels in those diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

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Sánchez-Sánchez ML, García-Vigara A, Hidalgo-Mora JJ, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín J, Cano A (June 2020). "Mediterranean diet and health: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and intervention trials".

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In individuals with blood sugar levels in the prediabetic range, weight loss was demonstrated to have many benefits including improved glycemic control and a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

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Certain medications can cause either weight loss or weight gain. Such side effects are often listed for each medication and should be considered when attempting to manage a person's weight.

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a person consumes and the number of calories that same person expends (a.k.a. burns) in a given time period. There are three possible scenarios when it comes to the energy balance equation:

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Understanding the basic science of weight management and strategies for attaining and maintaining a healthy weight is very important because obesity is a risk factor for development of many

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While green tea intake alone may not significantly reduce weight or BMI, combining intake with other strategies aimed at weight loss could be helpful for both loss and weight maintenance.

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Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, Chantre P, Vandermander J (February 2000). "Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity".

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Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC, Stitt PA (July 2001). "The effects of equal-energy portions of different breads on blood glucose levels, feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake".

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Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P (April 2004). "Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults".

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meats so that calories consumed do not substantially exceed calories expended in a given time period and vice versa. This energy balance is regulated by hormones like

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Khaodhiar L, McCowen KC, Blackburn GL. Obesity and its comorbid conditions. Clin Cornerstone. 1999;2(3):17-31. doi: 10.1016/s1098-3597(99)90002-9. PMID 10696282.

1706:. The increase in gut hormone expression affects neuronal pathways in the brain that contribute to long-term energy balance and improved overall health of the 4493:"Dairy Intake Enhances Body Weight and Composition Changes during Energy Restriction in 18-50-Year-Old Adults-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 721:. Moreover, weight management involves developing meaningful ways to track weight over time and to identify the ideal body weights for different individuals. 2458:"Effectiveness of weight management interventions for adults delivered in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 1597:

Fruits and vegetables have been shown to increase satiety and decrease hunger signals. These food groups have a low energy density, mainly due to the high

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number of calories consumed during a given time period. Processing proteins and carbohydrates has more of a thermogenic effect than does processing fats.

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and elderly adults. Tailored activity to one's fitness level also encourages the body to heal properly and prevent any injuries as a result of exercise.

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Zemel MB, Richards J, Milstead A, Campbell P (July 2005). "Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults".

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Chizzolini R, Zanardi E, Dorigoni V, Ghidini S (April 1999). "Calorific value and cholesterol content of normal and low-fat meat and meat products".

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indicates that people consistently eat more food when offered larger portion, package, or tableware sizes as opposed to smaller size alternatives.

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The Mifflin St. Jeor Equation has been found to be the most accurate predictor of BMR compared to BMR measured by direct and indirect calorimetry.

1646:, resulting in an expansion of the stomach. In addition, hormone secretion is affected during fiber ingestion. Insulin response is reduced and 1589:

and certain combinations of protein/calcium nutrients that induce a positive effect on satiety, increase energy loss, and assists weight loss.

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rates. Large portion sizes could be one of the factors contributing to the current increase in average body weight in the US. Evidence from a

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resistance. The combined effects of impaired pancreatic β-islet cells and insulin resistance increase the likelihood of developing diabetes.

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Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2012).

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Westerterp-Plantenga M, Diepvens K, Joosen AM, Bérubé-Parent S, Tremblay A (August 2006). "Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine".

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compared with the large portion size of a 12-inch submarine sandwich. Increased portions have occurred simultaneously with the increase in

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Chantre P, Lairon D (January 2002). "Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity".

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has been found to cause weight loss, type 2 diabetes has been associated with weight gain. Other endocrine causes of weight loss include

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On average, groups of people with "obese" BMIs may have a higher risk of developing illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia (

3611:"Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2890:

Lim SS, Hutchison SK, Van Ryswyk E, Norman RJ, Teede HJ, Moran LJ, et al. (Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group) (March 2019).

1302:, gastrointestinal illness, psychiatric disorders, infections, endocrine disorders, and neurologic disorders may lead to weight loss. 2042:"The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss" 855: 158: 1135:

The following table shows how different ranges of BMIs are often categorized into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese:

5378:"Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers" 2517: 2024: 115: 3967:"The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2752:"Anti-Obesity Medications and Investigational Agents: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022" 1725:

have been associated with increased energy expenditure and subsequent weight loss. Caffeine belongs to a class of compounds called

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Englyst HN, Kingman SM, Cummings JH (October 1992). "Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions".

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Seagle HM, Strain GW, Makris A, Reeves RS (February 2009). "Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management".

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Astrup A, Toubro S (February 1993). "Thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and caffeine in man".

4580:"What can intervention studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and weight management?" 531: 4955: 5482:

Matsumoto N, Ishigaki F, Ishigaki A, Iwashina H, Hara Y (April 1993). "Reduction of blood glucose levels by tea catechin".

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Craddick SR, Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Swain MC (November 2003). "The DASH diet and blood pressure".

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contraction. There is a direct correlation between CCK and satiety after foods of different fiber contents are consumed.

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Secrets From the Eating Lab: The Science of Weight Loss, the Myth of Willpower, and Why You Should Never Diet Again

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to calculate BMI depending on the units used for height (meters vs. inches) and weight (kilograms vs. pounds):

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The science behind weight management is complex, but one of the key concepts that governs weight management is

536: 632: 4068:"The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management" 2642: 1782: 1703: 1473:

been shown to reduce BMI and introduce positive body composition changes when compared to a carnivore diet.

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There are many factors that contribute to a person's weight, including: diet, physical activity, genetics,

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Fruits and vegetables contain fiber which has been shown to improve satiety and help with weight loss.

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Badman MK, Flier JS (March 2005). "The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars".

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management. For example, low fat meats reduce the total amount of calories and cholesterol consumed.

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BMR (Females) in Kcals/day = 447.59 + 9.25 (weight in kg) + 3.10 (height in cm) – 4.33 (age in years)

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Katzmarzyk PT, Martin CK, Newton RL, Apolzan JW, Arnold CL, Davis TC, et al. (September 2020).

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and promoting secretion of gut hormones. Dietary fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrates and

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BMR (Females) in Kcals/day = 655.1 + 9.56 (weight in kg) + 1.85 (height in cm) – 4.68 (age in years)

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Weight management strategies most often focus on achieving healthy weights through slow but steady

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BMR (Females) in Kcals/day = 9.99 (weight in kg) + 6.25 (height in cm) – 4.92 (age in years) – 161

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BMR (Males) in Kcals/day = 88.36 + 13.40 (weight in kg) + 4.8 (height in cm) – 5.68 (age in years)

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BMR (Males) in Kcals/day = 66.47 + 13.75 (weight in kg) + 5.0 (height in cm) - 6.76 (age in years)

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The Learn Program for Weight Management: lifestyle, exercise, attitudes, relationships, nutrition

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Ge L, Sadeghirad B, Ball GD, da Costa BR, Hitchcock CL, Svendrovski A, et al. (April 2020).

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Milk intake has been advocated as a weight loss strategy due to its calcium and other nutrients.

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Salari N, Jafari S, Darvishi N, Valipour E, Mohammadi M, Mansouri K, Shohaimi S (October 2021).

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Overweight and weight management: the health professional's guide to understanding and practice

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Korner J, Leibel RL (September 2003). "To eat or not to eat - how the gut talks to the brain".

2663:"The best drug supplement for obesity treatment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 1745: 657: 5777: 5756: 5737: 5718: 5699: 5671: 5622: 5587: 5544: 5461: 5426: 5399: 5350: 5307: 5272: 5236: 5187: 5136: 5092: 5051: 5010: 4975: 4896: 4855: 4817: 4782: 4747: 4698: 4641: 4601: 4551: 4524: 4473: 4427: 4386: 4351: 4294: 4251: 4213: 4138: 4089: 4039: 3998: 3947: 3896: 3842: 3785: 3724: 3667: 3632: 3583: 3539: 3495: 3454: 3413: 3362: 3310: 3264: 3212: 3163: 3122: 3077: 3014: 3004: 2979: 2921: 2834: 2824: 2791: 2773: 2713: 2694: 2622: 2588: 2558: 2548: 2523: 2513: 2487: 2438: 2373: 2303: 2246: 2168: 2124: 2073: 2020: 1936: 1901: 1576: 1522: 1344: 1138: 957:

BMR (Males) in Kcals/day = 9.99 (weight in kg) + 6.25 (height in cm) – 4.92 (age in years) + 5

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Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M (May 2008).

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Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, et al. (April 1997).

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Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, Daly A, Wylie-Rosett J, Kulkarni K, Clark NG (August 2004).

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Running on a treadmill is one form of physical activity that can be done at home or at a gym.

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accompanying food intake. Increased portion sizes may also lead to increased energy intake.

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Hollands GJ, Shemilt I, Marteau TM, Jebb SA, Lewis HB, Wei Y, et al. (September 2015).

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Tylka TL, Annunziato RA, Burgard D, Daníelsdóttir S, Shuman E, Davis C, Calogero RM (2014).

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Some studies have suggested that using smaller plates might help people to consume smaller

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Stonehouse W, Wycherley T, Luscombe-Marsh N, Taylor P, Brinkworth G, Riley M (July 2016).

4018:"Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women" 1726: 1695: 1683: 1647: 1618:

has been suggested to aid weight management by inducing satiety, decreasing absorption of

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Chawla S, Tessarolo Silva F, Amaral Medeiros S, Mekary RA, Radenkovic D (December 2020).

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Madigan CD, Graham HE, Sturgiss E, Kettle VE, Gokal K, Biddle G, et al. (May 2022).

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and is present in coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate and some cola drinks. Caffeine induces a

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The following is a review of some of the key components of weight management in humans.

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Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, et al. (February 2009).

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Common gastrointestinal disorders associated with weight loss are malabsorption due to

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when used to describe individual health rather than describing populations of people.

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Graham HN (May 1992). "Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry".

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Zhou J, Hegsted M, McCutcheon KL, Keenan MJ, Xi X, Raggio AM, Martin RJ (April 2006).

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Levine AS, Tallman JR, Grace MK, Parker SA, Billington CJ, Levitt MD (December 1989).

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Ryan DH, Kahan S (January 2018). "Guideline Recommendations for Obesity Management".

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Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, Braunwald E (2022).

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Flore G, Preti A, Carta MG, Deledda A, Fosci M, Nardi AE, et al. (March 2022).

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Energy Balance is the phrase used to describe the difference between the number of

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processes that contribute to a person's ability to attain and maintain a healthy

5642:"Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults" 4694: 4337: 3534: 1807: 1802: 1275: 1271: 1259: 1251: 1235: 725: 443: 378: 373: 86: 81: 71: 5734:

The cognitive behavioral workbook for weight management: a step-by-step program

5333:

Dulloo AG (August 2002). "Biomedicine. A sympathetic defense against obesity".

5071:"Peptide YY and proglucagon mRNA expression patterns and regulation in the gut" 4247: 3491: 3099: 2709: 2679: 1932: 1897: 1835: 890:

diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and dyslipidemia (high cholesterol).

4971: 4637: 4208: 4191: 3663: 3627: 3610: 3609:

Siervo M, Lara J, Chowdhury S, Ashor A, Oggioni C, Mathers JC (January 2015).

3018: 2838: 2562: 2527: 1812: 1707: 1699: 1691: 1655: 1255: 706: 408: 298: 76: 66: 5231: 5214: 5046: 5029: 4891: 4874: 4542:

Egger G, Egger S (November 2009). "Weight management - Facts and fallacies".

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can also contribute to weight loss. Infectious causes of weight loss include

5618: 5570:

Wellman PJ (October 2000). "Norepinephrine and the control of food intake".

5394: 5377: 5346: 5268: 5183: 4404:

Jacobsen R, Lorenzen JK, Toubro S, Krog-Mikkelsen I, Astrup A (March 2005).

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Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW, Cho SJ, Lee M, Lee YH, et al. (October 2019).

3828: 3543: 3499: 3198: 2721:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 2289: 2058: 1142:

Waist circumference may be used as an alternative method to assess weight.

859:

An image that shows nutrition label information including calorie amounts

4765:

Heaton KW (December 1973). "Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake".

4382: 3932: 3881: 1718: 1555: 1352: 1278:

is another anti-obesity drug that is also used for blood sugar control.

433: 264: 250: 5087: 5070: 4813: 4469: 3063: 2964: 5495: 4742: 4725: 3983: 3398: 3289:"Systematic Review of the Mediterranean Diet for Long-Term Weight Loss" 2423: 2359: 1787: 1762: 1679: 1547: 1518: 1433:

Fruits and vegetables are considered staples of the Mediterranean diet.

1390: 845: 787: 621:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

418: 268: 56: 4509: 3100:"Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health?" 5511:

Suppression of the accumulation of body and liver fat by tea catechin

4234:

Magkos F (September 2020). "The role of dietary protein in obesity".

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Astrup A, Toubro S, Cannon S, Hein P, Breum L, Madsen J (May 1990).

3916:"Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Weight Status: A Systematic Review" 3865:"Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Weight Status: A Systematic Review" 2225:"The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change" 1765:

and body fat accumulation, and stimulating thermogenesis due to the

1213:), liver disease, and some cancers. "Underweight" BMIs may indicate 698:

Nutrition is an important part of maintaining a healthy body weight.

5030:"Resistant starch: metabolic effects and potential health benefits" 2750:

Bays HE, Fitch A, Christensen S, Burridge K, Tondt J (2022-06-01).

1614:

Fruits and vegetables are two sources of fiber as discussed above.

3433:"Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies" 2274:"Weight Loss in Underserved Patients - A Cluster-Randomized Trial" 1744: 1628: 1575: 1550:

diet relative to a low-fat or high-carbohydrate diet may increase

1491: 1428: 1147:

Classification of Overweight and Obesity by Body Mass Index (BMI)

1137: 876: 854: 694: 693: 293: 2019:(26th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 1418–1427. 1737:

activity, which is an important regulator of energy expenditure.

5529:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

5419:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

2510:

Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

1865:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

1629: 308: 4661:

Dietary reference intakes. Proposed definition of dietary fiber

4322:"Soup preloads in a variety of forms reduce meal energy intake" 2512:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 442–470. 2547:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 92–100. 2093:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift" 1761:

has been associated with decreasing blood glucose, inhibiting

586: 3920:

Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy

3869:

Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy

3431:

Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL (November 2001).

3287:

Mancini JG, Filion KB, Atallah R, Eisenberg MJ (April 2016).

2952:

Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy

1650:(CCK) in the small intestine is increased. Insulin regulates 2544:

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

1397:

diets, such as those emphasizing particular macronutrients (

1310:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by

2892:"Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome" 1496:

An dinner example of portion sizes relative to food groups

1298:, and congestive heart failure. Medical conditions such as 5509:

Ishigaki A, Tonooka F, Matsumoto N, Hara Y (August 1991).

852:(suppresses) which either suppress or stimulate appetite. 4624:

Slavin JL (March 2005). "Dietary fiber and body weight".

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Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2001).

3811:

Paoli A, Rubini A, Volek JS, Grimaldi KA (August 2013).

4875:"Effect of breakfast cereals on short-term food intake" 3003:(26th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 1490–1510. 1749:

Green tea contains catechins that may aid weight loss.

1286:

Medical conditions associated with weight gain include

618: 4956:"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM" 3233:

Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA (March 2012).

1861:"Understanding Adult Overweight & Obesity | NIDDK" 1409:

A low-carbohydrate diet can also improve weight loss,

2823:(10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 626–634. 2587:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, Inc. pp. 336–345. 1061: 988: 795:

Calories consumed (food, drink) = Calories expended (

4954:

Canfora EE, Meex RC, Venema K, Blaak EE (May 2019).

4578:

Rolls BJ, Ello-Martin JA, Tohill BC (January 2004).

1423:

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet

4676:"Glycemic carbohydrate and body weight regulation" 4066:Ello-Martin JA, Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ (July 2005). 3511: 3509: 1513:calories with the small portion sized of a 6-inch 1121: 1042: 5477: 5475: 4632:(3). Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.: 411–8. 3914:Tran E, Dale HF, Jensen C, Lied GA (2020-09-30). 3863:Tran E, Dale HF, Jensen C, Lied GA (2020-09-30). 3693:Steinberg D, Bennett GG, Svetkey L (April 2017). 2948:"Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity" 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2204:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 1757:that are a major component of green tea extract. 1460:on the total amount of daily proteins and fats. 912:, the revised Harris-Benedict equations, and the 2875: 2873: 2871: 5736:. Oakland, Calif.: New Harbinger Publications. 5572:Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1626:, which are a structural component in plants. 904:The BMR is directly proportional to a person's 4236:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 4229: 4227: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1674:Resistant starch is a type of non-digestible, 617:Please review the contents of the article and 4277:Mattes R (January 2005). "Soup and satiety". 4016:Rolls BJ, Morris EL, Roe LS (December 2002). 3228: 3226: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 568: 8: 4840:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2140: 2138: 1886:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 5646:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5484:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 4726:"Gastrointestinal physiology and functions" 4663:. 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Healthy weight loss" 2817:Wing EJ, Schiffman FJ, Cecil RL (2022). 2223:Mendenhall E, Singer M (February 2019). 1145: 826:Calories consumed < Calories expended 813:Calories consumed > Calories expended 5717:. Gaithersburg, Md.: Aspen Publishers. 4923:"Health properties of resistant starch" 4165:Trends in Food Science & Technology 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3048:"Diet in the management of weight loss" 1824: 1274:have been shown to induce weight loss. 1217:or other health problems. However, BMI 41: 5003:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3817:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3024: 2844: 2503: 2501: 2337: 27:Techniques for maintaining body weight 4833: 4831: 3858: 3856: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3326: 3324: 3282: 3280: 3278: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 830:Also known as Negative Energy Balance 817:Also known as Positive Energy Balance 705:refers to behaviors, techniques, and 7: 4320:Flood JE, Rolls BJ (November 2007). 2667:Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2392:"Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy" 2091:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011). 1921:The Medical Clinics of North America 1830: 1828: 1331:Commonly associated with weight loss 1306:Commonly associated with weight gain 4802:The New England Journal of Medicine 3522:The New England Journal of Medicine 3187:The New England Journal of Medicine 2278:The New England Journal of Medicine 4597:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00001.x 1670:Increasing resistant starch intake 1069: 1066: 1063: 996: 993: 990: 921:original Harris-Benedict Equations 159:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 25: 3251:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 1389:As weight loss depends partly on 936:revised Harris-Benedict Equations 807:Outcome: Weight remains unchanged 5753:Half-Assed: A Weight-Loss Memoir 5081:(4). Silver Spring, Md.: 683–9. 4940:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2005.00481.x 4730:The British Journal of Nutrition 4410:International Journal of Obesity 4148: 4111:. Cochrane Public Health Group. 3615:The British Journal of Nutrition 3293:The American Journal of Medicine 1296:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 728:, followed by maintenance of an 683: 591: 3782:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.03.008 3695:"The DASH Diet, 20 Years Later" 3652:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2997:Crandall JP, Shamoon H (2020). 5658:10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2 5133:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.011 4724:Schneeman BO (November 2002). 4125:10.1002/14651858.CD011045.pub2 2908:10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub4 2583:Kellerman RD, Bope ET (2018). 2015:Goldman L, Schafer AI (2020). 1638:by promoting the secretion of 619:add the appropriate references 532:Social determinants of obesity 1: 5584:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00415-9 5304:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.027 5034:Journal of AOAC International 4960:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 4852:10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00192-4 4779:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92806-7 4291:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.09.021 4177:10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00034-5 3480:Archives of Internal Medicine 2242:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30310-1 1368:chronic adrenal insufficiency 1347:and eating disorders such as 165:Metabolically healthy obesity 5755:. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. 5458:10.1016/0091-7435(92)90041-f 3971:Journal of Clinical Medicine 3306:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.028 3119:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 2820:Cecil Essentials of Medicine 2769:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100018 1527:randomized controlled trials 322:Obesity-associated morbidity 4695:10.1301/nr.2003.may.S10-S16 4544:Australian Family Physician 4338:10.1016/j.appet.2007.04.002 3535:10.1056/NEJM199704173361601 3098:Thom G, Lean M (May 2017). 3046:Strychar I (January 2006). 2619:Textbook of Family Medicine 2617:Rakel RE, Rakel DP (2016). 2585:Conn's Current Therapy 2018 2200:"Maintain a Healthy Weight" 1741:Increasing green tea intake 1393:intake, different kinds of 1250:Metanalysis has shown that 604:reliable medical references 517:Obesity and the environment 5818: 4248:10.1007/s11154-020-09576-3 3492:10.1001/archinte.159.3.285 2710:10.1186/s13098-023-01048-3 2680:10.1186/s13098-021-00733-5 1933:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.006 1898:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.041 1735:sympathetic nervous system 1733:in the body by increasing 1714:Increasing caffeine intake 1533:Choosing low-calorie foods 1382: 1230:Thermogenic effect of food 971: 801:thermogenic effect of food 5292:Physiology & Behavior 4972:10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z 4638:10.1016/j.nut.2004.08.018 4279:Physiology & Behavior 3664:10.1007/s11883-003-0039-5 3628:10.1017/S0007114514003341 3140:Guth E (September 2014). 1542:Increasing protein intake 1407:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 951:Mifflin St. Jeor Equation 914:Mifflin St. Jeor equation 910:Harris-Benedict equations 833:Outcome: Weight decreases 820:Outcome: Weight increases 610:or relies too heavily on 140:Classification of obesity 5225:(7 Suppl): 2485S–2493S. 5219:The Journal of Nutrition 4921:Nugent AP (March 2005). 3580:10.1001/jama.289.16.2083 537:Social stigma of obesity 5770:Mann T (7 April 2015). 5619:10.1078/0944-7113-00078 5347:10.1126/science.1074923 5184:10.1126/science.1109951 4209:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1558S 3159:10.1001/jama.2014.10929 2474:10.1136/bmj-2021-069719 1783:Anti-obesity medication 1688:short-chain fatty acids 1686:. It is broken down to 1610:Increasing fiber intake 1374:Intentional weight loss 497:Fat acceptance movement 404:Anti-obesity medication 92:Gestational weight gain 5541:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801101 5232:10.1093/jn/133.7.2485S 5213:Davie JR (July 2003). 5047:10.1093/jaoac/87.3.761 4892:10.1093/ajcn/50.6.1303 4423:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802785 4085:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.236S 4078:(1 Suppl): 236S–241S. 4035:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1207 3711:10.1001/jama.2017.1628 3000:Goldman-Cecil Medicine 2110:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9 2017:Goldman-Cecil Medicine 1750: 1634: 1601:and partly due to the 1593:Eating more vegetables 1581: 1497: 1434: 1143: 1123: 1044: 882: 860: 749:cardiovascular disease 699: 5395:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.759 5269:10.1093/ajcn/33.5.989 4674:Saris WH (May 2003). 3829:10.1038/ejcn.2013.116 3450:10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579 3199:10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 2727:|...}} 2704:(Retracted, see 2342:Kim JY (March 2021). 2290:10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 2164:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.257 1748: 1632: 1579: 1495: 1432: 1141: 1124: 1045: 880: 858: 799:, physical activity, 766:behavior modification 697: 522:Obesity and sexuality 397:Management of obesity 273:Binge eating disorder 233:Waist-to-height ratio 5694:Brownell KD (2004). 4736:(Suppl 2): S159–63. 4383:10.1038/oby.2005.144 3933:10.2147/DMSO.S272802 3882:10.2147/DMSO.S272802 3241:(Narrative review). 1923:. Obesity Medicine. 1501:Modifying plate size 1482:Intermittent fasting 1477:Intermittent fasting 1341:chronic pancreatitis 1225:Complicating factors 1200:Obesity (Class III) 1059: 986: 899:Basal metabolic rate 894:Basal metabolic rate 797:basal metabolic rate 507:Health at Every Size 459:Weight loss coaching 193:Body adiposity index 5446:Preventive Medicine 5176:2005Sci...307.1909B 5088:10.1038/oby.2006.77 5028:Higgins JA (2004). 5009:(Suppl 2): S33–50. 4814:10.1056/NEJMp038114 4470:10.1038/oby.2004.67 3064:10.1503/cmaj.045037 2965:10.2147/DMSO.S67400 2059:10.1155/2014/983495 1192:Obesity (Class II) 1148: 633:"Weight management" 527:Sedentary lifestyle 339:Fatty liver disease 303:Starvation response 203:Body fat percentage 150:Genetics of obesity 5496:10.1271/bbb.57.525 5425:(Suppl 1): S41–3. 4927:Nutrition Bulletin 4743:10.1079/BJN2002681 4202:(5): 1558S–1561S. 3984:10.3390/jcm8101645 3742:CDC (2022-12-06). 3399:10.3390/nu12123774 2424:10.3390/nu14061259 2360:10.7570/jomes20065 2046:Journal of Obesity 1751: 1731:thermogenic effect 1635: 1582: 1515:submarine sandwich 1498: 1444:Mediterranean diet 1438:Mediterranean diet 1435: 1312:insulin resistance 1292:Cushing's syndrome 1184:Obesity (Class I) 1146: 1144: 1119: 1040: 883: 861: 848:(stimulates), and 700: 364:Obesity and cancer 245:Related conditions 155:Metabolic syndrome 18:Weight maintenance 5783:978-0-06-232926-4 5776:. HarperCollins. 5762:978-1-58005-278-8 5743:978-1-57224-625-6 5724:978-0-8342-0636-6 5713:Dalton S (1997). 5705:978-1-878513-41-0 5170:(5717): 1909–14. 4773:(7843): 1418–21. 4689:(5 Pt 2): S10–6. 4683:Nutrition Reviews 4584:Nutrition Reviews 4510:10.3390/nu8070394 3705:(15): 1529–1530. 3574:(16): 2083–2093. 3528:(16): 1117–1124. 3299:(4): 407–415.e4. 3010:978-0-323-53266-2 2830:978-0-323-72272-8 2644:The SuRF Report 2 2628:978-0-323-23990-5 2594:978-0-323-52769-9 2554:978-0-323-71094-7 2097:Nutrition Journal 1682:digestion in the 1676:fermentable fiber 1572:Eating more dairy 1523:systematic review 1207: 1206: 1111: 1101: 1096: 1087: 1082: 1038: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1009: 873:Physical activity 730:ideal body weight 719:physical activity 703:Weight management 692: 691: 668: 585: 584: 414:Bariatric surgery 223:Relative Fat Mass 112:Childhood obesity 102:Weight management 43:Human body weight 16:(Redirected from 5809: 5787: 5766: 5751:Fulda J (2008). 5747: 5728: 5709: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5652:(12): CD008650. 5637: 5631: 5630: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5090: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4745: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4575: 4560: 4559: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4512: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4458:Obesity Research 4453: 4444: 4443: 4425: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4377:(7): 1218–1225. 4371:Obesity Research 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4171:(4–5): 119–128. 4160: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4136: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4048: 4047: 4037: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3986: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3935: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3884: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3630: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3537: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3474: 3463: 3462: 3452: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3411: 3401: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3349:10.1136/bmj.m696 3328: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3245:(9): 1157–1170. 3230: 3221: 3220: 3210: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3113:(7): 1739–1751. 3107:Gastroenterology 3104: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3030: 3022: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2967: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2919: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2789: 2771: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2702: 2692: 2682: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2614: 2599: 2598: 2580: 2567: 2566: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2485: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2436: 2426: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2371: 2339: 2312: 2311: 2301: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2196: 2177: 2176: 2166: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2112: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2061: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2012: 1945: 1944: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1836:"Healthy Weight" 1832: 1563:Eating more soup 1470:plant-based diet 1464:Plant-based diet 1403:low-carbohydrate 1349:anorexia nervosa 1316:hyperandrogenism 1211:high cholesterol 1149: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1004: 999: 938:are as follows: 923:are as follows: 803:, acute illness) 737:chronic diseases 687: 686: 678: 675: 669: 667: 626: 595: 594: 587: 577: 570: 563: 454:Weight loss camp 449:Obesity medicine 329:Arteriosclerosis 213:Corpulence index 208:Body Shape Index 175:Set point theory 145:Exercise paradox 129:Medical concepts 97:Diet (nutrition) 51:General concepts 30: 21: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5769: 5763: 5750: 5744: 5731: 5725: 5712: 5706: 5693: 5689: 5687:Further reading 5684: 5683: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5341:(5582): 780–1. 5332: 5331: 5327: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4623: 4622: 4613: 4577: 4576: 4563: 4550:(11): 921–923. 4541: 4540: 4536: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4119:(9): CD011045. 4106: 4105: 4101: 4065: 4064: 4051: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3476: 3475: 3466: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3023: 3011: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2902:(3): CD007506. 2889: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2843: 2831: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2756:Obesity Pillars 2749: 2748: 2744: 2730: 2722: 2720: 2703: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2602: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2555: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2341: 2340: 2315: 2284:(10): 909–918. 2271: 2270: 2266: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2180: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2014: 2013: 1948: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1779: 1743: 1727:methylxanthines 1716: 1696:large intestine 1684:small intestine 1672: 1658:secretion, and 1648:cholecystokinin 1612: 1595: 1574: 1565: 1544: 1535: 1503: 1490: 1395:calorie-reduced 1387: 1381: 1376: 1364:hyperthyroidism 1360:Type 1 diabetes 1333: 1308: 1284: 1245: 1232: 1227: 1219:has limitations 1092: 1090: 1078: 1057: 1056: 1019: 1017: 1005: 984: 983: 976: 974:Body mass index 970: 968:Body mass index 953:is as follows: 896: 875: 866: 850:Cholecystokinin 777: 757: 741:Type 2 diabetes 688: 684: 679: 673: 670: 627: 616: 612:primary sources 596: 592: 581: 552: 551: 477: 469: 468: 429:Caloric deficit 399: 389: 388: 384:Type 2 diabetes 334:Atherosclerosis 324: 314: 313: 284:Hyperthyroidism 261:Eating disorder 246: 238: 237: 228:Waist–hip ratio 198:Body mass index 188: 180: 179: 170:Obesity paradox 130: 122: 121: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5767: 5761: 5748: 5742: 5729: 5723: 5710: 5704: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5632: 5597: 5578:(10): 837–42. 5562: 5516: 5501: 5490:(4): 525–527. 5471: 5436: 5409: 5368: 5325: 5282: 5246: 5205: 5154: 5121:Brain Research 5110: 5061: 5020: 4993: 4966:(5): 261–273. 4946: 4906: 4865: 4827: 4792: 4757: 4716: 4666: 4651: 4611: 4561: 4534: 4483: 4464:(4): 582–590. 4445: 4416:(3): 292–301. 4396: 4361: 4312: 4269: 4242:(3): 329–340. 4223: 4182: 4155: 4099: 4049: 4028:(6): 1207–13. 4008: 3957: 3906: 3852: 3823:(8): 789–796. 3803: 3759: 3734: 3685: 3658:(6): 484–491. 3642: 3601: 3557: 3505: 3486:(3): 285–293. 3464: 3443:(5): 579–584. 3423: 3372: 3320: 3274: 3222: 3193:(9): 859–873. 3173: 3132: 3087: 3038: 3009: 2989: 2931: 2882: 2867: 2858: 2829: 2809: 2742: 2653: 2634: 2627: 2600: 2593: 2568: 2553: 2533: 2518: 2497: 2448: 2397: 2394:. 10 May 2022. 2383: 2313: 2264: 2235:(10173): 741. 2215: 2178: 2157:(2): 257–263. 2134: 2083: 2032: 2025: 1946: 1911: 1892:(2): 330–346. 1876: 1852: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1753:Catechins are 1742: 1739: 1715: 1712: 1671: 1668: 1620:macronutrients 1611: 1608: 1594: 1591: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1502: 1499: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1466: 1465: 1453: 1452: 1451:Ketogenic diet 1440: 1439: 1419: 1418: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1337:Celiac disease 1332: 1329: 1307: 1304: 1288:hypothyroidism 1283: 1280: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168:Normal Weight 1165: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1035: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 972:Main article: 969: 966: 962: 961: 958: 947: 946: 943: 932: 931: 928: 906:lean body mass 895: 892: 874: 871: 865: 862: 844:(suppresses), 837: 836: 835: 834: 831: 823: 822: 821: 818: 810: 809: 808: 781:Energy Balance 776: 775:Energy balance 773: 756: 753: 715:healthy eating 690: 689: 682: 680: 674:September 2022 599: 597: 590: 583: 582: 580: 579: 572: 565: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 542:Weight cutting 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 484: 478: 476:Social aspects 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 431: 426: 416: 411: 406: 400: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Osteoarthritis 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 296: 291: 286: 281: 279:Food addiction 276: 258: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 218:Lean body mass 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 152: 147: 142: 137: 135:Adipose tissue 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5814: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5607:Phytomedicine 5601: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5452:(3): 334–50. 5451: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5388:(5): 759–67. 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263:(5): 989–97. 5262: 5258: 5250: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127:(1): 127–31. 5126: 5122: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4885:(6): 1303–7. 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846:(7): 767–73. 4845: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4808:(10): 926–8. 4807: 4803: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332:(3): 626–34. 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4285:(5): 739–47. 4284: 4280: 4273: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3926:: 3433–3448. 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3875:: 3433–3448. 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3760: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2519:9780323824675 2515: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2026:9780323532662 2022: 2018: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1793:Nutrigenomics 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678:resistant to 1677: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:blood glucose 1649: 1645: 1644:gastric juice 1641: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:Dietary fiber 1609: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599:water content 1592: 1590: 1588: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554:and decrease 1553: 1552:thermogenesis 1549: 1541: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1507:portion sizes 1500: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1385:List of diets 1378: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1073: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1033: 1000: 980: 975: 967: 965: 959: 956: 955: 954: 952: 944: 941: 940: 939: 937: 929: 926: 925: 924: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 893: 891: 887: 879: 872: 870: 863: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 806: 805: 804: 802: 798: 793: 792: 791: 789: 785: 782: 774: 772: 769: 767: 762: 761:environmental 754: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:physiological 704: 696: 681: 677: 666: 663: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 642: 638: 635: – 634: 630: 629:Find sources: 624: 620: 614: 613: 609: 605: 600:This article 598: 589: 588: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 558: 556: 555: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 502:Fat fetishism 500: 498: 495: 492: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 473: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 439: 435: 432: 430: 427: 424: 423:List of diets 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 398: 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 354:Heart disease 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 318: 317: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 184: 183: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 126: 125: 117: 113: 110: 108: 107:Overnutrition 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 54: 48: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 5772: 5752: 5733: 5714: 5695: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5535:(2): 252–8. 5532: 5528: 5510: 5504: 5487: 5483: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5298:(1): 85–91. 5295: 5291: 5285: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5040:(3): 761–8. 5037: 5033: 5023: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4933:(1): 27–54. 4930: 4926: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4843: 4839: 4805: 4801: 4795: 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