Zamzam Well - Knowledge (XXG)

1151:. Aside from the system of pipes unbottled water is distributed using tanker trucks which transport 150,000 litres (35,000 gal.) per day at normal times and up to 400,000 litres per day (100,000 gal.) during pilgrimage seasons to the Medina location. Unbottled water is available through the before-mentioned drinking fountains, a fountain meant for pilgrims wishing to fill larger containers not intended for immediate consumption, and sterilised containers placed by authorities throughout the holy sites in Mecca and Medina. These latter containers come in several variants, chilled and unchilled, as well as being either stationary or worn as a backpack by employees of the complexes with disposable plastic cups provided in any case. Small filtered water bottles are also distributed free of charge at the holy sites. The water distributed this way in the Masjid al-Haram totals ca. 700,000 litres (175,000 gal.) per day outside of pilgrimage season and 2,000,000 litres (500,000 gal.) per day during said season. Distribution outside the Islamic holy sites within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occurs with the water being bottled in 10-litre (2½ gallon) containers which are sold directly at a warehouse at the site of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Zamzam Water Project or via 68: 1034: 1046:

men ended up being primarily responsible for distributing the well's water. They did so by storing two kinds of filled jugs, some on wooden podiums with metal cups attached others hidden in the shade. They performed this service in theory without demanding payment. In 19th century practice however a pilgrim would be assigned a Zamzami upon his arrival and would have been obliged to pay him a small initial sum of $ 1 for a jug to bear his name. This jug would then be kept by the Zamzami for the pilgrim. Payment was in practice also expected for the further services of the Zamzami. These included bringing the pilgrim water throughout his pilgrimage and pouring it over his body for purposes of ritual cleaning (

574: 1516:, for further scientific inquiry. Their testing revealed nothing dangerous about the water of Zamzam. By comparing their results to the results Frankland had published they began to publicly doubt the authenticity of his sample, as his sample was almost as saline as sea water. Additionally they explained that the water in Mecca's aqueducts and that from Zamzam came from entirely different sources, that pilgrims did not so much as bathe near the Masjid al-Haram, and that Zamzam could not be a cholera source because Mecca did not see annual cholera epidemics during the Hajj. 1532:'s (presently widely accepted) findings of cholera being caused by bacteria. They kept arguing that cholera must be caused by local factors and in a manner which cannot be mediated via quarantine. British scientists would continue publishing anti-Zamzam and anti-contagionist articles up to 1895. Their anti-contagionist views would fall further and further away from scientific consensus in the following decades. Concurrently Ottoman authorities continued to invest into persistent and successful efforts seeking to maintain and improve water quality throughout Arabia. 1050:) among others. To nudge the pilgrim into donating adequately the Zamzami would show the pilgrim the bad state of the prayer mats he laid out in the Masjid for the pilgrims and explain his dire need for donations. The more generous the pilgrim's donations were, the more expansive the Zamzami's services became; with services such as procuring bottled Zamzam water to be taken home after the pilgrimage and bringing jugs right to the pilgrim's abode in Mecca being reserved for the most generous. To be allowed into the trade of being a Zamzami a costly license from the 166: 1138:. Historically water from the well was drawn via ropes and buckets, but since 1964 the well's opening itself is in a basement room inaccessible to the public, where it can be seen behind glass panels. Two electric pumps, operating alternately, move the water 5 km (3 miles) southwards at a pace of between 11 and 18.5 litres (2½ and 4½ gallons) per second to the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Zamzam Water Project in Kudai. The center opened in September 2010 costing 700 million 658:, who initially are meant to have migrated to the area from Yemen. In some narrations focused on the objects deposited in Zamzam the well simply dries up, then prior to the Jurhum being forced to leave Mecca because of God expelling them for their misdeeds their leader buries sacred objects from the Kaʿba in the location of Zamzam. In others, focused on the well itself, the objects are placed in Zamzam itself, with the well ultimately being buried by the leader of the Jurhum. 3283: 1062: 1184:-metre (1 ft 8 in) section of permeable weathered rock, lined with stone, and it is this section that provides the main water entry into the well. Water in the well comes from absorbed rainfall in the Wadi Ibrahim, as well as run-off from the local hills. Since the area has become more and more settled, water from absorbed rainfall on the Wadi Ibrahim has decreased. 173: 1081:

Malik an-Nāṣir, reconstruction of the Dome of Abbas, i.e. one of the two Domes of Drinking, occurred. There had been structures bearing this name and function again at least since 1183. The new structure featured a large painted gate made from yellow stone, a large fountain in its middle, three iron

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Following the Abbasid relinquishment of the management of the well a quasi-guild called Zamzamis emerged and remained in place at least until the end of the 19th century. While theoretically anyone could go to the well and fill a vessel they brought at the well, in practice this group of specialised

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Related to their doubts of the water's authenticity they began to speculate that Yusuf Kudzi, a British protected person and associate of Zohrab, had been the source of the water and had contaminated the water to embarrass the Muslim world. Kudzi was of Russian-Jewish ancestry, he had been born in

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to construct and being operated by the National Water Company of Saudi Arabia. In this location treatment using filters and ultraviolet light, storage, and distribution take place. Once treated the water is stored in one of two reservoirs, the first at the plant's location in Kudai can hold 10,000

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funded many construction and renovation works in the city. One of these began in 1540 with the destruction of the roof covering the well, which had remained intact since Qaitbay's rule. While construction was disrupted by a flood, completion of the new roof occurred in January 1542. In 1621 the

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Commentators of the Abbasid-era mystic discourses surrounding the well, like al-Masʿūdī expanded on these extra-Quranic accounts. They further connect the site to Zoroastrianism via what they interpret to be Zoroastrian religious artefacts uncovered by ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib in combination with their

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The Saudi authorities rejected the BBC's claim and said that the water is fit for human consumption. An official from the Saudi Arabian embassy in London stated 'water from the Zamzam well is not contaminated and is fit for human consumption. Genuine Zamzam water does not contain arsenic'. The

600:. In Islamic narratives Ibrahim, commanded by God, led Hajar and Ismaʿil to the area of present-day Mecca, there he left them alone in the desert. The two are narrated to have been suffering severely from thirst. In some versions of the story Hajar walks back and forth between the two hills of 1624:, in early Arabic "the confused noise of distant thunder" (Lane, 1249b), but widely used in the sources for early Islamic history for the priests of the Magians reciting and intoning the Zoroastrian prayers and scriptures, producing (to the Arabs' ears) an indistinct, droning sound. Thus in 988:. He ended up constructing a dome covering the well and demolishing a previous structure surrounding it. Additionally a dome connecting the new dome over the well and the House of Drinking was constructed. Ar-Ruḫḫaǧī had the House of Drinking demolished in 843–844, during the rule of 1414:

According to the SGS, the Zamzam Well is tested on a daily basis, in a process which involves the taking of three samples from the well. These samples are then examined at the King Abdullah Zamzam Water Distribution Center in Mecca, which is equipped with advanced facilities.

831:'Well of the Kaʿba', a dry well inside the Kaʿba reputed to have been used as the treasury of the Kaʿba and as a place for religious offerings in pre-Islamic Mecca and Zamzam merged at some point with stories concerning the former being adapted to feature the latter. 360:

which are onomatopoeic denoting a dull sound stemming from either a distant roll (of thunder) or a guttural sound emitted with a closed mouth by animals or people, however meaning either 'an abundant supply of water' or 'a source of water which does not dry up' if applied to

388:'water'. She states that this latter meaning of an unintelligible guttural sound encompasses a layer of meaning associated with the sacred and mystical, in addition to the basic notion of the sound possibly being related to the concept of an abundant flow of water. 1174:(Valley of Abraham). The upper half of the well is in the sandy alluvium of the valley, lined with stone masonry except for the top metre (3 ft) which has a concrete "collar". The lower half is in the bedrock. Between the alluvium and the bedrock is a 1163:

500,000 cubic meters (700,000 cu. yd) per year, though due to annual variations in rainfall patterns there exists a lot of deviation with regards to how much water can be extracted without lowering the well's water level too drastically each year.

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Frankland's report became the basis for a treatise presented to the Ottoman Board of Health by the Dutch emissary thereto. The treaty was received very negatively and interpreted to be anti-Islamic propaganda. Mehmed Şakir Bey, an

968:, i.e. religious ritual cleaning, with a subterranean drainage channel leading the waste water out of the Masjid al-Haram's courtyard. He describes the well's operators pouring the water drawn alternately between the pools using 1665:

Some records state this to have occurred seven times. Muslim pilgrims during Hajj similarly walk seven-times between these two hills, an act ritual anámnēsis stemming from a belief in the traditional account of the well's

1203:, and temperature. All of this information is made continuously available via the Internet. Other wells throughout the valley have also been established, some with digital recorders, to monitor the response of the local 1485:. Arguing that due to human waste being simply buried in the ground in Mecca, the groundwater had become highly contaminated and a source of cholera. This situation, coupled with the city's visitors from all around the 1524:

and was a convert to Islam. The Ottoman establishment of that time had grown to doubt the authenticity of any Muslim cooperating with the British, conceptualising them as not truly Muslim and possibly as being spies.

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does not allow the export of Zamzam water for resale. They also stated that it was unknown whether the water being sold in the UK was genuine and that people should not buy it and should report the sellers to the

1107:, destroyed the dome covering the well. In 1964 the last building covering the well of Zamzam, which had been rebuilt by Ottoman authorities following the destruction of the building housing Zamzam by the 1159:

throughout the state. In 2018 the number of 10-litre (2½ gallon) containers distributed per day was 1.5 million. In 2010 the annual limit on how much water can be extracted from the well was stated as

964:, son of ʿAbbās. He reports it being surrounded by two pools: one pool between the well and a corner of the Kaʿba, used for quenching the thirst of pilgrims; and another pool behind the well used for 1565: 1019:, whom they believed to be God incarnate who unsuccessfully attempted to convert the Qarmatian state to Zoroastrianism. They destroyed the dome covering Zamzam. It is relayed by historians such as 867:, who is meant to have instituted the first new ordinance concerning the well by banning all non-religious body-hygienic uses of it. Thus the management of the Zamzam Well (a responsibility called 1127:

The well of Zamzam was excavated by hand, and is about 30 m (100 ft) deep and 1.08 to 2.66 m (3 ft 7 in to 8 ft 9 in) in diameter. It taps groundwater from the

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In the same month that the BBC report was released, the Council of British Hajjis later declared that drinking Zamzam water was safe, contradicting the BBC report. The council noted that the

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president of the Saudi Geological Survey (SGS), Zuhair Nawab, has stated that the Zamzam Well is tested on a daily basis, in a process involving the taking of three samples from the well.

1147:, has a larger capacity of 16,000 cubic meters (20,000 cu. yd.). The Kudai location is connected via pipes to drinking fountains in the Masjid al-Haram. The Medina location supplies the 1082:

windows, and two metal fountains for pilgrims to drink from all housed under a large dome. Following the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate and their assumption of power in Mecca,

766:. Following ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib's precognitions to dig, he is claimed to have found a number of artefacts: golden gazelle figurines, armour, and several specimens of a type of sword called 956:'Domes of Drinking', were structures used to store jars of Zamzam water away from the heat. One of which is claimed to have been initially built on orders from and named after 1489:, is meant to have spread the disease effectively throughout it. He ultimately called for the closure of Zamzam as a public health measure to protect the people of Asia and Europe. 1095:

had an iron cage constructed around the well. In 1660 Ottoman authorities constructed a new building over Zamzam. Following their conquest of Mecca in 1803, during the reign of

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The BBC article concentrated on bottled water supplied by individuals rather than the Presidency of the Two Holy Mosques' Affairs, according to Fahd Turkistani, advisor to the

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Dictionary of Islam : Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together With the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion

612:) who consequently opens up the well using a variety of methods depending on the narration. The wealth of mystic discourses discussing the history of the well is from the 2851: 604:

in search of water. The story of the appearance of the well either involves the infant Isma'il scraping the ground with his feet and water springing out or God sending

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to protect public health. Britain tried to undermine this system in the coming decades fearing public backlash in India and restrictions on its ability to engage in

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speaks of this claim in an introductory essay to his translation of the Quran. He however states that it was most likely named after the "murmuring of its waters".

1568:. Turkistani stated that the Zamzam water pollution may have been caused by unsterilized containers used by illegal workers selling Zamzam water at Makkah gates. 840:

etymological analyses. Ultimately arguing that due to the well's history supposedly being related to (what they perceive to have been) the true religion of the

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authorities. The project involved cleaning of the areas around the Zamzam well by removing the debris of concrete and steel used in the old cellar of the

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Low, Michael Christopher (2015). "Ottoman Infrastructures of the Saudi Hydro-State: The Technopolitics of Pilgrimage and Potable Water in the Hijaz".

984:, a civil servant called ʿUmar ibn Faraǧ ar-Ruḫḫaǧī began a series of construction projects related to the well, all marked by their intricate use of 1954: 1077:

invested into improving the well's water quality, as well as funding the construction of a new dome covering the well. In 1489, during the reign of

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relays two separate traditions regarding the discovery of a well by ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, one involving Zamzam's discovery and water disputes among the

1007:. They had previously attacked many caravans of the Abbasid Caliphate, including those of pilgrims travelling to the city. They would conquer the 1030:

that in the aftermath of their attack on the city, the Well Zamzam, as well as all other wells in the city were filled with corpses of pilgrims.

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and the Zoroastrians. The terms are onomatopoeic and derive from what Arabs perceived to be an indistinct, droning sound of the recitation of

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According to Islamic narratives, the well is a miraculously generated source of water, which opened up thousands of years ago when the son of

3192: 2690: 2657: 2518: 2485: 2454: 2383: 2303: 2243: 1931: 1793: 2072:

Chabbi, Jacqueline (2002). Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb (eds.).

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Chabbi, Jacqueline (2002). Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb (eds.).

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Chabbi, Jacqueline (2002). Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb (eds.).

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has a "Zamzam Studies and Research Centre" which analyses the technical properties of the well in detail. Water levels were monitored by

1477:, who published his findings in 1883. Frankland claimed the water from the well to be six times more contaminated by animal waste than 2984: 2624: 2081: 2043: 1862: 1826: 2927: 1759: 1469:

The first controversy surrounding the safety of water from the Zamzam Well began in 1883. In 1881, James Zohrab, British Consul in

1119:). In its place the opening of the well was moved to a basement, 2.5 metres (8') deep, to free up space above ground for pilgrims. 573: 3449: 1594: 1216: 1104: 1195:, which in more recent times has changed to a digital monitoring system that tracks the water level, electric conductivity, 2794:"Water quality of bottled water in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A comparative study with Riyadh municipal and Zamzam water" 2580:

Burak, Guy (October 8, 2017). "Between Istanbul and Gujarat: Descriptions of Mecca in the Sixteenth-Century Indian Ocean".

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Burak, Guy (October 8, 2017). "Between Istanbul and Gujarat: Descriptions of Mecca in the Sixteenth-Century Indian Ocean".

960:, founder of the Abbasid dynasty himself. However, al-Azraqī describes the well being fully in the open during the age of 856: 3444: 1025: 1210:

Zamzam water is colourless and odorless, but has a distinctive taste, with a pH of 7.9–8, and so is slightly alkaline.

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The domed building covering Zamzam which was destroyed in 1803 (D) and Zamzamis in front of the Domes of Drinking (P)

976:, sponsored extensive construction projects in the Masjid al-Haram, which included paving the area around Zamzam with 1817:

Peri Bearman; Thierry Bianquis; C. Edmund Bosworth; E.J. van Donzel; Wolfhart Heinrichs; H. A. R. Gibb, eds. (2002).

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additionally identifies a tradition of deriving the name from an exclamation supposedly made by Hajar either being

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about 30 m (98 ft) deep and 1.08 to 2.66 m (3 ft 7 in to 8 ft 9 in) in diameter

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Hawting's analysis indicates that the fourth dream naming Zamzam may be a late addition to this oral tradition.

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Cholera epidemics and the Hajj had become an issue of debate since a 1866 International Sanitary Conference in

1083: 863:. The usage rights to the well were then supposedly sold due to Abū Tālib's financial troubles to his brother, 1020: 1552:

at levels three times the legal limit in the UK, the same levels found in illegal water purchased in the UK.

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Porter, Venetia (2015). "Gifts, Souvenirs, and the Hajj". In Luitgard E. M. Mols; Marjo Buitelaar (eds.).

1395: 1078: 939: 912: 877: 814: 776: 756: 736: 716: 696: 629: 539: 526: 520: 498: 463: 421: 401: 371: 350: 330: 303: 204: 2328: 1958: 3378: 3261: 3247: 1911: 654:. The well is meant to have dried up (possibly as punishment) during the settlement of the tribe of the 1544:

investigation alleged that water taken from taps connected to the Zamzam Well contained high levels of

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A comparative study between the chemical composition of potable water and Zamzam water in Saudi Arabia

3330: 3178: 2809: 1222: 845: 801:, the other involving the series of dreams and said artefacts but neither water nor the name Zamzam. 1726: 3434: 3373: 2805: 1887: 1200: 1148: 951: 924: 889: 826: 788: 641: 609: 551: 485: 475: 383: 3134:

Hawting, G. R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'".

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Hawting, G. R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'".

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Hawting, G. R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'".

1983:

Hawting, G. R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'".

3314: 3159: 3151: 3035: 2833: 2356: 2268: 2189: 2181: 2138: 2130: 2016: 2008: 1108: 992:, and went on to have three small domes surrounding the dome covering Zamzam built in its stead. 746:

he is meant to dig for, the fourth then names Zamzam. Other accounts omit the third dream naming

2435:"The Umayyads and ʿAbbāsids in Mujīr al-Dīn's Fifteenth-Century History of Jerusalem and Hebron" 898:, i.e. the progeny of al-ʿAbbās, who ended up seizing control over Mecca as a whole using their 72:

Mouth-piece of the Zamzam well from the Exhibition of the Two Holy Mosques Architecture Museum

3027: 2825: 2696: 2686: 2663: 2653: 2630: 2620: 2597: 2562: 2524: 2514: 2491: 2481: 2450: 2389: 2379: 2348: 2309: 2299: 2249: 2239: 2173: 2122: 2087: 2077: 2049: 2039: 2000: 1927: 1893: 1868: 1858: 1832: 1822: 1799: 1789: 1582: 1112: 899: 557: 290: 1625: 646:'House of God' near the site of the well. A building supposedly first constructed by 484:" Zoroastrians regularly made pilgrimages to Mecca to pray over the well. A later account by 3265: 3252: 3143: 3019: 2817: 2589: 2554: 2442: 2340: 2165: 2114: 1992: 1919: 1474: 597: 593: 254: 246: 1503: 3415: 3368: 1423: 1143:

cubic meters (13,000 cu. yd.) of water, the other, the King Abdulaziz Sabeel Reservoir in

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Islamic tradition states that the Zamzam Well was opened up in some form by God to assist

530: 513: 489: 454: 412: 392: 362: 341: 321: 294: 274: 227: 218: 195: 148: 81: 55: 3079: 3054: 2813: 1767: 480:'prayers recited by Zoroastrians'. They argue that based on their "kinship with 3464: 3404: 3309: 1447: 1088: 1012: 981: 601: 589: 578: 432: 262: 3105: 3439: 3428: 3213: 3163: 3039: 2953: 2904: 2360: 2193: 2142: 2020: 1675:

Presently the well is located approximately 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba.

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traditional Islamic narratives date the well's (re-)establishment to the 6th century

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supposedly meaning "bridles" which had been donated to the well by and named after

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General Presidency of the Holy Mosque and the Prophet's Mosque (April 16, 2018),

2718:"How Saudi authorities overseeing the holy Zamzam well have moved with the times" 1702:

Possibly having simply been a light wall made of stones according to some sources

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and largely extra-Quranic, as the well is not referred to directly by the Quran.

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al-Azraqī, Abū l-Walīd Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1983). Malḥas, Rušdī aṣ-Ṣāliḥ (ed.).

1653: 1529: 1314: 1152: 1139: 1008: 794: 613: 2593: 2558: 3324: 3147: 3023: 2744: 2528: 2446: 2344: 2169: 2118: 1996: 1923: 1803: 1541: 1463: 1455: 1192: 1000: 683: 674:, is responsible for the rediscovery of the well. He purportedly had a divine 223: 17: 3031: 2768:"King Abdullah Project in Makkah to resume Zamzam distribution from March 23" 2700: 2667: 2634: 2601: 2566: 2495: 2393: 2352: 2313: 2253: 2177: 2126: 2004: 112: 99: 3136:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

1985:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

1897: 1521: 1443: 1297: 1280: 1100: 1096: 989: 973: 969: 961: 852: 679: 450: 269:) in the desert. It is stated to have dried up during the settlement of the 2829: 2091: 2053: 1872: 1836: 3270: 3058: 1439: 1344: 1327: 1131: 671: 278: 2280:] (in Arabic). Vol. II. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. pp. 58–59. 686:

involves four dreams, the first three concern mysterious objects called

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about the well at some point in his life. A common narrative relayed by

2873: 1549: 1545: 1509: 1459: 1451: 1430:, 100 samples are tested every day to ensure the water's good quality. 1427: 1378: 1361: 1263: 1204: 1135: 1092: 1074: 798: 605: 523:

being the source of the murmuring being captured by this onomatopoeia.

481: 436: 258: 250: 3155: 2185: 2134: 2012: 894:'giving of water') was reputedly a hereditary position of the 3399: 3383: 3242: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1246: 1144: 1070: 985: 977: 655: 582: 439: 270: 2207:

al-Azraqī, Abū l-Walīd Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1858). Wüstenfeld (ed.).

3112:(Press release). Council of British Hajjis (Pilgrims). May 13, 2011 804:

Hawting's analysis argues that the oral traditions surrounding the

581:, used to collect water from the Zamzam Well, bearing the Sultan's 3351: 3344: 3298: 3236: 3229: 1060: 1032: 651: 572: 509: 266: 239: 235: 231: 85: 2509:

Stratkötter, Rita (2021). "Ausgewählte Aspekte der Pilgerfahrt".

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The traditional Islamic account of the well's history relayed by

619:

According to Islamic tradition, Ibrahim rebuilt a shrine called

234:, Saudi Arabia. It is located 20 m (66 ft) east of the 3202: 1128: 1047: 965: 647: 443: 273:

in the area and to have been rediscovered in the 6th century by

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Mecca – Medina : the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II

2329:"The Abbasid Mosaic Tradition and the Great Mosque of Damascus" 1473:

sent samples of water, which he alleged to be Zamzam water, to

929:'House of Drinking', variously referred to also as the 2408: 1918:, Edinburgh University Press, p. 22, November 16, 2018, 1566:

General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection

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The origin of the name is uncertain. According to historian

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Alfadul, Sulaiman M.; Khan, Mujahid A. (October 12, 2011).

2480:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 282–283. 2378:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 123–124. 1450:

to the Hajj as mainly responsible for the globalisation of

1196: 3055:"Contaminated Zamzam holy water from Mecca sold in the UK" 2717: 2874:"Kingdom rejects BBC claim of Zamzam water contamination" 2220:] (in Arabic). Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. p. 297. 1015:

for 22 years. They were briefly led in 931 by a Persian,

2513:(in German). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 109. 1889:

The Koran : commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammad

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Mecca : a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land

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Mecca : a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land

2376:

Mecca : a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land

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Mecca : a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land

2652:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 406. 2298:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 402. 1892:(1st ed.). London: F. Warne and Co. p. 118. 1418:

The Zamzam well was recently renovated in 2018 by the

650:, which Muslim tradition regards as the origin of the 519:

Other medieval Arabic sources connect the name to the

2278:

Reports of Mecca and Ones which Concern her Monuments

2218:

Reports of Mecca and Ones which Concern her Monuments

1058:

as Grand Sharif for example such a license cost £50.

980:. Beginning in the years 833-855, during the rule of 859:

as inherited from its (re)-discoverer and his father

1953:

Mahmoud Ismael Shil and 'Abdur-Rahman 'Abdul-Wahid.

1916:

Islam, Christianity and the Realms of the Miraculous

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generally state the well is named on the account of

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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

144: 136: 128: 91: 77: 45: 3212:Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of 2236:Hajj : global interactions through pilgrimage 1723:"Exhibition of the Two Holy Mosques' Architecture" 1693:The other having been called the Dome of the Jews. 972:. In the years 775–778 the second Abbasid caliph, 1857:. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. pp. 440–441. 1011:and move it to the capital of their own state in 848:is to be understood and framed as a rediscovery. 3080:"'No arsenic in genuine holy water', Saudis say" 1454:. The Ottoman state consequently instituted a 180:Location of Zamzam Well in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 3186: 2985:"100 samples of Zamzam water tested everyday" 8: 2954:"Zamzam well to be renovated before Ramadan" 2683:The Arab lands under Ottoman rule, 1516–1800 2076:. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. p. 442. 2038:. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. p. 441. 1821:. Vol. XI. Leiden: Brill. p. 442. 1442:. The conference however identified British 855:traces the lineage of its management via to 320:She associates the noun with the adjectives 2928:"Zamzam project to be ready before Ramadan" 2900:"Sacred Zamzam well to go under renovation" 2868: 2866: 2864: 2685:. Harlow, England: Routledge. p. 219. 1636:or adherent of Zoroastrianism, and in 2880 1528:Britain's intellectuals ended up rejecting 151:according to traditional Islamic narratives 3193: 3179: 3171: 3012:Comparative Studies in Society and History 666:According to traditional Muslim accounts, 66: 42: 2270:Aḫbār Makka wa-mā ǧāʾa fī-hā min al-āṯār 2210:Aḫbār Makka wa-mā ǧāʾa fī-hā min al-āṯār 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1212: 2746:Documentary Film "Zamzam Blessed Water" 2238:. Leiden: Sidestone Press. p. 97. 1714: 1611: 1508:, the Sultan's head chemist, and Ahmet 1111:, was demolished by authorities of the 577:An imperial pilgrim's water flask from 2979: 2977: 2712: 2710: 2540: 2538: 2289: 2287: 2229: 2227: 2067: 2065: 2063: 1978: 1976: 1955:"Historic Places: The Well of Zamzam" 995:In the year 930 a minority branch of 556:'fill, fill!' or supposedly 217: 7: 1848: 1846: 1779: 1777: 1760:"Zamzam Studies and Research Centre" 1497:, was so outraged that he consulted 1065:Building covering Zamzam (3) in 1888 512:, the Zoroastrian progenitor of the 488:claims that the well is named after 391:Early Islamic sources use the terms 27:Well in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca 2407:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 1556:Saudi Arabian authorities' response 1115:(known at that time already as the 934: 907: 872: 809: 771: 751: 731: 711: 691: 624: 534: 493: 458: 431:to refer to the religious rites of 416: 396: 366: 345: 325: 298: 199: 172: 59: 2409:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica" 1054:was required. During the reign of 25: 2615:Dördüncü, Mehmet Bahadir (2006). 2433:Schick, Rober (January 1, 2012), 3281: 2273:أخبار مكة وما جاء فيها من الأثار 2213:أخبار مكة وما جاء فيها من الأثار 1788:. Forgotten Books. p. 701. 1595:List of reduplicated place names 1512:, professor of chemistry at the 171: 164: 1784:Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). 2766:Staff Writer; Gazette, Saudi. 1640:for the Zoroastrian rites and 1221:as reported by researchers at 1105:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud 449:Mediaeval Arabic writers like 1: 2327:Leal, Bea (October 2, 2020). 1632:of the Herbadhs, in 2874 the 1160: 1038: 2822:10.1080/10934529.2011.609109 1536:BBC allegation and responses 261:), was left with his mother 3106:"Zam Zam Water Is Safe, UK" 2858:, Retrieved August 15, 2010 2441:, BRILL, pp. 209–232, 1766:(in Arabic). Archived from 1644:for the Magians in general. 945: 918: 883: 820: 782: 762: 742: 722: 702: 635: 545: 504: 469: 427: 407: 377: 356: 336: 309: 210: 3481: 2594:10.1163/22118993_03401p012 2559:10.1163/22118993_03401p012 2074:The encyclopaedia of Islam 2036:The encyclopaedia of Islam 1855:The encyclopaedia of Islam 1819:The encyclopaedia of Islam 1578:Government of Saudi Arabia 29: 3413: 3279: 3210: 3148:10.1017/s0041977x00110523 3053:Lynn, Guy (May 5, 2011). 3024:10.1017/s0010417515000407 2619:. The Light. p. 21. 2447:10.1163/9789004231948_011 2345:10.1163/22118993-00371p03 2170:10.1017/S0041977X00110523 2119:10.1017/S0041977X00110523 1997:10.1017/S0041977X00110523 1924:10.1515/9780748699070-003 1585:if they saw it for sale. 1572:Council of British Hajjis 1232: 1229: 1215: 159: 155: 65: 50: 2272: 2212: 1084:Suleiman the Magnificent 1069:In the 15th century the 793:'Qalaʿī sword'. 3450:Springs of Saudi Arabia 2850:Nour Al Zuhair, et al. 2681:Hathaway, Jane (2008). 2439:The Lineaments of Islam 2437:, in Cobb, Paul (ed.), 1912:"Miracles and Religion" 1764:Saudi Geological Survey 1628:, i, 1042, we have the 1555: 1189:Saudi Geological Survey 1117:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 902:. Buildings called the 662:Traditional rediscovery 560:meaning "Stop, stop!". 238:, the holiest place in 113:21.422000°N 39.826000°E 2648:Peters, F. E. (1994). 2476:Peters, F. E. (1994). 2374:Peters, F. E. (1994). 2294:Peters, F. E. (1994). 1434:Historical controversy 1410:Safety of Zamzam water 1396:Total dissolved solids 1066: 1042: 585: 440:prayers and scriptures 219:[biʔruzam.zam] 3379:Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah 3369:Great Mosque of Mecca 1886:George, Sale (1734). 1217:Mineral concentration 1170:, the well is in the 1123:Technical information 1064: 1036: 592:, the second wife of 576: 215:Arabic pronunciation: 2806:Taylor & Francis 2553:(1): 290, 311, 314. 2511:Von Kairo nach Mekka 1961:on February 23, 2008 1223:King Saud University 846:Islamisation of Iran 564:Traditional accounts 118:21.422000; 39.826000 30:For other uses, see 3445:Islamic pilgrimages 2814:2011JESHA..46.1519A 1514:Ottoman War College 569:Traditional origins 226:located within the 109: / 3110:Medical News Today 2962:. October 30, 2017 2934:. February 3, 2018 2908:. October 30, 2017 1134:and some from the 1067: 1043: 835:Subsequent history 586: 3422: 3421: 2856:KSU Faculty Sites 2692:978-0-582-41899-8 2659:978-1-4008-8736-1 2520:978-3-11-240097-5 2487:978-1-4008-8736-1 2456:978-90-04-21885-7 2413:iranicaonline.org 2385:978-1-4008-8736-1 2305:978-1-4008-8736-1 2245:978-90-8890-286-4 1933:978-0-7486-9907-0 1795:978-0-243-60987-1 1770:on June 19, 2013. 1623: 1583:Trading Standards 1458:system using the 1407: 1406: 1225: 1168:Hydrogeologically 1113:third Saudi State 1109:first Saudi State 955: 943: 928: 916: 893: 881: 830: 818: 792: 783:as-Sayf al-Qalaʿī 780: 760: 740: 720: 700: 670:, grandfather of 645: 633: 555: 543: 502: 479: 467: 425: 405: 387: 375: 354: 334: 307: 291:Jacqueline Chabbi 277:, grandfather of 208: 188: 187: 16:(Redirected from 3472: 3460:Abraham in Islam 3374:Prophet's Mosque 3285: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3167: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2031: 2025: 2024: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1957:. Archived from 1950: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1756: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1729:. Archived from 1719: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1621: 1616: 1507: 1475:Edward Frankland 1389: 1372: 1355: 1338: 1308: 1291: 1274: 1257: 1220: 1213: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1162: 1149:Prophet's Mosque 1040: 1029: 950: 948: 946:Qubbātu 'š-Šarāb 938: 936: 923: 921: 911: 909: 888: 886: 876: 874: 861:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 825: 823: 813: 811: 787: 785: 775: 773: 765: 755: 753: 745: 735: 733: 725: 715: 713: 705: 695: 693: 668:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 640: 638: 628: 626: 550: 548: 538: 536: 507: 497: 495: 474: 472: 462: 460: 430: 420: 418: 410: 400: 398: 382: 380: 370: 368: 359: 349: 347: 339: 329: 327: 312: 302: 300: 221: 216: 213: 203: 201: 175: 174: 168: 149:ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 124: 123: 121: 120: 119: 114: 110: 107: 106: 105: 102: 70: 61: 43: 21: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3455:Masjid al-Haram 3425: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3388: 3357: 3345:Tawaf al-Ifadah 3331:Rami al-Jamarat 3286: 3277: 3253:Masjid 'A'ishah 3217: 3206: 3199: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2849: 2845: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2724:. April 7, 2022 2716: 2715: 2708: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2660: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2627: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2582:Muqarnas Online 2579: 2578: 2574: 2547:Muqarnas Online 2544: 2543: 2536: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2386: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2333:Muqarnas Online 2326: 2325: 2321: 2306: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2084: 2071: 2070: 2061: 2046: 2033: 2032: 2028: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1829: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1796: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1733:on May 20, 2020 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1591: 1574: 1558: 1540:In May 2011, a 1538: 1501: 1436: 1412: 1387: 1370: 1353: 1336: 1306: 1289: 1272: 1255: 1219: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1125: 1023: 1005:attack on Mecca 919:Baytu 'š-Šarrāb 842:peoples of Iran 837: 664: 602:Safa and Marwah 571: 566: 514:Sasanian Empire 287: 275:Abd al-Muttalib 228:Masjid al-Haram 214: 184: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 117: 115: 111: 108: 103: 100: 98: 96: 95: 82:Masjid al-Haram 73: 54: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3405:Road to Makkah 3402: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3310:Safa and Marwa 3307: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3262:Qarnul-Manazil 3259: 3250: 3248:Dhu'l-Hulayfah 3245: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3097: 3071: 3045: 3018:(4): 942–946. 3002: 2991:. 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