1138:), storytellers. These were also professional, paid artists; but, unlike the poets, they seem to have remained anonymous. It is not clear whether these storytellers were a wholly separate, popular level class, or whether some of the bards practised storytelling as part of their repertoire. Little of this prose work has survived, but even so it provides the earliest British prose literature. These native Welsh tales and some hybrids with French/Norman influence form a collection known in modern times as the
1088:
surrounding his death, for example
Gruffydd ap yr Ynad Goch (translated from Welsh), "Cold is the heart under my breast for terror and sadness for the King," and he goes on: "Woe is me for my lord, a hero without reproach,/ Woe is me for the adversity, that he should have stumbled .... Mine it is to praise him, without break, with- out end,/ Mine it is to think of him for a long time,/ Mine it is to live out my lifetime sad because of him,/For mine is sorrow, mine is weeping."
1823:. The majority of the newcomers were English or Irish, and though some learned the Welsh language in order to integrate into their new communities, where immigration was very significant English displaced Welsh as the community language such that, whilst virtually the entire population was Welsh speaking at the start of the century (with the majority monoglot), by the end of the century only about half the population could speak Welsh.
2043:
1172:
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79:
2764:, p. 232: "Hundreds of poems like this were written by scores of poets during the second half of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth, to well-known airs, Highly finished poetry was no longer the possession of the upper class, but the entertainment of every class in society, and the commonest plebeian had his fill of the beauty of cynghanedd.".
1890:. Despite dying at 29 in 1805 and having a complete poetic legacy of fewer than thirty individual poems gained an almost cult-like popularity over the course of the century. These two traditions had been well established at the end of the eighteenth century; but the third tradition was that of the popular
1149:
Welsh literature in the Middle Ages also included a substantial body of laws, genealogies, religious and mythical texts, histories, medical and gnomic lore, and practical works, in addition to literature translated from other languages such as Latin, Breton or French. Besides prose and longer poetry,
1103:
The highest levels of the poetic art in Welsh are intensely intricate. The bards were extremely organised and professional, with a structured training which lasted many years. As a class, they proved very adaptable: when the princely dynasties ended in 1282, and Welsh principalities were annexed by
1121:
The professionalism of the poetic tradition was sustained by a guild of poets, or Order of bards, with its own "rule book". This "rule book" emphasised their professional status, and the making of poetry as a craft. An apprenticeship of nine years was required for a poet to be fully qualified. The
1931:
wrote poetry within more than one tradition. By the end of the century however the divide between the
Eisteddfod bards and popular poets had grown significant. It is noteworthy, for example, that popular poets such as Islwyn and Ceiriog experienced little success at the Eisteddfod, whilst many of
2186:
won the
Eisteddfod Crown in the same year as Gwynn won the chair); they were referred to contemporaneously in some sources as examples of "y Bardd Newydd" ("the new poet/bard"). Many of these were university-educated and Gwynn and Morris-Jones in particular made major contributions in academia.
1557:, exemplified by the Laws in Wales Acts, meant that there were fewer and fewer patrons willing or able to support the poets. But there were also internal reasons for the decline: the conservatism of the Guild of poets, or Order of bards, made it very difficult for it to adapt to the new world of
1087:
The society of the court poets came to a sudden end in 1282 following the killing of
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last of native Welsh princes. Llywelyn was slain in an ambush and his head was placed on the Tower of London "with an iron pole through it". The poets of the princes describe the grief
2139:
Whilst the nineteenth century had seen an explosion in the quantity of literature composed in Welsh, the first decade of the twentieth century saw the first generation of a more professional, artistically sophisticated kind of poet. Though better known at the time as a novelist,
2321:. Novelist and short story writer Kate Roberts had been active since the 1930s, but in the late 40s and 50s produced a remarkable stream of novels and stories, often depicting the lives of working-class women and with feminist themes, that earned her the moniker
1981:
had appeared earlier. By the middle of the 19th century novels were appearing frequently in periodicals and occasionally as volumes and by the end of the century hundreds had been published including love stories, historical novels and adventure novels.
1649:
began to appear. Salesbury was an ardent
Protestant and coupled his learning with the new religious ideas from the Continent; he translated the New Testament into Welsh and compiled an English-Welsh dictionary, among other works. On the other hand,
994:
The
Cynfeirdd is a modern term which is used to refer to the earliest poets that wrote in Welsh and Welsh poetry dating before 1100. These poets (beirdd) existed in the modern geographical definition of Wales in addition to the Old North
982:
The mediaeval period had three chronological stages of poetry: The earliest poets (Cynfeirdd), Poets of the
Princes, and the Poets of Nobility. Additionally, storytelling practices were continuous throughout the middle ages in Wales.
1591:
1802:
because so many of his "discoveries" were based on pure myth, he was also an inveterate collector of old manuscripts, and thereby performed a service without which Welsh literature would have been the poorer. Some of the Welsh
1632:
and he was also one of the officers responsible for administration of the
Dissolution of the Monasteries in the area. He was also a scholar who embraced the latest ideas relating to religion and learning: reform and
2198:
a few short weeks before being awarded the Chair at the 1917 Eisteddfod - also seemed to close the book on romanticism, with many of the movement's leading lights favouring a more modernist idiom after the war.
33:, which was extremely intricate in form from its earliest known examples, a tradition sustained today. Poetry was followed by the first British prose literature in the 11th century (such as that contained in the
1122:
rules also set out the payment a poet could expect for his work – these payments varied according to how long a poet had been in training and also the demand for poetry at particular times during the year.
3867:
1530:
The 16th and 17th centuries in Wales, as in the rest of Europe, were a period of great change. Politically, socially, and economically the foundations of modern Wales were laid at this time. In the
1019:. There is also anonymous poetry that survives from the period. The dominant themes or "modes" of the period are heroic elegies that celebrate and commemorate heroes of battle and military success.
2294:
As the twentieth century wore on, Welsh literature began to reflect the way the language was increasingly becoming a political symbol, with many of the leading literary figures also involved in
1772:
societies, and their correspondence is an important record of the time. The activities of the London
Welshmen helped ensure that Wales retained some kind of profile within Britain as a whole.
4922:
1819:
the 19th century was an enormously transformative century in Wales, with the population growing fivefold due to both natural growth and significant immigration, particularly into the
4819:
1874:
to disguise their identity in competitions, and often continued to use them when they became well known. These poets favoured the strict metres and traditional forms such as the
1846:
Welsh poetry of the nineteenth century can be broadly categorised into three overlapping traditions. The first of these was the continuing native bardic tradition as codified by
5092:
618:
1834:
and sermons, and many times more was published in Welsh over the course of the 19th century than had been published before 1800. However, twentieth century critics such as
1971:
The vitality of the Welsh language press meant the century was a golden are for Welsh prose in Welsh in terms of quantity, if not necessarily quality. The first original
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2434:
2249:
in many respects continued the tradition as codified by Daniel Owen. More radical examples in the genre had begun to emerge however by the 1930s such as
Saunders Lewis'
2389:
Meanwhile, in the 1970s Welsh poetry took on a new lease of life as poets sought to regain mastery over the traditional verse forms, partly to make a political point.
1517:
29:) has been produced continuously since the emergence of Welsh from Brythonic as a distinct language in around the 5th century AD. The earliest Welsh literature was
3662:
2408:
also pioneered scientific study of the earliest Welsh written literature, as well as the Welsh language itself, recovering the works of poets like Taliesin and
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2506:
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This period would prove to be short-lived, however, and the First World War - as well as literally killing one of the movement's brightest young talents in
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2511:
1442:
2317:
jailed for his part in protests; though a poet and a novelist as well as a significant critic and academic, his main literary legacy was in thr field of
2060:
1189:
958:
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After a relatively quiet period between 1950–1970, large numbers of Welsh-language novels began appearing from the 1980s onwards, with such authors as
3137:
1918:, widely known simply as Ceiriog. His simple, effecting lyrics, often describing rural and romantic scenes were enormously popular, and poems such as
912:
2017:(1891), among others. Owen's achievement went some way towards legitimising the Welsh-language novel and by the end of the century others such as
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to win the Chair at the time and reinvigorated the Eisteddfod tradition; Gwynn himself was one of the leading figures in a late flowering of
1662:
in 1567. A huge step forward for both the Welsh language and its literature was the publication, in 1588, of a full-scale translation of the
845:
41:
and its people. It continues to be held in the highest regard, as evidenced by the size and enthusiasm of the audiences attending the annual
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1708:, although English by birth, lived in Wales for most of her life, and was at the centre of a literary coterie comprising both sexes.
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1076:. Tradition states that Gruffydd ap Cynan helped to develop the tradition and regulation of poetry and music in Wales. The Arglwydd
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1826:
The increasing population and growing literacy however led to a huge increase in demand for literature in Welsh the form of books,
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1629:
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1637:. It is also known that he was a collector of manuscripts on various subjects, including the history and literature of Wales.
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gradually began to make their voices heard, overcoming the obstacle of the male-dominated bardic circle and its conventions.
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1952:
sought to both simplify and improve the quality of Eisteddfod poetry, which they perceived had become formulaic and stilted.
1550:
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and drew influences from folk song as well as the English Romantic poets. This tradition is exemplified by figures such as
1222:
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2325:("The Queen of our Literature") and established her as perhaps, to this day, the single best known prose writer in Welsh.
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and their competitive demands. The whose significant figures of this tradition in the first part of the century included
1546:. It became more and more difficult for poets to make their living — primarily for social reasons beyond their control.
1542:
From the middle of the 16th century onwards, a decline is seen in the praise tradition of the poets of the nobility, the
1534:
Wales was annexed and integrated fully into the English kingdom, losing any vestiges of political or legal independence.
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2291:(1946) were the first to match Daniel Owen for popularity, though his novels belong stylistically to an earlier period.
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1914:. The most popular of this school however, and the most popular Welsh poet of the nineteenth century, was undoubtedly
1883:
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was a Royalist and a Catholic. By now, women as well as men were writing, but little of their work can be identified.
1694:
1686:, wrote in both English and Welsh, recounting his spiritual experiences. Other notable writers of the period included
1356:
1204:
603:
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2283:, who was notable for describing the culture of the slate quarrying regions of North-West Wales. His novels, such as
2253:(1930), a novel about a woman obsessed with sexuality and which caused something of a scandal on its publication and
2230:
courted controversy for his frank (for the time) depictions of sexuality, including homosexuality, in poems such as
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The earliest extant poets wrote praise poems for rulers and lords of Welsh dynasties from Strathclyde to Cornwall.
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These three traditions were not exclusive, and particularly in the earlier part of the century many poets such as
1553:, which had become important sources of patronage for the poets, and the anglicisation of the nobility during the
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265:
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3252:
Johnson, Dale A. (2012). "In the Shadow of the Pulpit: Literature and Nonconformist Wales, by M. Wynn Thomas".
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1142:. The name became established in the 19th century but is based on a linguistic mistake (a more correct term is
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877:
149:
119:
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The most popular novelists of the first half of the century continued the realist tradition, however, such as
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to provide an academic education for Welshmen, and the commitment of certain individuals, both Protestant and
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Modernism caught on more slowly in prose, and the prominent early twentieth century novelists (most notably
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in the previous century, focused around the flourishing local (and, by the middle of the century, National)
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Most of the works published in the Welsh language for at least the next century were religious in nature.
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and the invention of many of the traditions which surround it today. Although Iolo is sometimes called a
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1574:) did not disappear, but came into the hands of ordinary poets who kept it alive through the centuries.
872:
820:
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2100:
1986:
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2332:, called the "Cadwgan Circle". Writing almost entirely in the Welsh language, the movement, formed by
1863:
1061:, which is the period from c. 1100 until the conquest of Wales by King Edward of England in 1282–83.
5034:
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4120:
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was reflected in both the subject matter of Welsh poetry as well as its form: Parry-Williams' sonnet
2203:
1702:
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1286:
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were of the view that the vast majority of the literature in Welsh was of extremely poor in quality
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are almost completely forgotten today. By the end of the century a new generation of poets such as
1915:
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poetry of the period between the Edwardian Conquest of 1282/3 and the death of Tudur Aled in 1526.
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in Welsh had begun appearing in periodicals by the 1820s, though translations of works such as
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In the 18th century the trend towards religious literature continued and grew even stronger as
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Huws Daniel National Library of Wales and Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic studies. 2022.
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A History of Welsh Literature, by Thomas Parry ... Translated from the Welsh by H. Idris Bell
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Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales and the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.
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1990:
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and one chronicler describes how an assembly where musicians and bards competed for chairs.
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859:
790:
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656:
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370:
224:
134:
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69:
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1977:
1933:
1651:
1608:
780:
753:
671:
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301:
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2001:, but the first novelist in the Welsh language to achieve genuine lasting popularity was
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37:). Welsh-language literature has repeatedly played a major part in the self-assertion of
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was an ardent Catholic, but in the same spirit of learning published an important Welsh
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60:
22:
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The seeds of Anglo-Welsh literature can also be detected, particularly in the work of
1064:
The poets of the princess is heavily associated with the princes of Gwynedd including
5076:
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4754:
4678:
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3281:
3190:
2486:
2405:
2375:
2341:
2261:, a semi-autobiographical novel describing the author's experiences in a prison as a
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described their own experiences of the war much as English language poets had done.
1598:, ensured that the Welsh language would be part of the new Renaissance in learning.
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1920:
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Despite the patriarchal nature of Welsh society in the period, some women such as
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influence and challenge disrupted Welsh cultures, and the language developed into
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3528:. Translated by Williams, J. E. Caerwyn. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
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2013:
1960:
1924:
became popular as songs, in which form they remain familiar to many today.
1899:
1799:
1780:
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452:
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53:
in Europe, which crowns the literary prize winners in a dignified ceremony.
78:
3237:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press on behalf of the Welsh Arts Council.
2378:
in Welsh prose writing, especially evident in the work of such authors as
1578:
and traditional metres are still used today by many Welsh-language poets.
2416:, such as the Reverend Edward Davies who believed the theme of Aneirin's
2258:
2223:
2191:
1807:
continued to patronise bards, but this practice was gradually dying out.
1765:
1725:
1634:
1364:
1158:, short lists usually of three items, apparently used as aids to memory.
1008:
432:
3514:
3494:
1985:
Noteworthy novelists of the middle part of the century century included
1104:
England, they found necessary patronage with the next social level, the
3016:, in Rouse, Robert; Echard, Sian; Fulton, Helen; Rector, Geoff (eds.),
2409:
2329:
2288:
2067: in this Section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1683:
1655:
1381:
1196: in this Section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1012:
716:
365:
281:
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2234:("Memory"), which won the crown at the 1924 Eisteddfod. Poets such as
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1972:
1831:
1804:
1776:
1775:
The activities of a number of individuals, including Thomas Jones of
1705:
1617:
1114:
785:
30:
1564:
However, the Welsh poetic tradition with its traditional metres and
3346:
3071:
Ellrodt, Robert (25 May 2000). "George Herbert and Henry Vaughan".
4192:
2328:
The 1940s also saw the creation of a notable writing group in the
2318:
2235:
2210:, they also effectively employed European forms in particular the
1894:
lyrics, ballads and songs. It can be seen emerging in the work of
1663:
1659:
1112:. The shift led creatively to innovation – the development of the
1027:
681:
539:
38:
4161:
3630:
1879:
1875:
1753:
1693:
During this period, poetry also began to take a religious turn.
355:
4165:
3644:
2150:, a poem which reconciled the European romantic traditions of
2036:
1165:
2202:
Though the first poets of this new modernist period, such as
1606:
In 1546 the first book to be printed in Welsh was published,
1752:, produced not only sermons and religious tracts, but also
3138:"'Yny Lhyvyr Hwnn (1546): The Earliest Welsh Printed Book"
2553:
A Repertory of Welsh Manuscripts and Scribes C.800-C.1800.
2279:. The most successful novelist of this period was perhaps
1042:
Poets of the Princes (Beirdd y Tywysogion), c. 1100 – 1300
3413:
Llyfryddiaeth Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg: Without special title
2951:"www.gwales.com - 9781848515420, Cyfres Clasuron: Monica"
3020:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–2,
1080:(Lord Rhys) is also associated with this development in
999:) and the language of the time was a common root called
3578:( ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1998.
1878:. Second was the continuing tradition of the Christian
3161:
Hallam, Tudur (2019). "The Legacy of Saunders Lewis".
2969:"Kate Roberts, 'Brenhines ein Llên'"
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2587:
2585:
1092:
Poets of Nobility (Beirdd yr Uchelwyr), c. 1300 – 1500
1015:
are among nine poets mentioned in the medieval book
5003:
4898:
4860:
4768:
4735:
4726:
4649:
4636:
4565:
4519:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4311:
4213:
3614:A.D. 1535 Anno vicesimo septimo Henrici VIII c. 26
3110:"The Poet as "Cyfarwydd" in Early Welsh Tradition"
3108:
3018:The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain
2749:
2374:. In the 1990s there was a distinct trend towards
2206:, continued to make use of native Welsh forms and
3235:The Cynfeirdd : early Welsh poets and poetry
3211:. London: Policy Studies Institute. p. 121.
2564:
2435:Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters
1768:were leading figures in the establishment of the
3167:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 507–528.
3131:– via ProQuest Periodicals Archive Online.
2397:were leaders in the field. Female poets such as
4177:
3656:
1511:
952:
8:
3576:The new companion to the literature of Wales
3499:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
3495:"The Further Crimes of Lady Charlotte Guest"
2507:Literature in the other languages of Britain
1327:
5093:History of literature in the United Kingdom
2512:Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain
4732:
4646:
4642:
4571:
4421:
4412:
4317:
4184:
4170:
4162:
3663:
3649:
3641:
3311:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia
2166:in Welsh poetry alongside figures such as
2144:won the Chair at the 1902 Eisteddfod with
1518:
1504:
1267:
959:
945:
55:
3595:The Cambridge history of Welsh literature
3434:"Welsh Poetic Forms and Metre- A History"
3205:Hutchison, Robert; Feist, Andrew (1991).
3164:The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature
3081:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117384.003.0008
2127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1886:and with its most prominent figure being
1256:Learn how and when to remove this message
3618:(in Latin). Parliament of England. 1535.
3102:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
2937:
2773:
2629:
2593:
2214:, of which Parry-Williams was a master.
1150:the literature includes the distinctive
3142:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
2821:
2809:
2797:
2544:
2412:from the uncritical fancies of various
1963:were able to make their mark as poets.
1270:
1118:metre, with looser forms of structure.
579:
191:
67:
3593:Evans, Geraint; Fulton, Helen (2019).
3432:Phillips, Rhea Seren (2 August 2017).
3410:Parry, Thomas; Morgan, Merfyn (1976).
3331:"The Court Poets of the Welsh Princes"
3293:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2845:
2785:
2605:
1712:Beginnings of Welsh writing in English
987:Early poets (Cynfeirdd), c. 550 – 1100
3533:Williams, John Ellis Caerwyn (1994).
2913:
2887:"The Life and Hymns of Ann Griffiths"
2857:
2833:
2761:
2737:
2725:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2653:
2641:
2617:
1561:learning and the growth of printing.
7:
3554:"Owen, Daniel (1836-1895), novelist"
2713:
2665:
2576:
2309:. Lewis, who had been brought up in
2222:("Return") is a bleak expression of
2065:adding citations to reliable sources
1194:adding citations to reliable sources
1098:Poets of the Nobility which includes
515:Catholic Church of England and Wales
3459:(in Welsh). Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.
3416:(in Welsh). Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.
3392:Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg Hyd 1900
2872:Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg hyd 1900
2420:was the massacre of the Britons at
2029:had achieved success in the genre.
1764:and others. The Morris brothers of
570:Disestablishment of Church in Wales
14:
3474:Tanner, Marcus (1 January 2004).
3266:10.2979/victorianstudies.55.1.135
1740:began to take hold in Wales. The
1620:. John Price (c. 1502–55) was an
1287:16th-century Renaissance humanism
5056:
4298:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
3012:Boyd, Matthieu (3 August 2017),
2041:
1794:, led to the institution of the
1645:Shortly afterwards the works of
1630:Council of Wales and the Marches
1628:. He served as Secretary of the
1443:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1170:
926:
175:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
77:
49:), probably the largest amateur
3389:Parry, Thomas (December 1964).
3026:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb647
2052:needs additional citations for
1181:needs additional citations for
3535:The Poets of the Welsh Princes
2997:. Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol.
2492:List of Welsh language authors
1551:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
4934:Non-Christian belief systems
3559:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
3537:. University of Wales Press.
3456:Cydymaith i lenyddiaeth Cymru
3395:. University of WALES PRESS.
2340:, included the Welsh writers
2158:. It was one of the shortest
1447:Folklore of the Low Countries
510:Christianity in Roman Britain
47:Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru
3616:(The Laws in Wales Act 1535)
3552:Williams, Katherine (1959).
3098:Evans, Daniel Simon (1970).
2497:List of Welsh language poets
1868:Ebenezer Thomas (Eben Fardd)
1796:National Eisteddfod of Wales
1641:Other humanists and scholars
1532:Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542
1126:Storytellers (Cyfarwyddiaid)
43:National Eisteddfod of Wales
3562:. National Library of Wales
3136:Grufydd, R Geraint (1969).
2522:Welsh literature in English
2455:Four Ancient Books of Wales
2076:"Welsh-language literature"
1884:William Williams Pantycelyn
1758:William Williams Pantycelyn
1658:while in enforced exile in
1357:English Renaissance theatre
1205:"Welsh-language literature"
5119:
5030:Prince of Wales's feathers
1302:16th century in literature
1292:Reformation-era propaganda
975:
913:Inventions and discoveries
629:Welsh historical documents
483:List of festivals in Wales
5083:Welsh-language literature
5052:
4645:
4574:
4320:
4200:
3678:
3478:. Yale University Press.
3314:. ABC-CLIO. p. 827.
3289:Johnston, Dafydd (1994).
3233:Jarman, A. O. H. (1981).
3173:10.1017/9781316227206.028
3100:A Grammar of Middle Welsh
2019:William Llewelyn Williams
1538:End of the guild of poets
1030:) were also mentioned in
978:Medieval Welsh literature
266:Traditional Welsh costume
19:Welsh-language literature
4604:Housing and construction
3493:White, Donna R. (1996).
3073:Seven Metaphysical Poets
2460:Black Book of Carmarthen
2194:, who was killed in the
1612:("In this book") by Sir
1602:First printed Welsh book
4988:1904–1905 Welsh revival
4983:Welsh Methodist revival
3522:Williams, Ifor (1987).
3453:Stephens, Meic (1986).
3329:Parry, John J. (1952).
3291:The literature of Wales
2994:Y Traddodiad Rhyddiaith
2991:Bowen, Geraint (1970).
2298:, perhaps most notably
2196:Battle of Passchendaele
2005:(1836-1895), author of
1932:those who did, such as
1742:Welsh Methodist revival
1162:16th and 17th centuries
1096:The next stage was the
1057:The next period is the
565:1904–1905 Welsh Revival
560:Welsh Methodist revival
3378:Parry, Thomas (1955).
3208:Amateur Arts in the UK
3107:Ford, Patrick (1975).
2973:Casgliad y Werin Cymru
2875:(Cardiff, 1944), p228.
2750:Laws in Wales Act 1535
2350:James Kitchener Davies
2263:conscientious objector
1830:, newspapers, poetry,
1720:and his contemporary,
1297:16th century in poetry
443:Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau
235:Welsh-medium education
26:
4993:Welsh Church Act 1914
4760:British Sign Language
3525:The Poems of Taliesin
3476:The Last of the Celts
3438:The Luxembourg Review
3308:Koch, John C (2006).
2565:Hutchison et al. 1991
2517:Welsh-language comics
2502:List of Welsh writers
2338:Käthe Bosse-Griffiths
1904:Ieuan Glan Geirionydd
1860:John Blackwell (Alun)
1817:Industrial Revolution
1588:Jesus College, Oxford
1046:In the 11th century,
1003:, a precursor to the
634:Welsh-language comics
4549:British Armed Forces
4389:Wales–England border
3631:Welsh Writers A to Z
3075:. pp. 127–141.
2927:Byd Gwynn', Barddas.
2482:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2323:"Brenhines ein llên"
2204:T. H. Parry-Williams
2061:improve this article
2033:20th century onwards
1582:Renaissance learning
1190:improve this article
1082:Cardigan, Ceredigion
1074:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1059:Poets of the Princes
846:World Heritage Sites
27:Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg
4708:Scheduled monuments
4684:Literature in Welsh
4584:Banking and finance
4362:Mountains and hills
4288:Statute of Rhuddlan
3672:European literature
2925:Llwyd, Alan, 2019.
2916:, pp. 341–352.
2848:, pp. 189–194.
2836:, pp. 260–288.
2692:, pp. 127–131.
2475:Red Book of Hergest
2380:Wiliam Owen Roberts
2354:Gareth Alban Davies
1999:Beriah Gwynfe Evans
1916:John Ceiriog Hughes
1821:South Wales Valleys
1744:, initially led by
883:Flag of Saint David
650:and performing arts
520:Celtic Christianity
438:Dydd Santes Dwynwen
165:Statute of Rhuddlan
4875:Healthcare service
4496:Secretary of State
4278:Edwardian conquest
4268:Medieval Welsh law
4253:Kingdom of Gwynedd
3501:. 16/17: 157–166.
3384:. Clarendon Press.
3054:A History of Wales
2445:Cornish literature
2313:, was a leader of
1815:Due mainly to the
1347:Metaphysical poets
1070:Llywelyn the Great
1017:Historia Brittonum
155:Edwardian conquest
145:Medieval Welsh law
130:Kingdom of Gwynedd
5088:Books about Wales
5070:
5069:
5048:
5047:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4632:
4631:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4486:Political parties
4402:
4401:
4293:Glyndŵr rebellion
4248:Early Middle Ages
4159:
4158:
3544:978-0-7083-1206-3
3485:978-0-300-11535-2
3466:978-0-7083-0915-5
3423:978-0-7083-0631-4
3402:978-0-7083-0291-0
3321:978-1-85109-440-0
3254:Victorian Studies
3182:978-1-107-10676-5
3090:978-0-19-811738-4
3063:978-0-14-028475-1
3056:. Penguin Books.
3035:978-1-118-39695-7
3004:978-1-909656-30-7
2440:Breton literature
2334:J. Gwyn Griffiths
2296:Welsh nationalism
2281:T. Rowland Hughes
2265:during the war.
2226:for example, and
2184:Trystan ac Esyllt
2176:John Morris Jones
2168:R. Williams Parry
2137:
2136:
2129:
2111:
1946:John Morris-Jones
1699:Katherine Philips
1647:William Salesbury
1624:and an important
1528:
1527:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1240:
1066:Gruffudd ap Cynan
969:
968:
550:William Salesbury
505:Religion in Wales
448:Saint David's Day
319:Matter of Britain
287:Historic counties
170:Glyndŵr rebellion
125:Early Middle Ages
5110:
5098:Welsh literature
5063:Wales portal
5061:
5060:
5059:
4733:
4647:
4643:
4572:
4539:Modern Welsh law
4454:Local government
4422:
4413:
4318:
4283:Late Middle Ages
4258:Kingdom of Powys
4243:Anglo-Welsh Wars
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4082:
4012:
3871:
3811:
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2549:
2465:Book of Taliesin
2450:Dafydd ap Gwilym
2404:The scholar Sir
2369:
2346:Rhydwen Williams
2277:Elena Puw Morgan
2180:R. Silyn Roberts
2147:Ymadawiad Arthur
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2069:
2045:
2037:
1991:Gwilym Hiraethog
1864:Dafydd Ddu Eryri
1520:
1513:
1506:
1436:Bohorič alphabet
1268:
1261:
1254:
1250:
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1174:
1166:
1130:There were also
1078:Rhys ap Gruffydd
961:
954:
947:
933:Wales portal
931:
930:
929:
662:Welsh folk music
473:Gŵyl San Steffan
376:Selsig Morgannwg
314:Arthurian legend
225:Welsh placenames
160:Late Middle Ages
135:Kingdom of Powys
120:Anglo-Welsh Wars
81:
72:
70:Culture of Wales
56:
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5109:
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4928:Presbyterianism
4886:
4856:
4788:Welsh Americans
4764:
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4628:
4614:Slate quarrying
4553:
4529:Counsel General
4515:
4398:
4367:Protected areas
4307:
4273:Norman invasion
4209:
4196:
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4146:Western Lombard
4116:Turkish Cypriot
4076:
4062:Scottish Gaelic
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2546:
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2536:
2527:Welsh mythology
2470:Book of Aneirin
2430:
2384:Mihangel Morgan
2363:
2302:and the writer/
2270:E. Tegla Davies
2255:Plasau'r Brenin
2247:Gwyneth Vaughan
2228:E. Prosser Rhys
2133:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2070:
2068:
2058:
2046:
2035:
1978:Robinson Crusoe
1969:
1844:
1813:
1734:
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1676:
1652:Gruffudd Robert
1643:
1609:Yny lhyvyr hwnn
1604:
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1282:
1274:-era literature
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878:National anthem
863:
862:
851:
850:
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770:
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672:Welsh stepdance
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386:Welsh breakfast
381:Tatws Pum Munud
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275:Land division (
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4444:First Minister
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4372:National parks
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4205:List of topics
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4195: articles
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3927:Northern Irish
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3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3816:Middle English
3813:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3625:External links
3623:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3604:978-1107106765
3603:
3590:
3584:
3572:
3549:
3543:
3530:
3519:
3490:
3484:
3471:
3465:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3375:
3347:10.2307/459824
3341:(4): 511–520.
3326:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3286:
3260:(1): 135–137.
3249:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3202:
3181:
3158:
3133:
3116:Studia Celtica
3104:
3095:
3089:
3068:
3062:
3046:
3034:
3009:
3003:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2960:
2955:www.gwales.com
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2885:Rhys, Robert.
2877:
2869:Thomas Parry,
2862:
2860:, p. 221.
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2788:, p. 250.
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2740:, p. 302.
2730:
2718:
2706:
2704:, p. 133.
2694:
2682:
2680:, p. 519.
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. xvi.
2646:
2644:, p. 512.
2634:
2622:
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2437:
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2429:
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2372:Angharad Tomos
2300:Saunders Lewis
2243:T. Gwynn Jones
2172:W. J. Gruffydd
2142:T. Gwynn Jones
2135:
2134:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2023:T. Gwynn Jones
1968:
1965:
1950:T. Gwynn Jones
1882:, indebted to
1870:: poets used
1852:Iolo Morgannwg
1843:
1840:
1812:
1809:
1788:man of letters
1756:and poetry by
1750:Daniel Rowland
1733:
1730:
1722:George Herbert
1713:
1710:
1688:Vavasor Powell
1675:
1672:
1668:William Morgan
1642:
1639:
1603:
1600:
1596:Roman Catholic
1583:
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1124:
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1090:
1043:
1040:
1005:Welsh language
988:
985:
976:Main article:
973:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
938:
937:
936:
935:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Welsh heraldry
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
858:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
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829:
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823:
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813:
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783:
778:
772:
766:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
751:
746:
740:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
722:Welsh bagpipes
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
646:
645:
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637:
636:
631:
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621:
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611:
606:
601:
595:
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:William Morgan
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
495:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
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470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
411:Food festivals
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
310:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
284:
279:
273:
268:
262:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
232:
230:Welsh surnames
227:
222:
217:
207:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
189:
188:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
96:
95:
94:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5115:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5065:
5064:
5051:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5023:national flag
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
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4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Welsh English
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Gorsedd Cymru
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Police forces
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Republicanism
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
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4452:
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4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
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4409:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
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4360:
4358:
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4353:
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4348:
4345:
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4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
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4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
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4279:
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4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
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4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
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4236:
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4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
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3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3810:(Anglo-Saxon)
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Crimean Tatar
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3636:Welsh Writers
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3585:0-7083-1383-3
3581:
3577:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3300:0-7083-1265-9
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3244:0-7083-0813-9
3240:
3236:
3231:
3220:
3218:9780853745334
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:Williams 1959
2934:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:Phillips 2017
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:, p. ix.
2631:
2630:Williams 1987
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:Williams 1994
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Iolo Morganwg
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:Ifor Williams
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:postmodernism
2373:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Pennar Davies
2339:
2336:and his wife
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:William Jones
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078: –
2077:
2073:
2072:Find sources:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2050:This Section
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:Elis o'r Nant
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:Ann Griffiths
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Ann Griffiths
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Iolo Morganwg
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:Ann Griffiths
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Howell Harris
1743:
1739:
1738:Nonconformism
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:Henry Vaughan
1711:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:civil servant
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:(patterns of
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1516:
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1396:
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1326:
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1311:
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1260:
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1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207: –
1206:
1202:
1201:Find sources:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1179:This Section
1177:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:cyfarwyddiaid
1125:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:landed gentry
1107:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
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1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Yr Hen Ogledd
992:
986:
984:
979:
971:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
924:
923:
922:
921:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
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879:
876:
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869:
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843:
835:
834:
827:
824:
822:
819:
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814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
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799:
797:
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792:
789:
787:
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779:
777:
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773:
769:
763:
762:
755:
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747:
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731:
730:
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718:
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541:
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531:
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434:
431:
430:
426:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Welsh rarebit
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Gower cuisine
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
303:
297:
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288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
241:Welsh English
239:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
215:Y Fro Gymraeg
212:
209:
208:
204:
198:
197:
194:
190:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
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148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
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128:
126:
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118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
52:
51:arts festival
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
5054:
5040:Welsh Dragon
4908:Christianity
4728:Demographics
4686: /
4683:
4511:Wales Office
4476:Local rulers
4325:Biodiversity
4228:Bibliography
4138:
3808:Old English
3693:Anglo-Norman
3613:
3594:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3557:
3534:
3524:
3498:
3475:
3455:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3430:
3412:
3391:
3380:
3338:
3334:
3310:
3290:
3257:
3253:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3207:
3194:. Retrieved
3163:
3150:. Retrieved
3145:
3141:
3120:
3114:
3099:
3072:
3053:
3050:Davies, John
3039:, retrieved
3017:
2993:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2899:10 September
2897:. Retrieved
2894:Heath Church
2893:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2829:
2822:Johnson 2012
2817:
2810:Ellrodt 2000
2805:
2798:Grufydd 1969
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2620:, p. 1.
2613:
2601:
2572:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2532:Welsh Triads
2417:
2414:antiquarians
2403:
2388:
2358:
2327:
2322:
2307:Kate Roberts
2293:
2273:Kate Roberts
2267:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2159:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2117:October 2022
2114:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2071:
2059:Please help
2054:verification
2051:
2027:Winnie Parry
2012:
2006:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1926:
1921:Ar Hyd y Nos
1919:
1872:bardic names
1856:Eisteddfodau
1848:Goronwy Owen
1845:
1836:Thomas Parry
1825:
1814:
1811:19th century
1774:
1770:London Welsh
1735:
1732:18th century
1715:
1695:William Pugh
1692:
1680:Morgan Llwyd
1677:
1644:
1607:
1605:
1585:
1575:
1572:alliteration
1565:
1563:
1555:Tudor period
1548:
1543:
1541:
1529:
1457:Scandinavian
1441:
1351:
1252:
1246:October 2022
1243:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1200:
1188:Please help
1183:verification
1180:
1156:Welsh Triads
1151:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:Middle Welsh
1045:
1023:
1021:
1007:. The bards
993:
990:
981:
903:Celtic cross
893:Welsh Dragon
873:Coat of arms
821:Rugby League
806:Horse Racing
687:Cymanfa Ganu
598:
468:Gŵyl Mabsant
401:Welsh dishes
246:Welsh Romani
105:Bibliography
46:
18:
17:
15:
5035:Royal Badge
4978:Saint David
4918:Catholicism
4913:Anglicanism
4589:Coal mining
4579:Agriculture
4481:Nationalism
4077: [
4011:(Provençal)
3999:Montenegrin
3866: [
3014:"Cynfeirdd"
2846:Tanner 2004
2786:Davies 2007
2606:Jarman 1981
2399:Menna Elfyn
2364: [
2361:Aled Islwyn
2315:Plaid Cymru
2287:(1942) and
2164:Romanticism
2152:King Arthur
2011:(1885) and
2003:Daniel Owen
1995:Llew Llwyfo
1828:periodicals
1674:Other works
1559:Renaissance
1399:Continental
1338:Anglo-Irish
1320:Elizabethan
1272:Reformation
972:Middle Ages
908:Celtic knot
888:Other flags
826:Rugby Union
712:Triple harp
697:Noson Lawen
667:Welsh dance
545:Welsh Bible
530:Saint David
525:Celtic Rite
463:Calan Gaeaf
406:Restaurants
361:Cawl Cennin
5077:Categories
4870:Healthcare
4830:Scientists
4793:Architects
4688:in English
4674:Eisteddfod
4449:Government
4434:Devolution
4417:Government
4394:Waterfalls
4263:Deheubarth
4233:Prehistory
4134:in English
4032:Portuguese
3979:Macedonian
3974:Luxembourg
3969:Lithuanian
3728:Belarusian
3566:2 December
3196:10 October
3152:10 October
3129:1297884980
2914:Parry 1955
2858:Parry 1955
2834:Parry 1955
2762:Parry 1955
2738:Parry 1955
2726:White 1996
2702:Parry 1955
2690:Parry 1955
2678:Parry 1952
2654:Evans 1970
2642:Parry 1952
2618:Parry 1955
2539:References
2422:Stonehenge
2391:Alan Llwyd
2257:(1934) by
2208:cynghanedd
2156:Mabinogion
2087:newspapers
2008:Rhys Lewis
1929:Eben Fardd
1784:stonemason
1622:aristocrat
1614:John Price
1576:Cynghanedd
1567:cynghanedd
1216:newspapers
1140:Mabinogion
749:Television
692:Cynghanedd
677:Cerdd Dant
604:in English
591:Literature
478:Eisteddfod
458:Calan Awst
391:Welsh cake
351:Bara Lafwr
346:Bara brith
324:Mabinogion
259:Traditions
140:Deheubarth
110:Prehistory
35:Mabinogion
4923:Mormonism
4815:Musicians
4810:Inventors
4745:Languages
4737:Languages
4669:Education
4624:Transport
4594:Companies
4439:Elections
4313:Geography
4238:Roman Era
4121:Ukrainian
4047:Sardinian
4017:Old Norse
4004:Norwegian
3949:Kashubian
3917:Icelandic
3912:Hungarian
3753:Bulgarian
3708:Aromanian
3698:Aragonese
3507:1545-0155
3443:8 October
3371:163613768
3355:0030-8129
3282:144216028
3274:0042-5222
3224:3 October
3191:242196364
3148:: 105–116
3041:7 October
2714:Ford 1975
2666:Koch 2006
2577:Boyd 2017
2395:Dic Jones
2311:Liverpool
2304:publisher
2220:Dychwelyd
2216:Modernism
2154:with the
2014:Enoc Huws
1961:Cranogwen
1900:Talhaiarn
1800:charlatan
1781:Glamorgan
1726:Royalists
1544:cywyddwyr
1489:Icelandic
1474:Norwegian
1136:cyfarwydd
1036:Welsh law
1032:Hywel Dda
1001:Brittonic
839:Monuments
535:Dubricius
453:Calan Mai
425:Festivals
302:Mythology
271:Welsh law
203:Languages
115:Roman Era
4974:History
4948:Hinduism
4943:Buddhism
4900:Religion
4845:in Welsh
4599:Forestry
4506:Unionism
4426:Politics
4408:Politics
4303:Colonies
4223:Timeline
4139:in Welsh
4126:Venetian
4074:Silesian
4052:Scottish
4037:Romanian
4022:Ossetian
4009:Occitan
3994:Moldovan
3939:Jèrriais
3900:medieval
3880:Georgian
3875:Galician
3853:Friulian
3823:Estonian
3778:Croatian
3718:Austrian
3713:Asturian
3703:Armenian
3688:Albanian
3515:20557319
3125:ProQuest
3052:(2007).
2428:See also
2424:in 472.
2418:Gododdin
2259:Gwenallt
2224:nihilism
2192:Hedd Wyn
1908:Mynyddog
1892:Romantic
1779:and the
1766:Anglesey
1703:Cardigan
1635:humanism
1586:By 1571
1431:Romanian
1370:Morality
1365:Pastoral
1333:Scottish
1281:Overview
1144:Mabinogi
1106:uchelwyr
1009:Taliesin
796:Football
609:Medieval
599:in Welsh
497:Religion
433:Calennig
306:folklore
180:Colonies
100:Timeline
61:a series
59:Part of
5005:Symbols
4968:Sikhism
4963:Druidry
4958:Judaism
4938:Bahá'ís
4840:Writers
4825:Royalty
4798:Artists
4718:Theatre
4703:Museums
4664:Castles
4651:Culture
4638:Society
4619:Tourism
4567:Economy
4459:History
4352:Islands
4347:Geology
4342:Climate
4215:History
4151:Yiddish
4111:Turkish
4101:Swedish
4096:Spanish
4091:Slovene
4069:Serbian
4042:Russian
3984:Maltese
3964:Latvian
3954:Kosovar
3934:Italian
3895:ancient
3848:Frisian
3838:Flemish
3833:Finnish
3828:Faroese
3803:English
3783:Cypriot
3768:Cornish
3763:Chuvash
3758:Catalan
3748:British
3738:Bosnian
3733:Belgian
3123:: 152.
2984:Sources
2410:Aneirin
2330:Rhondda
2289:Chwalfa
2182:(whose
2101:scholar
1832:ballads
1724:, both
1684:Puritan
1656:grammar
1592:founded
1484:Finnish
1479:Swedish
1469:Faroese
1426:Sorbian
1387:Revenge
1382:Tragedy
1375:History
1314:British
1230:scholar
1152:Trioedd
1134:(sing.
1013:Aneirin
860:Symbols
816:Pêl-Law
811:Pel-Fas
791:Cricket
717:Twmpath
707:Tabwrdd
702:Pibgorn
657:Theatre
624:Theatre
614:Authors
366:Crempog
338:Cuisine
282:Cantref
277:Commote
220:History
90:History
5013:Anthem
4880:Boards
4862:Health
4783:Actors
4770:People
4713:Sports
4534:Courts
4501:Senedd
4469:Mayors
4464:Cities
4384:Rivers
4130:Welsh
4086:Slovak
4027:Polish
3944:Kazakh
3905:modern
3885:German
3863:Gagauz
3858:Gaelic
3843:French
3793:Danish
3743:Breton
3723:Basque
3683:Abkhaz
3601:
3582:
3541:
3513:
3505:
3482:
3463:
3420:
3399:
3369:
3363:459824
3361:
3353:
3318:
3297:
3280:
3272:
3241:
3215:
3189:
3179:
3127:
3087:
3060:
3032:
3001:
2251:Monica
2212:sonnet
2160:awdlau
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
1938:Pedrog
1912:Islwyn
1842:Poetry
1805:gentry
1777:Corwen
1706:Priory
1618:Brecon
1590:, was
1464:Danish
1421:Slovak
1411:German
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1115:cywydd
1048:Norman
1024:beirdd
786:Cnapan
781:Boxing
754:Cinema
193:People
63:on the
31:poetry
5018:Flags
4953:Islam
4850:Women
4835:Women
4820:Poets
4803:Women
4750:Welsh
4698:Music
4693:Media
4377:AONBs
4357:Lakes
4335:Flora
4330:Fauna
4193:Wales
4106:Swiss
4081:]
4057:Scots
3959:Latin
3922:Irish
3890:Greek
3870:]
3798:Dutch
3788:Czech
3511:JSTOR
3367:S2CID
3359:JSTOR
3278:S2CID
3187:S2CID
2890:(PDF)
2368:]
2319:drama
2236:Cynan
2232:Atgof
2108:JSTOR
2094:books
1973:novel
1967:Prose
1942:Tudno
1754:hymns
1664:Bible
1660:Milan
1416:Swiss
1406:Czech
1328:Welsh
1237:JSTOR
1223:books
1108:, or
1028:bards
776:Bando
768:Sport
744:Radio
736:Media
682:Crwth
648:Music
619:Poets
540:Teilo
211:Welsh
39:Wales
23:Welsh
4774:list
3989:Manx
3599:ISBN
3580:ISBN
3568:2021
3539:ISBN
3503:ISSN
3480:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3445:2022
3418:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3351:ISSN
3335:PMLA
3316:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3270:ISSN
3239:ISBN
3226:2016
3213:ISBN
3198:2022
3177:ISBN
3154:2022
3146:XXII
3085:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3043:2022
3030:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2901:2024
2393:and
2382:and
2370:and
2352:and
2275:and
2245:and
2178:and
2080:news
2025:and
1997:and
1959:and
1948:and
1940:and
1910:and
1898:and
1896:Alun
1880:hymn
1876:awdl
1866:and
1850:and
1786:and
1748:and
1682:, a
1549:The
1209:news
1072:and
1022:The
1011:and
868:Flag
801:Golf
356:Cawl
304:and
4659:Art
4521:Law
3343:doi
3262:doi
3169:doi
3077:doi
3022:doi
2063:by
1934:Job
1790:,
1701:of
1666:by
1616:of
1192:by
1146:).
1054:.
1034:'s
581:Art
5079::
4079:cs
3868:ru
3597:.
3556:.
3509:.
3497:.
3436:.
3365:.
3357:.
3349:.
3339:67
3337:.
3333:.
3276:.
3268:.
3258:55
3256:.
3185:.
3175:.
3144:.
3140:.
3121:10
3119:.
3113:.
3083:.
3028:,
2971:.
2953:.
2892:.
2584:^
2386:.
2366:cy
2356:.
2348:,
2344:,
2174:,
2170:,
2021:,
1993:,
1989:,
1936:,
1906:,
1862:,
1760:,
1728:.
1690:.
1670:.
1154:,
1068:,
1038:.
25::
4776:)
4772:(
4185:e
4178:t
4171:v
3664:e
3657:t
3650:v
3607:.
3588:.
3570:.
3547:.
3517:.
3488:.
3469:.
3447:.
3426:.
3405:.
3373:.
3345::
3324:.
3303:.
3284:.
3264::
3247:.
3228:.
3200:.
3171::
3156:.
3093:.
3079::
3066:.
3024::
3007:.
2975:.
2957:.
2940:.
2903:.
2824:.
2812:.
2800:.
2776:.
2752:.
2728:.
2716:.
2668:.
2608:.
2596:.
2579:.
2567:.
2130:)
2124:(
2119:)
2115:(
2105:·
2098:·
2091:·
2084:·
2057:.
1519:e
1512:t
1505:v
1259:)
1253:(
1248:)
1244:(
1234:·
1227:·
1220:·
1213:·
1186:.
1026:(
995:(
960:e
953:t
946:v
289:)
237:)
213:(
45:(
21:(
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