2617:
1864:
1896:
1876:
1908:
253:
3855:
1648:
799:
2631:"Anglo-Welsh literature" and "Welsh writing in English" are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers. It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century. The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern
3896:
2642:
discovered sixty-nine Welsh men and women who wrote in
English prior to the twentieth century, Dafydd Johnston believes it is "debatable whether such writers belong to a recognisable Anglo-Welsh literature, as opposed to English literature in general". Well into the 19th century English was spoken by
2517:
In a study conducted by
Margaret Deuchar in 2005 on Welsh-English code-switching, 90 per cent of tested sentences were found to be congruent with the Matrix Language Format, or MLF, classifying Welsh English as a classic case of code-switching. This case is identifiable as the matrix language was
2509:
Welsh and
English share congruence, meaning that there is enough overlap in their structure to make them compatible for code-switching. In studies of Welsh English code-switching, Welsh frequently acts as the matrix language with English words or phrases mixed in. A typical example of this usage
2505:
Welsh code-switchers fall typically into one of three categories: the first category is people whose first language is Welsh and are not the most comfortable with
English, the second is the inverse, English as a first language and a lack of confidence with Welsh, and the third consists of people
2561:, claims that the continuing dominance of English in Wales is little different from its spread elsewhere in the world. The decline in the use of the Welsh language is also associated with the preference in the communities for English to be used in schools and to discourage everyday use of the
2577:
While other
British English accents from England have affected the accents of English in Wales, especially in the east of the country, influence has moved in both directions. Accents in north-east Wales and parts of the North Wales coastline have been influenced by accents in
3945:
270:
1928:, words like ask, bath, laugh, master and rather are usually pronounced with PALM while words like answer, castle, dance and nasty are normally pronounced with TRAP. On the other hand, the split may be completely absent in other varieties like
2518:
identifiable, the majority of clauses in a sentence that uses code-switching must be identifiable and distinct, and the sentence takes the structure of the matrix language in respect to things such as subject verb order and modifiers.
271:
262:
362:
1338:
5129:
684:
1817:
658:
746:
Accents and dialects in the west of Wales have been more heavily influenced by the Welsh language while dialects in the east have been influenced more by dialects in
2158:
4049:
5224:
4197:
1678:
2400:
respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh
English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the
1632:
272:
326:
677:
2643:
relatively few in Wales, and prior to the early 20th century there are only three major Welsh-born writers who wrote in the
English language:
5274:
5059:
3886:
3757:
3717:
2357:
1565:
589:
5294:
4367:
4252:
3990: – Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
2780:
2616:
2579:
2318:
2150:
1234:
4775:
4017:
4880:
3848:
3802:
3056:
1810:
1144:
3421:
2479:
is among "the most over-worked
Wenglish words". It carries a number of meanings include - great or excellent, or a large quantity. A
3780:
3737:
3431:
3382:
3337:
3300:
3266:
3232:
3193:
3159:
3102:
3066:
3032:
2971:
1784:
1274:
670:
2527:
4679:
4042:
3852:
899:
894:
2598:(colloquial) accents have both had extensive Anglo-Welsh input through migration, although in the former case, the influence of
2460:
There is no standard variety of
English that is specific to Wales, but such features are readily recognised by Anglophones from
4927:
4723:
2878:
2461:
1719:
1130:
387:
222:
5244:
4684:
4190:
4117:
3505:
2535:
1671:
1333:
844:
4008:
3999:
3290:
5284:
4977:
4939:
3372:
2850:
939:
879:
874:
824:
5340:
5279:
4932:
4752:
4569:
4390:
3374:
Approaches to the Study of Sound
Structure and Speech: Interdisciplinary Work in Honour of Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk
2724:
2546:
2233:
2022:
1940:
1125:
419:
367:
1284:
5335:
4655:
4645:
4243:
4210:
4206:
4035:
3470:
2775:
2611:
1323:
747:
641:
484:
3650:
3022:
5239:
4954:
4812:
4223:
2334:
1944:
1803:
1715:
1348:
1202:
1006:
347:
5219:
4745:
4703:
4674:
4606:
4574:
4183:
3256:
2961:
2632:
2326:
2229:
1664:
1328:
1318:
1162:
985:
819:
3149:
5330:
4944:
4898:
4797:
4770:
4735:
4630:
4501:
1597:
869:
839:
489:
232:
3222:
2715:
A rival claim for the first Welsh writer to use English creatively is made for the diplomat, soldier and poet
5156:
4989:
4807:
4782:
3377:. Magdalena Wrembel, Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak and Piotr Gąsiorowski. 21 October 2019. pp. 1–398.
3183:
2059:
1966:
1279:
96:
86:
76:
3327:
723:
and often include words derived from Welsh. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, a variety of
5325:
5071:
5049:
4853:
4550:
4519:
4397:
2671:
2621:
2409:
regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the
2305:
2298:
2276:
2268:
2257:
2249:
2193:
2189:
2184:
is mostly non-rhotic like other varieties of Welsh English, some speakers may supplant the front vowel of
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1947:
1888:
1884:
1863:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1813:
1806:
1791:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1747:
1711:
954:
834:
614:
599:
321:
3839:, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393,
3524:
Deuchar, Margaret (1 November 2006). "Welsh-English code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame model".
5269:
5189:
5054:
4949:
4662:
4596:
4350:
4340:
4335:
4159:
4153:
2583:
2542:
2154:
1958:
1739:
1592:
1540:
1525:
1353:
965:
755:
609:
5262:
3969:
1895:
1875:
4175:
2538:, which closed down many centres of Welsh education, led to decline in the use of the Welsh language.
1846:. The uncertainty over which vowel to use often leads to 'hypercorrections' involving the schwa, e.g.
4691:
4584:
4524:
4402:
4375:
4292:
2587:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2173:
2020:
1545:
1421:
1167:
1120:
889:
751:
156:
91:
1907:
5289:
5119:
5111:
5009:
4972:
4858:
4843:
4718:
4708:
4635:
4474:
4137:
3002:
2770:
2410:
2181:
1962:
1735:
1607:
1602:
1468:
1310:
1239:
1157:
884:
736:
569:
464:
439:
434:
429:
352:
3877:, in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),
3607:
Deuchar, Margaret; Davies, Peredur (2009). "Code switching and the future of the Welsh language".
5179:
5146:
5081:
5064:
4919:
4740:
4287:
4277:
4058:
3937:
3620:
3589:
2635:; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles.
2051:
in RP, other than being rendered as a monophthong, like described above, is often pronounced as .
1426:
922:
849:
758:
dialects while in north east Wales and parts of the North Wales coast, it has been influenced by
634:
619:
584:
424:
331:
81:
5184:
5169:
5141:
5101:
4893:
4875:
4830:
4579:
4355:
4319:
3929:
3882:
3821:
3798:
3776:
3753:
3733:
3713:
3581:
3541:
3501:
3457:
3427:
3378:
3333:
3296:
3262:
3228:
3189:
3155:
3062:
3028:
2967:
2689:
1515:
1269:
1224:
1216:
1095:
1038:
1025:
829:
604:
579:
544:
494:
474:
449:
414:
409:
383:
5304:
5257:
5209:
5136:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5019:
4865:
4838:
4696:
4616:
4561:
4459:
4441:
4428:
4265:
4260:
4122:
3919:
3911:
3840:
3612:
3573:
3533:
2913:
2820:
2816:
2760:
2146:
1929:
1821:
1579:
1510:
1381:
1376:
1343:
1090:
944:
854:
809:
789:
766:
724:
594:
574:
564:
539:
534:
524:
509:
504:
469:
444:
404:
307:
181:
106:
101:
5174:
5076:
5014:
4984:
4967:
4792:
4667:
4488:
4464:
4436:
4407:
4380:
4345:
4232:
4127:
4012:
3811:
2811:
2806:
2755:
2743:
2734:
2679:
2664:
2648:
2639:
2599:
2595:
2207:
1925:
1921:
1795:
1500:
1473:
1391:
1289:
1100:
1021:
732:
624:
554:
519:
499:
479:
454:
111:
68:
1187:
1924:
is variable in Welsh English, especially among social status. In some varieties such as
5249:
5164:
5124:
5024:
4848:
4601:
4506:
4496:
4412:
4214:
4066:
3791:
3292:
Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance
2791:
2785:
2656:
2644:
2562:
2494:
2450:
2363:
2287:
2166:
2162:
1761:
1617:
1535:
1530:
1487:
1463:
1455:
1441:
1367:
1192:
1105:
949:
930:
864:
780:
717:
701:
529:
514:
459:
357:
170:
151:
39:
20:
2541:
The decline of Welsh and the ascendancy of English was intensified further during the
5319:
5299:
5214:
4870:
4787:
4728:
4640:
4591:
4469:
4164:
4132:
3941:
3832:
3766:
3624:
3593:
2801:
2765:
2729:
2716:
2652:
2554:
2176:, however variable rhoticity can be found in accents influenced by Welsh, especially
2142:
2037:
Fronting diphthongs tend to resemble Received Pronunciation, apart from the vowel of
1587:
1520:
1495:
1229:
1177:
1115:
1057:
934:
4002: : D Parry-Jones, National Library of Wales journal 1974 Winter, volume XVIII/4
2545:, when many Welsh speakers moved to England to find work and the recently developed
4802:
4650:
4529:
4099:
2826:
2739:
2401:
2309:
2100:
1652:
1622:
1612:
1406:
1300:
912:
713:
549:
177:
3564:
Deuchar, Margaret (December 2005). "Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching".
4005:
3973:
3874:
3815:
3770:
3747:
3727:
3705:
3537:
269:
2531:
2203:
2177:
1996:
1627:
1431:
1386:
1264:
1249:
1244:
1182:
1033:
728:
146:
2506:
whose first language could be either and display competence in both languages.
4713:
4080:
3966:
A Grammar and Glossary of the Conservative Anglo-Welsh Dialects of Rural Wales
3915:
3577:
2722:
The influence of Welsh English can be seen in the 1915 short story collection
2375:
2218:
2211:
2199:
1416:
1411:
1396:
1197:
1110:
1070:
1065:
1043:
859:
740:
291:
279:
3933:
3844:
3825:
3585:
3545:
2067:
Welsh English is one of few dialects where the Late Middle English diphthong
4270:
4092:
2873:
2871:
2660:
2625:
2566:
1985:
1731:
1254:
1172:
1080:
990:
207:
195:
2844:
2842:
2670:
Welsh writing in English might be said to begin with the 15th-century bard
798:
3616:
2917:
2534:
having promoted the dominance of English in Wales; this, coupled with the
1802:. It is sometimes manifested in border areas of north and mid Wales as an
4297:
2558:
2550:
1152:
240:
228:
3996: : John Edwards, Author of books and CDs on the subject "Wenglish".
1867:
Monophthongs of Welsh English as they are pronounced in Abercrave, from
5234:
5229:
5039:
4385:
4312:
4307:
4086:
4074:
1723:
1436:
1085:
1001:
996:
720:
709:
559:
236:
3924:
3289:
Peter Garrett; Nikolas Coupland; Angie Williams, eds. (15 July 2003).
2315:
The consonants are generally the same as RP but Welsh consonants like
1899:
Diphthongs of Welsh English as they are pronounced in Abercrave, from
1879:
Monophthongs of Welsh English as they are pronounced in Cardiff, from
4302:
4282:
4027:
2591:
2283:
1825:
1505:
759:
1911:
Diphthongs of Welsh English as they are pronounced in Cardiff, from
2526:
The presence of English in Wales intensified on the passing of the
3987:
2615:
1906:
1894:
1874:
1862:
1832:
1776:
1401:
1259:
49:
3772:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Second Edition
2746:
whose gritty realist pieces are mostly written in Welsh English.
2582:, accents in the mid-east have been influenced by accents in the
4022:
3329:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
3258:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
3224:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
3185:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
3151:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
3058:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
2963:
English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books
2684:
1075:
4179:
4031:
2485:
is a wash that includes, at the least, the hands and the face.
19:"Saesneg" redirects here. For the language called "Welsh", see
2797:
Other English dialects heavily influenced by Celtic languages
2308:
is frequently strongly velarised . In much of the south-east,
2072:
3897:"Age and Accent - Changes in a Southern Welsh English Accent"
3729:
Dialect in Use: Sociolinguistic Variation in Cardiff English
2232:/z/, some first-language Welsh speakers replace it with the
1953:
In broader varieties, particularly in Cardiff, the vowel of
251:
3500:. Bridgend, Wales, UK: D Brown & Sons Ltd. p. 39.
2682:
in England in about 1470 and uses a Welsh poetic form, the
3993:
3024:
A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM. - Google Books
2586:
while accents in south-east Wales have been influenced by
239:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
4023:
David Jandrell: Introducing The Welsh Valleys Phrasebook
750:. In the east and south east, it has been influenced by
1828:
accents, and to a lesser extent in south Pembrokeshire.
3968:, The National Centre for English Cultural Tradition:
3670:
3668:
2282:
In the north-east, under influence of such accents as
2260:, especially in north-west, west and south-west Wales.
1984:
as . An example that illustrates this tendency is the
4000:
Some thoughts and notes on the English of south Wales
3879:
A handbook of varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology
3708:, in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),
2906:
English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English
2480:
2474:
2465:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2367:
1883:, pp. 93–95. Depending on the speaker, the long
3426:. Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton. 10 December 2008.
1972:
Most other long monophthongs are similar to that of
5202:
5155:
5110:
5090:
5002:
4918:
4911:
4829:
4761:
4615:
4560:
4549:
4542:
4487:
4450:
4427:
4366:
4328:
4251:
4242:
4231:
4222:
4146:
4108:
4065:
205:
193:
188:
167:
139:
65:
55:
45:
35:
30:
3790:
3609:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
2904:Lambert, James (2018). "A multitude of "lishes"".
2493:As Wales has become increasingly more anglicised,
3749:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
3746:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990),
3710:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
3326:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3255:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3221:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3182:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3148:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3055:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
3021:Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (2004).
2960:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a).
2732:, which uses it in dialogue (but not narrative);
2131:, which most other English varieties do not have.
2569:in some schools in the 18th and 19th centuries.
2470:which is a translation of a Welsh language tag.
278:An example of a male with a South Wales accent (
3712:, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129,
1794:is usually pronounced and is encountered as a
716:. The dialects are significantly influenced by
3123:
1912:
1900:
1880:
1868:
4191:
4043:
2553:industries came to be manned by Anglophones.
2099:are not homophones in Welsh English. As such
1672:
678:
8:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2879:"Secret behind our Welsh accents discovered"
2202:is common in many Welsh accents, especially
2103:never occurs: distinctions are made between
3027:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG.
2851:"Revealed: the wide range of Welsh accents"
2263:In northern varieties influenced by Welsh,
727:are found across Wales, including those of
5225:Comparison of American and British English
5094:
4915:
4623:
4557:
4546:
4248:
4239:
4228:
4198:
4184:
4176:
4050:
4036:
4028:
3321:
3319:
3216:
3214:
3212:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2464:as being from Wales, including the phrase
2221:between vowels is often encountered, e.g.
2078:, remaining as a falling diphthong . Thus
1679:
1665:
775:
685:
671:
298:
27:
3923:
3817:An introduction to Anglo-Welsh literature
3793:A Pocket Guide to the Literature of Wales
3295:. University of Wales Press. p. 73.
2161:like in most accents in England while an
3686:
3359:
2942:
2522:History of the English language in Wales
2339:) are encountered in loan words such as
2165:may also be used under the influence of
1980:are sometimes pronounced as and the RP
3674:
3637:
3408:
2838:
2141:Most Welsh accents pronounce /r/ as an
1887:may be of the same height as the short
1299:
911:
787:
650:
396:
375:
339:
313:
306:
233:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3881:, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112,
3797:, Cardiff: University of Wales Press,
2514:, which translates to "I love soaps".
2457:) is used to mean "friend" or "mate".
1820:in parts of North Wales influenced by
289:
4006:Samples of Welsh Dialect(s)/Accent(s)
3559:
3557:
3555:
3519:
3517:
3453:
3135:
3088:
2998:
2930:
2565:in them, including by the use of the
2497:has become increasingly more common.
2358:List of English words of Welsh origin
1730:is pronounced with a long vowel . In
659:Teaching English as a second language
7:
5295:Non-native pronunciations of English
3566:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
2781:Regional accents of English speakers
2228:As Welsh lacks the letter Z and the
2044:Backing diphthongs are more varied:
1235:Catholic Church of England and Wales
2696:O mighti ladi, owr leding - tw haf
2362:Aside from lexical borrowings from
2041:that has a more centralised onset .
1290:Disestablishment of Church in Wales
3976:available at the Internet Archive.
3651:"Welsh and 19th century education"
2620:Dylan Thomas' writing shed at the
2352:Distinctive vocabulary and grammar
2312:alternate much like they do in RP.
1811:near-close near-back rounded vowel
1742:analogue is sometimes heard, i.e.
14:
3103:"Wales's very own little England"
3101:Trudgill, Peter (27 April 2019).
1785:close-mid central unrounded vowel
1734:, a pronunciation resembling its
773:. It has been in use since 1985.
2210:, but is absent in northern and
1839:in final closed syllables, e.g.
1646:
895:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
797:
290:Problems playing this file? See
267:
3471:"Why butty rarely leaves Wales"
2742:, originally a radio play; and
2528:Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–1542
2180:varieties. Additionally, while
1771:In Cardiff, the vowel of "kit"
1720:near-open front unrounded vowel
61:(undated figure of 2.5 million)
16:Dialect of the English language
5245:English-based creole languages
4118:Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects
3814:(1970), "Welsh Arts Council",
3775:, Cambridge University Press,
2849:Rhodri Clark (27 March 2007).
2214:varieties influenced by Welsh.
1775:sounds slightly closer to the
1:
5285:List of English-based pidgins
3873:Penhallurick, Robert (2004),
3820:, University of Wales Press,
3752:, Multilingual Matters Ltd.,
3732:, University of Wales Press,
1835:tends to be supplanted by an
1230:Christianity in Roman Britain
5280:Linguistic purism in English
3538:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.10.001
3124:Coupland & Thomas (1990)
2709:I set a braents ws tw bring.
2234:voiceless alveolar fricative
2192:, like in many varieties of
2145:(a 'flapped r'), similar to
1941:open central unrounded vowel
1913:Coupland & Thomas (1990)
1901:Coupland & Thomas (1990)
1881:Coupland & Thomas (1990)
1869:Coupland & Thomas (1990)
4381:London & Thames Estuary
2776:Welsh literature in English
2612:Welsh literature in English
1714:is pronounced either as an
642:List of dialects of English
5357:
5240:English as a lingua franca
3875:"Welsh English: phonology"
3726:Coupland, Nikolas (1988),
3704:Connolly, John H. (1990),
2706:Yntw ddy ffast eferlasting
2609:
2536:closure of the monasteries
2355:
2304:Also in northern accents,
1945:open front unrounded vowel
1939:is often pronounced as an
1804:open front unrounded vowel
1716:open front unrounded vowel
1633:Inventions and discoveries
1349:Welsh historical documents
1203:List of festivals in Wales
348:English as a lingua franca
18:
5220:Broad and general accents
5130:regional and occupational
5097:
4963:
4889:
4626:
4515:
4110:English language in Wales
3916:10.2478/v10015-010-0006-5
3895:Podhovnik, Edith (2010),
3789:Johnston, Dafydd (1994),
3578:10.1017/S1366728905002294
2633:Welsh-language literature
2481:
2475:
2466:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2431:may often be expanded to
2422:Running on Friday, he is.
2421:
2415:
2405:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2368:
2230:voiced alveolar fricative
1943:and more often as a long
1809:. It also manifests as a
986:Traditional Welsh costume
219:
3845:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
3332:. Multilingual Matters.
3261:. Multilingual Matters.
3227:. Multilingual Matters.
3188:. Multilingual Matters.
3154:. Multilingual Matters.
3061:. Multilingual Matters.
2966:. Multilingual Matters.
2933:, pp. 380, 384–385.
2427:In South Wales the word
2293:does not take place, so
2172:Welsh English is mostly
2157:accents, in place of an
1976:, but words with the RP
4083:(south-eastern dialect)
4077:(south-western dialect)
2674:(?1430 - ?1480), whose
2573:Influence outside Wales
2437:, as in the question, "
1967:mid front rounded vowel
1760:is pronounced close to
1285:1904–1905 Welsh Revival
1280:Welsh Methodist revival
302:Part of a series on the
4398:Received Pronunciation
3496:Edwards, John (1985).
2672:Ieuan ap Hywel Swrdwal
2628:
2454:
2194:North American English
1974:Received Pronunciation
1916:
1904:
1892:
1872:
1798:in northern areas for
1163:Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau
955:Welsh-medium education
705:
590:San Andrés–Providencia
322:English-speaking world
256:
221:This article contains
4592:Multicultural Toronto
4160:British Sign Language
4095:(north Wales dialect)
3706:"Port Talbot English"
3617:10.1515/ijsl.2009.004
2918:10.1075/eww.00001.lam
2701:At hefn owr abeiding:
2619:
2543:Industrial Revolution
2440:Where to is your Mam?
2058:is pronounced with a
1910:
1898:
1878:
1866:
1354:Welsh-language comics
769:for Welsh English is
712:of English spoken by
420:Antiguan and Barbudan
255:
4753:Western Pennsylvania
4011:26 June 2006 at the
3951:on 23 September 2015
3904:Research in Language
2945:, pp. 122, 125.
2588:West Country English
2512:dw i’n love-io soaps
2275:may also merge into
1850:is often pronounced
1764:, similar to modern
1566:World Heritage Sites
327:As a second language
157:Early Modern English
5341:Dialects of English
5290:Mid-Atlantic accent
4881:Trinidad and Tobago
4138:Port Talbot English
4089:(mid-Wales dialect)
3091:, pp. 380–381.
2771:Port Talbot English
2413:for emphasis, e.g.
2236:/s/ for words like
2182:Port Talbot English
2015:may be merged into
1871:, pp. 135–136.
1790:The vowel of "bus"
1603:Flag of Saint David
1370:and performing arts
1240:Celtic Christianity
1158:Dydd Santes Dwynwen
885:Statute of Rhuddlan
737:South Wales Valleys
5336:Languages of Wales
4813:Pennsylvania Dutch
4059:Languages of Wales
3837:Accents of English
3105:. The New European
2676:Hymn to the Virgin
2629:
2580:North West England
2462:the rest of the UK
1917:
1905:
1903:, pp. 135–136
1893:
1873:
1718:or a more central
1702:Short monophthongs
875:Edwardian conquest
865:Medieval Welsh law
850:Kingdom of Gwynedd
760:Merseyside English
257:
5313:
5312:
5198:
5197:
4998:
4997:
4907:
4906:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4746:Pacific Northwest
4607:Standard Canadian
4538:
4537:
4483:
4482:
4423:
4422:
4173:
4172:
3888:978-3-11-017532-5
3769:(4 August 2003),
3759:978-1-85359-032-0
3719:978-1-85359-032-0
3532:(11): 1986–2011.
3477:. 2 October 2006
3423:The British Isles
2690:Welsh orthography
2663:(1699–1757) from
2655:(1622–1695) from
2647:(1593–1633) from
2602:is better known.
2590:. In particular,
2557:, who grew up in
2060:near-open central
1988:pronunciation of
1859:Long monophthongs
1689:
1688:
1270:William Salesbury
1225:Religion in Wales
1168:Saint David's Day
1039:Matter of Britain
1007:Historic counties
890:Glyndŵr rebellion
845:Early Middle Ages
695:
694:
368:Linguistic purism
353:European language
273:
247:
246:
229:rendering support
225:phonetic symbols.
5348:
5210:English language
5095:
4916:
4899:Falkland Islands
4798:General American
4771:African-American
4624:
4558:
4547:
4249:
4240:
4229:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4123:Abercraf English
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
3988:Sounds Familiar?
3959:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3944:, archived from
3927:
3901:
3891:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3828:
3812:Garlick, Raymond
3807:
3796:
3785:
3762:
3742:
3722:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3389:
3388:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3218:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3018:
3005:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2846:
2821:Scottish English
2817:Highland English
2761:Abercraf English
2510:would look like
2484:
2478:
2469:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2310:clear and dark L
2307:
2300:
2278:
2270:
2259:
2251:
2191:
2151:Northern English
2147:Scottish English
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1983:
1979:
1949:
1930:Abercraf English
1890:
1886:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1818:foot–strut split
1815:
1808:
1793:
1774:
1759:
1749:
1713:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1653:Wales portal
1651:
1650:
1649:
1382:Welsh folk music
1193:Gŵyl San Steffan
1096:Selsig Morgannwg
1034:Arthurian legend
945:Welsh placenames
880:Late Middle Ages
855:Kingdom of Powys
840:Anglo-Welsh Wars
801:
792:
790:Culture of Wales
776:
767:portmanteau word
708:) comprises the
687:
680:
673:
490:Falkland Islands
308:English language
299:
275:
274:
254:
198:
182:English alphabet
173:
71:
28:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5331:British English
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5194:
5151:
5106:
5086:
4994:
4990:Solomon Islands
4959:
4903:
4885:
4817:
4808:New York Latino
4783:American Indian
4763:
4757:
4618:
4611:
4552:
4534:
4520:Channel Islands
4511:
4479:
4446:
4419:
4362:
4324:
4234:
4218:
4204:
4174:
4169:
4147:Other languages
4142:
4128:Cardiff English
4104:
4096:
4061:
4056:
4013:Wayback Machine
3984:
3979:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3872:
3868:
3866:Further reading
3863:
3856:
3831:
3810:
3805:
3788:
3783:
3765:
3760:
3745:
3740:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3687:Johnston (1994)
3685:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3392:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3360:Coupland (1988)
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3020:
3019:
3008:
2997:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2943:Connolly (1990)
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2812:Hiberno-English
2807:Cornish dialect
2756:Cardiff English
2752:
2744:Niall Griffiths
2735:Under Milk Wood
2692:; for example:
2678:was written at
2665:Carmarthenshire
2649:Montgomeryshire
2640:Raymond Garlick
2614:
2608:
2575:
2524:
2503:
2491:
2372:(little, wee),
2360:
2354:
2225:is pronounced .
2208:Cardiff English
2206:varieties like
2138:
2034:
1926:Cardiff English
1922:trap-bath split
1861:
1796:hypercorrection
1704:
1699:
1694:
1685:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1598:National anthem
1583:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1478:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1392:Welsh stepdance
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1294:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1106:Welsh breakfast
1101:Tatws Pum Munud
1061:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1029:
1028:
1013:
1012:
995:Land division (
981:
980:
971:
970:
926:
925:
907:
906:
905:
904:
870:Norman invasion
813:
812:
788:
733:Cardiff dialect
706:Saesneg Gymreig
691:
340:Advanced topics
297:
296:
288:
286:
285:
284:
283:
276:
268:
265:
258:
252:
227:Without proper
194:
174:
169:
163:
142:
135:
112:British English
72:
69:Language family
67:
58:
57:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5354:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5252:
5250:Englishisation
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5157:Southeast Asia
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:South Atlantic
5069:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4924:
4922:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4854:Cayman Islands
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4767:
4765:
4764:ethno-cultural
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4356:Stoke-on-Trent
4353:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4215:Modern English
4205:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4067:Welsh language
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3982:External links
3980:
3978:
3977:
3964:Parry, David,
3961:
3960:
3910:(2010): 1–18,
3892:
3887:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3833:Wells, John C.
3829:
3808:
3804:978-0708312650
3803:
3786:
3781:
3767:Crystal, David
3763:
3758:
3743:
3738:
3723:
3718:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3675:Garlick (1970)
3664:
3642:
3640:, p. 334.
3638:Crystal (2003)
3630:
3599:
3572:(3): 255–269.
3551:
3513:
3506:
3488:
3462:
3446:
3432:
3413:
3411:, p. 335.
3409:Crystal (2003)
3390:
3383:
3364:
3352:
3338:
3315:
3301:
3281:
3267:
3247:
3233:
3208:
3194:
3174:
3160:
3140:
3138:, p. 387.
3128:
3116:
3093:
3081:
3067:
3047:
3033:
3006:
2986:
2972:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2896:
2867:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:Scots language
2789:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2657:Brecknockshire
2645:George Herbert
2610:Main article:
2607:
2604:
2574:
2571:
2563:Welsh language
2523:
2520:
2502:
2499:
2495:code-switching
2490:
2489:Code-switching
2487:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2331:(phonetically
2313:
2302:
2297:is pronounced
2280:
2261:
2226:
2215:
2197:
2170:
2163:alveolar trill
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2019:(phonetically
1993:
1970:
1957:is similar to
1951:
1933:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1829:
1788:
1783:, an advanced
1769:
1762:cardinal vowel
1751:
1746:is pronounced
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Welsh heraldry
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:Welsh bagpipes
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:William Morgan
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:Food festivals
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
999:
993:
988:
982:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:Welsh surnames
947:
942:
937:
927:
921:
920:
919:
916:
915:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
816:
815:
814:
808:
807:
806:
803:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
693:
692:
690:
689:
682:
675:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
653:
652:
648:
647:
646:
645:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:South Atlantic
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
378:
377:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
358:Modern English
355:
350:
342:
341:
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
316:
315:
311:
310:
304:
303:
287:
277:
266:
263:Speech example
261:
260:
259:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
231:, you may see
217:
216:
211:
203:
202:
199:
191:
190:
189:Language codes
186:
185:
175:
171:Writing system
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
159:
152:Middle English
145:
143:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
75:
73:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
40:United Kingdom
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
21:Welsh language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5353:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Welsh English
5324:
5323:
5321:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:International
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Torres Strait
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4685:North-Central
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:New York City
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Ottawa Valley
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:Multicultural
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Black Country
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:West Midlands
4339:
4337:
4336:East Midlands
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4166:
4165:Welsh Braille
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Gower dialect
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3782:9780521530330
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:0-70830-958-5
3735:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3689:, p. 91.
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3435:
3433:9783110208399
3429:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:9780429321757
3380:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3362:, p. 29.
3361:
3356:
3353:
3341:
3339:9781853590313
3335:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3302:9781783162086
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3270:
3268:9781853590313
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3236:
3234:9781853590313
3230:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3197:
3195:9781853590313
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3161:9781853590313
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:, p. 95.
3125:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3070:
3068:9781853590313
3064:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3036:
3034:9783110175325
3030:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:384, 387, 390
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2975:
2973:9781853590313
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2885:. 7 June 2006
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Bungi dialect
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Gower dialect
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2730:Caradoc Evans
2727:
2726:
2720:
2719:(1341–1391).
2718:
2717:John Clanvowe
2708:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:Henry Vaughan
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2600:Irish-English
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:West Midlands
2581:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:David Crystal
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:South African
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:alveolar flap
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:The vowel of
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:South African
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:The vowel of
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:The vowel of
1752:
1745:
1741:
1740:South African
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:The vowel of
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:Pronunciation
1691:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Welsh rarebit
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Gower cuisine
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
961:Welsh English
959:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Y Fro Gymraeg
932:
929:
928:
924:
918:
917:
914:
910:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
811:
805:
804:
800:
796:
795:
791:
786:
782:
778:
777:
774:
772:
768:
765:A colloquial
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Welsh English
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
668:
666:
665:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
649:
644:
643:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:South African
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
389:
385:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
293:
281:
264:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
218:
215:
212:
210:
209:
204:
200:
197:
192:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
166:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
144:
138:
118:
117:Welsh English
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:Anglo-Frisian
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:West Germanic
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:Indo-European
74:
70:
64:
60:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
31:Welsh English
29:
26:
22:
5055:South Africa
5050:Sierra Leone
4803:Miami Latino
4692:Philadelphia
4680:Inland North
4585:Newfoundland
4451:
4403:West Country
4217:by continent
4154:Welsh Romani
4109:
4100:Cofi dialect
4018:Welsh vowels
3970:introduction
3965:
3953:, retrieved
3946:the original
3907:
3903:
3878:
3853:0-52128540-2
3836:
3816:
3792:
3771:
3748:
3728:
3709:
3697:Bibliography
3682:
3655:. Retrieved
3645:
3633:
3608:
3602:
3569:
3565:
3529:
3525:
3497:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:Wales Online
3474:
3465:
3454:Wells (1982)
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3422:
3416:
3373:
3367:
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3328:
3306:. Retrieved
3291:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3257:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3223:
3199:. Retrieved
3184:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3150:
3143:
3136:Wells (1982)
3131:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3096:
3089:Wells (1982)
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3057:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3023:
2999:Wells (1982)
2977:. Retrieved
2962:
2938:
2931:Wells (1982)
2926:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:Wales Online
2882:
2858:. Retrieved
2855:Wales Online
2854:
2827:Manx English
2796:
2740:Dylan Thomas
2733:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2637:
2630:
2576:
2540:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2492:
2472:
2459:
2443:". The word
2428:
2426:
2416:Fed up, I am
2402:tag question
2397:
2393:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2294:
2291:-coalescence
2288:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2185:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2101:yod-dropping
2093:
2086:
2079:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2013:caught/court
2012:
2004:
1989:
1954:
1936:
1915:, p. 97
1847:
1840:
1816:without the
1799:
1780:
1754:
1743:
1727:
1708:
1623:Celtic cross
1613:Welsh Dragon
1593:Coat of arms
1541:Rugby League
1526:Horse Racing
1407:Cymanfa Ganu
1188:Gŵyl Mabsant
1121:Welsh dishes
966:Welsh Romani
960:
825:Bibliography
770:
764:
756:West Midland
752:West Country
745:
714:Welsh people
697:
696:
639:
629:
600:Sierra Leone
220:
213:
206:
116:
25:
5180:Philippines
4973:New Zealand
4859:Bay Islands
4839:The Bahamas
4762:Social and
4719:New Orleans
4636:New England
4530:Isle of Man
4475:Port Talbot
4376:East Anglia
4293:Northumbria
3481:22 February
3345:22 February
3308:2 September
3274:22 February
3240:22 February
3201:22 February
3167:22 February
3074:22 February
3040:22 February
3001:, pp.
2979:22 February
2398:grandfather
2394:grandmother
2256:merge into
2159:approximant
1999:varieties,
1963:New Zealand
1852:/ˈproːɡrəm/
1844:/ˈbrəitɛst/
1736:New Zealand
1628:Celtic knot
1608:Other flags
1546:Rugby Union
1432:Triple harp
1417:Noson Lawen
1387:Welsh dance
1265:Welsh Bible
1250:Saint David
1245:Celtic Rite
1183:Calan Gaeaf
1126:Restaurants
1081:Cawl Cennin
729:North Wales
570:New Zealand
465:Cameroonian
440:Bay Islands
435:Bangladeshi
235:instead of
147:Old English
141:Early forms
5320:Categories
5120:Bangladesh
5112:South Asia
5065:Cape Flats
5015:The Gambia
4940:Aboriginal
4776:vernacular
4741:California
4714:High Tider
4709:Appalachia
4570:Aboriginal
4502:South-West
4346:Birmingham
4303:Sunderland
4288:Manchester
4278:Lancashire
4081:Gwenhwyseg
3925:11089/9569
3657:30 October
3507:0905928458
3456:, p.
3439:31 January
2889:31 January
2860:31 January
2833:References
2788:(Brittany)
2738:(1954) by
2606:Literature
2482:tidy swill
2376:eisteddfod
2356:See also:
2219:gemination
2200:H-dropping
2174:non-rhotic
2136:Consonants
2032:Diphthongs
1990:play-place
1826:Merseyside
1469:Television
1412:Cynghanedd
1397:Cerdd Dant
1324:in English
1311:Literature
1198:Eisteddfod
1178:Calan Awst
1111:Welsh cake
1071:Bara Lafwr
1066:Bara brith
1044:Mabinogion
979:Traditions
860:Deheubarth
830:Prehistory
741:West Wales
640:see also:
635:Zimbabwean
620:Sri Lankan
585:Philippine
425:Australian
410:Anguillian
292:media help
280:Rob Brydon
92:Ingvaeonic
5185:Singapore
5147:Sri Lanka
5102:Hong Kong
4928:variation
4920:Australia
4831:Caribbean
4697:Baltimore
4580:Lunenburg
4525:Gibraltar
4442:Highlands
4320:Yorkshire
4283:Liverpool
4156:(extinct)
4093:Gwyndodeg
3994:Talk Tidy
3974:phonology
3955:25 August
3942:145409227
3934:2083-4616
3826:0141-5050
3625:145440479
3594:144548890
3586:1469-1841
3546:0024-3841
3498:Talk Tidy
2725:My People
2661:John Dyer
2626:Laugharne
2622:Boathouse
2567:Welsh Not
2473:The word
2411:predicate
2406:isn't it?
2341:Llangefni
2149:and some
2115:/t͡ʃɪʊ̯s/
2054:The word
1986:Abercrave
1965:, i.e. a
1848:programme
1841:brightest
1779:sound of
1732:Mid-Wales
1559:Monuments
1255:Dubricius
1173:Calan Mai
1145:Festivals
1022:Mythology
991:Welsh law
923:Languages
835:Roman Era
605:Singapore
580:Pakistani
545:Malaysian
475:Caribbean
450:Bermudian
415:Antarctic
384:Phonology
376:Phonology
363:Loanwords
208:Glottolog
196:ISO 639-3
5305:Standard
5275:Learning
5263:Nerrière
5254:Globish
5170:Malaysia
5142:Pakistan
5082:Zimbabwe
5010:Cameroon
4844:Barbados
4575:Atlantic
4543:Americas
4460:Abercraf
4429:Scotland
4408:Cornwall
4329:Midlands
4313:Teesside
4308:Tyneside
4298:Pitmatic
4261:Cheshire
4207:Dialects
4009:Archived
3835:(1982),
3109:16 April
2912:: 1–33.
2750:See also
2559:Holyhead
2551:smelting
2532:statutes
2501:Examples
2467:look you
2434:where to
2244:, while
2242:thousand
2204:southern
2178:northern
2108:/t͡ʃuːz/
1997:northern
1822:Cheshire
1516:Football
1329:Medieval
1319:in Welsh
1217:Religion
1153:Calennig
1026:folklore
900:Colonies
820:Timeline
781:a series
779:Part of
771:Wenglish
710:dialects
651:Teaching
595:Scottish
575:Nigerian
560:Namibian
540:Malawian
535:Liberian
525:Jamaican
510:Gustavia
505:Ghanaian
470:Canadian
445:Belizean
405:American
397:Dialects
241:Help:IPA
82:Germanic
5235:Engrish
5230:E-Prime
5203:Related
5190:Vietnam
5175:Myanmar
5045:Nigeria
5040:Namibia
5030:Liberia
4912:Oceania
4894:Bermuda
4866:Jamaica
4793:Chicano
4631:Midland
4617:United
4553:America
4489:Ireland
4465:Cardiff
4437:Glasgow
4386:Cockney
4266:Cumbria
4244:England
4235:Britain
4211:accents
4087:Powyseg
4075:Dyfedeg
3611:(195).
2596:Brummie
2345:Harlech
2212:western
2129:/θrɪʊ̯/
2119:through
2073:became
2062:onset .
1724:Cardiff
1580:Symbols
1536:Pêl-Law
1531:Pel-Fas
1511:Cricket
1437:Twmpath
1427:Tabwrdd
1422:Pibgorn
1377:Theatre
1344:Theatre
1334:Authors
1086:Crempog
1058:Cuisine
1002:Cantref
997:Commote
940:History
810:History
748:England
725:accents
721:grammar
625:Ugandan
555:Myanmar
500:Gambian
485:England
480:Cornish
455:British
388:History
332:History
237:Unicode
107:English
5258:Gogate
5165:Brunei
5077:Uganda
5060:accent
5035:Malawi
5003:Africa
4978:accent
4933:accent
4876:Samaná
4849:Bequia
4668:accent
4641:Boston
4619:States
4602:Quebec
4562:Canada
4551:North
4507:Ulster
4497:Dublin
4413:Dorset
4271:Barrow
4233:Great
4224:Europe
3940:
3932:
3885:
3857:
3851:
3824:
3801:
3779:
3756:
3736:
3716:
3623:
3592:
3584:
3544:
3526:Lingua
3504:
3430:
3381:
3336:
3299:
3265:
3231:
3192:
3158:
3065:
3031:
2970:
2688:, and
2680:Oxford
2659:, and
2638:While
2592:Scouse
2547:mining
2530:, the
2299:/sɪŋɡ/
2284:Scouse
2277:/dʒɪn/
2271:) and
2269:/tʃɪn/
2258:/pɛns/
2252:) and
2250:/pɛnz/
2238:cheese
2122:/θruː/
2105:choose
2092:, and
2090:/jɪʊ̯/
2071:never
2011:as in
2003:as in
1748:/trɛp/
1697:Vowels
1506:Cnapan
1501:Boxing
1474:Cinema
913:People
783:on the
735:, the
731:, the
565:Nepali
530:Kenyan
515:Indian
495:Fijian
460:Brunei
314:Topics
102:Anglic
46:Region
5300:Plain
5215:Basic
5137:Nepal
5125:India
5025:Kenya
5020:Ghana
4985:Palau
4945:South
4788:Cajun
4729:Texas
4724:Older
4704:South
4675:North
4651:Maine
4470:Gower
4452:Wales
4368:South
4253:North
3949:(PDF)
3938:S2CID
3900:(PDF)
3653:. BBC
3621:S2CID
3590:S2CID
2819:(and
2786:Gallo
2451:Welsh
2446:butty
2429:where
2366:like
2364:Welsh
2337:]
2333:[
2254:pence
2223:money
2217:Some
2188:with
2167:Welsh
2126:threw
2112:chews
2097:/ɪʊ̯/
2083:/juː/
2075:/juː/
2069:/iu̯/
2025:]
2021:[
1833:schwa
1781:above
1777:schwa
1722:. In
1496:Bando
1488:Sport
1464:Radio
1456:Media
1402:Crwth
1368:Music
1339:Poets
1260:Teilo
931:Welsh
718:Welsh
702:Welsh
630:Welsh
520:Irish
430:Bajan
178:Latin
50:Wales
5091:Asia
4968:Fiji
4955:West
4871:Saba
4736:West
4656:West
4646:East
4209:and
3972:and
3957:2015
3930:ISSN
3883:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3822:ISSN
3799:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3714:ISBN
3659:2019
3582:ISSN
3542:ISSN
3502:ISBN
3483:2015
3441:2019
3428:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3347:2015
3334:ISBN
3310:2019
3297:ISBN
3276:2015
3263:ISBN
3242:2015
3229:ISBN
3203:2015
3190:ISBN
3169:2015
3156:ISBN
3111:2020
3076:2015
3063:ISBN
3042:2015
3029:ISBN
2981:2015
2968:ISBN
2891:2010
2862:2019
2685:awdl
2594:and
2549:and
2476:tidy
2455:byti
2396:and
2389:taid
2386:and
2383:nain
2369:bach
2343:and
2323:and
2295:sing
2265:chin
2246:pens
2240:and
2186:bird
2153:and
2124:and
2110:and
2056:town
2039:bite
2017:/ɔː/
2009:/ɔː/
2007:and
2005:coat
2001:/əʊ/
1982:/eɪ/
1978:/əʊ/
1961:and
1955:bird
1948:/aː/
1920:The
1885:/ɛː/
1831:The
1824:and
1800:foot
1744:trap
1738:and
1588:Flag
1521:Golf
1076:Cawl
1024:and
754:and
739:and
550:Manx
214:None
4213:of
3920:hdl
3912:doi
3841:doi
3613:doi
3574:doi
3534:doi
3530:116
3458:390
2914:doi
2728:by
2419:or
2306:/l/
2273:gin
2190:/ɚ/
2094:ewe
2087:yew
2080:you
2049:low
1995:In
1937:car
1889:/ɛ/
1837:/ɛ/
1814:/ʊ/
1807:/a/
1792:/ʌ/
1773:/ɪ/
1758:/ɛ/
1755:end
1728:bag
1712:/æ/
1709:cat
1301:Art
223:IPA
5322::
3936:,
3928:,
3918:,
3906:,
3902:,
3847:,
3667:^
3619:.
3588:.
3580:.
3568:.
3554:^
3540:.
3528:.
3516:^
3473:.
3393:^
3318:^
3211:^
3009:^
2989:^
2950:^
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2908:.
2881:.
2870:^
2853:.
2841:^
2667:.
2651:,
2624:,
2453::
2380:,
2289:ng
2286:,
2117:,
2085:,
2027:).
2023:oː
1766:RP
1726:,
762:.
743:.
704::
282:).
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3843::
3677:.
3661:.
3627:.
3615::
3596:.
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2327:x
2325:/
2321:/
2319:ɬ
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2301:.
2279:.
2267:(
2248:(
2196:.
2169:.
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1969:.
1950:.
1932:.
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294:.
243:.
201:–
184:)
180:(
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