282:...both of the Cambridge machines, Whirlwind and MTC, had been completely committed to the air defense effort and were no longer available for general use. The only surviving computing system paradigm seen by M.I.T. students and faculty was that of a very large International Business Machine in a tightly sealed Computation Center: the computer not as tool, but as demigod. Although we were not happy about giving up the TX-0, it was clear that making this small part of Lincoln's advanced technology available to a larger M.I.T. community would be an important corrective step.
335:
450:, Clark accompanied five other computer scientists to China for three weeks to "tour computer facilities and to discuss computer technology with Chinese experts in Shanghai and Beijing. Officially, the trip was seen by the Chinese in two lights: as a step in reestablishing the long-interrupted friendship between the two nations and as a step in opening channels for technical dialogue." The trip was organized by his colleague
466:
767:
Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to
Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to
919:
Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a
Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the
354:
worked on macromodules, which were the fundamental building blocks in the world of asynchronous computing. The goal of the macromodules was to provide a set of basic building blocks that would allow computer users to build and extend their computers without requiring any knowledge of electrical
388:
Each Linc had a tiny screen and keyboard and comprised four metal modules, which together were about as big as two television sets, set side by side and tilted back slightly. The machine, a 12-bit computer, included a one-half megahertz processor. Lincs sold for about $ 43,000—a bargain at the
517:
302:, he advocated far more interactive access. He practiced what he preached, even though it often meant bucking current "wisdom" and authority (in a 1981 lecture, he mentioned that he had the distinction of being, "the only person to have been fired three times from MIT for insubordination".)
38:
265:
that was to be used in
Whirlwind. His sessions with the MTC, "lasting hours rather than minutes" helped form his views that computers were to be used as tools on demand for those who needed them. That view carried over into his designs for the
310:"integrated a number of man-machine interfaces that were just waiting for the right person to show up to use them in order to make a computer that was 'on-line'. When selecting a PhD thesis topic, an MIT student named
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made PC's affordable for ordinary people. Work started on the Linc, the brainchild of the M.I.T. physicist Wesley A. Clark, in May 1961, and the machine was used for the first time at the
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at
Lincoln Labs. He believed that "a computer should be just another piece of lab equipment." At a time when most computers were huge remote machines operated in
218:, and grew up in Kinderhook, New York, and in northern California. His parents, Wesley Sr. and Eleanor Kittell, moved to California, and he attended the
543:
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time—and were ultimately made commercially by
Digital Equipment, the first minicomputer company. Fifty Lincs of the original design were built.
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187:(April 10, 1927 – February 22, 2016) was an American physicist who is credited for designing the first modern personal computer. He was also a
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computer; timesharing and network research; artificial intelligence research; ARPA contracting; interaction with IPTO directors; the work of
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Cheatham, TE Jr; Clark, WA; Holt, AW; Ornstein, SM; Perlis, AJ; Simon, HA (October 12, 1973). "Computing in China: A Travel Report".
363:
series on the history of the personal computer had this to say in an article on August 19, 2001, "How the
Computer Became Personal":
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from MIT Lincoln
Laboratory and Washington University. The other members of the group were: Thomas E. Cheatham, Anatol Holt,
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729:
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411:
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W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to
Engelbart)were reviewed.
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network and reducing load on the local computers. The same idea had earlier been independently developed by
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Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network
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722:"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"
601:
November, Joseph (2012). "The LINC Revolution: The
Forgotten Biomedical Origins of Personal Computing".
239:
768:
network administration 'Interface
Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.
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222:, where he graduated with a degree in physics in 1947. Clark began his career as a physicist at the
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Buxton, William. "Interaction at Lincoln Laboratory in the 1960s: Looking Forward – Looking Back".
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In the pantheon of personal computing, the LINC, in a sense, came first—more than a decade before
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staff. There he was involved in the development of the Memory Test Computer (MTC), a testbed for
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on the TX-2's console and thought one should be able to draw on the computer. Thus was born
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The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.
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544:"Honorary Degrees granted at Washington University in St. Louis, 1859 – present"
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one of the fathers of the personal computer... he was the architect of both the
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1033:(ARPA). Topics include various custom computers built at MIT, including the
894:
Clark suggested installing a minicomputer at every site on this new network.
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for his work on computer architecture. He was awarded an honorary degree by
19:
This article is about the computer scientist. For the American general, see
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853:
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806:"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967]"
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Computing in the Middle Ages: A View from the Trenches 1955–1983
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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
839:"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"
478:
He was 88 when he died on February 22, 2016, at his home in
1021:, University of Minnesota. Clark describes his research at
846:
Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications
172:
603:
Biomedical Computing: Digitizing Life in the United States
203:
and shares with a number of other computers (such as the
1051:
The Logical Structure of Digital Computers, October 1955
414:
the idea of using separate small computers (later named
518:"Wesley A. Clark, Made Computing Personal, Dies at 88"
482:
due to severe atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
1045:
Functional Description of the L1 Computer, March 1960
160:
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120:
102:
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73:
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753:"A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web"
398:Clark had a key insight in the planning for the
645:"Section 2: The emergence of computer graphics"
434:was introduced to the ARPANET later, after the
326:, and with it, interactive computer graphics."
1064:Multi-Sequence Program Concept, November, 1954
1102:Washington University in St. Louis physicists
605:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
511:
509:
507:
238:in 1999. Clark is a charter recipient of the
8:
781:"ARPANET IMP, Interface Message Processor"
207:) the claim to be the inspiration for the
25:
436:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1027:Information Processing Techniques Office
1015:Oral history interview with Wesley Clark
624:
622:
16:American physicist and computer engineer
880:"And 'Lo!' - How the internet was born"
503:
278:. He expresses this view clearly here:
1107:Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
933:"Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies"
726:The History of Computer Communications
908:"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"
906:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995).
573:"Computer Pioneer Charter Recipients"
191:and the main participant, along with
7:
492:List of pioneers in computer science
516:Markoff, John (February 27, 2016).
373:National Institute of Mental Health
695:"How the Computer Became Personal"
406:). In April 1967, he suggested to
232:Washington University in St. Louis
220:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1031:Advanced Research Projects Agency
693:Markoff, John (August 19, 2001).
36:
448:President Nixon's trip to China
245:for "First Personal Computer".
236:National Academy of Engineering
234:in 1984. He was elected to the
133:National Academy of Engineering
226:. In 1981, Clark received the
199:computer, which was the first
1:
1122:MIT Lincoln Laboratory people
379:, the next year to analyze a
173:Clark, Rockoff and Associates
1010:Smart Computing Encyclopedia
981:10.1126/science.182.4108.134
672:. Lexington, KY: 1st Books.
416:Interface Message Processors
257:in 1952 where he joined the
1127:Deaths from atherosclerosis
878:Harford, Tim (2019-10-16).
1143:
1117:Engineers from Connecticut
837:Roberts, Lawrence (1967).
18:
1025:and interaction with the
1019:Charles Babbage Institute
668:Ornstein, Severo (2002).
195:, in the creation of the
178:
139:
35:
418:) as a way of forming a
402:(the predecessor to the
342:In 1964, Clark moved to
330:At Washington University
446:In 1972, shortly after
306:Clark's design for the
85:Brooklyn, New York City
470:
391:
385:
339:
304:
284:
255:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
243:Computer Pioneer Award
216:New Haven, Connecticut
165:MIT Lincoln Laboratory
129:Computer Pioneer Award
66:New Haven, Connecticut
854:10.1145/800001.811680
468:
442:Post-Nixon China trip
386:
383:'s neural responses.
365:
344:Washington University
337:
314:looked at the simple
288:
280:
249:At Lincoln Laboratory
240:IEEE Computer Society
169:Washington University
1006:Wesley Clark article
937:history.computer.org
848:. pp. 3.1–3.6.
732:on December 23, 2022
554:on September 9, 2015
228:Eckert–Mauchly Award
185:Wesley Allison Clark
151:Computer engineering
125:Eckert–Mauchly Award
52:Wesley Allison Clark
973:1973Sci...182..134C
263:ferrite core memory
253:Clark moved to the
1097:American engineers
1069:2012-07-16 at the
1056:2012-07-16 at the
1023:Lincoln Laboratory
785:Livinginternet.com
700:The New York Times
471:
360:The New York Times
340:
338:LINC home computer
214:Clark was born in
967:(4108): 134–140.
787:. January 7, 2000
679:978-1-4033-1517-5
633:. ACM: 1162–1167.
548:Library.wustl.edu
438:in October 1967.
430:. The concept of
420:message switching
259:Project Whirlwind
209:personal computer
189:computer designer
182:
181:
141:Scientific career
77:February 22, 2016
42:Wes Clark in 2009
1134:
1073:at bitsavers.org
1060:at bitsavers.org
1047:at bitsavers.org
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812:. Archived from
810:web.stanford.edu
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579:. Archived from
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550:. Archived from
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460:Herbert A. Simon
432:packet switching
316:cathode ray tube
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1058:Wayback Machine
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93:Alma mater
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649:Design.osu.edu
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523:New York Times
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456:Alan J. Perlis
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193:Charles Molnar
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103:Known for
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81:(aged 88)
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62:April 10, 1927
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1039:Larry Roberts
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816:on 2020-02-02
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583:on 2013-09-06
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469:Clark in 2002
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424:Donald Davies
421:
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911:. Retrieved
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818:. Retrieved
814:the original
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789:. Retrieved
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760:. Retrieved
756:
751:Press, Gil.
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734:. Retrieved
730:the original
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704:. Retrieved
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652:. Retrieved
648:
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585:. Retrieved
581:the original
577:Computer.org
576:
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556:. Retrieved
552:the original
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377:Bethesda, MD
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252:
224:Hanford Site
213:
201:minicomputer
184:
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161:Institutions
140:
79:(2016-02-22)
21:Wesley Clark
1092:2016 deaths
1087:1927 births
428:NPL network
97:UC Berkeley
1081:Categories
942:2020-02-19
889:2020-02-19
820:2020-02-15
791:2016-02-24
762:2020-02-07
706:2016-02-24
654:2016-02-24
587:2016-02-24
558:2016-02-24
529:2016-02-29
498:References
408:Bob Taylor
369:Ed Roberts
300:batch mode
87:, New York
58:1927-04-10
348:St. Louis
324:Sketchpad
320:light pen
286:Clark is
1067:Archived
1054:Archived
1041:at IPTO.
989:17777884
913:13 April
884:BBC News
862:17409102
631:Chi 2005
486:See also
480:Brooklyn
426:for the
404:Internet
274:and the
155:Internet
969:Bibcode
961:Science
400:ARPANET
987:
860:
757:Forbes
736:May 9,
676:
609:
147:Fields
135:member
121:Awards
68:, U.S.
858:S2CID
842:(PDF)
474:Death
205:PDP-1
1035:LINC
985:PMID
915:2016
738:2023
674:ISBN
607:ISBN
458:and
410:and
318:and
308:TX-2
296:TX-2
294:and
292:TX-0
276:LINC
272:TX-2
270:and
268:TX-0
197:LINC
115:LINC
111:TX-2
107:TX-0
74:Died
48:Born
1008:in
977:doi
965:182
850:doi
381:cat
375:in
346:in
1083::
1017:.
983:.
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724:.
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621:^
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506:^
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56:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
