1157:
68:
1401:
1258:, who was apparently descended from another brother of Ceawlin. This was one of several occasions on which the kingship of Wessex is said to have passed to a remote branch of the royal family with an unbroken male line of descent from Cerdic; these claims may be genuine, or may reflect the spurious assertion of descent from Cerdic to legitimise a new dynasty. Æscwine's reign only lasted two years, and in 676 the throne passed back to the immediate family of Cenwealh with the accession of his brother
2052:
4019:
2312:
1815:. Edmund and Eadred both lost control of Northumbria at the beginning of their reigns but regained it by their deaths. Northumbira's acceptance of West Saxon rule in 954 meant the final unification of the kingdom of England. When Eadred died in 955, he was succeeded by Edmund's elder son Eadred, whose incompetent rule may have led to the division of England between Wessex under Eadred and Mercia and Northumbria under his younger brother
2037:
1961:
830:
1858:
1740:
2004:
1547:
1621:, which details the location and garrisoning requirements of thirty-three forts, whose positioning ensured that no one in Wessex was more than a long day's ride from a place of safety. In the 890s these reforms helped him to repulse the invasion of another huge Danish army – which was aided by the Danes settled in England – with minimal losses.
1320:, which formed an important boundary between east and west Wessex. Near the end of his life he followed in Cædwalla's footsteps by abdicating and making a pilgrimage to Rome. The throne then passed to a series of other kings who claimed descent from Cerdic but whose supposed genealogies and relationship to one another are unknown.
1312:, who also claimed to be a descendant of Cerdic through Ceawlin, but again through a long-separated line of descent. Ine was the most durable of the West Saxon kings, reigning for 38 years. He issued the oldest surviving English code of laws apart from those of the kingdom of Kent, and established a second West Saxon bishopric at
2163:
1570:, to reinforce the Great Heathen Army. The reinforced army invaded Wessex and, although Æthelred and Alfred won some victories and succeeded in preventing the conquest of their kingdom, a number of defeats and heavy losses of men compelled Alfred to pay the Danes to leave Wessex. The Danes spent the next few years subduing
1628:
consisting primarily of Saxon jewellery and silver ingots but also coins; the latter date to around 879 CE. According to a news report, "experts believe it was buried by a Viking during a series of raids known to have taken place in the area at that time", while Wessex was ruled by Alfred the Great
939:
However, a war arose in Kent due to a dispute between
Hengest and Vortigern's son. After losing several battles, the Saxons finally defeated the British by treacherously attacking them once the two parties had convened for a meeting. Some additional details of the Hengest and Horsa legend are found
1610:
In 879 a Viking fleet that had assembled in the Thames estuary sailed across the channel to start a new campaign on the continent. The rampaging Viking army on the continent encouraged Alfred to protect his
Kingdom of Wessex. Over the following years Alfred carried out a dramatic reorganisation of
1751:
continued to be attacked by the Danish settlers in
England, and by small Danish raiding forces from overseas, but these incursions were usually defeated, while there were no further major invasions from the continent. The balance of power tipped steadily in favour of the English. In 911 Ealdorman
1323:
During the 8th century Wessex was overshadowed by Mercia, whose power was then at its height, and the West Saxon kings may at times have acknowledged
Mercian overlordship. They were, however, able to avoid the more substantial control which Mercia exerted over smaller kingdoms. During this period
1574:
and some of them settled in
Northumbria, but the rest returned to Wessex in 876. Alfred responded effectively and was able with little fighting to bring about their withdrawal in 877. A portion of the Danish army settled in Mercia, but at the beginning of 878 the remaining Danes mounted a winter
1529:
took advantage of his absence to seize his father's throne. On his return, Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom with his son to avoid bloodshed, ruling the new territories in the east while Æthelbald held the old heartland in the west. Æthelwulf was succeeded by each of his four surviving sons
1827:
in 1016, he established earldoms based on the former kingdoms of
Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia, but initially administered Wessex personally. Within a few years, however, he had created an earldom of Wessex, encompassing all of England south of the Thames, for his English henchman
1984:
continued to wear the Wessex
Brigade badge until the late 1980s when its individual companies too readopted their parent regular regimental cap badges. The now disbanded West Somerset Yeomanry adopted a Wessex Wyvern rampant as the centre piece for its cap badge, and the current
2072:(whose feast day on 25 May is also celebrated as "Wessex Day") is sometimes flown by Wessex regionalists as an alternative to the Wyvern. The flag is effectively an inverted version of the Cross of Saint George, although it is also thought to have been derived from the arms of
1133:
Celtic, rather than Anglo-Saxon
Germanic, names. The name Cerdic is derived from the British name Caraticos. This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton, and that his dynasty became anglicised over time. Other members of the dynasty possessing Celtic names include
875:
There were no conflicts between the
British and the Saxons for a time, but following "a dispute about the supply of provisions" the Saxons warred against the British and severely damaged parts of the country. In time, however, some Saxon troops left Britain; under
687:, an earthwork 10 km (6 mi) long and 100 m (110 yd) wide, which was oriented to the midwinter sunset. Although agriculture and hunting were pursued during this long period, there is little archaeological evidence of human settlements. By the
1629:
and Mercia by
Ceolwulf II. Two imperial coins recovered from the treasure hunters depict the two kings, "indicating an alliance between the two kingdoms—at least, for a time—that was previously unknown to historians", according to the report. A report by
1641:
Alfred also reformed the administration of justice, issued a new law code and championed a revival of scholarship and education. He gathered scholars from around England and elsewhere in Europe to his court, and with their help translated a range of
1688:
1679:
1670:
2143:
minted by him. The heraldic design continued to represent both Wessex and Edward in classical heraldry and is found on a number of church windows in derived shields such as the Arms of the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster
1014:, a British stronghold. The battle appears to have ended as a draw, and the expansion of Wessex ended for about thirty years. This is likely due to losses suffered during the battle and an apparent peace agreement with the Britons.
1819:
in 957, although some historians argue that it was intended from the start that the kingdom would be divided when Edgar came of age, which occurred in 957. Eadwig died in 959 and Edgar became king of the whole of England.
1637:"The presence of both kings on the two emperor coins suggests some sort of pact between the pair. But the rarity of the coins also suggests that Alfred quickly dropped his ally, who was just about written out of history".
1223:'s daughter, and when he repudiated her, Penda again invaded and drove him into exile for some time, perhaps three years. The dates are uncertain but it was probably in the late 640s or early 650s. He spent his exile in
867:
managed to continue for a time without any major disruptions. However, when finally faced with northern invaders, a certain unnamed ruler in Britain (called "a proud tyrant" by Gildas) requested assistance from the
1492:, or high king of Britain. This position of dominance was short-lived, as Wiglaf returned and restored Mercian independence in 830, but the expansion of Wessex across south-eastern England proved permanent.
1056:, who succeeded Cynric in about 581, is the son of Cynric; he usually is named as the father of Cuthwine. Ceawlin's reign is thought to be more reliably documented than those of his predecessors, though the
1715:
The Danish conquests had destroyed the kingdoms of Northumbria and East Anglia and divided Mercia in half, with the Danes settling in the north-east while the south-west was left to the English king
1285:, although Kent regained its independence almost immediately and Sussex followed some years later. His reign ended in 688 when he abdicated and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he was baptised by
2241:
remains a common term for the area. Many organisations that cover the area of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, and Wiltshire use the name Wessex in their company or organisation name; for example
1788:
under Edward's power. In 918 Æthelflæd died and Edward took over direct control of Mercia, extinguishing what remained of its independence and ensuring that henceforth there would be only one
4106:
815:, he told them to manage their own defences. Economic decline occurred after these events: circulation of Roman coins ended and the importation of items from the Roman Empire stopped.
4101:
1502:
raids on Wessex, which occurred frequently from 835 onwards. In 851 a huge Danish army, said to have been carried on 350 ships, arrived in the Thames estuary. Having defeated King
1129:, and in the genealogies of the West Saxon dynasty, is open to considerable doubt. This is largely because the founder of the dynasty and a number of his alleged descendants had
811:
declared himself Augustus of the West, and left for Gaul, taking with him Roman troops. Finally, in 410, when Romano-British officials requested military assistance from Emperor
570:. During his reign Alfred issued a new law code, gathered scholars to his court and was able to devote funds to building ships, organising an army and establishing a system of
1575:
invasion of Wessex, taking Alfred by surprise and overrunning much of the kingdom. Alfred was reduced to taking refuge with a small band of followers in the marshes of the
1554:
In 865, several of the Danish commanders combined their respective forces into one large army and landed in England. Over the following years, what became known as the
277:
1980:
of the 1960s adopted a cap badge featuring the heraldic beast, until the regiments took back up individual regimental badges in the late 1960s. The Territorial Army
1340:
claimed that the Britons and Saxons inhabited Exeter "as equals" until 927.) As a result of the Mercian conquest of the northern portion of its early territories in
1301:. Evidence suggests that Dorset, north Hampshire, eastern Devon and southern Wiltshire were substantially under West Saxon control by the beginning of the reign of
783:
from the north, west and east. The invaders reportedly defeated or co-opted Roman forces in most parts of northern and western Britain. However, the Roman general
1784:, from Mercia to Wessex. Between 913 and 918 a series of English offensives overwhelmed the Danes of Mercia and East Anglia, bringing all of England south of the
1196:
at his accession. However, he too was baptised only a few years later and Wessex became firmly established as a Christian kingdom. Cynegils's godfather was King
1989:
adopted a similar device in 2014 when the Regiment moved from wearing individual squadron county yeomanry cap badges to a unified single Regimental cap badge.
1538:. This occurred because the first two brothers died in wars with the Danes without issue, while Æthelred's sons were too young to rule when their father died.
803:
attempted to restore control, with a campaign against the Picti, but this was undermined in 401 when Stilicho transferred troops to the Continent to fight the
1611:
the government and defences of Wessex, building warships, organising the army into two shifts which served alternately and establishing a system of fortified
1273:, who claimed descent from Ceawlin. Cædwalla reigned for just two years, but achieved a dramatic expansion of the kingdom's power, conquering the kingdoms of
1089:
2285:
799:, ruling Britain, Gaul, Spain and Roman Africa. Following the death of Maximus in 388, Roman authority in Britain again declined. During the late 390s,
791:
defeated further raids. However, there was increasing internal conflict across the Roman Empire. During 383–4, in the context of the overthrow of Emperor
1844:, and as the Norman kings soon did away with the great earldoms of the late Anglo-Saxon period, 1066 marks the extinction of Wessex as a political unit.
1440:. With his accession the throne became firmly established in the hands of a single lineage. Early in his reign he conducted two campaigns against the "
1534:, who had previously inherited the eastern territories from his father and who reunited the kingdom on Æthelbald's death, then Æthelred, and finally
67:
4091:
1151:
808:
1731:. The process by which this transformation of the status of Mercia took place is unknown, but it left Alfred as the only remaining English king.
1719:, allegedly a Danish puppet. When Ceolwulf's rule came to an end he was succeeded as ruler of "English Mercia" not by another king but by a mere
1188:
by a West Saxon king, but it was not accompanied by the immediate conversion of all the West Saxons: Cynegils' successor (and probably his son),
999:
along with five thousand of his men (though the historicity of Natanleod has been disputed), and Cerdic became the first king of Wessex in 519.
1976:, and postwar regional 43 (Wessex) Brigade adopted a formation sign consisting of a gold wyvern on a black or dark blue background. The regular
2135:
The attributed arms of Wessex are also known as the "Arms of Edward the Confessor", and the design is based on an emblem historically used by
3261:
3240:
3221:
2922:
1122:. The genealogies do not agree on Cynegils' pedigree: his father is variously given as Ceola, Ceolwulf, Ceol, Cuthwine, Cutha or Cuthwulf.
2858:
1583:, bringing about their final withdrawal from Wessex to settle in East Anglia. Simultaneous Danish raids on the north coast of France and
2948:
3292:
1060:
s dates of 560 to 592 are different from the revised chronology. Ceawlin overcame pockets of resisting Britons to the northeast, in the
441:
126:
2814:
859:
1176:, which happened at the end of the 630s, perhaps in 640. Birinus was then established as bishop of the West Saxons, with his seat at
3971:
2676:
2454:
824:
3041:
1753:
2281:
2254:
547:, usurped the throne, the kingdom was divided to avoid war. Æthelwulf was succeeded in turn by his four sons, the youngest being
1949:
in 1911, a (red) dragon had become the accepted heraldic emblem of the former kingdom. This precedent was followed in 1937 when
3436:
3416:
1973:
911:, he adapted Gildas' narrative and added details, such as the names of those involved. To the "proud tyrant" he gave the name
683:). The area has many other earthworks and erected stone monuments from the Neolithic and Early Bronze periods, including the
345:
320:
306:
4081:
2787:
2728:
2651:
2629:
2590:
2573:
2250:
1800:, bringing the whole of England under one ruler for the first time. The Kingdom of Wessex had thus been transformed into the
1933:. Nevertheless, the association with Wessex was only popularised in the 19th century, most notably through the writings of
1164:
It is in Cynegils' reign that the first event in West Saxon history that can be dated with reasonable certainty occurs: the
2270:
1840:
in 1066, Harold became king, reuniting the earldom of Wessex with the crown. No new earl was appointed before the ensuing
1448:
in 825. During the course of these campaigns he conquered the western Britons still in Devon and reduced those beyond the
1336:
control over much of Devon, although Britons retained a degree of independence in Devon until at least the 10th century. (
883:
A lengthy conflict ensued, in which neither side gained any decisive advantage until the Britons routed the Saxons at the
4032:
4009:
2974:
2192:
for their home county of Dorset and its neighbouring counties in the south and west of England. Hardy's Wessex excluded
1052:
Cynric became the ruler of Wessex after Cerdic died in 534, and reigned for twenty-six years. The sources do agree that
887:. After this, there occurred a peaceful period for the Britons, under which Gildas was living at the time he wrote the
4096:
4086:
4076:
1420:(Series K type 32a) dating to 720–750 and minted in Kent. It is edged in a dotted triangle pattern. Its origin is the
972:
landed in southern Hampshire in 495, but this account is not regarded by historians as reliable due to duplication of
841:
Theories about the settlement of Saxons, Jutes and Angles in Britain are divided into two categories by the historian
752:, built another major road that integrated Wessex, running eastwards from Exeter through Dorchester to Winchester and
4023:
3446:
3441:
3431:
2335:
2317:
1993:
1841:
1227:, and was converted to Christianity there. After his return, Cenwealh faced further attacks from Penda's successor
692:
150:
1156:
450:(the latter of which drew on and adapted an early version of the List), which sometimes conflict. Wessex became a
3486:
3421:
3087:
2136:
1909:
1592:
726:
1865:, depicting the death of Harold II, 14 October 1066. His "Wyvern Standard" can be clearly seen at the left side.
4111:
3426:
2258:
2020:
1950:
1724:
1506:
in battle, the Danes moved on to invade Wessex, but were decisively crushed by Egbert's son and successor King
980:. Although the entry mentions Cynric as Cerdic's son, a different source lists him as the son of Cerdic's son,
884:
414:
258:
205:
2177:
2167:
2157:
3285:
3092:
1946:
1400:
1244:
20:
3403:
3318:
2293:
1885:
1829:
1816:
1789:
1224:
936:. The daughter of Hengest, Rowena, later arrived on a ship of reinforcements, and Vortigern married her.
583:
544:
109:
1996:
was granted arms, the sinister supporter assigned was a blue wyvern, described by the College of Arms as
3976:
2815:"MILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF VIKING TREASURE THAT COULD REWRITE HISTORY STOLEN, METAL DETECTORISTS CONVICTED"
2705:
1986:
1954:
1716:
1647:
1595:
and Cornish may have resulted in the suppression of Cornish autonomy with the death by drowning of King
1337:
1197:
1003:
960:
942:
446:
2900:
1514:. This victory postponed Danish conquests in England for fifteen years, but raids on Wessex continued.
1302:
3231:
Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.).
3107:
3053:
2926:
2744:
2140:
1837:
1526:
1503:
1193:
1181:
1177:
877:
119:
35:
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1881:
1832:. For almost fifty years the vastly wealthy holders of this earldom, first Godwin and then his son
1531:
1461:
1353:
1216:
620:
2952:
2836:
543:, a Danish army arrived in the Thames estuary, but was decisively defeated. When Æthelwulf's son,
3903:
3707:
3343:
3278:
2365:
David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex',
1811:. Edmund's sons were young children when he died in 946, so he was succeeded by his full brother
1801:
1651:
1580:
1555:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1119:
1115:
1084:
in 577, after the pause caused by the battle of Mons Badonicus, opened the way to the southwest.
950:
then records subsequent Saxon arrivals, including that of Cerdic, the founder of Wessex, in 495.
920:
842:
812:
734:
602:, who conquered England in 1016, created the wealthy and powerful earldom of Wessex, but in 1066
567:
338:
932:, Hengest and Horsa fought the invaders of Britain under the condition of gaining the Island of
1646:
texts into English, doing much of the work personally, and orchestrated the composition of the
995:
in 501 and killed a high-ranking British nobleman. In 508, Cerdic and Cynric slew British king
3991:
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3257:
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3217:
2783:
2724:
2672:
2647:
2625:
2586:
2569:
2450:
2297:
2145:
1938:
1563:
1380:
which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout England (and eventually,
900:
673:
649:
474:
311:
515:
grew, Wessex largely retained its independence. It was during this period that the system of
3408:
3323:
3233:
Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century
2879:
2289:
2228:
2219:
2206:
2102:
2012:
1929:
indicates that an association with an image of a dragon in south west Britain pre-dated the
1926:
1833:
1761:
1600:
1535:
1481:
1437:
1429:
1142:. Cædwalla, who died as late as 689, was the last West Saxon king to possess a Celtic name.
1130:
981:
969:
965:
807:. Two subsequent Roman rulers of Britain were murdered. In 407, a Roman officer in Britain,
796:
784:
780:
603:
575:
548:
539:
king. However, Mercian independence was restored in 830. During the reign of his successor,
528:
520:
410:
378:
217:
2923:"Civic Heraldry of England and Wales – Cornwall and Wessex Area – Wiltshire County Council"
763:
In the mid-4th century there were increasing raids on Roman Britain by peoples such as the
4071:
3767:
3662:
3570:
3328:
2266:
2193:
2089:
2073:
2058:
1981:
1953:
was granted arms. Two gold Wessex dragons were later granted as supporters to the arms of
1942:
1915:
1900:
depicts a fallen golden dragon, as well as a red/golden/white dragon at the death of King
1897:
1862:
1836:, were the most powerful men in English politics after the king. Finally, on the death of
1777:
1576:
1511:
1460:. In 825 or 826 he overturned the political order of England by decisively defeating King
1341:
1201:
1065:
768:
665:
645:
563:
478:
146:
1908:. Dragon standards were in fairly wide use in Europe at the time, being derived from the
1757:
598:, conquered Northumbria in 927, and England became a unified kingdom for the first time.
591:
3181:
3155:
3129:
2949:"Civic Heraldry of England and Wales – Cornwall and Wessex Area – Dorset County Council"
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3722:
3667:
2330:
2185:
2096:
to the Kings of Wessex. These arms appear in a manuscript of the 13th century, and are
2016:
1977:
1905:
1739:
1618:
1317:
1286:
1207:
These attacks marked the beginning of sustained pressure from the expanding kingdom of
1081:
1018:
933:
864:
788:
749:
669:
653:
599:
367:
43:
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2036:
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Wessex continued its gradual advance to the west, overwhelming the British kingdom of
733:
with attached farms were established across Wessex, along with the important towns of
4065:
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3762:
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3533:
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2128:
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2043:
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1930:
1922:
1807:Æthelstan never married and when he died in 939 he was succeeded by his half-brother
1773:
1579:, but after a few months he was able to gather an army and defeated the Danes at the
1309:
1290:
1282:
1042:
1037:. The thirty-year period of peace was temporarily interrupted when, according to the
1011:
720:
684:
486:
482:
406:
193:
3017:
1617:
across the kingdom. This system is recorded in a 10th-century document known as the
829:
3523:
3301:
2262:
2246:
2173:
2118:
2112:
2085:
1969:
1650:. As a result of these literary efforts and the political dominance of Wessex, the
1630:
1433:
1294:
1185:
451:
421:
94:
3757:
2261:
are minor groups seeking increased political autonomy for the region. A number of
1960:
1793:
1743:
Unification of England and Defeat of the Danelaw in the 10th century under Wessex.
1507:
595:
540:
3251:
3211:
2611:
J.N.L. Myres (1989) The English Settlements. Oxford University Press, pp. 146–147
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as well) originated in Wessex, and had been established by the mid-8th century.
1356:
now probably formed the northern boundary of Wessex, while its heartland lay in
1345:
1293:
appears to have been fortified around this period, and the former Roman Road at
1270:
1139:
1073:
1046:
1026:
730:
536:
504:. The throne subsequently passed to a series of kings with unknown genealogies.
497:
470:
399:
3003:
19:"West Saxons" redirects here. For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxons, see
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broke away from Mercian control. In 829 he conquered Mercia, driving its King
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into exile, and secured acknowledgement of his overlordship from the king of
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continues, stating that "Port, and his two sons Bieda and Mægla", landed at
912:
795:, Maximus took most of the garrison from Britain to Gaul, where he was made
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2210:. He gave each of his Wessex counties a fictionalised name, such as with
1808:
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and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King
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states that the Saxons were completely defeated in the battle, in which
562:, but were forced to withdraw. In 878 they forced Alfred to flee to the
558:
in 871, and Alfred was compelled to pay them to leave. They returned in
3986:
3908:
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2568:
J.T. Koch (2006) Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO,
2232:
2125:
1893:
1496:
1421:
1405:
1381:
1236:
1219:, encouraging the kingdom's reorientation southwards. Cenwealh married
1173:
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1135:
1053:
1030:
925:
792:
708:
657:
555:
455:
433:
325:
2585:
J.T. Koch (2006) Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO,
1603:. No subsequent 'Kings' of Cornwall are recorded after this time, but
3827:
3787:
3737:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3590:
3585:
3555:
3550:
3528:
3338:
3333:
2201:
2181:
2097:
2093:
1889:
1874:
1870:
1812:
1785:
1765:
1748:
1571:
1499:
1469:
1457:
1369:
1349:
1298:
1274:
1212:
1208:
1022:
869:
854:
776:
757:
704:
524:
512:
501:
437:
429:
425:
180:
98:
2204:, which he called "Christminster", was visited as part of Wessex in
1416:
and it weighs 36 g (1.3 oz). Embedded with an Anglo-Saxon
1211:. In time this would deprive Wessex of its territories north of the
1428:
In 802 the fortunes of Wessex were transformed by the accession of
3864:
3854:
3732:
3365:
2162:
2161:
2002:
1959:
1856:
1738:
1727:, who acknowledged Alfred's overlordship and married his daughter
1643:
1604:
1545:
1473:
1417:
1399:
1385:
1377:
1329:
1220:
1155:
1107:, or "Britain-ruler". Ceawlin was deposed, perhaps by his nephew,
977:
828:
804:
764:
742:
668:, but the final phase of Stonehenge was erected by the so-called "
630:
516:
1918:, and there is no evidence that it explicitly identified Wessex.
899:
One of the "English" traditions about the Saxon arrival concerns
3657:
1824:
1613:
1607:
records Cornwall as a separate kingdom from Wessex in the 890s.
1522:
1413:
1297:
blocked by the Britons to prevent the West Saxons' advance into
1278:
1114:
Six years later, in about 594, Ceol was succeeded by a brother,
1108:
1002:
The Saxons attacked Cerdicesford in 519, intending to cross the
904:
606:
reunited the earldom with the crown and Wessex ceased to exist.
571:
3274:
1262:. Centwine is known to have fought and won battles against the
1998:"an heraldic beast which has long been associated with Wessex"
1436:
of the ruling dynasty that claimed descent from Ine's brother
587:
559:
1269:
Centwine was succeeded by another supposed distant relative,
779:, as well as the Saxons. In 367, these tribes simultaneously
3182:"Dorset Council leader confirms devolution partnership plan"
3156:"Dorset Council devolution deal plan vague, councillors say"
2529:
See the "Genealogical Tables" in the appendices to Swanton,
2007:
Crampton's 70's flag, designed for the modern Wessex region.
1686:
1677:
1668:
3216:(3. ed., repr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
2721:
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: the Middle Ages
535:, were conquered. He also obtained the overlordship of the
636:
of the area that would become Wessex was traversed by the
2859:"Detectorists stole Viking hoard that 'rewrites history'"
2837:"Detectorists stole Viking hoard that 'rewrites history'"
1530:
ruling one after another: the rebellious Æthelbald, then
976:
entries and evidence that the area was first occupied by
880:, the British subsequently defeated those who remained.
440:. The two main sources for the history of Wessex are the
3130:"Dorset Council asked to support joint devolution talks"
915:, and the Saxon commanders he named Hengest and Horsa.
1247:
was soon abandoned as Mercian power pushed southwards.
787:
had recaptured most areas by the end of 368. In 380–1,
3108:"BBC Two announces new drama series, The Last Kingdom"
2068:
A white cross on a field of red, known as the Flag of
1664:
863:. In brief, it states that after the Romans left, the
4007:
1587:
occurred in the 870s – prior to the establishment of
1101:
later repeated this claim, referring to Ceawlin as a
1747:
After the invasions of the 890s, Wessex and English
3964:
3457:
3386:
3311:
3235:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46.
1654:of this period became the standard written form of
359:
273:
255:
240:
228:
211:
199:
187:
164:
145:
135:
115:
105:
77:
30:
3052:College of Arms MS L.14, dating from the reign of
2719:Hooper, Nicholas Hooper; Bennett, Matthew (1996).
2402:
2390:
2378:
2214:, which is known in the novels as "North Wessex".
1972:the wyvern has been used to represent Wessex: the
1760:, in charge of Mercia. Alfred's son and successor
1624:In 2015, two individuals found a large hoard near
1305:in 685, but details of their conquest is unclear.
1254:, held the throne for a year; she was followed by
1087:Ceawlin is one of the seven kings named in Bede's
1021:is believed to have been fought around this time.
4107:States and territories disestablished in the 880s
2768:Albert S. Cook, Asser's life of King Alfred, 1906
1823:After the conquest of England by the Danish king
1591:in 911 – and recorded Danish alliances with both
1404:Anglo-Saxon–Viking coin weight, used for trading
1231:, but was able to expand West Saxon territory in
1160:The Celtic and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in around 600
16:Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain
2745:"Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles: Dumnonii"
2622:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England,
2559:, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies, 33, pp, 1–8.
2227:is the primary setting, focusing on the rule of
1735:Unification of England and the Earldom of Wessex
1118:, who was succeeded in his turn in about 617 by
748:, "a military camp"). The Romans, or rather the
648:near Dover, and was probably connected with the
2981:. Royal.gov.uk. 28 October 2010. Archived from
2669:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
2447:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
2152:Cultural and political identity in modern times
918:Further details were added to the story in the
4102:States and territories established in the 510s
2723:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
3286:
2780:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
2494:"Cerdicesford" is known with certainty to be
2061:, of which Saint Aldhelm was the first bishop
1768:and the surrounding area, probably including
1192:, who came to the throne in about 642, was a
586:from the Danes and became ruler of Mercia in
8:
3068:by Winston Churchill, published in 1675 and
2265:units also use the name Wessex, such as the
2023:which depicts a gold wyvern on a red field.
1090:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
909:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
729:, from the 1st century AD, numerous country
436:, though this is considered by some to be a
257:• Alfred the Great declares himself as
3210:Hunter Blair, Peter; Keynes, Simon (2006).
2890:, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Apr., 1933), pp. 223–235.
1756:died, leaving his widow, Alfred's daughter
3293:
3279:
3271:
1708:Wessex and areas under its control in 897.
1703:Wessex and areas under its control in 886.
1698:Wessex and areas under its control in 871.
1495:Egbert's later years saw the beginning of
1250:After Cenwealh's death in 673, his widow,
500:codes and established a second West Saxon
66:
27:
3018:"Banners of English saints: St. Aldhelm"
3016:Tomislav Todorovic (17 September 2016).
4014:
3080:
3078:
2346:
1476:from the Mercians, while with his help
1396:Hegemony of Wessex and the Viking raids
1239:. He established a second bishopric at
1152:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
845:(1956), namely "Welsh" and "English".
104:
3507:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
3213:An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
2544:Language and History in Early Britain.
2353:
1204:, who had previously attacked Wessex.
853:The Welsh tradition is exemplified by
566:, but were eventually defeated at the
496:), issued one of the oldest surviving
2951:. Civicheraldry.co.uk. Archived from
2925:. Civicheraldry.co.uk. Archived from
2557:British Caraticos, Old English Cerdic
2546:Edinburgh. pp. 554, 557, 613 and 680.
2414:
1266:, but the details have not survived.
1033:. This defeat is not recorded in the
254:
239:
235:
210:
198:
186:
163:
159:
144:
72:Southern Britain in the ninth century
7:
2975:"The Arms of the Countess of Wessex"
424:believed that Wessex was founded by
2286:Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
833:Imaginary depiction of Cerdic from
442:West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List
2803:The Burghal Hidage: Alfred's Towns
2706:"BBC – History – Alfred the Great"
2217:In the book and television series
2148:, which was founded by the king).
1562:and East Anglia. Then in 871, the
1444:", first in 813 and then again at
889:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
860:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
531:, and Mercia, along with parts of
14:
3972:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2782:(3rd ed.). OUP. p. 57.
2273:– known as the 'Wessex Gunners'.
1006:and block a road which connected
924:, which was partially written by
825:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
640:, which can still be traced from
469:and was expanded under his rule.
4017:
2861:. The Guardian. 21 November 2019
2403:Hunter Blair & Keynes (2006)
2391:Hunter Blair & Keynes (2006)
2379:Hunter Blair & Keynes (2006)
2310:
2255:Wessex Constitutional Convention
2050:
2035:
1869:Wessex is often symbolised by a
741:(the ending -chester comes from
644:in Cornwall to the coast of the
343:
318:
304:
3253:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
3072:by G W Collen published in 1833
2884:The Dragons of Wessex and Wales
2449:. Routledge. pp. 130–131.
1974:43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division
1964:Wessex Division Formation patch
1896:in 752 by the West Saxons. The
1550:England in the late 9th century
1097:over the southern English: the
507:During the 8th century, as the
491:
460:
4092:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
2646:. Dovecote Press. p. 19.
2251:Wessex Institute of Technology
1937:. By the time of the grant of
1892:being raised at the Battle of
1125:The tradition embodied in the
590:upon the death of his sister,
1:
2271:32nd Regiment Royal Artillery
2180:as a setting for many of his
2015:, the founder of the British
1525:and his eldest surviving son
1517:In 855–856 Æthelwulf went on
677:
246:
167:
82:
55:
2839:. BBC News. 21 November 2019
2817:. Newsweek. 22 November 2019
1792:. In 927 Edward's successor
1558:overwhelmed the kingdoms of
1510:in the exceptionally bloody
1332:). At this time Wessex took
1316:, covering the area west of
711:occupied the future Wessex.
463: 642–645, 648–672
48:Regnum Occidentalium Saxonum
3106:Una Maguire (9 July 2014).
1424:region and dates to 870–930
1041:, the Saxons conquered the
4128:
3934:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
3006:. Retrieved 26 August 2015
3004:The Flag Institute: Wessex
2671:. Routledge. p. 137.
2336:List of monarchs of Wessex
2318:Anglo-Saxon England portal
2155:
2019:, designed a flag for the
1994:Sophie, Countess of Wessex
1842:Norman Conquest of England
1599:in 875 as recorded by the
1289:and died soon afterwards.
1149:
1146:Christianisation of Wessex
1111:, and died a year later.
1029:participated according to
822:
718:
656:, the ceremonial sites of
618:
554:Wessex was invaded by the
392:Kingdom of the West Saxons
32:Kingdom of the West Saxons
18:
3088:Oxford English Dictionary
3042:Wessex flag flying advice
2903:. Somerset County Council
2642:Hinton, David A. (1998).
2137:King Edward the Confessor
1914:standard employed by the
1685:
1676:
1667:
954:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
837:'s 1611 "Saxon Heptarchy"
727:Roman conquest of Britain
283:
269:
236:
224:
160:
65:
54:
2259:Wessex Regionalist Party
2231:and the war against the
1951:Wiltshire County Council
1921:A panel of 18th century
1488:. He thereby became the
1045:in 530 at a battle near
885:Battle of Mons Badonicus
415:King of the Anglo-Saxons
409:, from around 519 until
259:King of the Anglo-Saxons
3250:Yorke, Barbara (1995).
3093:Oxford University Press
2667:Yorke, Barbara (2002).
2602:Yorke 1995, pp. 190–191
2542:Kenneth Jackson (1953)
2445:Yorke, Barbara (1990).
2139:on the reverse side of
2080:Attributed coat of arms
1947:Somerset County Council
1764:, then annexed London,
1468:and seizing control of
872:in exchange for land.
578:, captured the eastern
519:was established. Under
106:Official languages
39:
21:Wessex (disambiguation)
2778:Sawyer, Peter (2001).
2184:, adopting his friend
2170:
2027:Cross of Saint Aldhelm
2008:
1965:
1886:Matthew of Westminster
1866:
1830:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
1790:Kingdom of the English
1744:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1639:
1551:
1425:
1235:at the expense of the
1161:
838:
819:Anglo-Saxon settlement
110:West Saxon Old English
47:
4082:886 disestablishments
3977:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3586:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
2531:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2435:Blair 2003, pp. 14–16
2426:Blair 2003, pp. 13–14
2168:Thomas Hardy's Wessex
2165:
2158:Thomas Hardy's Wessex
2006:
1987:Royal Wessex Yeomanry
1963:
1955:Dorset County Council
1904:, who was previously
1860:
1742:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1648:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1635:
1549:
1456:, to the status of a
1403:
1338:William of Malmesbury
1198:Oswald of Northumbria
1180:. This was the first
1159:
1127:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
961:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
943:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
895:The English tradition
832:
693:Celtic British tribes
447:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
81:Independent kingdom (
3621:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
2693:Early Wars of Wessex
2644:Saxons & Vikings
2509:Early Wars of Wessex
2284:named "Wessex" with
2178:fictionalised Wessex
1838:Edward the Confessor
1658:for the rest of the
1542:Last English kingdom
1504:Beorhtwulf of Mercia
1178:Dorchester-on-Thames
878:Ambrosius Aurelianus
797:Augustus of the West
413:declared himself as
394:, also known as the
123:(before 7th century)
4044: /
4024:Anglo-Saxon England
2985:on 22 February 2008
2955:on 20 November 2016
2929:on 20 November 2016
2555:Parsons, D. (1997)
2280:proposed to form a
2042:Flag attributed to
1882:Henry of Huntingdon
1662:period and beyond.
1472:, Sussex, Kent and
1462:Beornwulf of Mercia
1243:, while the one at
928:. According to the
849:The Welsh tradition
681: 1600–1200 BC
621:Prehistoric Britain
615:Prehistoric Britain
242:• Established
130:(after 7th century)
4097:Regions of England
4087:Historical regions
4077:519 establishments
3413:Lists of monarchs
3188:. 16 December 2023
3022:Flags of the World
2901:"The Coat of Arms"
2620:Yorke, B. (1990),
2369:, 4 (1985), 21–66.
2282:devolved authority
2200:, but the city of
2171:
2009:
1966:
1867:
1802:Kingdom of England
1745:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1652:West Saxon dialect
1581:Battle of Edington
1556:Great Heathen Army
1552:
1426:
1412:. The material is
1308:His successor was
1303:Cædwalla of Wessex
1260:Centwine of Wessex
1162:
1120:Cynegils of Wessex
921:Historia Brittonum
843:Peter Hunter Blair
839:
664:were completed on
568:Battle of Edington
339:Kingdom of England
4005:
4004:
3992:Mercian Supremacy
3502:Spalda (Spalding)
3263:978-0-7185-1856-1
3256:. A&C Black.
3242:978-0-8511-5598-2
3223:978-0-521-53777-3
3162:. 18 October 2023
2749:The History Files
2691:Major, Albany F.
2511:(1912), pp. 11–20
2507:Major, Albany F.
2146:Westminster Abbey
2110:(alternatively a
1939:armorial bearings
1888:talk of a golden
1713:
1712:
1564:Great Summer Army
1072:. The capture of
958:According to the
901:Hengest and Horsa
674:Middle Bronze Age
650:ancient tin trade
485:. His successor,
396:Kingdom of Wessex
388:
387:
355:
354:
351:
350:
331:
330:
312:Sub-Roman Britain
4119:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4013:
3409:Wiglaf of Mercia
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3246:
3227:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3136:. 9 October 2023
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3091:(2nd ed.).
3082:
3073:
3070:Britannia Saxona
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2891:
2880:J. S. P. Tatlock
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:. www.bbc.co.uk.
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2498:. (Major, p. 11)
2492:
2486:
2485:Yorke 2002, p. 4
2483:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:, p. 23-24.
2351:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2229:Alfred the Great
2220:The Last Kingdom
2207:Jude the Obscure
2057:Coat of arms of
2054:
2039:
2013:William Crampton
1927:Exeter Cathedral
1916:later Roman army
1853:Wyvern or dragon
1834:Harold Godwinson
1762:Edward the Elder
1665:
1601:Annales Cambriae
1536:Alfred the Great
1432:who came from a
1376:. The system of
982:Creoda of Wessex
970:Cynric of Wessex
966:Cerdic of Wessex
682:
679:
604:Harold Godwinson
594:. Edward's son,
574:. Alfred's son,
549:Alfred the Great
527:, Sussex, Kent,
495:
493:
473:later conquered
464:
462:
411:Alfred the Great
405:in the south of
381:
379:Southern England
370:
347:
346:
335:
334:
322:
321:
308:
307:
301:
300:
285:
284:
251:
248:
218:Alfred the Great
176:
172:
169:
131:
124:
91:
87:
84:
70:
60:
57:
28:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4112:Former kingdoms
4062:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3960:
3453:
3382:
3307:
3299:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3066:Divi Britannici
3064:For example in
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
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2930:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2894:
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2874:
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2852:
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2820:
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2812:
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2801:
2797:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2624:London: Seaby,
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2464:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2267:Wessex Regiment
2194:Gloucestershire
2160:
2154:
2082:
2074:Sherborne Abbey
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:Sherborne Abbey
2055:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2029:
1982:Wessex Regiment
1943:College of Arms
1898:Bayeux Tapestry
1863:Bayeux Tapestry
1855:
1850:
1778:Buckinghamshire
1737:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1577:Somerset Levels
1544:
1512:Battle of Aclea
1398:
1342:Gloucestershire
1202:Penda of Mercia
1154:
1148:
1066:Gloucestershire
956:
897:
851:
827:
821:
809:Constantine III
781:invaded Britain
769:Scottish people
723:
717:
680:
666:Salisbury Plain
646:English Channel
623:
617:
612:
564:Somerset Levels
490:
459:
384:
373:
366:
344:
319:
305:
262:
249:
243:
214:
213:• 871–886
202:
201:• 802–839
190:
189:• 688–726
177:
174:
170:
129:
125:
122:
93:
89:
85:
73:
58:
50:
42:
40:Ƿestseaxna rīċe
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4027:
4026:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Burghal Hidage
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
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3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
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3896:
3891:
3881:
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3825:
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3815:
3810:
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3795:
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3775:
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3755:
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3730:
3725:
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3715:
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3705:
3700:
3695:
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3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
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3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3228:
3222:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3173:
3147:
3121:
3098:
3074:
3057:
3045:
3034:
3008:
2996:
2966:
2940:
2914:
2892:
2872:
2850:
2828:
2806:
2795:
2788:
2770:
2761:
2736:
2729:
2711:
2697:
2684:
2677:
2659:
2652:
2634:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2578:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2478:
2462:
2455:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2393:, pp. 2–3
2383:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Earl of Wessex
2328:
2322:
2321:
2305:
2302:
2294:North Somerset
2278:Dorset Council
2186:William Barnes
2156:Main article:
2153:
2150:
2081:
2078:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2017:Flag Institute
1978:Wessex Brigade
1906:Earl of Wessex
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1736:
1733:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1619:Burghal Hidage
1543:
1540:
1397:
1394:
1318:Selwood Forest
1287:Pope Sergius I
1217:(Bristol) Avon
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1019:Mons Badonicus
1017:The battle of
955:
952:
896:
893:
865:Celtic Britons
850:
847:
823:Main article:
820:
817:
789:Magnus Maximus
750:Romano-British
725:Following the
719:Main article:
716:
713:
670:Wessex culture
654:Late Neolithic
619:Main article:
616:
613:
611:
608:
600:Cnut the Great
494: 689–726
454:kingdom after
386:
385:
383:
382:
371:
368:United Kingdom
363:
361:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
341:
332:
329:
328:
323:
315:
314:
309:
297:
296:
291:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
256:
253:
252:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
221:
215:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
197:
196:
191:
188:
185:
184:
178:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
52:
51:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4124:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4025:
4015:
4011:
3998:
3997:Tribal Hidage
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Southumbrians
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Middle Angles
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Andredes Leag
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Middle Saxons
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2979:Royal Insight
2976:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2678:9781134707256
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2593:, pp. 392–393
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2576:, pp. 394–395
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:9781134707249
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:between four
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:cross patoncé
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:Saint Aldhelm
2060:
2053:
2045:
2044:Saint Aldhelm
2038:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2021:Wessex region
2018:
2014:
2011:In the 1970s
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:E. A. Freeman
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:stained glass
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1843:
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1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:Hertfordshire
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
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1701:
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1680:
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1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
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1638:
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1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1566:arrived from
1565:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
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1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
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1379:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
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1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Isle of Wight
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
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1234:
1230:
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1214:
1210:
1205:
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1199:
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1191:
1187:
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1167:
1158:
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1145:
1143:
1141:
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1128:
1123:
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1085:
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1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:Isle of Wight
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:Badbury Rings
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:
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949:
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774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
721:Roman Britain
715:Roman Britain
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Dorset Cursus
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
614:
609:
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546:
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522:
518:
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510:
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483:Isle of Wight
480:
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468:
457:
453:
449:
448:
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431:
427:
423:
418:
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412:
408:
407:Great Britain
404:
401:
397:
393:
380:
377:
372:
369:
365:
364:
362:
360:Today part of
358:
342:
340:
337:
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324:
317:
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302:
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282:
279:
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76:
69:
64:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
4029:
3883:
3871:
3850:Northumbria:
3849:
3793:South Engele
3687:
3663:Ceasterware
3637:
3556:Godhelmingas
3545:
3513:
3467:East Anglia:
3466:
3377:
3349:Middel Seaxe
3252:
3232:
3212:
3204:Bibliography
3190:. Retrieved
3185:
3176:
3164:. Retrieved
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3133:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3101:
3086:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3048:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:
3011:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2978:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2809:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2720:
2714:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2643:
2637:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2581:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2520:Major, p. 19
2516:
2508:
2503:
2490:
2481:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2417:, p. 11
2415:Yorke (1995)
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2349:
2275:
2263:British Army
2247:Wessex Water
2238:
2237:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2189:
2174:Thomas Hardy
2172:
2134:
2123:
2119:cross moline
2117:
2113:cross fleury
2111:
2101:
2092:by medieval
2086:coat of arms
2083:
2067:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1970:British Army
1967:
1920:
1910:
1879:
1868:
1822:
1806:
1746:
1714:
1640:
1636:
1631:The Guardian
1623:
1612:
1609:
1553:
1516:
1494:
1434:cadet branch
1427:
1322:
1307:
1295:Ackling Dyke
1291:Bokeley Dyke
1268:
1249:
1206:
1186:Christianity
1163:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1016:
1001:
988:
986:
973:
968:and his son
959:
957:
947:
941:
938:
929:
919:
917:
908:
898:
888:
882:
874:
858:
852:
840:
762:
745:
724:
695:such as the
629:onwards the
624:
553:
537:Northumbrian
506:
445:
422:Anglo-Saxons
419:
395:
391:
389:
375:
294:Succeeded by
293:
288:
127:Christianity
95:Client state
25:
4051: /
3843:Wreocensæte
3768:North Engle
3753:Lindisfaras
3723:Cilternsæte
3683:Modingahema
3437:Northumbria
3417:East Anglia
3356:Northumbria
3319:East Anglia
3302:Anglo-Saxon
2989:28 November
2865:24 November
2843:24 November
2821:24 November
2754:27 December
2476:Giles, p. 9
2405:, p. 3
2381:, p. 2
2354:Keynes 1998
2198:Oxfordshire
1798:Northumbria
1782:Oxfordshire
1660:Anglo-Saxon
1656:Old English
1568:Scandinavia
1560:Northumbria
1486:Northumbria
1478:East Anglia
1450:River Tamar
1346:Oxfordshire
1225:East Anglia
1093:as holding
1074:Cirencester
1047:Carisbrooke
1027:King Arthur
731:Roman villa
584:East Anglia
498:English law
400:Anglo-Saxon
289:Preceded by
36:Old English
4066:Categories
4048:51.2°N 2°W
3929:Sumorsaete
3914:Glastening
3899:Brycgstowl
3877:Haestingas
3860:Beodarsæte
3813:Stoppingas
3808:Spaldingas
3783:Pencersæte
3728:Duddensæte
3713:Beormingas
3708:Banesbyrig
3643:Andredsley
3616:Pæding-tun
3601:Waeclingas
3561:Haueringas
3534:Caningaege
3529:Daenningas
3519:Brahhingas
3492:Herstingas
3404:Frithuwald
3085:"Wessex".
2907:14 January
2789:0192854348
2730:0521440491
2653:1874336504
2632:pp.138–139
2630:1852640278
2591:1851094407
2574:1851094407
2300:councils.
2243:Wessex Bus
2090:attributed
2076:, Dorset.
1931:Victorians
1796:conquered
1729:Ethelfleda
1633:adds that
1626:Leominster
1519:pilgrimage
1442:West Welsh
1410:hacksilver
1245:Dorchester
1241:Winchester
1182:conversion
1095:"imperium"
1078:Gloucester
1058:Chronicle'
1004:River Avon
993:Portsmouth
907:wrote his
835:John Speed
785:Theodosius
756:and on to
754:Silchester
739:Winchester
735:Dorchester
697:Durotriges
662:Stonehenge
638:Harrow Way
250: 519
175: 534
173: – c.
171: 519
136:Government
92:; 648–886)
90: 645
88: – c.
86: 519
59: 519
3944:Wiltsaete
3939:Sunningas
3924:Rēadingas
3904:Dornsaete
3889:Eorlingas
3855:Elmetsæte
3833:Weorgoran
3818:Sweordora
3798:Snotingas
3788:Reagesate
3758:Magonsæte
3743:Glestinga
3678:Limenwara
3668:Eastorege
3611:Woccingas
3566:Hroðingas
3551:Gillingas
3394:Bretwalda
3305:heptarchy
3192:24 August
3166:24 August
3140:24 August
3054:Henry III
2342:Footnotes
2326:Heptarchy
2298:Wiltshire
2276:In 2023,
2212:Berkshire
1957:in 1950.
1902:Harold II
1794:Æthelstan
1770:Middlesex
1758:Æthelflæd
1725:Aethelred
1721:ealdorman
1532:Æthelbert
1527:Æthelbald
1508:Æthelwulf
1490:Bretwalda
1446:Gafulford
1366:Berkshire
1362:Wiltshire
1358:Hampshire
1314:Sherborne
1131:Brittonic
1104:bretwalda
1099:Chronicle
1062:Chilterns
1039:Chronicle
1035:Chronicle
1008:Old Sarum
997:Natanleod
989:Chronicle
974:Chronicle
948:Chronicle
913:Vortigern
773:Attacotti
701:Atrebates
672:" of the
652:. In the
627:Neolithic
625:From the
596:Æthelstan
592:Æthelflæd
545:Æthelbald
541:Æthelwulf
502:bishopric
452:Christian
398:, was an
116:Religion
101:(645–648)
4053:51.2; -2
3965:See also
3949:Wihtwara
3919:Meonwara
3894:Basingas
3838:Westerne
3748:Husmerae
3698:Æbbingas
3693:Ælfingas
3658:Cantware
3653:Boroware
3631:Deningei
3626:Dæningas
3596:Tewingas
3591:Tetingas
3539:Gegingas
3459:Regiones
3399:Iclingas
3387:Monarchs
3361:Bernicia
3312:Kingdoms
3186:BBC News
3160:BBC News
3134:BBC News
3027:13 April
2959:6 August
2933:6 August
2888:Speculum
2496:Charford
2304:See also
2290:Somerset
2126:martlets
2098:blazoned
1754:Æthelred
1717:Ceolwulf
1597:Donyarth
1589:Normandy
1585:Brittany
1466:Ellendun
1454:Cornwall
1390:Scotland
1374:Somerset
1352:and the
1334:de facto
1326:Dumnonia
1281:and the
1271:Cædwalla
1252:Seaxburh
1233:Somerset
1229:Wulfhere
1215:and the
1190:Cenwealh
1170:Cynegils
1140:Cædwalla
1116:Ceolwulf
1070:Somerset
930:Historia
813:Honorius
801:Stilicho
689:Iron Age
642:Marazion
634:downland
580:Midlands
533:Dumnonia
509:hegemony
481:and the
471:Cædwalla
467:baptised
444:and the
417:in 886.
274:Currency
206:Ecgberht
140:Monarchy
120:Paganism
4036:51°12′N
3987:Danelaw
3909:Gewisse
3884:Wessex:
3872:Sussex:
3828:Undaium
3823:Tomsæte
3778:Pecsæte
3718:Bilsæte
3703:Arosæte
3688:Mercia:
3581:Haering
3497:Ikelgas
3477:Suffolk
3472:Norfolk
3344:Lindsey
3114:24 July
3095:. 1989.
2695:, p.105
2367:Peritia
2233:Vikings
2188:' term
2176:used a
2166:map of
2141:pennies
2094:heralds
1968:In the
1941:by the
1894:Burford
1848:Symbols
1593:Bretons
1422:Danelaw
1406:bullion
1382:Ireland
1264:Britons
1256:Æscwine
1237:Britons
1174:Birinus
1166:baptism
1136:Ceawlin
1054:Ceawlin
1031:Nennius
940:in the
926:Nennius
903:. When
793:Gratian
709:Dobunni
658:Avebury
610:History
456:Cenwalh
434:Gewisse
432:of the
403:kingdom
326:Gewisse
229:History
183:(first)
166:•
4072:Wessex
4039:2°00′W
4010:Portal
3954:Ytenes
3865:Loidis
3773:Pecset
3738:Gyrwas
3673:Lympne
3546:Surrey
3514:Essex:
3447:Wessex
3442:Sussex
3432:Mercia
3378:Wessex
3373:Sussex
3339:Hwicce
3334:Mercia
3260:
3239:
3220:
2786:
2727:
2675:
2650:
2628:
2589:
2572:
2453:
2269:, and
2253:. The
2249:, and
2239:Wessex
2225:Wessex
2202:Oxford
2190:Wessex
2182:novels
1890:dragon
1875:dragon
1871:wyvern
1813:Eadred
1809:Edmund
1786:Humber
1766:Oxford
1749:Mercia
1572:Mercia
1500:Viking
1497:Danish
1482:Wiglaf
1470:Surrey
1458:vassal
1452:, now
1438:Ingild
1430:Egbert
1378:shires
1370:Dorset
1350:Thames
1348:, the
1299:Dorset
1275:Sussex
1213:Thames
1209:Mercia
1023:Gildas
946:. The
934:Thanet
870:Saxons
855:Gildas
777:Franks
775:, and
758:London
746:castra
705:Belgae
576:Edward
525:Surrey
521:Egbert
517:shires
513:Mercia
475:Sussex
465:) was
438:legend
430:Cynric
426:Cerdic
374:
232:
220:(last)
181:Cerdic
156:
99:Mercia
78:Status
3733:Gaini
3638:Kent:
3487:Gywre
3422:Essex
3366:Deira
3324:Essex
3110:. BBC
2103:Azure
1992:When
1911:draco
1880:Both
1817:Edgar
1644:Latin
1614:burhs
1605:Asser
1474:Essex
1418:sceat
1386:Wales
1330:Devon
1221:Penda
1194:pagan
978:Jutes
857:, in
805:Goths
765:Picts
743:Latin
631:chalk
572:burhs
556:Danes
529:Essex
278:Penny
44:Latin
3606:Tota
3571:Haka
3524:Beda
3482:Elge
3427:Kent
3329:Kent
3258:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3194:2024
3168:2024
3142:2024
3116:2014
3029:2023
2991:2010
2961:2011
2935:2011
2909:2008
2867:2019
2845:2019
2823:2019
2784:ISBN
2756:2015
2725:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2296:and
2257:and
2196:and
2105:, a
2088:was
1884:and
1861:The
1825:Cnut
1780:and
1523:Rome
1414:lead
1408:and
1388:and
1372:and
1354:Avon
1344:and
1279:Kent
1138:and
1109:Ceol
1082:Bath
1080:and
1068:and
1010:and
987:The
905:Bede
737:and
707:and
660:and
582:and
479:Kent
428:and
420:The
390:The
151:List
147:King
61:–886
2886:in
2116:or
2100:as
1945:to
1925:at
1873:or
1521:to
1464:at
1310:Ine
1184:to
1172:by
1168:of
984:.
891:.
588:918
560:876
511:of
487:Ine
265:886
194:Ine
97:of
4068::
3184:.
3158:.
3132:.
3077:^
3020:.
2977:.
2882:,
2747:.
2465:^
2292:,
2288:,
2245:,
2235:.
2223:,
2132:.
2129:Or
2122:)
2084:A
2000:.
1877:.
1804:.
1776:,
1772:,
1723:,
1384:,
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1277:,
1076:,
1064:,
1049:.
964:,
771:,
767:,
760:.
703:,
699:,
691:,
678:c.
551:.
523:,
492:r.
477:,
461:r.
261:.
247:c.
168:c.
83:c.
56:c.
46::
38::
4012::
3294:e
3287:t
3280:v
3266:.
3245:.
3226:.
3196:.
3170:.
3144:.
3118:.
3031:.
2993:.
2963:.
2937:.
2911:.
2869:.
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2825:.
2792:.
2758:.
2733:.
2681:.
2656:.
2533:.
2459:.
2144:(
1328:(
676:(
489:(
458:(
376:∟
153:)
149:(
23:.
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