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given off by power plants throughout the winter months. However, as older plants are replaced with more energy-efficient structures, manatees could become at risk of cold-induced death due to reduced availability of warm-water refuges. Manatees exhibit high site fidelity and can recall previous refuge sites to which they frequently return in successive winters. Some conservationists fear that manatees may become overly reliant on warm-water locations generated by power plants that may shut down soon. Natural warm-water springs face problems from over-pumping of groundwater for human consumption, reduced spring flow, and nutrient pollution. In addition, some springs that were historically accessible to manatees are blocked off by dams or other structures. As
Florida moves towards net zero by 2050, power companies will likely phase out these warm water discharges. Florida Climate Instituteâs Laying the Groundwork for âGetting to Neutralâ in the State of Florida project sets a foundation for a net-zero action planning effort in Florida by 2050. In areas where manatees lack access to power plants or natural warm springs, they instead seek out natural deep water zones that passively remain above tolerable temperatures.
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strikes. Manatees can hear boats, but they oftentimes do not have enough time to get out of the way of a fast approaching boat. A boat going at a slower speed gives the manatee more time to react and move out of the way. Manatees respond to approaching vessels by orienting towards deeper waters and increasing their speed, but they are nevertheless frequently struck as they don't have the ability to swim very fast and, in shallow habitat, they oftentimes don't have anywhere to go to get out of the way. Over half of all watercraft deaths are caused by the impact trauma from the hull of a fast-speeding boat, whereas the remaining percentage is caused by the boat propeller. Aerial surveys of
Florida manatee and boat distribution have been conducted to map the areas in which collisions are most likely to occur, accounting for environmental and seasonal factors. Watercraft can frequently avoid hitting manatees simply by reducing speed, allowing time for the manatee to escape out of range. Despite improvements in modeling and changes to local regulations, manatee mortalities from watercraft collisions continue to rise, with an all-time high of 137 recorded deaths in 2019.
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exposure to red tide if rescued and rehabilitated in time, researchers fear that there might be long-term effects from sub-lethal red-tide exposure, which can affect the manatee's immune system through reduced lymphocyte proliferation response. In addition to red tide, blue/green and brown algae blooms triggered by excessive nutrient pollution from fertilizer, runoff, and leaking septic tanks can cloud the water. This results in seagrasses dying off since seagrasses and aquatic plants need light to photosynthesize. Manatees in turn may not be able to find sufficient food sources, which can lead to starvation. Manatees have experienced several
Unusual Mortality Events (UMEs) over the years, which are usually related to either cold-stress syndrome, or brevetoxicosis from red tide. A current UME is ongoing along the Atlantic coast of Florida and is most likely related to a shortage in food sources.
838:, and the male contributes no parental care to the calf, which remains with the mother for up to two years prior to weaning. Female manatees have two axillary mammary glands located under their flippers. The lactation period for mothers and their calves last typically for one to two years. Prior to weaning, there is an increase in the hormone progesterone in the mother. During this two-year period with their mother, calves learn how to locate warm water sources for winter and about migration routes for the summer seasons. A single female can reproduce once every 2â3 years, which is referred to as the calving interval. Wild manatees have been documented producing offspring into their late 30s, and a female captive manatee has given birth in her 40s.
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several males aggregate around an estrous female and compete for access to her. These mating herds can last up to 2 to 4 weeks. The estrous cycles of female manatees typically are approximately one month long. Females in captivity have been observed to skip cycles. Larger males, presumably older, have been observed to dominate mating herds and are likely responsible for most successful copulation events. However, between males and females there is a little sexual dimorphism where females are typically slightly larger than males.
50:
746:. Unlike other hindgut fermenters, such as the horse, manatees efficiently extract nutrients, particularly cellulose, from the aquatic plants in their diet. Manatees have a large gastrointestinal tract with contents measuring about 23% of its total body mass. In addition, the passage rate of food is very long (about seven days). This slow process increases the digestibility of their diet. It is suggested that chronic fermentation may also provide additional heat and is correlated with their low metabolic rate.
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individuals. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service estimated in 2017 that as many as 6,782 individuals might exist in the Antillean subspecies, but these results rely in large part on personal anecdotes and may overestimate the true population number. A 2012 study of the Antillean population documented significant human-related causes of mortality, and projected that if the share of human-caused manatee deaths per year rose to 5% or more, the population would face a severe decline and eventual extinction.
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vocal individuality among manatees. An increase in manatee vocalization after a vocal playback stimulus shows that they may be able to recognize another manatee's individual voice. This behavior in manatees is found mostly between mother and calf interactions. However, vocalization can still be commonly found in a variety of social interactions within groups of manatees, which is similar to other aquatic mammals. When communicating in noisy environments, manatees that are in groups experience the same
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129:
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862:(IUCN) assessed the West Indian manatee as vulnerable, and both the Florida and Antillean subspecies as endangered. The full species and both subspecies qualified for their respective classifications due to a combination of a low number of mature individuals, and a significant projected decline in total population numbers over the next two generations (about 20 years per generation in manatees). Similarly,
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Walsh, Catherine J.; Butawan, Matthew; Yordy, Jennifer; Ball, Ray; Flewelling, Leanne; De Wit, Martine; Bonde, Robert K. (2015). "Sublethal red tide toxin exposure in free-ranging manatees (Trichechus manatus) affects the immune system through reduced lymphocyte proliferation responses, inflammation,
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Ghebremichael, K., T. Troxler, A. Hernandez, R. Fourqurean, L. Jerome, K. Carroll, D. Moanga, H. Lazzaroni, S. Roy, J. Jenkins, J. McFarlane-Weinstein, A. Kaur, H. Knowles, S. Alvarez, M. Sukop, and J. Obeysekera, (2022). Laying the
Groundwork for 'Getting to Neutral' in the State of Florida. Florida
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The
Florida and Antillean subspecies face different threats, though some overlap. The largest causes of Florida manatee deaths can be attributed to collisions with watercraft, the loss of warm-water habitat, high perinatal mortality, entanglements and ingestion of debris, pollution, habitat loss, and
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period in manatees lasts for 12â14 months, after which they give birth to one calf at a time or, rarely, twins. When twins are born, they are fraternal twins and are dizygotic. When a calf is born, it usually weighs 60â70 lb (27â32 kg) and is 4.0â4.5 ft (1.2â1.4 m) long. Manatees
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and promote negative buoyancy. This helps counteract the positive buoyancy which comes from their high fat content. These two buoyancy counterparts, along with air in the lungs, helps manatees achieve neutral buoyancy in the water. This makes breathing, foraging, and swimming easier for the manatee.
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Projected long-term loss of warm-water habitats presents a significant risk to manatees, which are unable to tolerate temperatures lower than 20 °C (68 °F) for prolonged periods of time. Florida manatees frequently congregate around natural warm-water springs, as well as the warm discharge
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collaborated with the
Florida Fish and Wildlife Service to re-evaluate the status of the Florida manatee under the Core Biological Model, which is used to estimate population viability. This assessment analyzed total population on the east and west coasts of Florida and estimated that the likelihood
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The reproductive anatomy of females is most like that of elephants. Female manatees resemble elephants in their zonary placenta, bicornuate uterus, and corpora albicantia. The female manateesâ ovary gross morphology consists of an oval disk shape with a flat surface of the cortex. And since they are
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of manatees lends to their capacity for long and deep dives, as well as their relative lack of speed. Manatees are frequently solitary creatures, but they do aggregate at warm-water habitats during the winter and during the formation of breeding herds. In spite of their docile demeanor, due to their
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The seasonal distribution of the West Indian manatee varies with water temperatures. Temperatures below approximately 20 °C (68 °F) increase the risk of cold-induced stress or mortality for manatees. Consequently, Florida manatees seek out warm-water refuges during the winter, concentrated
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and low levels of light in its habitat which can mitigate the effectiveness of aerial or sonar-based surveys, often resulting in inaccurate or erroneous measurements. A 2016 study on the
Antillean manatee population of Brazil found a potential range for current population size between 485 and 2,221
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Manatees easily can get entangled in monofilament fishing line, crab traps, and other debris, which can lead to the loss of flippers and severe body wraps. In addition, they may also ingest a variety of debris, such as plastics, cloth, fishing gear, and other items. Manatees can also get crushed by
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or other chemical indicators. Manatees can communicate information to each other through their vocalization patterns. Sex and age-related differences are apparent in the vocalization structure of common squeaks and screeches in adult males, adult females, and juveniles. This may be an indication of
390:, the West Indian manatee has adapted fully to aquatic life, having no hind limbs. Instead of hind limbs, the manatee has a spatula-like paddle for propulsion in the water. Manatees have evolved streamlined bodies which lack external ear flaps, thus decreasing resistance in the aquatic environment.
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Wright SD, Ackerman BB, Bonde RK, Beck CA, Banowetz DJ. Analysis of
Watercraft-related Mortality of Manatees in Florida 1979-1991. In: OâShea TJO, Ackerman BB, Percival HF, eds. Population Biology of the Florida Manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1.; Washington,
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There is relatively little data on the
Antillean manatee compared to its Florida counterpart. Phylogenetic studies on the Antillean manatee have revealed low genetic diversity among its populations, likely due to limitations on dispersal. Captive breeding, as well as the rehabilitation of manatee
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failed to adequately consider data from 2010 to 2016, during which time manatees suffered from unprecedented mortality events linked to habitat pollution, dependence on artificial warm-water sources, and record deaths from watercraft strikes. The official notice of the reclassification made clear
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The reproductive anatomy of males consists of internal testes within the abdominal cavity, which are located posterior to the kidneys. In the Florida manatee, males experience seasonal changes in their spermatogenesis. They are active during the warm breeding season; during this time all stages of
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are often worn down and are replaced many times throughout their lives, thus earning the nickname "marching molars." The molar teeth are similar in shape, but of varying sizes. Manatees do not have incisors; these have been replaced by horny gingival plates. Some individuals may also inadvertently
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Phlips, Edward J.; Badylak, Susan; Lasi, Margaret A.; Chamberlain, Robert; Green, Whitney C.; Hall, Lauren M.; Hart, Jane A.; Lockwood, Jean C.; Miller, Janice D.; Morris, Lori J.; Steward, Joel S. (2015). "From Red Tides to Green and Brown Tides: Bloom Dynamics in a Restricted Subtropical Lagoon
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Manatee vibrissae are so sensitive that they are able to perform active touch discrimination of textures. Manatees also use their vibrissae to navigate the turbid waterways of their environment. Research has indicated that they are able to use these vibrissae to detect hydrodynamic stimuli in the
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lips which are used for grasping food and objects. The vibrissae on these lips are turned outward during grasping and are used in locating vegetation. Their oral disks also contain vibrissae which have been classified as bristle-like hairs that are used in nongrasping investigation of objects and
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The average West Indian manatee is about 2.7â3.5 m (8.9â11.5 ft) long and weighs 200â600 kg (440â1,320 lb), with females generally larger than males. The largest individual on record weighed 1,655 kg (3,649 lb) and measured 4.6 m (15 ft) long. Manatees are
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Male manatees reach sexual maturity at 3â4 years of age, while females reach sexual maturity at 3â5 years of age. Manatees appear capable of breeding throughout their entire adult life, although most females first breed successfully at ages 7â9. Breeding occurs in ephemeral mating herds, where
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in each jaw quadrant. These molariform teeth are generated at the back of the mouth and slowly migrate towards the front of the mouth, at a rate of 1â2 mm per month, where they then fall out. This tooth âconveyor beltâ provides unlimited tooth production which is beneficial for the manatee
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which are potentially fatal to marine life. Most manatee deaths from red tide occur when manatees inhale the toxins, or ingest the toxins when consuming seagrass, their primary food source. During a 1996 epizootic more than 150 manatees died from red tide exposure. Although manatees can survive
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Over 20% of manatee mortalities per year are a result of watercraft collisions. Between 1985 and 2017, 53% of adult-manatee mortalities were the result of boat strikes. 96% of adult Florida manatee carcasses have scars from a boat collision with some individuals showing signs of 10 or more boat
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are assumed to be the mechanism for sound production in manatees. Manatees also eat other manatees' feces; it is assumed that they do this to gather information about reproductive status or dominance, indicating the important role chemoreception plays in the social and reproductive behavior of
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Vianna, Juliana A.; Bonde, Robert K.; Caballero, Susana; Giraldo, Juan Pablo; Lima, RĂ©gis P.; Clark, Annmarie; Marmontel, MĂriam; Morales-Vela, BenjamĂn; Souza, Maria JosĂ© De; Parr, Leslee; RodrĂguez-Lopez, Marta A. (2006). "Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians:
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Nourisson, Coralie; Morales-Vela, BenjamĂn; Padilla-SaldĂvar, Janneth; Tucker, Kimberly Pause; Clark, AnnMarie; Olivera-GĂłmez, Leon David; Bonde, Robert; McGuire, Peter (2011-06-17). "Evidence of two genetic clusters of manatees with low genetic diversity in Mexico and implications for their
734:), as well as algae. Manatees typically graze for five or more hours per day, consuming anywhere from 4% to 10% of their body weight in wet vegetation per day, though the exact amount depends on their body size and activity level. Because manatees feed on abrasive plants, their
2132:
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Luna, Fåbia O.; Bonde, Robert K.; Attademo, Fernanda L. N.; Saunders, Jonathan W.; Meigs-Friend, Gaia; Passavante, José Zanon O.; Hunter, Margaret E. (2012-07-01). "Phylogeographic implications for release of critically endangered manatee calves rescued in Northeast Brazil".
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A 1997 population viability analysis of the Florida manatee projected a 44% chance of extinction within the next 1,000 years without improvements in habitat conditions and new protective regulations. Since then, prospects for the subspecies have improved. In 2016, the
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Captive breeding programs are not being conducted for the Florida manatee due to conservation concerns that are being addressed in their natural environments. Until these concerns are rectified, a captive breeding program will not be beneficial for this species.
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spermatogenesis can be seen. However, during the cold non-breeding season, they are inactive, and spermatogenesis is inhibited. Recently there has been a study that shows support that males use chemosensation for the anal glands to locate females in estrous.
1904:
Deutsch, Charles J.; Reid, James P.; Bonde, Robert K.; Easton, Dean E.; Kochman, Howard I.; O'Shea, Thomas J. (2003). "Seasonal Movements, Migratory Behavior, and Site Fidelity of West Indian Manatees along the Atlantic Coast of the United States".
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primarily along the Florida peninsula. Many of these refuges are artificial, created by the runoff from nearby power plants. In contrast, the Antillean manatee is less susceptible to cold-induced stress due to the warmer waters across its range.
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that, even with the downlisting, all federal protections for the West Indian manatee under the Endangered Species Act would remain in place. The West Indian manatee is also protected by the Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978 and the U.S.
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The 2017 decision to reclassify the West Indian manatee from endangered to threatened under the Endangered Species Act cited increases in the populations of both subspecies. The decision was not without controversy, however: According to
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Bossart, Gregory D.; Baden, Daniel G.; Ewing, Ruth Y.; Roberts, Brenda; Wright, Scott D. (1998). "Brevetoxicosis in Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from the 1996 Epizootic: Gross, Histologic, and Immunohistochemical Features".
688:. It is projected that large sharks may threaten manatees occasionally but rarely enter the manatee's brackish habitats, whereas marine mammals in more direct coastal oceanic waters are well known to be highly vulnerable to sharks and
781:. Each individual hair is a vibrissal apparatus called a follicle-sinus complex. Vibrissae are blood filled sinuses bound by a dense connective tissue capsule with sensitive nerve endings that provides haptic feedback to the manatee.
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Runge, Michael C.; Sanders-Reed, Carol A.; Langtimm, Catherine A.; Hostetler, Jeffrey A.; Martin, Julien; Deutsch, Charles J.; Ward-Geiger, Leslie I.; Mahon, Gary L. (2017). "Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee
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Runge, Michael C.; Sanders-Reed, Carol A.; Langtimm, Catherine A.; Hostetler, Jeffrey A.; Martin, Julien; Deutsch, Charles J.; Ward-Geiger, Leslie I.; Mahon, Gary L. (2017). "Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee
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Alves, Maria Danise; Kinas, Paul Gerhard; Marmontel, Miriam; Borges, JoĂŁo Carlos Gomes; Costa, Alexandra Fernandes; Schiel, Nicola; AraĂșjo, Maria Elisabeth (June 2016). "First abundance estimate of the Antillean manatee
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788:. Manatees, however, have vibrissae all over their bodies. The vibrissae located in their facial region are roughly 30 times denser than the vibrissae on the rest of their body. Their mouth consists of very mobile
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Lefebvre, Lynn W.; Reid, James P.; Kenworthy, W. Judson; Powell, James A. (1999). "Characterizing Manatee habitat use and seagrass grazing in Florida and Puerto Rico: implications for conservation and management".
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Garcia-Rodriguez, A. I.; Bowen, B. W.; Domning, D; Mignucci-Giannoni, A; Marmontel, M; Montoya-Ospina, A; Morales-Vela, B; Rudin, M; Bonde, R. K.; McGuire, P. M. (1998). "Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee
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of either population falling under 500 adults within 100 years was about 0.42%. The projected improvement of population numbers and stability is contingent on continued intervention and monitoring efforts.
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Gerstein E. Manatees, Bioacoustics and Boats: Hearing tests, environmental measurements and acoustic phenomena may together explain why boats and animals collide. American Scientist, 90(2), 154-163. 2002.
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Martin, Julien; Sabatier, Quentin; Gowan, Timothy A.; Giraud, Christophe; Gurarie, Eliezer; Calleson, Charles Scott; Ortega-Ortiz, Joel G.; Deutsch, Charles J.; Rycyk, Athena; Koslovsky, Stacie M. (2016).
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flood control structures and locks and may get entrapped behind weirs or other structures, especially after heavy rainfall. Some manatees have gotten trapped in culverts and pipes and needed intervention.
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Bauduin, Sarah; Martin, Julien; Edwards, Holly H.; Gimenez, Olivier; Koslovsky, Stacie M.; Fagan, Daniel E. (2013-03-01). "An index of risk of e mammals and watercraft: Example of the Florida manatee".
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Hunter, M. E.; Auil-Gomez, N. E.; Tucker, K. P.; Bonde, R. K.; Powell, J.; McGuire, P. M. (2010). "Low genetic variation and evidence of limited dispersal in the regionally important Belize manatee".
327:) that are used for feeding and navigation. In breeding season, several males form mating herds around an individual female; on average, one calf is born to a female manatee every two to three years.
402:, that opportunistically live on manatees. Scar tissue on manatees is white and persists for decades, allowing for easy identification. The Florida manatee has three to four nails on each flipper.
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Spellman AC. Physiological constraints on warm-water habitat site selection and utilization by the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in East Central Florida. Published online 2014.
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Bills, Meghan L.; Samuelson, Don A.; Larkin, Iskande V. (April 2013). "Anal glands of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris: A potential source of chemosensory signal expression".
1612:
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Serrano, Arturo; Daniel-RenterĂa, Iliana del Carmen; HernĂĄndez-Cabrera, Tania; SĂĄnchez-Rojas, Gerardo; Cuervo-LĂłpez, Liliana; Basåñez-Muñoz, AgustĂn (2017-03-15). "Is the West Indian Manatee (
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Whereas the population trends of the Florida manatee are relatively well monitored, population data for the Antillean manatee is sparse due to its patchy distribution, as well as the relative
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Florida manatees inhabit the most northern limit of sirenian habitats. There are four recognized subpopulations of the Florida manatee, termed the Northwest, Southwest, Atlantic Coast and
334:, when there were only several hundred left. The decades since have witnessed significant efforts to protect this species from natural and human threats, particularly collisions with
300:) in the Caribbean, both of which are endangered and face pressure from habitat loss, pollution, and other human activity. The West Indian manatee is the largest living member of the
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calves discovered without their mothers nearby, can supplement local conservation strategies, but populations are nevertheless at risk of inbreeding depression and local extinction.
4427:
Deutsch, CJ, deWit, M, Barlas, ME, Greer, W, Howell, AR, Garrett, A, Ward-Geiger L. Unprecedented Mortality of Florida Manatees along the Atlantic Coast. Sirennews. 2021;(73):24-26.
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Sucsy, P., Hupalo, R., Freeman B. Minimum Flow Determination for Blue Spring, Volusia County: The Relationship between Ground Water Discharge and Winter Refuge for Manatees.; 1998.
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Florida Manatee Recovery Plan Third Revision. Prep by Florida Manatee Recover Team US Fish Wildl Serv Atlanta, Georg. Published online 2001:144.
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is a staple of the manatee diet, particularly in coastal areas. In addition, when the tide is high enough, they will also feed on grasses, roots and leaves (including those of
1584:
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Landsberg, J. H.; Flewelling, L. J.; Naar, J. (2009-03-01). "Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and impacts on natural resources: Decadal advancements".
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which feeds on vegetation four to eight hours per day and consumes 5-10% of its body weight per day. Manatees have 3â5 cm hairs that cover their whole body and provide
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https://www.usgs.gov/centers/wetland-and-aquatic-research-center-warc/science/winter-manatee-foraging-behavior-and?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
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Marshall, CD; Huth, GD; Edmonds, VM; Halin, DL; Reep, RL (1998). "Prehensile use of perioral bristles during feeding and associated behaviors of the Florida manatee (
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2111:"Learning About Manatees: A Collaborative Program between New College of Florida and Mote Marine Laboratory to Conduct Laboratory Research for Manatee Conservation"
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have been suspected to on occasion take a manatee. A dying manatee was discovered in Puerto Rico, wounded by a large shark bite thought to be inflicted by either a
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859:
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Stith, Bradley M.; Reid, James P.; Langtimm, Catherine A.; Swain, Eric D.; Doyle, Terry J.; Slone, Daniel H.; Decker, Jeremy D.; Soderqvist, Lars E. (2011).
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Collazo, Jaime A.; Krachey, Matthew J.; Pollock, Kenneth H.; PĂ©rez-Aguilo, Francisco J.; Zegarra, Jan P.; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A. (September 2019).
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5028:"First fossil manatees in Texas: Trichechus manatus bakerorum in the Pleistocene fauna from beach deposits along the Texas Coast of the Gulf of Mexico"
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regions in central and north Florida. The Antillean manatee is sparsely distributed throughout the Caribbean and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, from
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5658:
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to northern Brazil. Living alone or in herds, it feeds on underwater plants and uses its whiskers to navigate. It is divided into two subspecies, the
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Nowacek, Stephanie M; Wells, Randall S; Owen, Edward C. G; Speakman, Todd R; Flamm, Richard O; Nowacek, Douglas P (2004-10-01). "Florida manatees,
878:, as well as continued pressure from illegal hunting. In some countries, like Belize, collisions with watercraft are on the rise as tourism grows.
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Laist D., Coe JM, OâHara KJ. Marine debris pollution. In: Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals.(JR Twiss, Jr., and RR Reeves, eds). 1999.
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Reid J P, Slone D. Winter Manatee Foraging Behavior and the Decline of Seagrass Beds in the Northern Indian River Lagoon. Accessed June 14, 2021.
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Edwards, Holly H.; Martin, Julien; Deutsch, Charles J.; Muller, Robert G.; Koslovsky, Stacie M.; Smith, Alexander J.; Barlas, Margaret E. (2016).
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Morales-Vela, BenjamıÌn; Olivera-GĂłmez, David; Reynolds III, John E.; Rathbun, Galen B. (2000-08-01). "Distribution and habitat use by manatees (
4827:"First field-based estimate of Antillean manatee abundance in the San Pedro River system suggests large errors in current estimates for Mexico"
1507:"Manatee Reclassified from Endangered to Threatened as Habitat Improves and Population Expands â Existing Federal Protections Remain in Place"
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5552:
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Rycyk, Athena M.; Deutsch, Charles J.; Barlas, Margaret E.; Hardy, Stacie K.; Frisch, Katherine; Leone, Erin H.; Nowacek, Douglas P. (2018).
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Umeed, Rebecca; Attademo, Loffler N.; Bezerra, Bruna (2018). "The influence of age and sex on the vocal repertoire of the Antillean manatee (
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Systema naturĂŠ per regna tria naturĂŠ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I
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The Reproductive Cycle of a Female Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris): Comparisons of Behavior and Fecal Progesterone Levels
4868:"Population estimates of Antillean manatees in Puerto Rico: an analytical framework for aerial surveys using multi-pass removal sampling"
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470:, in 2006: a distance of over 700 river miles from the Gulf of Mexico. The Antillean subspecies has a sparse distribution throughout the
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Manatees have been shown to form large mating herds when males come across estrous females, indicating that males may be able to sense
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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Manatee Mortality Event Along The East Coast: 2020-2021. Accessed July 10, 2021.
2879:. Special publication (American Society of Mammalogists), no. 5. Pittsburgh, Pa.: American Society of Mammalogists. pp. 1â153.
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2011:
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Gaspard, JC; Bauer, GB; Reep, RL; Dziuk, K; Read, L; Mann, DA (2013). "Detection of Hydrodynamic Stimuli by the Florida Manatee (
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FalcĂłn-Matos, L., Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., Toyos-GonzĂĄlez, G. M., Bossart, G. D., Meisner, R. A., & Varela, R. A. (2003).
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is a common name for algal blooms, deriving its distinctive color from pigmentation molecules in the algae. The blooms produce
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Because manatees evolved in habitats without natural predators, they lack predator avoidance behavior. The large size and low
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Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Manatee Mortality Statistics. Yearly Summary 2019. Accessed July 10, 2021.
338:. In 2017, the United States changed the classification to "threatened", citing a substantial increase in the total population
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3521:"68C-22 : THE FLORIDA MANATEE SANCTUARY ACT - Florida Administrative Rules, Law, Code, Register - FAC, FAR, eRulemaking"
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Gallop JD. Rescuers free 19 manatees from Satellite Beach drain. Florida Today. February 23, 2015. Accessed July 10, 2021.
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Bassett, BL; Hostetler, JA; Leone, E.; Shea, CP; Barbeau, BD; Lonati, GL; Panike, AL; Honaker, A.; Ward-Geiger, LI (2020).
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Marmontel, Miriam; Humphrey, Stephen R.; O'Shea, Thomas J. (1997). "Population Viability Analysis of the Florida Manatee (
2939:"Functional morphology of venous structures associated with the male and female reproductive systems in Florida manatees (
2708:
3950:
Laist, David W.; Reynolds, John E. (2005). "Influence of Power Plants and Other Warm-Water Refuges on Florida Manatees".
2591:"Diets, Habitat Preferences, and Niche Differentiation of Cenozoic Sirenians from Florida: Evidence from Stable Isotopes"
5688:
2746:
1423:
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eat invertebrates (such as small aquatic insects and crustaceans) and will eat fish both in captivity and in the wild.
5748:
5500:
5448:
5334:
489:
patterns indicates there are actually three primary geographic groups of the West Indian manatee: (i) Florida and the
427:
that is split in half to form two hemidiaphragms. Each hemidiaphragm is capable of independent muscular contractions.
3128:
Moreira, SĂĄvia; de Meirelles, Ana Carolina O.; Carvalho, Vitor Luz; do RĂȘgo, PĂ©ricles Sena; Araripe, Juliana (2022).
858:
The West Indian manatee has been included on the U.S. Endangered Species List since the 1970s. In October 2007, the
447:
and are found in both freshwater and saltwater. Manatees' extremely low metabolic rate and lack of a thick layer of
3506:
3343:
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1019:
128:
5698:
5683:
4636:
https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/02/23/crews-satellite-beach-trying-free-stuck-manatees/23908945/
1424:"Manatees Move From Endangered to Threatened: But conservationists say the species still faces significant threats"
3370:
Castelblanco-MartĂnez, Dn; Nourisson, C; Quintana-Rizzo, E; Padilla-Saldivar, J; Schmitter-Soto, Jj (2012-08-16).
1061:
5708:
5531:
784:
Usually vibrissae are found on the facial regions of terrestrial and non-sirenian aquatic animals and are called
3372:"Potential effects of human pressure and habitat fragmentation on population viability of the Antillean manatee
2614:
4589:
Oceana. Choked, Strangled, Drowned. The Plastics Crisis Unfolding in our Oceans. 2020. Accessed July 10, 2021.
616:
1878:(Technical report). Assessment 2005â2006. Florida Manatee Biological Review Panel. p. 133. Archived from
726:
Manatees are obligate herbivores that feed on over 60 species of aquatic plants in both fresh and salt water.
49:
5635:
5326:
4825:
Puc-Carrasco, Gissel; Morales-Vela, BenjamĂn; Olivera-Gomez, LeĂłn David; GonzĂĄlez-SolĂs, David (2017-12-22).
4437:
Short, Frederick T.; Wyllie-Echeverria, Sandy (1996). "Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses".
5019:
4055:
Laist, David W.; Reynolds, John E. (2005). "Florida Manatees, Warm-Water Refuges, and an Uncertain Future".
3047:
2053:
Bonde, R. K., Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A., Bossart, G. D., Hines, E., Reynolds, J., & Aragones, L. (2012).
2033:"First demonstration of reintroduction of West Indian Manatee in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Bay, Guadeloupe"
976:
366:
362:
5299:
4132:
Alvarez-AlemĂĄn, Anmari; Beck, Cathy A.; Powell, James A. (2010-06-01). "First Report of a Florida Manatee (
5261:
1543:
1428:
524:
520:
509:
463:
5339:
4604:"Entanglement in and ingestion of fishing gear and other marine debris by Florida manatees, 1993 to 2012"
5673:
5578:
5071:
1452:"A quantitative framework for investigating risk of deadly collisions between marine wildlife and boats"
883:
875:
455:
454:
The Florida subspecies is primarily found along the Florida coast, but has been spotted as far north as
398:
on their thick skin. Manatee skin is gray but can vary in coloration due to algae and other biota, like
281:
223:
4558:
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/active-and-closed-unusual-mortality-events
4164:
https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/species-of-concern/florida-manatee/manatees-and-warm-water-refuges/
3636:"Quantifying sublethal Florida manatee-watercraft interactions by examining scars on manatee carcasses"
4301:. Understanding the causes and impacts of the Florida Red Tide and improving management and response.
2345:"Aspects of the social behavior and herd structure of a semi-isolated colony of West Indian manatees,
850:
5622:
5383:
5308:
4921:
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4511:
4446:
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4218:"Temperature Inverted Haloclines Provide Winter Warm-Water Refugia for Manatees in Southwest Florida"
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1949:
1820:
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1085:"Collared peccary (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae, Pecari) from the late Pleistocene of Florida"
668:
415:
323:, have developed vocal communication abilities, and are covered in highly sensitive whiskers (called
313:
4569:
967:
5006:
459:
63:
5518:
3464:"Non-lethal boat scars on manatees in Belize as a tool for evaluation for a Marine Protected Area"
1319:
Hatt, Robert T. (1934). "The American Museum Congo Expedition manatee and other recent manatees".
1248:
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5245:
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cover is sparsely distributed across the body, which may play a role in reducing the build-up of
123:
78:
3201:
3032:
2285:"Aspects of Underwater Sound Communication in Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)"
2163:"Signature information and individual recognition in the isolation calls of Amazonian manatees,
1221:
1175:
1133:
1089:
Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne
330:
In the 1970s, the West Indian manatee was listed as "endangered" in the United States under the
5583:
5440:
4591:
https://usa.oceana.org/sites/default/files/report_spreadsdoi_choked_strangled_drowned_final.pdf
4272:
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Red Tide Mortality. Accessed July 10, 2021.
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2848:
2840:
2795:
2785:
2672:
2618:
2563:
2514:
2470:
2441:"Acoustical and Anatomical Determination of Sound Production and Transmission in West Indian (
2421:
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1985:
1967:
1910:
1836:
1780:
1772:
1725:
1569:
1481:
1364:
1043:
1033:
1015:
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when communicating in loud environments. Based on acoustic and anatomical evidence, mammalian
672:
large size the West Indian manatee has nearly no natural predators in its native environment.
486:
4985:
5570:
5064:
5035:
4929:
4879:
4838:
4807:
4768:
4708:
4664:
4615:
4519:
4489:
4479:
Smith KN. Manatee Habitat and Human-Related Threats to Seagrass in Florida: A Review.; 1993.
4454:
4402:
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4314:
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4145:
4072:
4024:
4014:
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3910:
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3815:
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3647:
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3555:
3436:
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3322:
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3145:
3110:
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2919:
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2830:
2664:
2610:
2553:
2506:
2460:
2411:
2403:
2360:
2296:
2265:
2221:
2178:
2122:
1975:
1957:
1828:
1764:
1717:
1471:
1356:
1301:
1277:
1216:
1170:
1128:
643:
532:
490:
423:
Manatees are unique, compared to other mammals, in that they have a longitudinally oriented
5479:
5313:
4274:
https://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/statistics/mortality/red-tide/
3048:"Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa from a Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)"
2725:
1027:
357:
5539:
5225:
3273:
Halvorsen, K. M.; Keith, E. O. (2008). "Immunosuppression cascade in the Florida manatee (
1657:
1591:
1552:
620:
516:
494:
252:
4284:
Hall Scharf B., Ubeda A. How Red Tides Impact Manatees. UF IFAS. Accessed July 10, 2021.
2870:
2439:
Landrau-giovannetti, Nelmarie; Mignucci-giannoni, Antonio A.; Reidenberg, Joy S. (2014).
4925:
4764:
4660:
4515:
4450:
4398:
4310:
4233:
4068:
4010:
3963:
3906:
3801:
3754:
3695:
3551:
3432:
3187:
3106:
2915:
2606:
2549:
2261:
1953:
1824:
1760:
1713:
1467:
1297:
809:
409:, for grabbing vegetation and bringing it into their mouths. Manatees have six to eight
4029:
3994:
3971:
3820:
3785:
2923:
2668:
2081:
Evidence of a shark attack on a West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico
1980:
1937:
1650:
1305:
1280:(1986). "Interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation in manatees (Sirenia:
706:
648:
628:
5000:
3676:
3415:
Olivera-GĂłmez, L. D; Mellink, E (2005-01-01). "Distribution of the Antillean manatee (
2003:
1721:
915:
5652:
5474:
5049:
4668:
3703:
3677:"Preliminary Evidence That Boat Speed Restrictions Reduce Deaths of Florida Manatees"
3661:
3559:
3159:
3114:
3063:
2778:
2655:
Best, Robin C. (1981-03-01). "Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia".
2589:
MacFadden, Bruce J.; Higgins, Pennilyn; Clementz, Mark T.; Jones, Douglas S. (2004).
2372:
2205:
2162:
2110:
1832:
1768:
1211:
1165:
1119:
1084:
1023:
735:
544:
410:
280:, is a large, aquatic mammal native to warm coastal areas of the Caribbean, from the
239:
105:
83:
5365:
4949:
4736:
4684:
4531:
4466:
4370:
4084:
3938:
3583:
3298:
3079:
2993:
Sheldon, Julie D.; Ferrante, Jason A.; Bills, Meghan L.; Larkin, Iskande V. (2011).
2976:
2638:
2326:
2190:
1848:
1202:
1156:
1110:
754:
5352:
5180:
5056:
4162:
Marine Mammal Commission. Manatees and Warm-Water refuges. Accessed June 14, 2021.
3150:
3129:
2482:
1792:
1376:
798:
710:
190:
17:
4488:
Marine Resource Council. Indian River Lagoon Report Card. Accessed June 14, 2021.
4406:
4186:"Florida's manatees are addicted to power plants. Scientists are weaning them off"
4019:
3867:
3810:
3762:
3440:
1962:
866:
considers both the Florida subspecies and the species as a whole as "Imperiled".
350:
estimated to live 50 years or more in the wild, and one captive Florida manatee,
5609:
5591:
5513:
5492:
5422:
5293:
2127:
2057:. Sirenian Conservation: Issues and strategies in developing countries, 148-156.
1879:
863:
714:
681:
608:
540:
39:
4354:
2364:
1605:"Snooty, world's oldest known manatee, dies one day after celebrating birthday"
773:
Manatees have sensitive tactile hairs that cover their bodies and faces called
5135:
5125:
4933:
4712:
4523:
4458:
4318:
4285:
4242:
4217:
4076:
2815:"Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract of the Florida manatee,
2301:
2284:
1360:
951:
789:
685:
632:
612:
576:
572:
504:
335:
5013:
4941:
4893:
4884:
4867:
4852:
4811:
4780:
4720:
4676:
4326:
4251:
4149:
3979:
3924:
3875:
3770:
3567:
3448:
3401:
3290:
3033:"All About Manatees - Reproduction | SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment"
2844:
2676:
2622:
2567:
2518:
2310:
2225:
1971:
1914:
1776:
1729:
1485:
5396:
5026:
Bell, Christopher; Godwin, William; Jenkins, Kelsey; Lewis, Patrick (2020).
3419:) as a function of habitat characteristics, in BahıÌa de Chetumal, Mexico".
2884:
2799:
1476:
1451:
1047:
995:
835:
830:
767:
588:
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471:
324:
320:
140:
5453:
5284:
5022:, on: SciTechAlert, October 4, 2020, Source: University of Texas at Austin.
4728:
4414:
4038:
3995:"Winter Habitat Preferences for Florida Manatees and Vulnerability to Cold"
3829:
3071:
2968:
2474:
2425:
2182:
1989:
1938:"Winter Habitat Preferences for Florida Manatees and Vulnerability to Cold"
1784:
1368:
1201:
Deutsch, C.J.; Self-Sullivan, C. & Mignucci-Giannoni, A. (2008-06-30).
1155:
Deutsch, C.J.; Self-Sullivan, C. & Mignucci-Giannoni, A. (2008-06-30).
4843:
4826:
4556:
NOAA. Active and Closed Unusual Mortality Events. Accessed June 17, 2021.
4362:
3786:"Influence of Manatees' Diving on Their Risk of Collision with Watercraft"
3052:
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C
2852:
2204:
Sousa-Lima, Renata S.; Paglia, Adriano P.; Fonseca, Gustavo A. B. (2008).
2161:
Sousa-Lima, Renata S.; Paglia, Adriano P.; Fonseca, Gustavo A. B. (2002).
1840:
1670:
519:
populations. Large concentrations of Florida manatees are located in the
5544:
5278:
5119:
5113:
5107:
3463:
2836:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199607)245:3<539::aid-ar11>3.0.co;2-q
2206:"Gender, Age, and Identity in the Isolation Calls of Antillean Manatees (
947:
871:
785:
774:
731:
727:
701:
584:
564:
556:
548:
444:
435:
The West Indian manatee inhabits mostly shallow coastal areas, including
406:
399:
387:
160:
5375:
4259:
3611:
3326:
3046:
Miller, DL; Dougherty, MM; Decker, SJ; Bossart, GD (December 20, 2011).
2575:
405:
The West Indian manatee has a prehensile snout, like their relative the
5630:
5414:
5198:
5088:
3725:
3575:
2630:
2590:
2558:
2534:"An isotopic assessment of the feeding habits of free-ranging manatees"
2533:
2318:
1922:
743:
656:
604:
451:
limits them to locations with warm waters, including tropical regions.
448:
440:
419:
309:
301:
200:
180:
3915:
3890:
2994:
2407:
2269:
1936:
Laist, David W.; Taylor, Cynthia; Iii, John E. Reynolds (2013-03-20).
386:, they breathe air, have warm blood, and produce milk. Like the other
5427:
5321:
5162:
5153:
5101:
4772:
4620:
4603:
3652:
3635:
3392:
3371:
2959:
2938:
2510:
2465:
2440:
2416:
592:
568:
552:
536:
528:
479:
475:
391:
383:
351:
305:
170:
150:
5255:
4984:
1253:(in Latin) (10th ed.). HolmiĂŠ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 34.
762:
462:. Concerning their forays inland, a manatee was once spotted in the
304:(order Sirenia), a group of large aquatic mammals that includes the
5401:
5604:
5040:
5027:
4914:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2751:) as a Mechanism for Invasive Aquatic Plant Management in Florida"
2096:. In Encyclopedia of marine mammals (pp. 923-932). Academic Press.
966:
914:
854:
Manatees in a conservation project in Brazilian northeastern coast
849:
808:
761:
753:
642:
624:
503:
497:
and northern South America; and (iii) northeastern South America.
436:
395:
371:
356:
5388:
4798:) at the Brink of Extinction in the State of Veracruz, Mexico?".
4570:
https://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/ume/
2004:"About the Manatees | Crystal River, Florida | Bird's Underwater"
1403:
1029:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5557:
3130:"Molecular confirmation of twinning in the West Indian Manatee (
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1109:
Deutsch, C.J.; Self-Sullivan, C.; Mignucci-Giannoni, A. (2008).
826:
polyovular the ovulation scar is often challenging to identify.
689:
596:
418:. Manatee bones are dense and solid which allows them to act as
5259:
5060:
3338:
3336:
3019:
National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1
2392:) vocalization usage in relation to environmental noise levels"
4108:"Can manatees survive without warm waters from power plants?"
3365:
3363:
3993:
Laist, David W.; Taylor, Cynthia; Reynolds, John E. (2013).
1032:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 93.
2615:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0297:DHPAND>2.0.CO;2
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
946:
Harmful algae blooms are an additional threat to manatees.
4490:
https://savetheirl.org/irl-health-update/irl-report-card/
3483:"Ameliorating Threats to Manatees in the Heart of Belize"
709:
as humans do; where they will involuntary increase their
1417:
1415:
1413:
1868:
Final Biological Status Review of the Florida Manatee (
4753:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
2720:
2718:
2705:
The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago
2402:(3). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 1806â1815.
2813:
Reynolds, John E.; Rommel, Sentiel A. (1996-07-01).
2104:
2102:
635:, but was terminated early due to political issues.
5268:
5196:
5179:
5151:
5134:
2776:Dierauf, Leslie A.; Gulland, Frances M. D. (2001).
2386:Mikisis-Olds, Jennifer L.; Tyack, Peter L. (2008).
2777:
1321:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
3939:https://myfwc.com/media/25782/2019yearsummary.pdf
3348:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
3017:"Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees".
2532:Reich, Kimberly J.; Worthy, Graham A. J. (2006).
2109:Bauer, G. B.; Colbert, J. C. Gaspard III (2010).
2396:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2338:
2336:
1860:
1858:
971:West Indian manatee skeletons on display at the
959:Entanglement, entrapment and ingestion of debris
5020:Manatees Lived in Texas During the Last Ice Age
4602:Reinert, TR; Spellman, AC; Bassett, BL (2017).
2864:
2862:
2115:International Journal of Comparative Psychology
1641:. Gainesville: The University Press of Florida.
919:Manatee Crossing Sign from South Florida Museum
813:A manatee mating herd near Leffis Key, Florida.
4967:images and movies of the West Indian manatee (
2688:
2686:
2283:O'Shea, Thomas J.; Lynn B. Poché, Jr. (2006).
1633:
1631:
1629:
860:International Union for Conservation of Nature
5072:
4050:
4048:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1811:): How many populations and how many taxa?".
1639:The Florida manatee: Biology and conservation
623:except Trinidad and Curaçao. Its presence in
361:Skull of a West Indian manatee on display at
8:
2650:
2648:
2083:. MastozoologĂa Neotropical, 10(1), 161-166.
1566:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats.
1338:
1336:
1334:
4286:https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SG188
3481:Galvez, JA; Clarke, CJ; Rosado, SK (2013).
3468:59th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
2784:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
2055:Sirenian pathology and mortality assessment
1568:3rd revised edition. Sterling Pub Co Inc.,
1404:"South Florida Multi-Species Recovery Plan"
1222:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22105A9359161.en
1176:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22106A9359881.en
1134:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22103A9356917.en
742:Manatees are nonruminants with an enlarged
443:. Manatees can withstand large changes in
5256:
5193:
5148:
5079:
5065:
5057:
2988:
2986:
2726:"Trichechus manatus (West Indian manatee)"
2146:Reynolds, J. E. III; Odell, D. K. (1991).
466:(near where it enters the Mississippi) in
251:
94:
72:
48:
31:
5039:
4883:
4842:
4619:
4241:
4028:
4018:
3914:
3819:
3809:
3651:
3391:
3149:
2958:
2834:
2557:
2464:
2415:
2300:
2126:
1979:
1961:
1741:
1739:
1475:
1220:
1174:
1132:
973:North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
3012:
3010:
2248:) and their response to call playback".
1747:implications for manatee conservation".
1865:Haubold, E.; et al. (April 2006).
1700:) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico".
1660:, Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program
1637:Reep, R. L. & Bonde, R. K. (2006).
1083:Albright, L. B. III, ed. (2009-01-01).
1007:
653:Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge
3891:"Manatee behavioral response to boats"
2780:CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine
1677:from the original on 24 September 2016
1673:. Associated Press. 11 December 2006.
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
758:Sculpture of manatee showing vibrissae
4502:Under Shifting Climatic Conditions".
2872:Ecology and behavior of the Manatee (
870:harmful algae blooms (HABs), such as
7:
5636:BAB1C691-BDB7-4486-8C39-D599BCFC724D
3726:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27857630
1257:from the original on 8 November 2012
893:Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
766:All the hairs of the manatee may be
3741:, respond to approaching vessels".
3507:"Opposition to Manatee Downlisting"
3202:"All About Manatees - Reproduction"
2755:Journal of Aquatic Plant Management
1212:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1166:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1120:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
619:, and definitively so from all the
539:. Populations can also be found in
3972:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01263.x
2924:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00716.x
2669:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1981.tb00243.x
1671:"Manatee found dead in Tenn. lake"
1525:from the original on April 7, 2017
1306:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1986.tb00034.x
354:, lived for 69 years (1948â2017).
25:
5704:Mammals of the Dominican Republic
2869:Hartman, Daniel Stanwood (1979).
1349:Journal of Comparative Physiology
874:. Antillean manatees face severe
5664:IUCN Red List endangered species
5659:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4669:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00383.x
3713:from the original on 2016-12-21.
3704:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00027.x
3604:Scientific Investigations Report
3560:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96019.x
3319:Scientific Investigations Report
3174:"Lactation and Milk Composition"
3115:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00564.x
3064:10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00330.x
2765:from the original on 2017-09-02.
2747:"Using the West Indian Manatee (
2135:from the original on 2018-05-14.
1833:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00430.x
1769:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02771.x
1456:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
1215:. 2008-06-30: e.T22105A9359161.
1169:. 2008-06-30: e.T22106A9359881.
127:
4912:) in Brazil by aerial survey".
4184:Sherriff, Lucy (2 April 2024).
2150:. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
2068:The manatee in British Honduras
2014:from the original on 2017-10-07
1615:from the original on 2017-07-23
1519:U.S. Department of the Interior
292:) in the United States and the
5734:Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
4992:New International Encyclopedia
4134:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3739:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3600:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3536:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3344:"Manatee Mortality Statistics"
3315:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3275:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3218:Trichechus manatus latirostris
3151:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1241
2941:Trichechus manatus latirostris
2900:Trichechus manatus latirostris
2817:Trichechus manatus latirostris
2538:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1870:Trichechus manatus latirostris
1422:Daley, Jason (April 3, 2017),
1345:Trichechus manatus latirostris
1159:Trichechus manatus latirostris
888:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
4407:10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.019
3462:Self-Sullivan, Caryn (2007).
2343:Reynolds, John E. II (1981).
1722:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00009-4
1232:}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (
1186:}}: |date= / |doi= mismatch (
797:same way that fish use their
631:was planned to take place in
5729:Mammals of the United States
4110:. 2011-03-15. Archived from
4020:10.1371/journal.pone.0058978
3868:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.031
3811:10.1371/journal.pone.0151450
3763:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.11.020
3441:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.02.023
2499:Pacific Conservation Biology
2066:Charnock-Wilson, J. (1968).
1963:10.1371/journal.pone.0058978
5744:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4608:Endangered Species Research
3640:Endangered Species Research
3380:Endangered Species Research
2937:Rommel, Sentiel A. (2001).
2128:10.46867/IJCP.2010.23.04.01
2094:Predation on marine mammals
1515:Fish & Wildlife Service
5770:
5754:Natural history of Florida
5032:Palaeontologia Electronica
4976:Animal Diversity Website:
4910:Trichechus manatus manatus
4439:Environmental Conservation
4355:10.1177/019262339802600214
3417:Trichechus manatus manatus
3374:Trichechus manatus manatus
2365:10.1515/mamm.1981.45.4.431
2246:Trichechus manatus manatus
2208:Trichechus manatus manatus
1698:Trichechus manatus manatus
1205:Trichechus manatus manatus
933:Loss of warm-water habitat
474:, ranging as far north as
260:West Indian manatee range
5739:Mammals described in 1758
5242:
5096:
4934:10.1017/S0025315415000855
4713:10.1007/s10709-011-9583-z
4524:10.1007/s12237-014-9874-6
4459:10.1017/s0376892900038212
4319:10.1016/j.hal.2008.11.010
4243:10.1007/s12237-010-9286-1
4077:10.1080/08920750590952018
2302:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-066R1.1
1361:10.1007/s00359-013-0822-x
924:Collision with watercraft
416:somatosensory information
259:
250:
229:
222:
124:Scientific classification
122:
92:
70:
61:
56:
47:
34:
5724:Mammals of the Caribbean
5694:Mammals of French Guiana
4812:10.1578/AM.43.2.2017.201
4150:10.1578/AM.36.2.2010.148
3291:10.1578/AM.34.4.2008.412
3253:explorer.natureserve.org
3224:explorer.natureserve.org
2226:10.1578/AM.34.1.2008.109
1066:Linnaeus 1758 (manatee)"
846:Threats and conservation
617:Turks and Caicos Islands
431:Distribution and habitat
382:Given that manatees are
5005:genome assembly in the
4385:and oxidative stress".
3856:Biological Conservation
3743:Biological Conservation
3421:Biological Conservation
2885:10.5962/bhl.title.39474
1702:Biological Conservation
1477:10.1111/2041-210X.12447
977:Raleigh, North Carolina
458:, as well as along the
367:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
363:The Museum of Osteology
5719:Mammals of the Bahamas
5714:Mammals of Puerto Rico
5679:ESA threatened species
4885:10.1093/jmammal/gyz076
4837:(4): 285â299â285â299.
2698:(West Indian Manatee)"
2183:10.1006/anbe.2001.1873
2092:Weller, D. W. (2009).
2070:. Oryx, 9(4), 293-294.
1555:, Animal Diversity Web
1247:LinnĂŠus, Carl (1758).
1026:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
979:
920:
909:U.S. Geological Survey
855:
834:do not form permanent
814:
770:
759:
659:
512:
510:Crystal River, Florida
379:
369:
332:Endangered Species Act
278:North American manatee
5579:Paleobiology Database
5217:West Indian manatee (
5016:on Sealife Collection
4844:10.7773/cm.v43i4.2704
4343:Toxicologic Pathology
3952:Marine Mammal Science
3895:Marine Mammal Science
3684:Marine Mammal Science
3675:Laist, David (2006).
3376:: a predictive model"
3095:Marine Mammal Science
2947:The Anatomical Record
2904:Marine Mammal Science
2823:The Anatomical Record
2745:Allen, Aarin (2015).
2453:The Anatomical Record
2250:Marine Mammal Science
2035:. European Commission
1286:Marine Mammal Science
970:
918:
884:Save the Manatee Club
876:habitat fragmentation
853:
812:
765:
757:
646:
507:
456:Dennis, Massachusetts
377:
360:
282:Eastern United States
276:), also known as the
4872:Journal of Mammalogy
4504:Estuaries and Coasts
4222:Estuaries and Coasts
3540:Conservation Biology
2731:Animal Diversity Web
2289:Journal of Mammalogy
2167:(Mammalia: Sirenia)"
2148:Manatees and Dugongs
1127:: e.T22103A9356917.
942:Harmful algae blooms
478:and as far south as
378:3D model of skeleton
5689:Mammals of Colombia
5208:Amazonian manatee (
5014:West Indian manatee
5007:UCSC Genome Browser
4926:2016JMBUK..96..955A
4765:2012ACMFE..22..665L
4661:2010AnCon..13..592H
4649:Animal Conservation
4516:2015EstCo..38..886P
4451:1996EnvCo..23...17S
4399:2015AqTox.161...73W
4311:2009HAlga...8..598L
4234:2011EstCo..34..106S
4069:2005CoasM..33..279L
4011:2013PLoSO...858978L
3964:2005MMamS..21..739L
3907:2018MMamS..34..924R
3843:D.C; 1995: 259-268.
3802:2016PLoSO..1151450E
3755:2004BCons.119..517N
3696:2006MMamS..22..472L
3612:10.3133/sir20175030
3552:1997ConBi..11..467M
3433:2005BCons.121..127O
3327:10.3133/sir20175030
3107:2013MMamS..29..280B
2916:1998MMamS..14..274M
2607:2004Pbio...30..297M
2550:2006MEPS..322..303R
2262:2018MMamS..34..577U
2165:Trichechus inunguis
1954:2013PLoSO...858978L
1907:Wildlife Monographs
1825:1998MolEc...7.1137G
1761:2006MolEc..15..433V
1714:2000BCons..95...67M
1564:Wood, G.L. (1983).
1468:2016MEcEv...7...42M
1298:1986MMamS...2...87D
1276:Domning, Daryl P.;
986:(Antillean manatee)
678:American crocodiles
674:American alligators
460:Gulf Coast of Texas
449:insulating body fat
268:West Indian manatee
108:)(Each subspecies:
86:) (Overall species)
64:Conservation status
35:West Indian manatee
18:West Indian Manatee
5749:Symbols of Florida
5366:trichechus-manatus
5327:trichechus-manatus
5314:Trichechus_manatus
5300:Trichechus manatus
5270:Trichechus manatus
4978:Trichechus manatus
4969:Trichechus manatus
4796:Trichechus manatus
4387:Aquatic Toxicology
4206:Climate Institute.
4057:Coastal Management
3247:Trichechus manatus
3132:Trichechus manatus
2874:Trichechus manatus
2749:Trichechus manatus
2696:Trichechus manatus
2559:10.3354/meps322303
2443:Trichechus manatus
2390:Trichechus manatus
2347:Trichechus manatus
1809:Trichechus manatus
1656:2012-05-08 at the
1590:2012-01-18 at the
1551:2011-09-04 at the
1545:Trichechus manatus
1521:. March 30, 2017.
1113:Trichechus manatus
1064:Trichechus manatus
980:
921:
856:
815:
771:
760:
660:
601:Dominican Republic
513:
468:Memphis, Tennessee
380:
370:
312:, and the extinct
273:Trichechus manatus
233:Trichechus manatus
5699:Mammals of Guyana
5684:Mammals of Brazil
5646:
5645:
5566:Open Tree of Life
5262:Taxon identifiers
5253:
5252:
5238:
5237:
5226:African manatee (
5190:
5175:
5174:
5145:
5091:species by family
3916:10.1111/mms.12491
2459:(10): 1896â1907.
2445:) and Amazonian (
2408:10.1121/1.3068455
2270:10.1111/mms.12467
1813:Molecular Ecology
1749:Molecular Ecology
1513:(Press release).
1278:Hayek, Lee-Ann C.
1039:978-0-8018-8221-0
902:(Florida manatee)
900:T. m. latirostris
639:Behavior and diet
611:. It is possibly
487:mitochondrial DNA
314:Steller's sea cow
294:Antillean manatee
290:T. m. latirostris
264:
263:
117:
110:T. m. latirostris
87:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
5761:
5709:Mammals of Haiti
5639:
5638:
5626:
5625:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5586:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5548:
5547:
5535:
5534:
5522:
5521:
5509:
5508:
5496:
5495:
5483:
5482:
5470:
5469:
5457:
5456:
5444:
5443:
5431:
5430:
5418:
5417:
5405:
5404:
5392:
5391:
5379:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5257:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5058:
5053:
5043:
4996:
4988:
4954:
4953:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4878:(4): 1340â1349.
4863:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4831:Ciencias Marinas
4822:
4816:
4815:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4773:10.1002/aqc.2260
4747:
4741:
4740:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:10.3354/esr00816
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4245:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4022:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3653:10.3354/esr01075
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3393:10.3354/esr00439
3367:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2960:10.1002/ar.10022
2934:
2928:
2927:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2783:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:10.1071/pc000289
2493:
2487:
2486:
2468:
2466:10.1002/ar.22993
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2304:
2295:(6): 1061â1071.
2280:
2274:
2273:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2171:Animal Behaviour
2158:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2008:Birds Underwater
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1965:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1819:(9): 1137â1149.
1803:
1797:
1796:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1381:
1380:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1012:
627:is uncertain. A
533:Greater Antilles
517:St. John's River
491:Greater Antilles
411:molariform teeth
376:
255:
235:
132:
131:
103:
98:
97:
81:
76:
75:
57:Adult with calf
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5582:
5577:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5540:Observation.org
5538:
5530:
5525:
5517:
5512:
5504:
5499:
5491:
5486:
5478:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5447:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5382:
5374:
5372:
5364:
5359:
5351:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5234:
5228:T. senegalensis
5186:
5185:
5183:
5171:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5092:
5085:
5025:
4986:"Manatee"
4983:
4962:
4957:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4800:Aquatic Mammals
4793:
4792:
4788:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4699:conservation".
4697:
4696:
4692:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4138:Aquatic Mammals
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4054:
4053:
4046:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3796:(4): e0151450.
3783:
3782:
3778:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3538:), 1976-1991".
3533:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3279:Aquatic Mammals
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2792:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2214:Aquatic Mammals
2203:
2202:
2198:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1658:Wayback Machine
1649:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1594:, Busch Gardens
1592:Wayback Machine
1583:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1553:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1227:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1020:"Order Sirenia"
1014:
1013:
1009:
1005:
988:
961:
944:
935:
926:
904:
848:
807:
752:
724:
698:
669:metabolic rates
665:
641:
621:Lesser Antilles
535:, and south to
495:Central America
493:; (ii) Mexico,
485:An analysis of
433:
372:
347:
286:Florida manatee
246:
237:
231:
218:
215:T. manatus
126:
118:
99:
95:
88:
77:
73:
66:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5651:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5627:
5614:
5601:
5588:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5536:
5523:
5510:
5497:
5484:
5471:
5458:
5445:
5432:
5419:
5406:
5393:
5380:
5370:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5290:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5191:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5146:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5023:
5017:
5010:
4997:
4981:
4973:
4961:
4960:External links
4958:
4956:
4955:
4920:(4): 955â966.
4899:
4858:
4817:
4806:(2): 201â207.
4786:
4759:(5): 665â672.
4742:
4690:
4655:(6): 592â602.
4639:
4627:
4594:
4582:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4510:(3): 886â904.
4493:
4481:
4472:
4429:
4420:
4376:
4349:(2): 276â282.
4332:
4305:(4): 598â607.
4289:
4277:
4265:
4228:(1): 106â119.
4208:
4198:
4176:
4167:
4155:
4144:(2): 148â153.
4124:
4099:
4090:
4063:(3): 279â295.
4044:
3985:
3958:(4): 739â764.
3942:
3930:
3901:(4): 924â962.
3881:
3845:
3835:
3776:
3749:(4): 517â523.
3729:
3716:
3690:(2): 472â479.
3667:
3626:
3617:
3589:
3546:(2): 467â481.
3526:
3512:
3509:. 7 June 2023.
3498:
3473:
3454:
3427:(1): 127â133.
3407:
3386:(2): 129â145.
3359:
3332:
3304:
3285:(4): 412â419.
3265:
3236:
3207:
3193:
3190:. 7 June 2023.
3188:"Reproduction"
3179:
3165:
3120:
3101:(2): 280â292.
3085:
3058:(4): 253â256.
3038:
3024:
3006:
2982:
2929:
2910:(2): 274â289.
2890:
2858:
2829:(3): 539â558.
2805:
2790:
2768:
2737:
2714:
2682:
2644:
2601:(2): 297â324.
2581:
2524:
2505:(4): 289â298.
2488:
2431:
2378:
2359:(4): 431â451.
2332:
2275:
2256:(3): 577â594.
2231:
2220:(1): 109â122.
2196:
2177:(2): 301â310.
2153:
2138:
2121:(4): 811â825.
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2024:
1995:
1928:
1896:
1854:
1798:
1755:(2): 433â447.
1735:
1688:
1662:
1643:
1625:
1611:. 2017-07-23.
1596:
1577:
1574:978-0851122359
1557:
1536:
1491:
1441:
1409:
1406:. 18 May 1999.
1382:
1330:
1311:
1268:
1239:
1193:
1147:
1094:
1075:
1053:
1038:
1006:
1004:
1001:
987:
981:
960:
957:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
903:
897:
847:
844:
806:
803:
751:
748:
723:
720:
707:Lombard effect
697:
694:
664:
661:
649:Haulover Canal
640:
637:
629:reintroduction
531:, east to the
432:
429:
346:
343:
262:
261:
257:
256:
248:
247:
238:
227:
226:
220:
219:
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206:
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93:
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71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5766:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
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5662:
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5657:
5656:
5654:
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5624:
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5602:
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5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5247:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5041:10.26879/1006
5037:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:(7): 833â42.
4706:
4702:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:Harmful Algae
4293:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4114:on 2011-03-15
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:(3): e58978.
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:Biota Neotrop
3135:
3133:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2953:(4): 339â47.
2952:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2791:9780849308390
2787:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:Mammal Review
2651:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2489:
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2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
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2427:
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2413:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
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2379:
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2370:
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2362:
2358:
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2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:(3): e58978.
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:(151): 1â77.
1908:
1900:
1897:
1885:on 8 May 2016
1881:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1666:
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1614:
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1370:
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1362:
1358:
1355:(6): 441â50.
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1350:
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1326:
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1312:
1307:
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1299:
1295:
1292:(2): 87â144.
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1287:
1283:
1279:
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1269:
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1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
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1189:
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1172:
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1114:
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1079:
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1067:
1065:
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1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
997:
992:
985:
984:T. m. manatus
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
958:
956:
953:
949:
941:
939:
932:
930:
923:
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913:
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889:
885:
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867:
865:
861:
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832:
827:
823:
819:
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794:
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782:
780:
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769:
764:
756:
749:
747:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
716:
712:
708:
703:
696:Communication
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
638:
636:
634:
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582:
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570:
566:
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558:
554:
550:
546:
545:French Guiana
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Crystal River
518:
511:
508:Manatee from
506:
502:
498:
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469:
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368:
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342:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
319:Manatees are
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:T. m. manatus
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
269:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
228:
225:
224:Binomial name
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
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204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
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155:
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142:
139:
136:
135:
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125:
121:
115:
114:T. m. manatus
111:
107:
102:
91:
85:
80:
69:
65:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
5674:EDGE species
5269:
5244:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5197:
5181:Trichechidae
5164:
5152:
5031:
5001:
4990:
4977:
4968:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4803:
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4700:
4693:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4630:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4585:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4484:
4475:
4445:(1): 17â27.
4442:
4438:
4432:
4423:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4158:
4141:
4137:
4136:) in Cuba".
4133:
4127:
4116:. Retrieved
4112:the original
4102:
4093:
4060:
4056:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3933:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3838:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
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3683:
3670:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3620:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3515:
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3457:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3252:
3246:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:
3217:
3210:
3196:
3182:
3168:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3027:
3018:
3000:
2995:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2876:) in Florida
2875:
2871:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2779:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2729:
2704:
2695:
2660:
2656:
2598:
2595:Paleobiology
2594:
2584:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2118:
2114:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1906:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1871:
1867:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1752:
1748:
1708:(1): 67â75.
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1665:
1646:
1638:
1617:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1580:
1565:
1560:
1544:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1510:
1462:(1): 42â50.
1459:
1455:
1444:
1433:, retrieved
1427:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1249:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1124:
1118:
1112:
1088:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1028:
1024:Wilson, D.E.
1016:Shoshani, J.
1010:
993:
989:
983:
962:
945:
936:
927:
905:
899:
880:
868:
857:
840:
828:
824:
820:
816:
805:Reproduction
799:lateral line
795:
783:
778:
772:
741:
725:
711:vocal effort
699:
666:
525:Blue Springs
514:
499:
484:
453:
434:
404:
381:
348:
339:
329:
318:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
272:
271:
267:
265:
232:
230:
214:
213:
201:
191:Trichechidae
113:
109:
29:
5592:SeaLifeBase
5514:NatureServe
5423:iNaturalist
5294:Wikispecies
5210:T. inunguis
5124:Superorder
5118:Infraclass
4614:: 415â427.
3862:: 127â136.
3646:: 395â408.
2663:(1): 3â29.
2544:: 303â309.
2449:) Manatees"
2447:T. inunguis
1429:Smithsonian
1261:22 November
1140:12 November
952:brevetoxins
864:NatureServe
715:vocal folds
682:tiger shark
647:Basking at
609:Puerto Rico
541:The Bahamas
345:Description
40:Pleistocene
5653:Categories
5219:T. manatus
5199:Trichechus
5187:(Manatees)
5154:Dugonginae
5136:Dugongidae
5126:Afrotheria
5012:Photos of
4118:2019-12-09
3602:), 2016".
3470:: 535â540.
3353:2021-08-22
3317:), 2016".
3258:27 October
3229:27 October
2761:: 95â104.
2388:"Manatee (
2018:2017-10-06
1619:2017-07-23
1327:: 533â566.
1282:Trichechus
1003:References
836:pair bonds
790:prehensile
718:manatees.
686:bull shark
633:Guadeloupe
613:extirpated
573:Costa Rica
464:Wolf River
336:watercraft
321:herbivores
202:Trichechus
101:Endangered
79:Vulnerable
5142:(Dugongs)
5050:224934462
4999:View the
4965:ARKive â
4942:0025-3154
4894:0022-2372
4853:2395-9053
4781:1099-0755
4721:1573-6857
4677:1469-1795
4393:: 73â84.
4327:1568-9883
4252:1559-2723
3980:1748-7692
3925:1748-7692
3876:0006-3207
3771:0006-3207
3662:226545194
3568:0888-8892
3449:0006-3207
3402:1863-5407
3160:247418288
3003:(Thesis).
2845:1097-0185
2677:1365-2907
2623:0094-8373
2568:0171-8630
2519:2204-4604
2417:1912/2740
2373:201700122
2311:0022-2372
1972:1932-6203
1915:0084-0173
1777:1365-294X
1730:0006-3207
1486:2041-210X
1230:cite iucn
1184:cite iucn
996:turbidity
831:gestation
779:vibrissae
768:vibrissae
750:Vibrissae
732:mangroves
615:from the
589:Guatemala
581:Nicaragua
561:Venezuela
472:Caribbean
441:estuaries
425:diaphragm
400:barnacles
388:sirenians
325:vibrissae
302:sirenians
209:Species:
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
5669:Manatees
5605:Species+
5519:2.103099
5506:11600012
5441:10966315
5389:46559222
5279:Wikidata
5246:Category
5165:D. dugon
5163:Dugong (
5120:Eutheria
5114:Mammalia
5108:Chordata
5102:Animalia
5100:Kingdom
4950:85596019
4737:24655603
4729:21681472
4701:Genetica
4685:83003801
4532:83480080
4467:86134425
4415:25678466
4371:25123898
4260:41059029
4085:62841264
4039:23527063
3999:PLOS ONE
3830:27049326
3790:PLOS ONE
3708:Archived
3584:39477590
3491:July 10,
3299:40327317
3080:27986063
3072:11534332
2977:21211567
2969:11745089
2800:45888920
2763:Archived
2639:17889395
2576:24870879
2475:25044536
2426:19275337
2353:Mammalia
2327:42302073
2191:53177219
2133:Archived
2012:Archived
1990:23527063
1942:PLOS ONE
1889:April 5,
1849:36860021
1785:16448411
1675:Archived
1654:Archived
1651:Manatees
1613:Archived
1609:Fox News
1588:Archived
1585:Manatees
1549:Archived
1523:Archived
1435:April 4,
1369:23660811
1255:Archived
1048:62265494
1018:(2005).
948:Red tide
872:red tide
801:system.
786:whiskers
775:whiskers
728:Seagrass
702:estrogen
663:Behavior
585:Honduras
565:Colombia
557:Trinidad
549:Suriname
445:salinity
407:elephant
310:manatees
308:, other
240:Linnaeus
187:Family:
171:Mammalia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
106:IUCN 3.1
84:IUCN 3.1
5631:ZooBank
5493:1000532
5415:2435296
5106:Phylum
5089:Sirenia
5087:Extant
5002:triMan1
4995:. 1905.
4922:Bibcode
4761:Bibcode
4657:Bibcode
4512:Bibcode
4447:Bibcode
4395:Bibcode
4363:9547868
4307:Bibcode
4230:Bibcode
4191:4 April
4065:Bibcode
4030:3604035
4007:Bibcode
3960:Bibcode
3903:Bibcode
3821:4822772
3798:Bibcode
3751:Bibcode
3692:Bibcode
3576:2387620
3548:Bibcode
3429:Bibcode
3103:Bibcode
3001:Vin.com
2912:Bibcode
2853:8800413
2631:4096848
2603:Bibcode
2546:Bibcode
2483:9973317
2319:4126883
2258:Bibcode
2039:20 June
1981:3604035
1950:Bibcode
1923:3830830
1841:9734072
1821:Bibcode
1793:6130316
1757:Bibcode
1710:Bibcode
1681:24 June
1529:May 14,
1511:fws.gov
1464:Bibcode
1377:9152922
1294:Bibcode
744:hindgut
657:Florida
605:Jamaica
577:Curaçao
420:ballast
384:mammals
197:Genus:
181:Sirenia
177:Order:
167:Class:
104: (
82: (
42:-Recent
5623:159509
5571:226178
5558:159509
5467:180684
5402:TRKDMA
5373:ECOS:
5340:152514
5322:ARKive
5285:Q40261
5112:Class
5048:
4948:
4940:
4892:
4851:
4779:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4683:
4675:
4530:
4465:
4413:
4369:
4361:
4325:
4258:
4250:
4083:
4037:
4027:
3978:
3923:
3874:
3828:
3818:
3769:
3660:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3447:
3400:
3297:
3158:
3078:
3070:
2975:
2967:
2851:
2843:
2798:
2788:
2675:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2574:
2566:
2517:
2481:
2473:
2424:
2371:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2189:
1988:
1978:
1970:
1921:
1913:
1847:
1839:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1728:
1572:
1484:
1375:
1367:
1046:
1036:
886:, the
793:food.
736:molars
599:, the
593:Belize
569:Panama
553:Guyana
537:Brazil
529:Mexico
480:Brazil
476:Mexico
437:rivers
392:Pelage
352:Snooty
306:dugong
5618:WoRMS
5597:69579
5584:53129
5545:80492
5480:22103
5454:54724
5436:IRMNG
5428:46316
5353:58863
5046:S2CID
4946:S2CID
4733:S2CID
4681:S2CID
4528:S2CID
4463:S2CID
4367:S2CID
4256:JSTOR
4081:S2CID
3711:(PDF)
3680:(PDF)
3658:S2CID
3580:S2CID
3572:JSTOR
3486:(PDF)
3295:S2CID
3156:S2CID
3144:(1).
3076:S2CID
2973:S2CID
2701:(PDF)
2635:S2CID
2627:JSTOR
2572:JSTOR
2479:S2CID
2369:S2CID
2323:S2CID
2315:JSTOR
2187:S2CID
1919:JSTOR
1883:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1845:S2CID
1789:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1022:. In
690:orcas
625:Haiti
396:algae
5610:4548
5553:OBIS
5532:9778
5527:NCBI
5475:IUCN
5462:ITIS
5410:GBIF
5397:EPPO
5376:4469
5335:BOLD
4938:ISSN
4890:ISSN
4849:ISSN
4777:ISSN
4725:PMID
4717:ISSN
4673:ISSN
4411:PMID
4359:PMID
4323:ISSN
4248:ISSN
4193:2024
4035:PMID
3976:ISSN
3921:ISSN
3872:ISSN
3826:PMID
3767:ISSN
3564:ISSN
3493:2021
3445:ISSN
3398:ISSN
3277:)".
3260:2022
3231:2022
3068:PMID
2965:PMID
2902:)".
2849:PMID
2841:ISSN
2796:OCLC
2786:ISBN
2673:ISSN
2619:ISSN
2564:ISSN
2515:ISSN
2471:PMID
2422:PMID
2307:ISSN
2041:2023
1986:PMID
1968:ISSN
1911:ISSN
1891:2017
1837:PMID
1781:PMID
1773:ISSN
1726:ISSN
1683:2017
1570:ISBN
1531:2024
1482:ISSN
1437:2017
1365:PMID
1347:)".
1284:)".
1263:2012
1234:help
1188:help
1142:2021
1125:2008
1070:PBDB
1044:OCLC
1034:ISBN
829:The
722:Diet
676:and
607:and
597:Cuba
523:and
439:and
266:The
244:1758
112:and
5501:MSW
5488:MDD
5449:ISC
5384:EoL
5361:CMS
5348:CoL
5309:ADW
5036:doi
4930:doi
4880:doi
4876:100
4839:doi
4808:doi
4769:doi
4709:doi
4705:139
4665:doi
4616:doi
4520:doi
4455:doi
4403:doi
4391:161
4351:doi
4315:doi
4238:doi
4146:doi
4073:doi
4025:PMC
4015:doi
3968:doi
3911:doi
3864:doi
3860:159
3816:PMC
3806:doi
3759:doi
3747:119
3700:doi
3648:doi
3608:doi
3556:doi
3437:doi
3425:121
3388:doi
3323:doi
3287:doi
3146:doi
3111:doi
3060:doi
2955:doi
2951:264
2920:doi
2881:doi
2831:doi
2827:245
2709:UWI
2665:doi
2611:doi
2554:doi
2542:322
2507:doi
2461:doi
2457:297
2412:hdl
2404:doi
2400:125
2361:doi
2297:doi
2266:doi
2222:doi
2179:doi
2123:doi
1976:PMC
1958:doi
1829:doi
1765:doi
1718:doi
1472:doi
1357:doi
1353:199
1302:doi
1217:doi
1171:doi
1129:doi
975:in
777:or
684:or
5655::
5633::
5620::
5607::
5594::
5581::
5568::
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5477::
5464::
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5438::
5425::
5412::
5399::
5386::
5363::
5350::
5337::
5324::
5311::
5296::
5281::
5044:.
5034:.
5030:.
4989:.
4944:.
4936:.
4928:.
4918:96
4916:.
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