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1316:. The Commonwealth also honoured its obligations in respecting the rights of the Catholic populations of Mardyck and Dunkirk. A contingent of Commonwealth troops remained with Turenne's army and were instrumental in the capture of Gravelines and other Flemish towns by the French. With the privateering threat of Dunkirk out of the way, England's mercantile fleet suffered far fewer losses; not only because the
1264:. It was agreed that Gravelines would be ceded to France, Dunkirk and Mardyck to England. Dunkirk, in particular, was on the Commonwealth's mind mainly because of the privateers that were causing damage to the mercantile fleet. For Cromwell and the Commonwealth, the question of possession of Dunkirk thus passed from regional diplomatic possibility to urgent political necessity.
1312:. The Commonwealth contingent in Turenne's army fought with distinction and impressed their French allies with a successful assault up a strongly defended sandhill 150 feet high during the battle. When Dunkirk surrendered to Turenne on 14 June, Cardinal Mazarin honoured the terms of the treaty with Cromwell and handed the port over to the Commonwealth, despite the protests of
1548:, Spain finally ceded Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to Britain which was a major concession and a humiliation for Spain. English ships were also able to roam the Caribbean Sea without hindrance and for the first time were not seen in the West Indies as intruders or as pirates. Controversially the news did not arrive in time to prevent Henry Morgan's Panama expedition from
1370:
allowed
English parliament to annex England's holdings (Jamaica, Dunkirk and Mardyck) despite Spanish protests. At the same time Charles sought a treaty with Spain so that England's holdings could be recognised but the terms for Spain were too harsh and there was hope that the latter would recapture Jamaica in a military campaign. In order to increase his finances Charles
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added to the difficulties of Philip's IV's overstretched armies, who for years had been campaigning simultaneously in Italy, the
Pyrenees, Flanders and Portugal. The Spanish answered with a privateering campaign that all but wiped out English shipping trade. Consequently, the Dutch enjoyed a recovery from the losses they had suffered in the
965:; and it is not by accident that printed accounts of their activities began to circulate in England at this time. There was, however, one important difference: alongside silver and gold a new treasure was becoming ever more important – sugar. This meant occupation of territory, a step beyond the piracy pursued in Elizabethan days.
1540:
was received with great satisfaction by
English statesmen and merchants in terms of trade. With Portugal's restoration secure the British Brigade was subsequently disbanded but England's holdings in the Caribbean were left unsettled. Nevertheless, it was a big step for peace between the two kingdoms.
1123:
on
Santiago, to deter the Spanish from recapturing the island. For England, Jamaica was to be the "dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire", although in fact it was a possession of little value then. Cromwell, despite all difficulties, was determined that the presence should remain, sending
1231:
The short-term effect of Blake's blockade of Spain and his victory at Santa Cruz was the disruption of the
Spanish economy, which depended upon silver and gold from the Americas and thereby damaged Spain's capacity for waging war. The English lost 1,500 to 2,000 merchant ships to Spanish privateers
1360:
England and Spain had both suffered heavy economic losses; the latter suffered mainly from Blake's blockade of Cadiz. The effect of this, particularly with the action off Cadiz and at Santa Cruz, was the disruption of the
Spanish economy, which depended upon silver and gold from the Americas. This
1064:
Although
Cromwell had previously been interested in the possible acquisition of Hispaniola island, the expedition's commanders were given the freedom to determine their own priorities in the circumstances they faced on arrival. Several options were considered, including a landing on the coast of
1369:
Spain demanded the return of possessions taken by
Cromwell's republic, to which Charles had been willing to agree. This soon changed however as Charles had become frustrated with Philip's failure to aid in his restoration. Only a week after war had ended Charles annulled the Brussels treaty and
948:
should prevail in Europe. However, he considered Spain to be the greater threat to the
Protestant cause, and thus pragmatically allied his nation with France. By going to war with Spain, he also sought a return to a policy of commercial opportunism pursued in the days of
1081:
failed because the
Spanish had improved their defences in the face of Dutch attacks earlier in the century. Cromwell, on the other hand, saw the Hispaniola defeat as God's judgement. Despite various subsequent successes, the defeat made the whole operation against the
975:, resulting in the drafting of an Anglo-French alliance against Spain in October 1655. The alliance had an added benefit: France, which was currently offering refuge to the Stuarts, would now be disinclined to assist them in reclaiming the English throne.
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which continued throughout the summer. The Spanish remained on the defensive and took no aggressive action against the English fleet. In mid-June, Captain Edward Blagg sailed with eight ships to raid ports in northern Spain. On 24 June, Blagg raided
1307:
and made no move to attack Flanders until September. Mardyck was captured on 22 September and garrisoned by Commonwealth troops. Dunkirk was besieged in May 1658. A Spanish relief force attempted to lift the siege but was defeated on 4 June at the
1365:
and took much trade from the English. Nevertheless, with the victory of the first Anglo-Dutch war and the successes in the war against Spain, England had done enough to establish itself as one of Europe's leading naval powers.
1228:, Blake completely destroyed the Spanish merchant convoy—the West Indian Fleet—however, the fleet had landed the bullion before the battle. Blake was unable to seize it, but it was also unavailable to the government in Madrid.
525:
1302:
fleet blockaded Flemish ports but, to Cromwell's annoyance, the military campaign started late in the year and was subject to many delays. Marshal Turenne spent the summer of 1657 campaigning against the Spanish in
2722:
1445:(although failed in its primary objective of capturing the island of Hispaniola) survived the Protectorate itself, later to be revived in the raids ordered under the behest of the Jamaican governor
885:
expedition invaded Spanish territory in the Caribbean, eventually capturing the island of Jamaica. In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo-Spanish war with the larger
518:
1508:. Charles II ordered the same – so Modyford commissioned Morgan once again to raid the Spanish main in order to preserve Jamaica once and for all. In December 1670 Morgan seized the islands of
1532:
Spain during this time was politically, economically and militarily weakened by the decades of war and infighting. Charles II saw ideal opportunities for two eventual peace treaties signed at
2679:
1425:
a year later another Spanish invasion was decisively defeated so much so that it ended major combat operations during the war which definitively secured Portuguese independence from Spain.
58:
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and captured or sank all but two of its ships. The loss of the cargoes of the ships captured or sunk by the English was a serious blow to the economy of Spain with an estimated loss of
663:
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and instead of using captured English ships to replace their destroyed convoys, the Spanish government placed the care of Spanish trade in the hands of neutral Dutch merchantmen.
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of Charles II, the Anglo-Spanish War was formally terminated in September 1660 but no treaty was signed between the two nations. Charles had been allied to Spain through the
1189:, where a number of ships in the harbour were destroyed. While Blake replenished his water supplies on the African coast, a detachment of five frigates under a Captain Smith
1276:
496:
1252:. France would contribute an army of 20,000 men, England would contribute both 6,000 troops and the English fleet in a campaign against the Flemish coastal fortresses of
1998:"He advocated the capture of Hispaniola and Cuba as a first step, and after that, the conquest of Central America, which he considered would be completed in two years" (
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was unsuccessful, but the threat of attack disrupted trade all along the coasts of Spain. On the evening of 8 September, one of Blake's captains, Richard Stayner,
1136:
Edward D'Oyley felt his new duty was to organize the defence of the island against the Spanish. By using the tactic of attacking instead of defending, he sent out
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2295:
877:, and Spain, between 1654 and 1660. It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other's commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as
1287:. The Spanish army of 15,000 troops was augmented by a force of 3,000 English Royalists—formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by
656:
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2,000,000. For the first time in naval history, Blake kept the fleet at sea throughout an entire winter in order to maintain the blockade against Spain.
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2011:"the newly acquired Caribbean island of Jamaica would later become one of the United Kingdom's most valuable possessions for more than 150 years" (
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649:
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1107:), the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. They landed in May 1655 at a place called Santiago de la Vega, now
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1504:, issued letters of marque for privateer attacks on English shipping in the Caribbean. One of these privateers was the famed Portuguese pirate
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had lost their largest base but also because English trade had already been largely lost to the Dutch as a result of Dunkirker privateering.
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was on its way across the Atlantic. Leaving two ships to watch Cadiz, Blake sailed from there to attack the plate fleet, which had docked at
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in southern Spain on 19 July. Smith sank nine Spanish ships, spiked the harbour guns and bombarded the town. A similar raid on
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sought to adjust a peace between the Portuguese and Spanish crowns and then between England and Spain but to no avail. At the
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908:, kept the conflict going intermittently for over ten years. These involved raids on Spanish territory by notable Privateer
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1111:. They came, and they stayed, in the face of prolonged local resistance that was reinforced by troops sent from Spain and
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In April 1656 English Admiral Robert Blake with a fleet of around forty warships, fireships and supply vessels sailed to
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in 1658, failing in their attempts to retake Jamaica. Nevertheless, the fear of another invasion meant that the English
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on 28 October 1659. Cromwell's death in 1658 left England in political turmoil that would result in the return of the
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that resulted in the actual Anglo-Spanish War in 1655. Weakened by fever, the English force then sailed west for the
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Map showing the siege of Dunkirk and the Battle of the Dunes in 1658. Also present are the blockading British fleet
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to Louis XIV of France in November 1662 – though less than £300,000 of the promised half million was ever paid.
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2707:
1552:. Despite Spanish protests and his arrest, Morgan went unpunished claiming he had not known about the treaty.
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2590:. The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press – via Mannheimer Texte Online.
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to help fight the Spanish. Within a year the Spanish army attempted to overrun Portugal but at the crucial
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Portrait of King Charles II from 1665 – Charles led a covert war against Spain seeking a favourable peace
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would never be secure until the Spanish government acknowledged England's possession of Jamaica and the
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were plundered and devastated and Myngs returned to Jamaica with a vast amount of plunder and treasure.
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The combined Anglo-French army for the invasion of Flanders was commanded by the great French Marshal
1045:. It was one of the strongest ever to sail from England, with some 3,000 marines under the command of
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The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/49
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The last years of the Protectorate, 1656–1658, Volume 1 The Last Years of the Protectorate, 1656–1658
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Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopaedia, Volume 1
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was signed in March 1657. Based on the terms of the treaty, the English would join with France in
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The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660
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1955:
1947:
1841:"Commerce was depressed because of the armed conflicts and the burden became too heavy to bear" (
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were ceded to the British Crown and a military alliance was agreed to help Portugal who had been
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Conflicts of empires: Spain, the low countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713
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957:. Cromwell's attack on Spanish trade and treasure routes immediately recalled the exploits of
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The History of Portugal – From the Reign of D. Joao II. to the Reign of D. Joao V. Volume III
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The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century: War and the Bourbon Reforms, 1713–1796
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The war's Caribbean component raged on much longer. With Jamaica annexed the purpose of the
1073:. Both were discounted, as Penn and Venables decided to attempt to repeat Drake's attack on
1014:
Meanwhile, Cromwell had already launched the Western Design against Spain's colonies in the
972:
870:
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Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization
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During the first year of the Protectorate, Cromwell conducted negotiations with the French
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European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648
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in late December 1654 and arrived in the West Indies in January. In May 1655, an English
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The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667): raison d'état, mercantilism and maritime strife
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1867:"About 1,000 English ships were lost as against some 400 captured by the English." (
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the following year. The Spanish meanwhile could do little to protect themselves.
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1854:"The main effect of the war was to disrupt what remained of English commerce" (
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England and Spain would be allies during the next large European conflict the
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reinforcements and supplies. New Spanish troops, sailing from Cuba, lost the
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invaded Spanish territory in the West Indies with the objective of capturing
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in 1660, tensions in the Caribbean with regards to the English possession of
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Poetry and the Cromwellian Protectorate: Culture, Politics, and Institutions
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2599:. British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate website. Archived from
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Privateer Henry Morgan destroys the Spanish fleet on Lake Maracaibo in 1669
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The Western design: an account of Cromwell's expedition to the Caribbean
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In February 1657, Blake received intelligence that the plate fleet from
940:, both traditional rivals of England. France and Spain were both of the
912:. The war officially ended with two peace treaties which were signed at
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and would remain largely at peace until 1702 with the outbreak of the
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and having it named in a treaty. The resulting privateer raids on the
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a general failure. Venables and Penn were imprisoned therefore in the
27:
War between the English Protectorate, under Oliver Cromwell, and Spain
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forcing the garrisons to surrender. From there his fleet sailed to
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The Anglo-Spanish War, 1655–1660: War in the West Indies (Vol. 1)
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The English Conquest of Jamaica: Oliver Cromwell's Bid for Empire
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An Anglo-French alliance against Spain was established when the
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faith, anathema to Cromwell, who believed it is God's will that
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The war between France and Spain ended with the signing of the
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507:
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The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
1895:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
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The Anglo-Spanish War, 1655–1660: War in Jamaica (Vol. 2).
1520:
and seized the fort there too – Morgan hoped to cross the
2056:
2054:
1801:
1799:
1930:
Grose, Clyde L (March 1933). "The Dunkirk Money, 1662".
1536:, both of which were favourable to England. Firstly the
1414:
the Portuguese and British inflicted a crushing defeat.
2723:
17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
2261:
History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649–1660
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Pirate Port: The Story of the Sunken City of Port Royal
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resulting in major land actions that took place in the
1524:
but at this time he was unaware of events in Europe.
936:
came to an end, Cromwell turned his attention to the
1279:. The Spanish Army of Flanders was commanded by Don
1115:(México). In 1657 the English Governor invited the
2432:
1666:
2307:(2nd ed.). Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke.
1897:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 727.
1481:later took over - his most notable attacks were
1148:were among them in 1658 and the following year
43:
2637:Europe in the Seventeenth Century (Second ed.)
1708:The Navy as an Instrument of Policy: 1558–1727
2213:The Last Years of the Protectorate, 1656–1658
1985:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1224:to await an escort to Spain. In April in the
843:
657:
519:
8:
2565:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
2112:Andrien, Kenneth J; Kuethe, Allan J (2014).
2091:Fisher, Margaret Anne; Savelle, Max (1967).
1140:to raid Spanish colonial cities and bases.
881:and naval expeditions. In 1655, an English
2459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2294:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1465:over the next ten years were devastating.
1283:, an illegitimate son of the Spanish King
850:
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650:
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512:
504:
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2215:. Vol. 1. Longmans, Green; New York.
1938:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 5.
2072:Davenport & Paulin pp. 98–99, 188–89
2024:
1880:
1842:
1760:
1449:. Modyford's pretexts for licensing the
1351:
1266:
1003:
2733:17th century in the Spanish West Indies
2487:Taylor, Stanley Arthur Goodwin (1969).
2060:
2012:
1829:
1805:
1594:
775:
764:
65:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)
2728:17th-century military history of Spain
2452:
2287:
2045:
1999:
1917:
1868:
1772:
1721:
1640:
1625:
1613:
896:Although the war was terminated after
2271:Seapower and naval warfare, 1650–1830
1855:
1817:
1550:plundering and burning Panama in 1671
7:
2220:Gardiner, Frances Davenport (2007).
1673:. World Publishing Company. p.
1652:
1336:to the throne of England. After the
1199:intercepted a Spanish treasure fleet
2316:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1604:served as part of the Spanish Army.
1400:fighting to regain her independence
32:Anglo-Spanish Wars (disambiguation)
1705:Richmond, Herbert William (1953).
1502:Mariana, the Queen Regent of Spain
953:and subsequently abandoned by her
25:
2656:"1657: The Rough Guide to Europe"
2597:"The Anglo-Spanish War 1655–1660"
1402:since 1640. British troops under
1077:on Hispaniola. However, the 1655
938:conflict between France and Spain
2258:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901).
1711:. University Press. p. 134.
1246:her continuing war against Spain
1226:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
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2410:Pestana, Carla Gardina (2017).
2331:Manganiello, Stephen C (2004).
2175:. Manchester University Press.
806:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
2758:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2584:. In Ward, Adolphus W. (ed.).
2305:The British Republic 1649–1660
2190:Francis, John Michael (2006).
2118:. Cambridge University Press.
1694:. Longmans, Green. p. 48.
136:by the Commonwealth of England
1:
2703:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2518:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2278:Hart, Francis Russel (1922).
1932:The Journal of Modern History
1090:on their arrival on England.
537:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1671)
44:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
2532:Resources in other libraries
2416:. Harvard University Press.
2173:The Cromwellian Protectorate
2097:. Macmillan. pp. 66–67.
2081:Andrien and Kuethe pp. 50–52
1491:defeat of a Spanish squadron
1487:at Porto bello, both in 1668
1417:In 1664 England through Sir
549:Spain and the Canary Islands
276:Pablo Fernández de Contreras
2662:. Edinburgh. Archived from
2546:. Phoenix; New Ed edition.
1578:Military history of Britain
1035:the founder of Pennsylvania
866:was a conflict between the
2779:
2654:Staff (20 November 2006).
2544:Cromwell, Our Chief of Men
2239:Holberton, Edward (2008).
987:
902:King Charles II of England
800:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
29:
2620:. Sutton Publishing Ltd.
2580:Leathes, Stanley (1906).
2561:Israel, Jonathan (1997).
2527:Resources in your library
2369:Nolan, Cathal J. (2008).
2281:Admirals of the Caribbean
2269:Harding, Richard (1999).
1688:Harding, Charles (1909).
1602:Lord Wentworth's Regiment
1573:Antonio de Vea expedition
1557:War of the Grand Alliance
1544:Three years later at the
1378:Anglo-Portuguese alliance
1291:, with Charles's brother
679:
545:
215:
144:
70:
56:
48:
30:For other conflicts, see
2616:Plowden, Alison (2006).
2542:Fraser, Antonia (1909).
2491:. Solstice Productions.
2435:The Command of the Ocean
2350:McMurdo, Edward (2010).
2273:. Naval Institute Press.
2224:. Kessinger Publishing.
1382:In 1662, Charles made a
1295:, among its commanders.
1049:, further reinforced in
2472:. Uitgeverij Verloren.
2468:Rommelse, Gijs (2006).
2431:Rodger, N.A.M. (2005).
2303:Hutton, Ronald (2000).
2211:Firth, Charles (1909).
1665:Marx, Robert F (1967).
1453:was his suspicion that
1423:Battle of Montes Claros
1047:General Robert Venables
811:Third English Civil War
259:Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi
193:Commonwealth of England
2738:Wars involving England
2635:Maland, David (1991).
2312:Israel, J. I. (1995).
2171:Coward, Barry (2002).
2152:Cooper, J. P. (1979).
2135:Cromwell's Wars at Sea
2133:Barratt, John (2006).
1561:Spanish Succession War
1483:at Puerto del Príncipe
1438:
1357:
1272:
1173:
1119:to base themselves at
1079:Siege of Santo Domingo
1011:
1001:
216:Commanders and leaders
18:West Indies expedition
2743:Wars involving France
2718:17th century in Spain
2685:Sutton, Paul (2021).
2678:Sutton, Paul (2021).
2587:The Thirty Years' War
2582:"Chapter XXI Mazarin"
2354:. Read Books Design.
1893:Israel, J.I. (1995).
1506:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
1436:
1388:Catharine of Braganza
1363:first Anglo-Dutch war
1355:
1330:Peace of the Pyrenees
1270:
1171:
1007:
997:
934:First Anglo-Dutch War
819:First Anglo-Dutch War
248:Bernardino de Meneses
2748:Wars involving Spain
1784:Rommelse 2006, p. 21
1477:the following year.
1429:Caribbean privateers
1180:the Spanish port of
1172:Admiral Robert Blake
334:Juan José de Austria
102:Treaties of Madrid (
2335:. Scarecrow Press.
1975:McMurdo pp. 419–420
1793:Davenport pp. 57–59
1751:Barratt pp. 187–188
1404:Frederick Schomberg
1310:Battle of the Dunes
1293:James, Duke of York
1134:Governor of Jamaica
1130:Battle of Rio Nuevo
1126:Battle of Ocho Rios
1084:Spanish West Indies
1059:St. Kitts and Nevis
1016:Spanish West Indies
891:Spanish Netherlands
616:Puerto del Príncipe
92:Spanish Netherlands
2753:1650s in New Spain
2618:In a Free Republic
2603:on 2 November 2008
2395:. London: Viking.
2264:. Longmans, Green.
1742:Manganiello p. 481
1583:History of Jamaica
1546:next Madrid treaty
1439:
1412:battle of Ameixial
1358:
1342:Treaty of Brussels
1273:
1174:
1101:Colony of Santiago
1026:expedition led by
1012:
1002:
887:Franco-Spanish War
673:Anglo-Spanish Wars
497:Vicomte de Turenne
345:Louis, Grand Condé
51:Franco-Spanish War
2713:Conflicts in 1660
2627:978-0-7509-1883-1
2572:978-1-85285-161-3
2553:978-0-7538-1331-7
2513:Library resources
2048:, pp. 19–20.
1522:Isthmus of Panama
1467:Christopher Myngs
1384:dynastic marriage
1138:Christopher Myngs
1018:. The fleet left
955:Stuart successors
864:Anglo-Spanish War
860:
859:
824:Anglo-Spanish War
757:
756:
639:
638:
502:
501:
419:Christopher Myngs
287:Marcos del Puerto
211:
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
2770:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2666:on 28 March 2007
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2016:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
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1973:
1964:
1963:
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1734:
1733:Holberton p. 134
1731:
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1638:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1471:Santiago de Cuba
1419:Richard Fanshawe
1128:in 1657 and the
1093:Jamaica was the
973:Cardinal Mazarin
852:
845:
838:
791:
762:
674:
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61:
41:
21:
2778:
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2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2763:Oliver Cromwell
2708:1650s conflicts
2693:
2692:
2682:. Helion Books.
2669:
2667:
2653:
2647:
2634:
2628:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2579:
2573:
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2509:
2507:Further reading
2499:
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2257:
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2219:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2156:. CUP Archive.
2151:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
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2067:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:, p. 202).
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1916:
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1905:
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1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1569:
1530:
1528:Madrid treaties
1447:Thomas Modyford
1431:
1408:raised to serve
1380:
1350:
1326:
1242:Treaty of Paris
1238:
1166:
1154:Puerto Caballos
1088:Tower of London
1039:Robert Venables
999:Oliver Cromwell
992:
986:
981:
930:
898:The Restoration
875:Oliver Cromwell
856:
815:
771:
760:
759:
758:
753:
675:
672:
670:
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541:
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460:
458:Richard Stayner
450:
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422:
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411:
410:
400:
399:
397:Robert Venables
389:
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358:Oliver Cromwell
350:
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120:Acquisition of
116:
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62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2695:
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2645:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2595:Plant, David.
2592:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:978-0901814029
2497:
2484:
2479:978-9065509079
2478:
2465:
2445:
2428:
2423:978-0674737310
2422:
2407:
2402:978-0670919574
2401:
2389:Paxman, Jeremy
2385:
2380:978-0313330469
2379:
2366:
2361:978-1444695694
2360:
2347:
2342:978-0810851009
2341:
2328:
2323:978-0198730729
2322:
2309:
2300:
2275:
2266:
2255:
2250:978-0199544585
2249:
2243:. OUP Oxford.
2236:
2231:978-0548568958
2230:
2217:
2208:
2203:978-1851094219
2202:
2187:
2182:978-0719043178
2181:
2168:
2163:978-0521297134
2162:
2149:
2143:
2130:
2125:978-1107043572
2124:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2063:, p. 663.
2050:
2038:
2036:Pestana p. 182
2029:
2027:, p. 187.
2017:
2004:
1991:
1989:Pestana p. 185
1977:
1965:
1944:10.1086/235963
1922:
1920:, p. 237.
1910:
1904:978-0198730729
1903:
1885:
1873:
1871:, p. 236)
1860:
1858:, p. 12).
1847:
1845:, p. 21).
1834:
1822:
1810:
1808:, p. 183.
1795:
1786:
1777:
1775:, p. 468.
1765:
1763:, p. 467.
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1714:
1697:
1680:
1657:
1645:
1643:, p. 134.
1630:
1618:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1529:
1526:
1514:Santa Catalina
1510:Old Providence
1495:Lake Maracaibo
1459:Cayman Islands
1443:Western Design
1430:
1427:
1379:
1376:
1349:
1346:
1325:
1322:
1237:
1234:
1222:Canary Islands
1165:
1162:
1037:, and General
1028:General at Sea
990:Western Design
988:Main article:
985:
984:Western Design
982:
980:
977:
963:Walter Raleigh
942:Roman Catholic
929:
926:
858:
857:
855:
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626:Lake Maracaibo
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369:King Louis XIV
347:
298:Diego de Egüés
230:King Philip IV
218:
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183:
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138:
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126:Cayman Islands
118:
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3:
2:
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2698:
2689:Helion Books.
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2646:0-333-33574-0
2642:
2639:. Macmillan.
2638:
2633:
2629:
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2026:
2025:Gardiner 2007
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2002:, p. 5).
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
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1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1883:, p. 21.
1882:
1881:Rommelse 2006
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:Rommelse 2006
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 78.
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:, p. 57.
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:Gardiner 1901
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1724:, p. 28.
1723:
1718:
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1709:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1681:
1676:
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1658:
1655:, p. 44.
1654:
1649:
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1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:, p. 24.
1627:
1622:
1619:
1616:, p. 29.
1615:
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1192:
1191:raided Malaga
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1106:
1103:(present-day
1102:
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1091:
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1075:Santo Domingo
1072:
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959:Francis Drake
956:
952:
947:
946:Protestantism
943:
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919:
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911:
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596:Santo Domingo
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486:Thomas Morgan
482:
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475:John Reynolds
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408:Edward Doyley
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69:
66:
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55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2660:The Scotsman
2659:
2636:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2586:
2562:
2543:
2517:
2488:
2469:
2439:. New York.
2434:
2412:
2392:
2373:. ABC-CLIO.
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2304:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2240:
2221:
2212:
2196:. ABC-CLIO.
2192:
2172:
2153:
2137:. Barnsley.
2134:
2114:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2061:Francis 2006
2041:
2032:
2020:
2013:Barratt 2006
2007:
1994:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1830:Harding 1999
1825:
1813:
1806:Barratt 2006
1789:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1683:
1668:
1660:
1648:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1554:
1543:
1531:
1500:In response
1499:
1479:Henry Morgan
1473:in 1662 and
1463:Spanish Main
1442:
1440:
1416:
1381:
1372:sold Dunkirk
1368:
1359:
1327:
1300:Commonwealth
1297:
1274:
1239:
1230:
1207:
1175:
1109:Spanish Town
1094:
1092:
1063:
1033:, father of
1031:William Penn
1013:
967:
931:
910:Henry Morgan
895:
879:privateering
871:Protectorate
863:
861:
798:
693:
535:
462:
447:Robert Blake
434:
430:Henry Morgan
386:William Penn
373:
349:
320:
315:Willem Bette
302:
263:
235:
221:
145:Belligerents
90:, Spain and
49:Part of the
36:
2046:Paxman 2011
2000:Taylor 1969
1918:Cooper 1979
1869:Cooper 1979
1773:Hutton 2000
1722:Rodger 2005
1641:Coward 2002
1626:Rodger 2005
1614:Rodger 2005
1538:1667 treaty
1338:Restoration
1324:Restoration
1146:Santa Marta
1096:casus belli
951:Elizabeth I
778:Interregnum
621:Porto Bello
115:Territorial
2697:Categories
2446:0393060500
2144:1844154599
2106:References
1856:Nolan 2008
1818:Firth 1909
1451:buccaneers
1318:Dunkirkers
1305:Luxembourg
1289:Charles II
1254:Gravelines
1214:Santa Cruz
1121:Port Royal
1117:Buccaneers
1055:Montserrat
1043:Hispaniola
1024:amphibious
1020:Portsmouth
928:Background
883:amphibious
565:Santa Cruz
2607:16 August
2455:cite book
2290:cite book
2284:. Boston.
1960:144839201
1653:Hart 1922
1348:Aftermath
1314:Louis XIV
1281:Juan-José
1210:New Spain
1164:Naval war
1113:New Spain
1067:Guatemala
1009:Philip IV
970:statesman
932:When the
749:1833–1840
744:1815–1832
739:1804–1808
734:1796–1802
729:1779–1783
724:1762–1763
719:1739–1748
714:1727–1729
709:1718–1720
704:1702–1713
699:1662–1668
694:1654–1660
689:1625–1630
684:1585–1604
611:Rio Nuevo
606:Ocho Rios
590:Caribbean
582:The Dunes
374:Caribbean
236:Caribbean
210:(1657–59)
169:Royalists
88:Caribbean
78:1654–1660
2391:(2011).
1567:See also
1489:and the
1475:Campeche
1250:Flanders
1236:Flanders
1218:Tenerife
1195:Alicante
1178:blockade
1051:Barbados
776:Wars of
768:a series
766:Part of
571:Flanders
463:Flanders
303:Flanders
181:Scotland
83:Location
1952:1872278
1518:Chagres
1469:raided
1455:Jamaica
1392:Tangier
1334:Stuarts
1277:Turenne
1262:Mardyck
1258:Dunkirk
1220:in the
1105:Jamaica
906:Jamaica
868:English
781:England
601:Jamaica
577:Dunkirk
321:†
177:Ireland
173:England
134:Mardyck
130:Dunkirk
122:Jamaica
117:changes
2670:18 May
2643:
2624:
2569:
2550:
2515:about
2495:
2476:
2443:
2420:
2399:
2393:Empire
2377:
2358:
2339:
2320:
2247:
2228:
2200:
2179:
2160:
2141:
2122:
1958:
1950:
1901:
1534:Madrid
1396:Bombay
1285:Philip
1150:Cumana
1069:or on
1057:, and
914:Madrid
873:under
770:on the
631:Panama
555:Malaga
317:
206:France
203:
124:, the
99:Result
1956:S2CID
1948:JSTOR
1589:Notes
1406:were
1386:with
1182:Cadiz
560:Cadiz
435:Spain
264:Spain
158:Spain
2672:2007
2641:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2609:2011
2567:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2461:link
2441:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2296:link
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2120:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1512:and
1485:and
1394:and
1298:The
1260:and
1187:Vigo
1158:Coro
1156:and
1144:and
1142:Tolú
1071:Cuba
961:and
922:1670
920:and
918:1667
862:The
179:and
132:and
108:1670
106:and
104:1667
75:Date
63:The
1940:doi
1493:on
1248:in
1216:on
979:War
916:in
900:of
171:of
2699::
2658:.
2457:}}
2453:{{
2292:}}
2288:{{
2053:^
1980:^
1968:^
1954:.
1946:.
1934:.
1798:^
1675:38
1633:^
1563:.
1390:;
1344:.
1256:,
1152:,
1061:.
1053:,
924:.
893:.
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175:,
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2674:.
2649:.
2630:.
2611:.
2575:.
2556:.
2501:.
2482:.
2463:)
2449:.
2426:.
2405:.
2383:.
2364:.
2345:.
2326:.
2298:)
2253:.
2234:.
2206:.
2185:.
2166:.
2147:.
2128:.
1962:.
1942::
1936:5
1907:.
1677:.
1203:£
851:e
844:t
837:v
665:e
658:t
651:v
527:e
520:t
513:v
465::
437::
376::
305::
238::
34:.
20:)
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