560:
549:
31:
323:
440:
261:
479:
1214:
602:
to deploy it in the area. During the cruise, 5 dives were executed onto West Mata. In the first dive, an active eruption of glowing molten lava along with explosions were observed at a depth of around 1,205 m (3,953 ft) near the summit of the volcano; this eruption site was named Hades. In
619:
Following the main eruption, several papers suggest that in 2010–11 lava flows were recorded that covered an area of 1,300 m (4,265 ft) by 700 m (2,297 ft) at 2,950 m (9,678 ft) below sea level according to bathymetry depth differences. The same papers also note that a
430:
The NE Lau Basin has one of the highest upper mantle temperatures in the world, has one of Earth's coolest slab thermal parameters (which is caused by the age and the speed of slab convergence), and has among the highest slab water flux values of any oceanic subduction zone. These factors cause the
296:
that extends away from the summit, which is the peak of a conical structure with a circular base on the seafloor. Therefore, meanwhile the northeast and southwest flanks are rugged, the northwest and southeast flanks are rather smooth. This structure can also be seen on the East Mata volcano. The
243:
At the time of exploration, West Mata was the deepest undersea volcano eruption ever recorded, nearly −1,200 m (−3,937 ft) below the surface of the ocean. Following this record eruption, several research expeditions have been conducted to study the volcano and its history. Its study has
574:
The volcano has known to be both hydrothermally and eruptively active in recent history, the most active in between its neighboring volcanoes. According to depth differences in West Mata's flanks, it was pointed out that West Mata had an eruption which lasted from 1996 to 2008 at a depth of
515:, a close relative to the Brachylepadomorpha which was extinct since the Miocene; and more. In West Mata, these organisms were not observed, pointing to the diversity of the Lau Basin's ecology. Instead, a hydrothermal environment consisting of three species of
486:
West Mata and the surrounding NE Lau Basin are home to many hydrothermal vents, meaning that the area hosts a hydrothermal vent environment, which hosts organisms that use hydrothermal vents to supply their living needs. These environments can be seen in many
603:
the rest of the dives, more parts of West Mata were uncovered, including the erupting area of the summit, which was discovered to extend 1,000 m (3,281 ft) along the summit. The second main vent on the summit was later named
Prometheus.
606:
Both vents, Hades and
Prometheus, had different eruption styles. Hades was erupting with frequent magma bursts; meanwhile, Prometheus was showing a rapid degassing eruption. These eruptions both generated broadband signals which were recorded by
422:
boundary. Meanwhile the plate boundary transitions, the faulting direction also changes from north-south to northwest-southeast directed faulting. The rollback of the trench which has also created the back-arc Lau basin created an area of
372:
that are younger than the subducted crust in the adjacent trench. Back-arc basins can be found in between inactive and extinct volcanic arcs and the currently active volcanic island arcs that form as a result of the subduction. The
620:
year later, West Mata had an eruption between 2012 and 2016 at a depth of 2,650 m (8,694 ft). It was discovered the same way as the 2010–11 eruption, via bathymetry depth differences and bathymetric surveys.
611:
that were set up in the area in 2009. Elevation changes at the flanks of the volcano were observed by hydrophones and bathymetric surveys at the area over the years, pointing out that West Mata has had many
301:
platforms piled on each other. The east-northeast rift zone curves towards the east as it deepens, and the west-southwest rift zone is west‐oriented towards its end. The summit area of West Mata is a narrow
403:
West Mata, specifically, is located in the northern part of the Lau Basin, defined as the
Northeastern (NE) Lau Basin. The NE Lau Basin borders several spreading centers on the west, including the
292:, the structure of the West Mata volcano was made more clear. The West Mata vent has a common structure with most volcanic structures in the area, mostly dominated by a prominent
224:(ROV) to explore the seafloor. At the same time West Mata was discovered, multiple neighboring volcanoes—most of them hydrothermally active—were discovered as well, including
455:
lavas, some with unusual morphologies, which are quite rare in submarine volcanoes. Other than dacitic lavas, rift zones in the region have been also found to erupt
427:
that has generated a whole zone of spreading centers and rifts with active hydrothermal vents along the northern boundary. West Mata can be considered one of them.
1250:"Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data"
1387:
782:
918:
1215:"A new sessile barnacle (Cirripedia, Brachylepadomorpha) from the Lau Back-Arc Basin, Tonga; first record of a living representative since the Miocene"
276:
and Samoa. It is located approximately 200 km (124 mi) southwest of the Samoan
Islands and around 600 km (373 mi) northeast of the
431:
area's tectonism and volcanism to be complex compared to other places and cause the large amount of volcanic systems that exist in the NE Lau Basin.
248:, as well as the dynamics of submarine volcanic systems. The eruption was the deepest volcanic eruption ever found until 2015 when a segment of the
1504:
590:
was detected, which suggested it was likely erupting. Following this event, 6 months later, the 2009 Northeast Lau
Response Cruise was led by the
972:
1182:"Three new species of Pogonophora, including two vestimentiferans, from hydrothermal sites in the Lau Back-arc Basin (Southwest Pacific Ocean)"
411:
and the
Fonualei Rift Spreading Center from north to south, respectively. On the northern border of the basin can be found the area where the
1086:
91:
595:
559:
210:
1436:
1380:
548:
756:
412:
1509:
314:
seem to exist. Other conical volcanic features are limited and can only be found on the lower parts of both rift zones.
84:
1499:
1373:
404:
1396:
635:
356:
that come along them. Usually island arcs in this area are claimed to be chains of islands which are detached from
1514:
392:
action in this region. The basin lies above the westward-dipping seismically active area of subduction where the
221:
723:
1024:"Volcanic morphology of West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin, based on high-resolution bathymetry and depth changes"
667:
408:
778:
910:
672:
30:
1320:
1275:
1066:
507:
501:
138:
1248:
Chadwick Jr., W. W.; Rubin, K. H.; Merle, S. G.; Bobbitt, A. M.; Kwasnitschka, T.; Embley, R. W. (2019).
1279:
345:
77:
582:
in the region, an intense hydrothermal plume over the summit of West Mata consisting of high levels of
964:
462:
However, in the Mata volcano group, the main composition of eruptions in the Matas consists of mostly
1336:
1291:
1193:
1150:
1109:
1035:
724:
Northeast Lau Basin, R/V Thompson
Expedition TN227, November 13-28, 2008, Apia to Apia, Western Samoa
326:
A chart of tectonics in the region. The back-arc marked in the far left in this case represents the
233:
1022:
Clague, D. A.; Paduan, J. B.; Caress, D. W.; Thomas, H.; Chadwick Jr., W. W.; Merle, S. G. (2011).
579:
488:
416:
361:
531:
was observed. During the eruption of 2008–10 it was observed that there were only large groups of
1354:
1307:
1236:
1168:
1125:
1053:
613:
389:
381:
245:
1181:
1098:"Extensive young silicic volcanism produces large deep submarine lava flows in the NE Lau Basin"
384:
volcanic arc and the Tofua volcanic arc with very active volcanism. The seaward rollback of the
380:
The Lau Basin consists of an area of oceanic crust which separates the now remnant and extinct
229:
1472:
1097:
1082:
456:
424:
178:
1344:
1299:
1261:
1226:
1201:
1158:
1154:
1117:
1074:
1043:
911:"Seamount Eruptions: Windows to the Development of Hydrothermal Vent Biological Communities"
397:
194:
499:
The hydrothermal ecology of the Lau Basin is home to many endemic organisms, including the
1420:
532:
365:
213:
364:, still liquidated areas of seafloor are exposed out. These areas of seafloor are called
1340:
1295:
1197:
1113:
1039:
1325:"Long-term explosive degassing and debris flow activity at West Mata submarine volcano"
587:
512:
448:
353:
335:
322:
249:
186:
1323:; Embley, R. W.; Merle, S. G.; Walker, S. L.; Lau, T. K.; Chadwick Jr., W. W. (2015).
1493:
1424:
1280:"Hydroacoustic investigation of submarine landslides at West Mata volcano, Lau Basin"
1240:
1172:
1129:
1057:
467:
393:
369:
1358:
1311:
1460:
1444:
1440:
385:
377:, which West Mata can be found in, is one of the best examples of back-arc basins.
198:
143:
1452:
752:
439:
1448:
1078:
722:
Merle, S. G.; Embley, B.; Lupton, J.; Baker, E.; Resing, J.; Lilley, M. (2008).
608:
599:
419:
298:
277:
202:
1163:
1138:
662:
1205:
1121:
516:
349:
289:
1278:; Dziak, R. P.; Bohnenstiehl, D. R.; Chadwick Jr., W. W.; Lau, T. K. (2014).
1266:
1249:
705:
703:
701:
106:
93:
1432:
1005:
535:
on the seamount and the normal hydrothermal vent community was not present.
374:
357:
339:
327:
293:
237:
182:
150:
260:
478:
1456:
1428:
1349:
1324:
1303:
1048:
1023:
629:
583:
463:
225:
306:
aligned with those two rift zones. There are no structures similar to a
244:
provided important insights into the geology, chemistry, and biology of
1416:
528:
311:
568:
An explosion (top) and molten lava (bottom) coming out of summit vents
1464:
1365:
1231:
520:
452:
307:
209:. The volcano was first discovered in 2008 by scientists aboard the
1468:
1139:"Deep-subaqueous implosive volcanism at West Mata seamount, Tonga"
1137:
Murch, A. P.; Portner, R. A.; Rubin, K. H.; Clague, D. A. (2022).
524:
477:
438:
321:
303:
269:
259:
217:
206:
190:
126:
1319:
Dziak, R. P.; Bohnenstiehl, D. R.; Baker, E. T.; Matsumoto, H.;
968:
914:
730:
591:
273:
1369:
993:
951:
939:
709:
1219:
Bulletin du Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A
852:
850:
848:
803:
466:, which is a type of extrusive rock usually seen in the
692:
268:
West Mata can be found in the northeastern portion of
368:. Most back-arc basins are rather shallow regions of
185:, roughly 200 km (124 mi) southwest of the
451:
in the NE Lau Basin region structures usually erupt
164:
159:
149:
137:
132:
122:
83:
73:
65:
60:
52:
44:
23:
779:"Eruption of the world's deepest undersea volcano"
892:
632:– another volcano in the Northeastern Lau Basin
297:rift zones on the flanks consist of stair-like
1381:
8:
310:at the summit although remnants of a former
856:
839:
1411:
1388:
1374:
1366:
264:A map of West Mata and where it is located
252:erupted, producing lava flows and plumes.
29:
20:
1348:
1265:
1230:
1162:
1047:
880:
868:
388:is thought to be the main reason of the
965:"Northeast Lau Response Cruise (NELRC)"
905:
903:
901:
827:
815:
647:
197:volcanic arc, which stretches from the
1405:Active and extinct volcanoes in Tonga.
975:from the original on February 28, 2023
759:from the original on February 17, 2023
1213:Newman, W. A.; Yamaguchi, T. (1995).
921:from the original on January 26, 2023
657:
655:
653:
651:
7:
1096:Embley, R. W.; Rubin, K. H. (2018).
1028:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
785:from the original on August 18, 2022
482:Opaepele shrimp on West Mata in 2009
1143:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1073:. Vol. 578. pp. 63–138.
443:Boninite pillow lavas at West Mata
360:. Between the island-arcs and the
14:
558:
547:
1505:Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean
1067:"The Geology of the Lau Basin"
616:at the years of the eruption.
575:2,750 m (9,022 ft).
413:Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone
48:−1,174 m (−3,852 ft)
1:
781:. EarthSky. 25 October 2018.
56:~2,900 m (9,514 ft)
1329:Geophysical Research Letters
1284:Geophysical Research Letters
511:that can be found in Japan;
181:located in the northeastern
1254:Frontiers in Marine Science
1079:10.1007/978-1-4615-1843-3_3
1006:Caplan-Auerbach et al. 2014
893:Newman & Yamaguchi 1995
578:In November 2008, during a
35:Bathymetry map of West Mata
1531:
1186:Journal of Natural History
1164:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117328
636:List of volcanoes in Tonga
505:which shows similarity to
333:
16:Submarine volcano in Tonga
1437:Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
1414:
1410:
1403:
1206:10.1080/00222939100770571
1180:Southward, E. C. (1991).
1122:10.1007/s00445-018-1211-7
409:Mangatolu Triple Junction
222:remotely operated vehicle
40:
28:
1267:10.3389/fmars.2019.00495
952:Chadwick Jr. et al. 2019
940:Chadwick Jr. et al. 2019
710:Chadwick Jr. et al. 2019
668:Global Volcanism Program
1155:2022E&PSL.57817328M
1102:Bulletin of Volcanology
1065:Hawkins, J. W. (1995).
857:Embley & Rubin 2018
840:Embley & Rubin 2018
673:Smithsonian Institution
405:NE Lau Spreading Center
753:"Deep Ocean Volcanoes"
596:R/V Thomas G. Thompson
519:worms, two species of
508:Lamellibrachia satsuma
502:Lamellibrachia columna
483:
444:
331:
265:
107:15.10000°S 173.75000°W
513:Neobrachylepas relica
481:
442:
346:Western Pacific Ocean
325:
263:
112:-15.10000; -173.75000
1350:10.1002/2014GL062603
1304:10.1002/2014GL060964
1049:10.1029/2011GC003791
755:. Ocean Today NOAA.
495:Hydrothermal ecology
468:Izu-Bonin Island Arc
348:is filled with many
189:. It is part of the
1510:Submarine volcanoes
1341:2015GeoRL..42.1480D
1321:Caplan-Auerbach, J.
1296:2014GeoRL..41.5927C
1276:Caplan-Auerbach, J.
1198:1991JNatH..25..859S
1114:2018BVol...80...36E
1040:2011GGG....12OAF03C
580:hydrographic survey
523:, three species of
489:continental margins
415:transitions into a
362:continental margins
290:bathymetric surveys
103: /
69:Mata volcanic group
1500:Volcanoes of Tonga
1397:Volcanoes in Tonga
804:Clague et al. 2011
491:around the world.
484:
445:
382:Lau-Colville Ridge
358:continental masses
350:island-arc systems
332:
266:
246:hydrothermal vents
78:Tofua volcanic arc
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1290:(16): 5927–5934.
1088:978-1-4613-5747-6
994:Dziak et al. 2015
693:Murch et al. 2022
457:basaltic andesite
179:submarine volcano
172:
171:
1522:
1515:Active volcanoes
1412:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1335:(5): 1480–1487.
1315:
1271:
1269:
1244:
1234:
1232:10.5962/p.290349
1209:
1176:
1166:
1133:
1092:
1061:
1051:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
907:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
728:
719:
713:
707:
696:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
659:
562:
551:
398:Australian Plate
396:slips under the
318:Geologic setting
250:Mariana Back-Arc
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
33:
21:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1318:
1274:
1247:
1212:
1179:
1136:
1095:
1089:
1064:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:, p. 5930.
1004:
1000:
996:, p. 1482.
992:
988:
978:
976:
963:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
924:
922:
909:
908:
899:
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838:
834:
826:
822:
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798:
788:
786:
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762:
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746:
736:
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721:
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687:
677:
675:
661:
660:
649:
644:
626:
572:
571:
570:
569:
565:
564:
563:
554:
553:
552:
541:
533:opaepele shrimp
497:
476:
437:
366:back-arc basins
342:
320:
288:With data from
286:
258:
214:research vessel
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1316:
1272:
1260:(2019): 0–25.
1245:
1225:(1): 221–244.
1210:
1192:(4): 859–881.
1177:
1134:
1093:
1087:
1071:Backarc Basins
1062:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
998:
986:
956:
944:
932:
897:
895:, p. 222.
885:
883:, p. 866.
881:Southward 1991
873:
871:, p. 859.
869:Southward 1991
861:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
770:
744:
714:
697:
685:
646:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
633:
625:
622:
588:volcanic glass
586:and pieces of
567:
566:
557:
556:
555:
546:
545:
544:
543:
542:
540:
537:
496:
493:
475:
472:
459:compositions.
447:Most volcanic
436:
433:
336:Back-arc basin
319:
316:
285:
282:
257:
254:
234:Northern Matas
187:Samoan Islands
170:
169:
166:
165:Discovery date
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
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119:
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42:
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38:
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34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1527:
1516:
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1501:
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1207:
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1199:
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1127:
1123:
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1111:
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1103:
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1080:
1076:
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1059:
1055:
1050:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
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1019:
1015:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
974:
970:
966:
960:
957:
953:
948:
945:
942:, p. 16.
941:
936:
933:
920:
916:
912:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
830:, p. 63.
829:
824:
821:
818:, p. 64.
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
784:
780:
774:
771:
758:
754:
748:
745:
732:
725:
718:
715:
712:, p. 14.
711:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:
674:
670:
669:
664:
658:
656:
654:
652:
648:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
621:
617:
615:
610:
604:
601:
598:and carrying
597:
594:on board the
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
561:
550:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
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503:
494:
492:
490:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
441:
434:
432:
428:
426:
425:oblique shear
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:Pacific Plate
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
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218:sonar mapping
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177:is an active
176:
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151:Last activity
148:
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1189:
1185:
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1101:
1070:
1034:(11): 0–21.
1031:
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1001:
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977:. Retrieved
959:
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947:
935:
923:. Retrieved
888:
876:
864:
859:, p. 3.
842:, p. 2.
835:
828:Hawkins 1995
823:
816:Hawkins 1995
811:
806:, p. 5.
799:
787:. Retrieved
773:
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747:
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733:. p. 34
717:
695:, p. 3.
688:
676:. Retrieved
666:
618:
605:
577:
573:
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498:
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429:
402:
386:Tonga Trench
379:
343:
287:
267:
242:
211:R/V Thompson
199:North Island
174:
173:
144:Fissure vent
45:Summit depth
18:
1449:Metis Shoal
1149:(1): 0–43.
1108:(4): 0–23.
979:January 26,
925:January 26,
678:January 25,
663:"West Mata"
609:hydrophones
435:Composition
420:strike-slip
370:ocean crust
278:Lau Islands
203:New Zealand
110: /
98:173°45′00″W
85:Coordinates
1494:Categories
1425:Fonuafo'ou
729:(Report).
642:References
614:landslides
517:polychaete
449:extrusions
417:convergent
334:See also:
95:15°06′00″S
1477:West Mata
1473:Volcano F
1453:Niuafoʻou
1433:Home Reef
1241:131791539
1173:245313519
1130:135093528
1058:129252981
789:March 26,
763:March 26,
600:ROV Jason
390:diverging
375:Lau Basin
340:Lau Basin
328:Lau Basin
294:rift zone
284:Structure
280:of Fiji.
256:Geography
238:East Mata
230:Tafu-Maka
226:Volcano O
183:Lau Basin
175:West Mata
24:West Mata
1457:Niuatahi
1429:Fonualei
1359:20487668
1312:43900021
973:Archived
919:Archived
783:Archived
757:Archived
737:26 March
630:Niuatahi
624:See also
584:hydrogen
539:Activity
529:eelpouts
464:boninite
354:trenches
216:, using
195:Kermadec
61:Location
1421:Curacoa
1337:Bibcode
1292:Bibcode
1194:Bibcode
1151:Bibcode
1110:Bibcode
1036:Bibcode
1016:Sources
312:caldera
160:History
133:Geology
123:Country
1465:Tafahi
1357:
1310:
1239:
1171:
1128:
1085:
1056:
521:shrimp
453:dacite
407:, the
308:crater
220:and a
53:Height
1469:Tofua
1355:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1169:S2CID
1126:S2CID
1054:S2CID
727:(PDF)
525:crabs
474:Fauna
304:ridge
270:Tonga
207:Samoa
191:Tonga
127:Tonga
74:Range
66:Group
1445:Late
1417:ʻAta
1083:ISBN
981:2023
969:NOAA
927:2023
915:NOAA
791:2023
765:2023
739:2023
731:NOAA
680:2023
592:NOAA
527:and
352:and
344:The
338:and
299:lava
274:Fiji
236:and
168:2008
155:2016
139:Type
1441:Kao
1345:doi
1300:doi
1262:doi
1227:doi
1202:doi
1159:doi
1147:578
1118:doi
1075:doi
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205:to
201:of
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