1154:, allowing for increased mosquito populations in urban areas. Weather conditions affected by climate change including temperature, precipitation and wind may affect the survival and reproduction rates of mosquitoes, suitable habitats, distribution, and abundance. Ambient temperatures drive mosquito replication rates and transmission of WNV by affecting the peak season of mosquitoes and geographic variations. For example, increased temperatures can affect the rate of virus replication, speed up the virus evolution rate, and viral transmission efficiency. Furthermore, higher winter temperatures and warmer spring may lead to larger summer mosquito populations, increasing the risk for WNV. Similarly, rainfall may also drive mosquito replication rates and affect the seasonality and geographic variations of the virus. Studies show an association between heavy precipitation and higher incidence of reported WNV. Likewise, wind is another environmental factor that serves as a dispersal mechanism for mosquitoes.
867:
1101:
if they go outside they should use a mosquito repellent with DEET. A person can also wear clothing that covers more skin, such as long sleeves and pants. Mosquito control can be done at the community level and include surveillance programs and control programs including pesticides and reducing mosquito habitats. This includes draining standing water. Surveillance systems in birds is particularly useful. If dead birds are found in a neighborhood, the event should be reported to local authorities. This may help health departments do surveillance and determine if the birds are infected with West Nile Virus.
654:
1088:, infection with West Nile Virus is seasonal in temperate zones. Climates that are temperate, such as those in the United States and Europe, see peak season from July to October. Peak season changes depending on geographic region and warmer and humid climates can see longer peak seasons. All ages are equally likely to be infected but there is a higher amount of death and neuroinvasive West Nile Virus in people 60–89 years old. People of older age are more likely to have adverse effects.
1133:
381:
74:
56:
992:
763:
4274:
195:
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1037:. Rarely the virus is spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding, but it otherwise does not spread directly between people. Risks for severe disease include being over 60 years old and having other health problems. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests.
1112:. Efforts have been made to produce a vaccine for human use and several candidates have been produced but none are licensed to use. The best method to reduce the risk of infections is avoiding mosquito bites. This may be done by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools.
1100:
Prevention efforts against WNV mainly focus on preventing human contact with and being bitten by infected mosquitoes. This is twofold, first by personal protective actions and second by mosquito-control actions. When a person is in an area that has WNV, it is important to avoid outdoor activity, and
1157:
Mosquitoes have extremely wide environmental tolerances and a nearly ubiquitous geographical distribution, being present on all major land masses except
Antarctica and Iceland. Nevertheless, changes in climate and land use on ecological timescales can variously expand or fragment their distribution
633:; the negative-sense strand serves as a template for synthesis of the final positive-sense RNA. Once the positive-sense RNA has been synthesized, the capsid protein, C, encloses the RNA strands into immature virions. The rest of the virus is assembled along the endoplasmic reticulum and through the
1146:
Like other tropical diseases which are expected to have increased spread due to climate change, there is concern that changing weather conditions will increase West Nile Virus spread. Climate change will affect disease rates, ranges, and seasonality and affects the distribution of West Nile Virus.
1066:
in 1937, and was first detected in North
America in 1999. WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. In the United States thousands of cases are reported a year, with most occurring in August and September. It can occur in outbreaks of disease. Severe disease may also
968:
between female and offspring is possible in mosquitoes, and might potentially be important in overwintering. In the urban or spillover cycle, infected mosquitoes that have fed on infected birds transmit the virus to humans. This requires mosquito species that bite both birds and humans, which are
695:
lineages have determined that WNV emerged as a distinct virus around 1000 years ago. This initial virus developed into two distinct lineages. Lineage 1 and its multiple profiles is the source of the epidemic transmission in Africa and throughout the world. Lineage 2 was considered an
African
1091:
There are several modes of transmission, but the most common cause of infection in humans is by being bitten by an infected mosquito. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusion, organ transplantation, breast-feeding, transplacental transmission, and laboratory acquisition. These
700:. However, in 2008, lineage 2, previously only seen in horses in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, began to appear in horses in Europe, where the first known outbreak affected 18 animals in Hungary. Lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in 2010 in a
426:
Structural proteins (C, prM/M, E) are capsid, precursor membrane proteins, and envelope proteins, respectively. The structural proteins are located at the 5′ end of the genome and are cleaved into mature proteins by both host and viral proteases.
1044:. The best way to reduce the risk of infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquito populations may be reduced by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools. When mosquitoes cannot be avoided,
969:
termed bridge vectors. The virus can also rarely be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Unlike in birds, it does not otherwise spread directly between people.
1660:
Hunt, Tracey A.; Urbanowski, Matthew D.; Kakani, Kishore; Law, Lok-Man J.; Brinton, Margo A.; Hobman, Tom C. (2007-11-01). "Interactions between the West Nile virus capsid protein and the host cell-encoded phosphatase inhibitor, I2PP2A".
735:
Since the first North
American cases in 1999, the virus has been reported throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America. There have been human cases and equine cases, and many birds are infected. The
452:
Viruses with M protein are infectious: the presence of M protein allows for the activation of proteins involved in viral entry into the cell. prM (precursor membrane) protein is present on immature virions, by further cleavage by
368:. The capsid proteins are one of the first proteins created in an infected cell; the capsid protein is a structural protein whose main purpose is to package RNA into the developing viruses. The capsid has been found to prevent
4204:
Andersen, Louise K.; Davis, Mark D. P. (2016-10-01). "Climate change and the epidemiology of selected tick-borne and mosquito-borne diseases: update from the
International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Task Force".
963:
transmission cycle, the virus alternates between the bird reservoir and the mosquito vector. It can also be transmitted between birds via direct contact, by eating an infected bird carcass or by drinking infected water.
476:
Nonstructural proteins consist of NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5. These proteins mainly assist with viral replication or act as proteases. The nonstructural proteins are located near the 3′ end of the genome.
2929:
1076:
Severe disease may also occur in horses. Several vaccines for these animals are now available. Before the availability of veterinary vaccines, around 40% of horses infected in North
America died.
5379:
1712:
Guzman, Maria G.; Halstead, Scott B.; Artsob, Harvey; Buchy, Philippe; Farrar, Jeremy; Gubler, Duane J.; Hunsperger, Elizabeth; Kroeger, Axel; Margolis, Harold S. (2010-12-01).
2231:
Wicker, Jason A.; Whiteman, Melissa C.; Beasley, David W.C.; Davis, C. Todd; McGee, Charles E.; Lee, J. Ching; Higgs, Stephen; Kinney, Richard M.; Huang, Claire Y.-H. (2012).
3796:"Comparative Efficacies of Three Commercially Available Vaccines against West Nile Virus (WNV) in a Short-Duration Challenge Trial Involving an Equine WNV Encephalitis Model"
874:
mosquito (foreground/bottom right) and a transmission electron micrograph showing West Nile virus particles (colorized yellow) within an infected cell. Source: NIAID Flickr
4320:
2713:
From statements by
Orsolya Kutasi, DVM, of the Szent Istvan University, Hungary at the 2009 American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention, December 5–9, 2009.
5135:
1449:
Meertens, Laurent; Carnec, Xavier; Lecoin, Manuel Perera; Ramdasi, Rasika; Guivel-Benhassine, Florence; Lew, Erin; Lemke, Greg; Schwartz, Olivier; Amara, Ali (2012).
940:
species, including humans, some non-human primates, horses, dogs and cats. Some infected humans and horses experience disease but dogs and cats rarely show symptoms.
1860:
Chung, Kyung Min; Liszewski, M. Kathryn; Nybakken, Grant; Davis, Alan E.; Townsend, R. Reid; Fremont, Daved H.; Atkinson, John P.; Diamond, Michael S. (2006-12-12).
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Martín-Acebes, Miguel A.; Merino-Ramos, Teresa; Blázquez, Ana-Belén; Casas, Josefina; Escribano-Romero, Estela; Sobrino, Francisco; Saiz, Juan-Carlos (2014-10-15).
779:
The natural hosts for WNV are birds and mosquitoes. Over 300 different species of bird have been shown to be infected with the virus. Some birds, including the
5703:
5389:
1330:
Kanai, Ryuta; Kar, Kalipada; Anthony, Karen; Gould, L. Hannah; Ledizet, Michel; Fikrig, Erol; Marasco, Wayne A.; Koski, Raymond A.; Modis, Yorgo (2006-11-01).
750:
to contract WNV. Both the
American and Israeli strains are marked by high mortality rates in infected avian populations; the presence of dead birds—especially
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4263:
585:
on the host cell. These attachment factors aid entry into the cell, however, binding to primary receptors is also necessary. Primary receptors include
5651:
2824:
630:
389:
4401:
645:, a host cell protease, into the M protein, thereby producing an infectious mature virion. The mature viruses are then secreted out of the cell.
4181:
Appendix 6: Topics for
Consideration in Future Assessments. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment.
1274:
Mukhopadhyay, Suchetana; Kim, Bong-Suk; Chipman, Paul R.; Rossmann, Michael G.; Kuhn, Richard J. (2003-10-10). "Structure of West Nile Virus".
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occur in horses, for which a vaccine is available. A surveillance system in birds is useful for early detection of a potential human outbreak.
614:
The acidity of the endosome catalyzes the fusion of the endosomal and viral membranes, allowing the genome to be released into the cytoplasm.
4313:
2561:"Complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus strains isolated from the United States, Europe, and the Middle East"
2297:
1947:
1026:
occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the
4638:
3794:
Seino, K. K.; Long, M. T.; Gibbs, E. P. J.; Bowen, R. A.; Beachboard, S. E.; Humphrey, P. P.; Dixon, M. A.; Bourgeois, M. A. (2007-11-01).
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can also be infected, including some species of crocodiles, alligators, snakes, lizards and frogs. Mammals are considered incidental or
2184:"NS4A regulates the ATPase activity of the NS3 helicase: a novel cofactor role of the non-structural protein NS4A from West Nile virus"
866:
622:; the RNA is translated into a polyprotein which is then cleaved by both host and viral proteases NS2B-NS3 to produce mature proteins.
397:
3769:
1713:
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2133:
Melian, Ezequiel
Balmori; Edmonds, Judith H.; Nagasaki, Tomoko Kim; Hinzman, Edward; Floden, Nadia; Khromykh, Alexander A. (2013).
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3607:
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Mukhopadhyay, Suchetana; Kuhn, Richard J.; Rossmann, Michael G. (2005). "A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle".
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3854:
Hayes, Edward B.; Komar, Nicholas; Nasci, Roger S.; Montgomery, Susan P.; O'Leary, Daniel R.; Campbell, Grant L. (August 2005).
3668:
3516:
581:
Once WNV has successfully entered the bloodstream of a host animal, the envelope protein, E, binds to attachment factors called
265:
family of viruses. Humans and horses both exhibit disease symptoms from the virus, and symptoms rarely occur in other animals.
2701:
3698:
4915:
688:
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4411:
604:
2372:"Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection: a Balance between Virulence, Innate and Adaptive Immunity, and Viral Evasion"
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5458:
5066:
3201:
1931:
1498:
Carro, Ana C.; Damonte, Elsa B. (2013). "Requirement of cholesterol in the viral envelope for dengue virus infection".
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5093:
5088:
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4501:
1545:"The Composition of West Nile Virus Lipid Envelope Unveils a Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Flavivirus Biogenesis"
1109:
956:) to infect another mosquito feeding on them and carry on the transmission cycle; some birds are also dead-end hosts.
465:
A glycoprotein that forms the viral envelope, binds to receptors on the host cell surface in order to enter the cell.
407:
2324:
Brinton, Margo A. (2002-10-01). "The Molecular Biology of West Nile Virus: A New Invader of the Western Hemisphere".
1862:"West Nile virus nonstructural protein NS1 inhibits complement activation by binding the regulatory protein factor H"
1600:
Medigeshi, Guruprasad R.; Hirsch, Alec J.; Streblow, Daniel N.; Nikolich-Zugich, Janko; Nelson, Jay A. (2008-06-01).
881:
WNV has been demonstrated in a large number of mosquito species, but the most significant for viral transmission are
502:
NS2A has a variety of functions: it is involved in viral replication, virion assembly, and inducing host cell death.
863:
family are among the other common N. American birds in which high levels of antibodies against WNV have been found.
73:
5182:
5100:
5081:
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3194:"West Nile Virus Infection in Nonhuman Primate Breeding Colony, Concurrent with Human Epidemic, Southern Louisiana"
1085:
1033:
West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which
668:
5708:
1132:
410:, proteins that are not incorporated into the structure of new viruses. The WNV genome is first translated into a
5305:
4768:
3547:
2182:
Shiryaev, Sergey A.; Chernov, Andrei V.; Aleshin, Alexander E.; Shiryaeva, Tatiana N.; Strongin, Alex Y. (2009).
1394:"The West Nile Virus Capsid Protein Blocks Apoptosis through a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Dependent Mechanism"
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2950:
2076:"Non-structural protein-1 is required for West Nile virus replication complex formation and viral RNA synthesis"
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Moesker, Bastiaan; Rodenhuis-Zybert, Izabela A.; Meijerhof, Tjarko; Wilschut, Jan; Smit, Jolanda M. (2010).
653:
511:
319:
258:
2610:"Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex"
2516:
Suthar, Mehul S.; Diamond, Michael S.; Gale, Michael Jr. (2013). "West Nile virus infection and immunity".
1602:"West Nile Virus Entry Requires Cholesterol-Rich Membrane Microdomains and Is Independent of αvβ3 Integrin"
5578:
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4779:
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4492:
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4377:
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4289:
907:
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1210:"Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses"
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1007:
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and enhancing entry into the cell. Cholesterol, in particular, plays an integral part in WNV entering a
262:
2892:
2135:"West Nile virus NS2A protein facilitates virus-induced apoptosis independently of interferon response"
5638:
5616:
5320:
5315:
4694:
2987:
2725:"Fatal neurologic disease and abortion in mare infected with lineage 1 West Nile virus, South Africa"
844:
708:; previously, only lineage 2 West Nile virus had been detected in horses and humans in South Africa.
515:
345:, but other elements of the membrane have yet to be identified. The lipid membrane has many roles in
323:
289:
273:
68:
38:
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Galli M, Bernini F, Zehender G (July 2004). "Alexander the Great and West Nile virus encephalitis".
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819:) are thought to be among the most important reservoir species in N. American and European cities.
796:
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NS4A is a cofactor for viral replication, specifically regulates the activity of the NS3 helicase.
350:
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1926:
Londono-Renteria, Berlin; Colpitts, Tonya M. (2016). "A Brief Review of West Nile Virus Biology".
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4238:
3427:"Vertical transmission of West Nile Virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species"
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NS1 is a cofactor for viral replication, specifically for regulation of the replication complex.
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Vancini, Ricardo; Kramer, Laura D.; Ribeiro, Mariana; Hernandez, Raquel; Brown, Dennis (2013).
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that is responsible for cleaving the polyprotein to produce mature proteins; it also acts as a
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Marion S. Ratterree; Amelia P.A. Travassos da Rosa; Rudolf P. Bohm Jr.; et al. (2003).
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2893:"Species of dead birds in which West Nile virus has been detected, United States, 1999–2016"
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Youn, Soonjeon; Ambrose, Rebecca L.; Mackenzie, Jason M.; Diamond, Michael S. (2013-11-18).
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Kaci K. VanDalen; Jeffrey S. Hall; Larry Clark; Robert G. McLean; Cynthia Smeraski (2013).
2930:"Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere"
2337:
1332:"Crystal Structure of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Reveals Viral Surface Epitopes"
629:, forms a replication complex with other nonstructural proteins to produce an intermediary
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4759:
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4545:
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Bugbee, LM; Forte LR (September 2004). "The discovery of West Nile virus in overwintering
3193:
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919:
742:
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structures. The coding region of the genome codes for three structural proteins and seven
216:
122:
31:
2429:"Flavivirus infection from mosquitoes in vitro reveals cell entry at the plasma membrane"
4279:
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1803:
Colpitts, Tonya M.; Conway, Michael J.; Montgomery, Ruth R.; Fikrig, Erol (2012-10-01).
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reduce the likelihood of being bitten. There is no specific treatment for the disease;
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400:
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334:
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3092:"Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: a review"
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for the virus: they do not usually develop a high enough level of virus in the blood (
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Lawrie, Charles; Uzcátegui, Nathalie; Gould, Ernest; Nuttall, Patricia (April 2004).
1674:
1451:"The TIM and TAM Families of Phosphatidylserine Receptors Mediate Dengue Virus Entry"
1121:
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Despite the commercial availability of four veterinary vaccines for horses, no human
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949:
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780:
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638:
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110:
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Venter M, Human S, van Niekerk S, Williams J, van Eeden C, Freeman F (August 2011).
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2594:
1981:"Characterization of the functional requirements of West Nile virus membrane fusion"
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2023:
Perera-Lecoin, Manuel; Meertens, Laurent; Carnec, Xavier; Amara, Ali (2013-12-30).
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C. R. Dahlina; D. F. Hughes; W. E. Meshaka Jr.; C. Coleman; J. D. Henning (2016).
3918:"West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Prevention"
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cell. The two viral envelope proteins, E and M, are inserted into the membrane.
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WNV has a broad host range, and is also known to be able to infect at least 30
17:
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Projected changes in flood frequency and severity can bring new challenges in
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2974:"West Nile Virus Infection in American Robins: New Insights on Dose Response"
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Capsid protein; encloses the RNA genome, packages RNA into immature virions.
268:
Contrary to popular belief, West Nile virus was not named directly after the
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4126:"Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context"
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4012:"The making of public health emergencies: West Nile virus in New York City"
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2199:
2168:
2150:
2119:
2060:
2006:
1997:
1980:
1965:
1905:
1846:
1758:
1690:
1643:
1586:
1529:
1484:
1435:
1373:
1303:
1235:
257:
of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird–mosquito–bird"
5595:
4329:
3811:
2978:
2387:
1820:
1617:
1560:
1409:
1347:
1003:
960:
788:
751:
729:
697:
680:
608:
590:
531:
415:
244:
5656:
2529:
2481:
1732:
637:, and results in non-infectious immature virions. The E protein is then
194:
5483:
5432:
5410:
4929:
2937:
2625:
1520:
1105:
1041:
953:
941:
875:
747:
713:
586:
297:
4218:
4130:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4080:
3934:
3274:
Amir Steinman; Caroline Banet-Noach; Shlomit Tal; et al. (2003).
1169:
5521:
5300:
5029:
5018:
4190:
4064:"Twenty Years of Progress Toward West Nile Virus Vaccine Development"
2041:
1063:
1002:
is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by
937:
603:. By binding to these primary receptors, WNV enters the cell through
361:
293:
5572:
3239:
Peter P. Marra; Sean Griffing; Carolee Caffrey; et al. (2004).
3856:"Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of West Nile Virus Disease"
3543:"Zika, Chikungunya, and Other Emerging Vector-Borne Viral Diseases"
1226:
1209:
514:
for NS3 and together forms the NS2B-NS3 protease complex. Contains
1131:
1015:
990:
933:
vectors, but is unlikely to be important in natural transmission.
883:
865:
761:
721:
705:
652:
642:
454:
379:
364:(C) proteins, which are 105 amino-acid residues long, to form the
249:
193:
85:
5643:
3470:(Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania".
2772:
St Leger J, Wu G, Anderson M, Dalton L, Nilson E, Wang D (2011).
198:
Ribbon representation of the NS2B/NS3 protease of West Nile virus
4592:
3036:
Kilpatrick, AM; P Daszak; MJ Jones; PP Marra; LD Kramer (2006).
1124:, and avoiding areas where mosquitoes occur may also be useful.
701:
664:
5576:
4302:
3975:"West Nile Virus Activity—United States, October 17-23, 2001".
5220:
2282:
Chapter 2 New Insights into Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 5
384:
The West Nile virus genome. Modified after Guzman et al. 2010.
4266:. Lists general information and resources for West Nile Virus
2774:"West Nile virus infection in killer whale, Texas, USA, 2007"
2284:. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 74. pp. 41–101.
1805:"West Nile Virus: Biology, Transmission, and Human Infection"
1208:
Mackenzie, John S; Gubler, Duane J; Petersen, Lyle R (2004).
562:
The largest and most conserved protein of WNV, NS5 acts as a
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
1018:, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people,
607:. As a result of endocytosis, WNV enters the cell within an
310:. The protein shell is made of two structural proteins: the
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3038:"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission"
2951:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:EOWNVT]2.0.CO;2
322:
binding, viral attachment, and entry into the cell through
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3541:; Caroline Charlier; Nikos Vasilakis; Marc Lecuit (2018).
3425:
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW (November 2003).
3260:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0393:WNVAW]2.0.CO;2
2559:
Lanciotti RS, Ebel GD, Deubel V, et al. (June 2002).
337:. The flavivirus lipid membrane has been found to contain
2877:. Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC. 30 April 2009.
2865:
2863:
2861:
2233:"Mutational analysis of the West Nile virus NS4B protein"
929:. Experimental infection has also been demonstrated with
63:
A micrograph of the West Nile Virus, appearing in yellow
3762:"Final Cumulative Maps and Data | West Nile Virus | CDC"
2838:
2836:
1158:
patterns, raising consequent concerns for human health.
803:), are killed by the infection, but others survive. The
754:—can be an early indicator of the arrival of the virus.
618:
of the positive-sense single-stranded RNA occurs at the
3042:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
683:
of viruses, together with Japanese encephalitis virus,
4010:
McCormick, Sabrina; Whitney, Kristoffer (2012-12-20).
2370:
Samuel, Melanie A.; Diamond, Michael S. (2006-10-01).
1092:
alternative modes of transmission are extremely rare.
292:. Electron microscope studies reveal a 45–50 nm
30:
This article is about the virus. For the disease, see
4185:(Report). U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2014.
3145:"Ixodid and Argasid Tick Species and West Nile Virus"
2694:"Different West Nile Virus Genetic Lineage Evolving?"
329:
The outer protein shell is covered by a host-derived
4062:
Kaiser, Jaclyn A.; Barrett, Alan D.T. (2019-09-05).
3472:
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
3085:
3083:
3081:
2822:
Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, GlobalTwitcher.com
518:
which bind the protease to intracellular membranes.
5585:
5542:
5510:
5501:
5472:
5442:
5420:
5409:
5368:
5336:
5289:
5230:
5219:
5193:
5124:
5039:
5028:
5017:
4989:
4939:
4928:
4894:
4874:
4792:
4738:
4727:
4703:
4603:
4481:
4366:
4355:
4344:
1269:
1267:
1136:
Global distribution of West Nile Virus from the CDC
3031:
3029:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
1392:Urbanowski, Matt D.; Hobman, Tom C. (2013-01-15).
1387:
1385:
1383:
4262:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
660:of West Nile viruses based on sequencing of the
1866:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
261:cycle. The virus is genetically related to the
318:M. Protein E has numerous functions including
4314:
3234:
3232:
457:to M protein, the virions become infectious.
243:virus. The virus is primarily transmitted by
27:Species of flavivirus causing West Nile fever
8:
2928:Kilpatrick, AM; SL LaDeau; PP Marra (2007).
276:where the virus was first isolated in 1937.
4765:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
4264:United States National Agricultural Library
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
2846:. World Health Organization. 3 October 2017
712:is a subtype of West Nile virus endemic to
570:, though it lacks proofreading properties.
5573:
5507:
5417:
5227:
5036:
5025:
4936:
4735:
4363:
4352:
4321:
4307:
4299:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
1086:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
54:
43:
37:"WNV" redirects here. For other uses, see
4157:
4097:
4079:
4027:
3951:
3933:
3887:
3827:
3661:"General Questions About West Nile Virus"
3568:
3509:"General Questions About West Nile Virus"
3442:
3401:
3391:
3348:
3299:
3276:"West Nile Virus Infection in Crocodiles"
3258:
3168:
3119:
3109:
3061:
3009:
2999:
2797:
2748:
2633:
2576:
2444:
2403:
2256:
2207:
2158:
2109:
2091:
2050:
2040:
1996:
1895:
1877:
1836:
1748:
1633:
1576:
1519:
1474:
1425:
1363:
1225:
1006:. In about 80% of infections people have
625:In order to replicate its genome, NS5, a
418:into separate proteins (i.e. NS1, C, E).
390:positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus
691:and some other flaviviruses. Studies of
479:
429:
300:shell; this structure is similar to the
284:Like most other flaviviruses, WNV is an
4057:
4055:
2025:"Flavivirus Entry Receptors: An Update"
1200:
4119:
4117:
3916:Sampathkumar, Priya (September 2003).
3789:
3787:
3691:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment"
3090:Virginia Gamino; Ursula Höfle (2013).
2338:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160654
1142:Climate change and infectious diseases
887:species that feed on birds, including
5136:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
3989:10.1001/jama.286.18.2232-jwr10138-2-1
3911:
3909:
3907:
3849:
3847:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2365:
2363:
2319:
2317:
2018:
2016:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1655:
1653:
392:. Its genome is approximately 11,000
7:
4207:International Journal of Dermatology
3772:from the original on 27 October 2017
3742:from the original on 18 October 2017
3701:from the original on 26 October 2017
3671:from the original on 26 October 2017
3610:from the original on 18 October 2017
3519:from the original on 26 October 2017
3325:"Wild snakes harbor West Nile virus"
1714:"Dengue: a continuing global threat"
1325:
1323:
1321:
1189:West Nile virus in the United States
876:https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/
414:and later cleaved by virus and host
4639:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
2881:from the original on 1 March 2013.
2665:(7): 1330–2, author reply 1332–3.
631:negative-sense single-stranded RNA
25:
4260:Species Profile - West Nile Virus
4016:Sociology of Health & Illness
3561:10.1146/annurev-med-050715-105122
1934:. Vol. 1435. pp. 1–13.
1030:is affected is about 10 percent.
296:covered with a relatively smooth
4629:Western equine encephalomyelitis
4619:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
4272:
1675:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01046.x
1168:
1014:. About 20% of people develop a
983:This section is an excerpt from
685:Murray Valley encephalitis virus
72:
4754:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
3800:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
2704:from the original on 2010-02-17
219:. It is a member of the family
4916:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
3241:"West Nile Virus and Wildlife"
1512:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.005
728:of West Nile virus to include
689:Saint Louis encephalitis virus
372:by affecting the Akt pathway.
1:
5173:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
4412:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
2608:Lobigs M, Diamond MS (2012).
2326:Annual Review of Microbiology
2290:10.1016/s0065-3527(09)74002-3
1809:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
605:clathrin-mediated endocytosis
5067:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
3860:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3341:10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.09.003
3280:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3202:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3149:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3001:10.1371/journal.pone.0068537
2692:West, Christy (2010-02-08).
2280:Davidson, Andrew D. (2009).
1932:Methods in Molecular Biology
1062:The virus was discovered in
274:West Nile district of Uganda
5089:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
5077:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
4183:National Climate Assessment
4124:Paz, Shlomit (2015-04-05).
2518:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2470:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2446:10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.013
2249:10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.022
2188:Journal of General Virology
2139:Journal of General Virology
1985:Journal of General Virology
1940:10.1007/978-1-4939-3670-0_1
1721:Nature Reviews Microbiology
758:Host range and transmission
408:nonstructural (NS) proteins
360:The RNA genome is bound to
5748:
5101:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
4981:Sandfly fever Naples virus
3444:10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.743
2820:Hogan, C. Michael (2008).
1467:10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.009
1139:
982:
669:complete genome sequencing
231:, which also contains the
36:
29:
4769:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
3736:World Health Organization
3604:World Health Organization
3548:Annual Review of Medicine
801:Centrocercus urophasianus
746:, was the first nonhuman
716:. A 2007 fatal case in a
67:
62:
53:
46:
5385:SARS-related coronavirus
5348:Henipavirus encephalitis
5206:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
5051:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4832:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4804:Arbovirus encephalitides
4780:Arbovirus encephalitides
4750:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4715:Banna virus encephalitis
4615:Arbovirus encephalitides
4560:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4526:Saint Louis encephalitis
4493:Arbovirus encephalitides
4444:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4378:Arbovirus encephalitides
3983:(18): 2232. 2001-11-14.
3393:10.1186/1297-9716-42-100
2093:10.1186/1743-422x-10-339
1258:"West Nile Virus - FAQs"
1110:phase II clinical trials
272:, but rather, after the
5489:Yaba monkey tumor virus
4846:Kyasanur Forest disease
4808:Tick-borne encephalitis
4509:Australian encephalitis
4402:California encephalitis
4029:10.1111/1467-9566.12002
3922:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3872:10.3201/eid1108.050289a
3111:10.1186/1297-9716-44-39
1879:10.1073/pnas.0605668103
1455:Cell Host & Microbe
1288:10.1126/science.1089316
1035:often carry the disease
959:In the normal rural or
396:long and is flanked by
211:) is a single-stranded
4836:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
4417:La Crosse encephalitis
4142:10.1098/rstb.2013.0561
3292:10.3201/eid0907.020816
3215:10.3201/eid0911.030226
3161:10.3201/eid1004.030517
3054:10.1098/rspb.2006.3575
2790:10.3201/eid1708.101979
2741:10.3201/eid1708.101794
2671:10.3201/eid1007.040396
2578:10.1006/viro.2002.1449
2200:10.1099/vir.0.012864-0
2151:10.1099/vir.0.047076-0
1998:10.1099/vir.0.015255-0
1137:
1108:has progressed beyond
996:
878:
833:Dumetella carolinensis
776:
672:
641:and prM is cleaved by
483:Nonstructural Protein
472:Nonstructural proteins
385:
349:, including acting as
199:
5269:Marburg virus disease
4820:Powassan encephalitis
4497:Japanese encephalitis
3374:"Viruses in reptiles"
1663:Cellular Microbiology
1152:flood risk management
1140:Further information:
1135:
1060:may reduce symptoms.
994:
966:Vertical transmission
869:
845:northern mockingbirds
841:Cardinalis cardinalis
785:Corvus brachyrhynchos
765:
677:Japanese encephalitis
656:
620:endoplasmic reticulum
589:, DC-SIGN-R, and the
516:transmembrane domains
383:
263:Japanese encephalitis
197:
4695:Semliki Forest virus
3812:10.1128/CVI.00249-07
3372:Ellen Ariel (2011).
2871:"Vertebrate Ecology"
2778:Emerging Infect. Dis
2729:Emerging Infect. Dis
2659:Emerging Infect. Dis
2388:10.1128/jvi.01122-06
1821:10.1128/cmr.00045-12
1618:10.1128/jvi.00008-08
1561:10.1128/jvi.02061-14
1410:10.1128/jvi.02030-12
1348:10.1128/jvi.01735-06
857:Hylocichla mustelina
724:broadened the known
290:icosahedral symmetry
247:, mostly species of
69:Virus classification
39:WNV (disambiguation)
5242:Ebola virus disease
4906:Colorado tick fever
4661:O'nyong'nyong fever
3768:. 24 October 2017.
3697:. 15 January 2019.
3667:. 19 October 2017.
3515:. 19 October 2017.
3379:Veterinary Research
3097:Veterinary Research
3048:(1599): 2327–2333.
2992:2013PLoSO...868537V
2614:Expert Rev Vaccines
2530:10.1038/nrmicro2950
2482:10.1038/nrmicro1067
2376:Journal of Virology
1872:(50): 19111–19116.
1733:10.1038/nrmicro2460
1606:Journal of Virology
1555:(20): 12041–12054.
1549:Journal of Virology
1398:Journal of Virology
1342:(22): 11000–11008.
1336:Journal of Virology
908:C. quinquefasciatus
797:greater sage-grouse
793:Cyanocitta cristata
433:Structural Protein
422:Structural proteins
351:signaling molecules
5454:Simian foamy virus
4136:(1665): 20130561.
2827:2009-08-31 at the
2626:10.1586/erv.11.180
1138:
1114:Mosquito repellent
1046:mosquito repellent
1040:There is no human
997:
879:
837:northern cardinals
809:Turdus migratorius
777:
675:WNV is one of the
673:
583:glycosaminoglycans
386:
343:phosphatidylserine
200:
5719:
5718:
5579:Taxon identifiers
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5497:
5496:
5405:
5404:
5215:
5214:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
4924:
4923:
4723:
4722:
4468:Rift Valley fever
4219:10.1111/ijd.13438
4081:10.3390/v11090823
3935:10.4065/78.9.1137
3806:(11): 1465–1471.
3732:"West Nile virus"
3600:"West Nile virus"
2844:"West Nile virus"
2382:(19): 9349–9360.
2299:978-0-12-378587-9
1949:978-1-4939-3668-7
1669:(11): 2756–2766.
1612:(11): 5212–5219.
1220:(12s): S98–S109.
1084:According to the
849:Mimus polyglottos
817:Passer domesticus
771:mosquitoes are a
658:Phylogenetic tree
574:
573:
564:methyltransferase
469:
468:
225:, from the genus
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
5739:
5712:
5711:
5699:
5698:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5574:
5508:
5418:
5228:
5037:
5026:
5001:Chandipura virus
4937:
4877:Orthomyxoviridae
4736:
4683:Ross River fever
4448:Bunyamwera fever
4364:
4353:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4276:
4275:
4247:
4246:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4191:10.7930/j06h4fbf
4178:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4083:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4031:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3937:
3928:(9): 1137–1144.
3913:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3866:(8): 1167–1173.
3851:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3728:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3657:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3505:
3488:
3487:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3087:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2925:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2194:(9): 2081–2085.
2179:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2095:
2080:Virology Journal
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2042:10.3390/v6010069
2020:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1773:"Dengue Viruses"
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1205:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1058:pain medications
704:and her aborted
480:
430:
316:membrane protein
314:E and the small
77:
76:
58:
44:
21:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5624:
5617:West Nile virus
5615:
5614:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5587:West Nile virus
5581:
5571:
5558:
5538:
5503:
5493:
5468:
5438:
5412:
5401:
5364:
5339:Paramyxoviridae
5332:
5285:
5222:
5211:
5189:
5120:
5031:
5020:
5005:
4985:
4969:Pappataci fever
4962:Oropouche virus
4957:Oropouche fever
4931:
4920:
4890:
4870:
4788:
4760:Heartland virus
4730:
4719:
4699:
4671:Pogosta disease
4599:
4546:West Nile fever
4477:
4358:
4347:
4340:
4327:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:West Nile virus
4277:
4273:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3730:
3729:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3539:Scott C. Weaver
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3491:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3431:J. Med. Entomol
3424:
3423:
3419:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3209:(11): 1388–94.
3196:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3035:
3034:
3027:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2875:West Nile Virus
2869:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2829:Wayback Machine
2819:
2815:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2022:
2021:
2014:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1950:
1928:West Nile Virus
1925:
1924:
1913:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1214:Nature Medicine
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1184:West Nile fever
1174:
1167:
1164:
1144:
1130:
1098:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1000:West Nile fever
995:West Nile virus
988:
985:West Nile fever
980:
975:
825:Toxostoma rufum
821:Brown thrashers
760:
743:Macaca sylvanus
738:Barbary macaque
651:
635:Golgi apparatus
601:
597:
579:
528:serine protease
474:
424:
378:
347:viral infection
324:membrane fusion
304:virus, another
282:
217:West Nile fever
204:West Nile virus
188:
185:West Nile virus
148:Amarillovirales
124:Kitrinoviricota
71:
48:West Nile virus
42:
35:
32:West Nile fever
28:
23:
22:
18:West nile virus
15:
12:
11:
5:
5745:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5622:
5607:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5518:
5516:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
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5478:
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5448:
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5402:
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5392:
5382:
5376:
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5360:
5355:
5344:
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5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
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5282:
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5276:
5266:
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5264:
5259:
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5238:
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5225:
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5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
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5180:
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5163:
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5132:
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5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
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5098:
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5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
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5062:
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5034:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4787:
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4777:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4746:
4744:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4644:
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4634:
4626:
4625:
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4611:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4584:
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4573:
4572:
4571:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4374:
4372:
4361:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4333:viral diseases
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4278:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4254:External links
4252:
4249:
4248:
4213:(3): 252–259.
4196:
4173:
4113:
4051:
4022:(2): 268–279.
4002:
3967:
3903:
3843:
3783:
3753:
3712:
3682:
3621:
3584:
3530:
3489:
3458:
3417:
3364:
3315:
3266:
3253:(5): 393–402.
3228:
3184:
3155:(4): 653–657.
3135:
3077:
3025:
2964:
2945:(4): 1121–36.
2909:
2884:
2857:
2832:
2813:
2764:
2715:
2684:
2649:
2600:
2551:
2524:(2): 115–128.
2503:
2460:
2439:(2): 406–414.
2419:
2359:
2332:(1): 371–402.
2313:
2298:
2272:
2223:
2174:
2145:(2): 308–313.
2125:
2066:
2012:
1991:(2): 389–393.
1971:
1948:
1911:
1852:
1815:(4): 635–648.
1788:
1777:www.nature.com
1764:
1727:(12): S7–S16.
1704:
1649:
1592:
1535:
1506:(1–2): 78–87.
1500:Virus Research
1490:
1461:(4): 544–557.
1441:
1404:(2): 872–881.
1379:
1317:
1263:
1249:
1227:10.1038/nm1144
1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:Viruses portal
1163:
1160:
1129:
1128:Climate change
1126:
1118:window screens
1097:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1050:window screens
1028:nervous system
989:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
950:dead-end hosts
914:C. nigripalpus
805:American robin
759:
756:
650:
647:
627:RNA polymerase
599:
595:
578:
575:
572:
571:
568:RNA polymerase
560:
556:
555:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
524:
520:
519:
508:
504:
503:
500:
496:
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492:
488:
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473:
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466:
463:
459:
458:
450:
446:
445:
442:
438:
437:
434:
423:
420:
377:
374:
335:viral envelope
331:lipid membrane
281:
278:
253:. The primary
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
136:Flasuviricetes
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5744:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:Rhabdoviridae
5509:
5506:
5500:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:Herpesviridae
5419:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5371:Coronaviridae
5367:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5292:Rhabdoviridae
5288:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
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5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:Herpesviridae
5192:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
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5139:
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5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:Rhabdoviridae
4988:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4974:Toscana virus
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
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4938:
4935:
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4927:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4886:Bourbon virus
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
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4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4676:Sindbis virus
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
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4632:
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4627:
4622:
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4608:
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4594:
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4360:
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4305:
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4293:
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4208:
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4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
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4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
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3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3963:
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3869:
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3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3741:
3738:. July 2011.
3737:
3733:
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3725:
3723:
3721:
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3700:
3696:
3692:
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3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3609:
3606:. July 2011.
3605:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:Culex pipiens
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:(7): 887–89.
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:(7): e68537.
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:(8): 1531–3.
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2735:(8): 1534–6.
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:(2): 177–87.
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2571:(1): 96–105.
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:(5643): 248.
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:mosquito nets
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:mosquito nets
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
986:
977:
972:
970:
967:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
927:
922:
921:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
902:C. salinarius
898:
897:
892:
891:
890:Culex pipiens
886:
885:
877:
873:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
853:wood thrushes
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:gray catbirds
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:house sparrow
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:American crow
774:
770:
769:
768:Culex pipiens
764:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
592:
588:
584:
576:
569:
565:
561:
558:
557:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
478:
471:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
196:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:Orthornavirae
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5732:Flaviviruses
5586:
5543:
5534:Mokola virus
5511:
5473:
5445:Retroviridae
5443:
5431:
5421:
5369:
5337:
5290:
5231:
5204:
5194:
5127:Bunyavirales
5125:
5042:Arenaviridae
5040:
4990:
4942:Bunyavirales
4940:
4895:
4875:
4861:Langat virus
4795:Flaviviridae
4793:
4784:Bhanja virus
4741:Bunyavirales
4739:
4704:
4604:
4576:Yellow fever
4564:Dengue fever
4550:
4484:Flaviviridae
4482:
4427:Tahyna virus
4392:Bwamba Fever
4369:Bunyavirales
4367:
4288:
4287:
4286:profile for
4283:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4182:
4176:
4133:
4129:
4071:
4067:
4019:
4015:
4005:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3925:
3921:
3863:
3859:
3803:
3799:
3774:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3735:
3703:. Retrieved
3694:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3664:
3612:. Retrieved
3603:
3552:
3546:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3512:
3478:(3): 326–7.
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3437:(6): 743–6.
3434:
3430:
3420:
3383:
3377:
3367:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3206:
3200:
3187:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3101:
3095:
3045:
3041:
2983:
2977:
2967:
2942:
2936:
2900:. Retrieved
2887:
2874:
2848:. Retrieved
2816:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2697:
2687:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2521:
2517:
2476:(1): 13–22.
2473:
2469:
2463:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2379:
2375:
2329:
2325:
2281:
2275:
2243:(1): 22–33.
2240:
2236:
2226:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2035:(1): 69–88.
2032:
2028:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1927:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1812:
1808:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1666:
1662:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1401:
1397:
1339:
1335:
1279:
1275:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1080:Epidemiology
1075:
1039:
1032:
1020:encephalitis
998:
958:
935:
924:
920:C. erraticus
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
880:
871:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
778:
766:
741:
734:
718:killer whale
710:Kunjin virus
693:phylogenetic
674:
671:of the virus
639:glycosylated
624:
613:
580:
475:
425:
387:
366:nucleocapsid
359:
328:
312:glycoprotein
305:
302:dengue fever
283:
267:
259:transmission
248:
241:yellow fever
237:dengue virus
226:
222:Flaviviridae
220:
215:that causes
208:
203:
202:
201:
184:
183:
171:
160:Flaviviridae
159:
147:
135:
123:
111:
99:
92:
82:(unranked):
47:
5611:Wikispecies
5233:Filoviridae
5055:Lassa fever
4951:Adria virus
4649:Chikungunya
4606:Togaviridae
4536:Usutu virus
4458:Ngari virus
4382:Batai virus
3766:www.cdc.gov
3695:www.cdc.gov
3665:www.cdc.gov
3555:: 395–408.
3513:www.cdc.gov
1521:11336/85262
1012:no symptoms
926:C. tarsalis
896:C. restuans
681:serocomplex
616:Translation
554:signaling.
412:polyprotein
394:nucleotides
339:cholesterol
288:virus with
5545:Poxviridae
5475:Poxviridae
5395:SARS-CoV-2
4897:Reoviridae
4775:Tete virus
4706:Reoviridae
4588:Zika fever
4437:Tete virus
4335:(A80–B34,
4074:(9): 823.
3776:28 October
3746:28 October
3705:15 January
3675:26 October
3614:28 October
3523:26 October
3386:(1): 100.
3335:: 136–38.
3329:One Health
3246:BioScience
2708:2010-02-10
1782:2017-12-19
1195:References
1096:Prevention
1024:meningitis
1004:mosquitoes
946:amphibians
859:) and the
726:host range
679:antigenic
577:Life cycle
552:interferon
401:non-coding
307:Flavivirus
270:Nile River
245:mosquitoes
233:Zika virus
228:Flavivirus
172:Flavivirus
5554:Monkeypox
4346:Arthropod
4227:0011-9059
4150:0962-8436
4090:1999-4915
4038:0141-9889
3997:0098-7484
3944:0025-6196
3880:1080-6040
3820:1556-6811
3104:(1): 39.
2698:The Horse
2396:0022-538X
2346:0066-4227
2102:1743-422X
1958:1940-6029
1888:0027-8424
1829:0893-8512
1741:1740-1534
1683:1462-5822
1626:0022-538X
1569:0022-538X
1418:0022-538X
1356:0022-538X
1296:0036-8075
938:mammalian
931:soft tick
730:cetaceans
649:Phylogeny
550:Inhibits
486:Function
436:Function
416:proteases
404:stem loop
398:5′ and 3′
388:WNV is a
370:apoptosis
286:enveloped
280:Structure
213:RNA virus
179:Species:
107:Kingdom:
100:Riboviria
5726:Category
5683:11461199
5657:10070245
5644:46700515
5596:Wikidata
5502:Multiple
5390:SARS-CoV
5380:MERS-CoV
4569:DENV-1-4
4357:Mosquito
4330:Zoonotic
4243:23187115
4235:27696381
4168:25688020
4108:31491885
4046:23278188
3962:12962168
3898:16102302
3838:17687109
3770:Archived
3740:Archived
3699:Archived
3669:Archived
3608:Archived
3579:28846489
3517:Archived
3484:15532939
3453:14765647
3412:21933449
3359:28616487
3310:12899140
3223:14718080
3179:15200855
3130:23731695
3072:16928635
3020:23844218
2979:PLOS One
2959:13796761
2902:28 March
2879:Archived
2850:28 March
2825:Archived
2808:21801643
2759:21801644
2702:Archived
2679:15338540
2644:22309667
2595:17275232
2587:12093177
2565:Virology
2538:23321534
2490:15608696
2455:23099205
2433:Virology
2414:16973541
2354:12142476
2308:19698895
2267:22314017
2237:Virology
2218:19474250
2169:23114626
2120:24245822
2061:24381034
2007:19828760
1966:27188545
1906:17132743
1847:23034323
1759:21079655
1691:17868381
1644:18385233
1587:25122799
1530:23517753
1485:23084921
1436:23115297
1374:16943291
1312:23555900
1304:14551429
1236:15577938
1162:See also
961:enzootic
942:Reptiles
789:blue jay
775:for WNV.
752:Corvidae
698:zoonosis
662:envelope
609:endosome
591:integrin
532:helicase
512:cofactor
320:receptor
155:Family:
119:Phylum:
5602:Q158856
5504:vectors
5484:Tanapox
5433:B virus
5411:Primate
4930:Sandfly
4756:(CCHFV)
4337:042–079
4280:Scholia
4159:4342965
4099:6784102
4068:Viruses
3953:7125680
3889:3320478
3829:2168174
3570:6343128
3403:3188478
3350:5441359
3301:3023443
3170:3323096
3121:3686667
3063:1636093
3011:3699668
2988:Bibcode
2938:The Auk
2799:3381582
2750:3381566
2635:3337329
2546:1013677
2498:4150641
2405:1617273
2258:4583194
2209:2887571
2160:3709616
2111:3842638
2086:: 339.
2052:3917432
2029:Viruses
1897:1664712
1838:3485754
1750:4333201
1699:6224667
1635:2395215
1578:4178726
1476:3572209
1427:3554064
1365:1642136
1276:Science
1244:9987454
1106:vaccine
1042:vaccine
973:Disease
954:viremia
870:A male
748:primate
714:Oceania
667:during
587:DC-SIGN
298:protein
167:Genus:
143:Order:
131:Class:
5522:Rabies
5464:HTLV-2
5459:HTLV-1
5413:-borne
5301:Rabies
5223:-borne
5032:-borne
5030:Rodent
5021:-borne
5019:Mammal
4953:(ADRV)
4932:-borne
4731:-borne
4359:-borne
4348:-borne
4282:has a
4241:
4233:
4225:
4166:
4156:
4148:
4106:
4096:
4088:
4044:
4036:
3995:
3960:
3950:
3942:
3896:
3886:
3878:
3836:
3826:
3818:
3577:
3567:
3482:
3451:
3410:
3400:
3357:
3347:
3308:
3298:
3221:
3177:
3167:
3128:
3118:
3070:
3060:
3018:
3008:
2957:
2806:
2796:
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