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The tectonic subdivision of the
Western Block is still under intense discussion among geologists. There are several models illustrating the tectonic subdivision of the Western Block and these models assign different names to the components and structures of the Western Blocks. The shapes and areas of
95:
The tectonic setting and evolution of the
Western Block are debated. There are various models hypothesizing the subdivisions and tectonic history of the block and they are generally mutually exclusive. However, most models agree with the presence of a Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt cutting across the
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beneath the Asian continent, followed by crust thickening and hence gravitational collapse of the crust. The craton was thus in extension. The processes led to the thinning of crust, deformation and magmatic events over the North China Craton. Although most of the magmatic activities happened in the
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was subducted under the eastern part of the juvenile
Western Block, while an exotic arc was subducted under the eastern juvenile Western Block. Between 2.3-2.0 billion year ago, the Western Block collided with the two arc on its both sides, creating Hengshan granulite belt in the southeast and Inner
1724:
Wang, Wei; Liu, Shuwen; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, Qiugen; Zhang, Jian; Bai, Xiang; Yang, Pengtao; Guo, Rongrong (2011-11-09). "Petrogenesis and geochronology of
Precambrian granitoid gneisses in Western Liaoning Province: Constraints on Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the North
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Fig. 4. A tectonic evolution diagram from 2.45 Ga to 1.95 Ga, proposed by Zhao et al. (1) At around 2.45 Ga, the oceanic crust of Ordos Block was subducted beneath
Yinshan Block, making igneous rocks. (2) Sedimentary rocks deposited in Ordos Block between 2.0-1.95 Ga. (3) Both continents of Yinshan
157:
Fig. 2. A simplified geological map of the
Western Block of the North China Craton, modified from Wang et al., 2012 and 2016. The map shows the distribution of rocks of different ages. Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks expose in the northern part of the Western Block while the rest of the block is
843:
The
Western Block became tectonically stable after the amalgamation in Precambrian. Sediment deposition and volcanic activities began to form rocks covering the Precambrian basement. Except a gap of geological record during Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous, from Cambrian to Jurassic, various
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Fig. 5. Tectonic evolution of the
Western Block proposed by Kusky et al. (1) Wutai Arc in the east and an Exotic arc in the west subducted beneath the juvenile Western Block before 2.3 Ga. (2) Inner Mongolia-North Hebei Orogen formed as the exotic arc collided with the juvenile Western Block. (3)
169:-greenstone terrane is located in the northern part of the Western Block, spreading from Mount Serteng to Donghongsheng in the east-west direction. The terrane is dominated by metamorphic and granitoid rocks. It is suggested that the terrane may represent ancient metamorphism in the upper crust.
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Zhao et al.'s model can be divided into two major stages: Neoarchean crustal accretion and
Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the two sub-blocks (Yinshan Block and Orods Block). Zhao and other researchers proposed that there was a major crustal accretion of the juvenile Yinshan Block at about 2.7
802:
Unlike the Zhao's and Kusky's models, the tectonic evolution of the
Western Block suggested by Santosh primarily focused on the amalgamation of the Western Block, with fewer discussion on the early tectonic development before collisional events. Santosh considered the Ordos Block as a
1894:
Li, S.X., Sun, D.Y., Yu, H.F., Jin, W., Liu, X.S., Cao, L., 1995. Distribution of Ductile Shear Zones and Metallogenic Prediction of the Related Gold Deposits in the Early Precambrian Metamorphic Rocks, Middle-Western Inner Mongolia. Jilin Science and Technology Press, Changchun, pp.
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In Early Cretaceous, extensive magmatic activities developed in the eastern part of the Western Block due to cratonic destruction. At that time, a large portion of the North China Craton was eliminated and unstable. The cratonic destruction was induced by the subduction of the
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rocks and sedimentary rocks. They are well exposed in Mount Serteng in Guyang granite-greenstone terrane. There are three sub-units in the greenstone sequence in this terrane. The lower layer is dominated by metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic volcanic rocks, with interlayered
1817:
Jian, Ping; Kröner, Alfred; Windley, Brian F.; Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Liqao (2012-03-12). "Episodic mantle melting-crustal reworking in the late Neoarchean of the northwestern North China Craton: Zircon ages of magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the Yinshan Block".
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Eastern Block, volcanic eruption also took place in the eastern part of the Western Block to produce volcanic rocks like basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. During Cenozoic, because of the thin crust, lava erupted to the surface and the volcanic events produced basalts.
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and the granulites are high-grade metamorphosed TTG rocks. Similar to Guyang granite-greenstone terrane, the rocks in Wuchuan have the age of 2.55-2.50 billion years. The high-grade complex is interpreted to be the metamorphosed lower crust in 2.55-2.50 billion years ago.
2078:
Ma, Xudong; Guo, Jinghui; Liu, Fu; Qian, Qing; Fan, Hongrui (2013-02-11). "Zircon U–Pb ages, trace elements and Nd–Hf isotopic geochemistry of Guyang sanukitoids and related rocks: Implications for the Archean crustal evolution of the Yinshan Block, North China Craton".
1326:
Zhao, Xin-Miao; Zhang, Hong-Fu; Su, Fei; Hu, Zhao-Chu; Lo, Ching-Hua; Wang, Ying; Yang, Sai-Hong; Guo, Jing-Hui (2012-03-04). "Phlogopite40Ar/39Ar geochronology of mantle xenoliths from the North China Craton: Constraints on the eruption ages of Cenozoic basalts".
73:, located in east-central China. The boundaries of the Western Block are slightly different among distinct models, but the shapes and areas are similar. There is a broad consensus that the Western Block covers a large part of the east-central China.
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found in Xiwulanbulang in Inner Mongolia. The youngest rocks are 23-million-year-old extrusive igneous rocks, which are located in Sanyitang (in Hebei) in the orogenic belt across the block. The sedimentary rocks distribute predominantly in the
1764:
Wang, Changming; Bagas, Leon; Lu, Yongjun; Santosh, M.; Du, Bin; McCuaig, T. Campbell (2016-03-08). "Terrane boundary and spatio-temporal distribution of ore deposits in the Sanjiang Tethyan Orogen: Insights from zircon Hf-isotopic mapping".
682:
Fig. 3b. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Kusky et al's model. The triangles indicate that the Hengshan Plateau moves northwards, towards the Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen. Dotted lines show faults.
1923:
Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Liu, Xuan; Guo, Jing-Hui (2014-07-01). "Origin of sanukitoid and hornblendite enclaves in the Dajitu pluton from the Yinshan Block, North China Craton: product of Neoarchaean ridge subduction?".
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Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Guo, Jinghui (2015-12-13). "Petrology and geochemistry of the Guyang hornblendite complex in the Yinshan block, North China Craton: Implications for the melting of subduction-modified mantle".
2023:
Ma, Xudong; Fan, Hong-Rui; Santosh, M.; Guo, Jinghui (2013-05-14). "Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb chronology of charnockites in the Yinshan Block, North China Craton: tectonic evolution involving Neoarchaean ridge subduction".
652:. In between the sub-blocks is a Paleoproterozoic continent–continent collisional belt defined as Khondalite Belt. The Khondalite Belt extends across the whole block in east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction.
935:
Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, Simon A.; Cawood, Peter A.; Sun, Min (2001-03-01). "Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: lithological, geochemical, structural and P–T path constraints and tectonic evolution".
687:
Similar to Zhao et al.'s model, Santosh split the Western Block into Yinshan Block and Ordos Block in the north and south respectively. However, instead of Khondalite Belt, he named the collision region of the two sub-blocks
2216:
Condie, Kent C.; Boryta, Mark D.; Liu, Jinzhong; Qian, Xianglin (1992-12-01). "The origin of khondalites: geochemical evidence from the Archean to Early Proterozoic granulite belt in the North China craton".
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Peng, Z.M., Wu, Z.P., 2006. Development features of Triassic strata and analysis of original sedimentary pattern in North China. Geological Journal of China Universities 12, 343–352 (in Chinese with English
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Fig. 6. Tectonic evolution of the Western Block proposed by Santosh. Yinshan Block was subducted under Ordos Block at 1.92 Ga, forming Inner Mongolia Suture Zone with some basaltic oceanic crust in between.
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Chen, S.Y., Liu, H.J., 1997. Carboniferous-Permian lithofacies and paleogeography in the eastern part of the North China Platform. Regional Geology of China 16, 379–386 (in Chinese with English abstract).
1046:
Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, S. A.; Cawood, P. A.; Lu, Liangzhao (1998-08-01). "Thermal Evolution of Archean Basement Rocks from the Eastern Part of the North China Craton and Its Bearing on Tectonic Setting".
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at 1.95-1.87 billion years ago. The minerals in the khondalite exhibit isothermal decompression-type clockwise P-T paths, implying the sedimentary protoliths were metamorphosed in a collisional setting.
2574:
Davis, Gregory A.; Darby, Brian J.; Yadong, Zheng; Spell, Terry L. (2002). "Geometric and temporal evolution of an extensional detachment fault, Hohhot metamorphic core complex, Inner Mongolia, China".
2260:
Zhao, Guochun; Wilde, Simon A; A. Cawood, Peter; Lu, Liangzhao (1999-09-01). "Tectonothermal history of the basement rocks in the western zone of the North China Craton and its tectonic implications".
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Wu, Z.P., Hou, X.B., Li, W., 2007. Discussion on Mesozoic basin patterns and evolution in the eastern North China Block. Geotectonica et Metallogenia 31, 385–399 (in Chinese with English abstract).
1312:
Dong, X.J.; Xu, Z.Y.; Liu, Z.H.; Sha, Q. (2012). Discovery of 2.7 Ga granitic gneiss in the northern Daqingshan area, Inner Mongolia and its geological significance. Earth Sci. J. China Univ.
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of southern Yinshan Block and northern Ordos Block collided. The high pressure and temperature of continent-continent collision formed Khondalite Belt in-between the two sub-blocks and led to
2122:
Dong, XiaoJie; Xu, ZhongYuan; Liu, ZhengHong; Sha, Qian (2012-01-26). "Zircon U-Pb geochronology of Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks from Xi Ulanbulang area, central Inner Mongolia".
2355:
Meng, X.H., Ge, M., 2002. Research on cyclic sequence, events and formational evolu- tion of the Sino-Korean Plate. Earth Science Frontiers 9, 125–140 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Many researchers proposed that the Western Block of the North China Craton was assembled in the Paleoproterozoic (2.5-1.6 billion years ago), creating a linear structure composed of
231:, with the first stage at about 2.53 billion years ago and the second one at between 2.52-2.48 billion years ago. The sanukitoid in this terrane formed between the two phases of
2173:
LIANGZHAO, LU; SHIQIN, JIN (1993-07-01). "P-T-t paths and tectonic history of an early Precambrian granulite facies terrane, Jining district, south-east Inner Mongolia, China".
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was formed when the two sub-blocks collided. Part of the basaltic oceanic crust was incorporated into the accretionary wedge. Santosh named the accretionary wedge region as
1857:
Liu, Li; Zhang, Lianchang; Dai, Yanpei (2013-11-14). "Formation age and genesis of the banded iron formations from the Guyang Greenstone Belt, Western North China Craton".
2010:
Ren, Y.W. (2010). The Study of Granite-Greenstone Belt in Xihongshan Area, Inner Mongolia. Doctor’s thesis: Jinlin University, pp. 1–69 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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dating, the bottom layer of the greenstone sequence formed in about 2.54 billion years ago, while the middle and upper layers have the age later than 2.51 billion years.
1431:
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of continent in the northern Ordos Block. The final assembly of the Western Block took place at approximately 1.95 billion years ago. The ancient ocean closed as the
1115:
Zhao, Guochun; Sun, Min; Wilde, Simon A.; Sanzhong, Li (2005-01-01). "Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited".
1710:
Jin, W., Li, S.X., Liu, X.S. (1991). "The Metamorphic dynamics of Early Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks series in Daqing-Ulashan area, Inner Mongolia."
2647:
2438:
ZHOU, X; ARMSTRONG, R (1982-05-01). "Cenozoic volcanic rocks of eastern China — secular and geographic trends in chemistry and strontium isotopic composition".
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There are various evolutionary models of the Western Block proposed by different geologists. Three most popular models explaining the tectonic evolution of the
776:
In Kusky et al.'s model, ancient continental blocks formed the juvenile Western Block during 3.5-2.7 billion years ago. Prior to 2.3 billion years ago, Wutai
283:
paragneiss and marble, which are the members of the "khondalite series", are exposed along this belt. The khondalite series is metamorphosed from sedimentary
34:
Fig. 1. A simple map showing tectonic components in China. The location of the Western Block of North China Craton is marked in red. Modified from Zhao, 2001.
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data, Santosh proposed that the Yinshan Block and Ordos Block collided at around 1.92 billion years ago, with Yinshan Block subducted under Ordos Block. An
308:
The Western Block became much more stable after Precambrian. Sedimentary rocks were deposited, covering part of the Precambrian basement. There were also
1445:
Armstrong, R. L.; Harmon, R. S. (1981-05-15). "Radiogenic Isotopes: The Case for Crustal Recycling on a Near-Steady-State No-Continental-Growth Earth ".
699:
Fig. 3c. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Santosh's model. The triangles show that Yinshan Block moves southwards.
1488:
Dewey, John Frederick; Windley, B. F.; Moorbath, Stephen Erwin; Windley, B. F. (1981-05-15). "Growth and differentiation of the continental crust".
655:
695:
1206:"Polyorogenic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-North China Belt —New insights from the Lüliangshan-Hengshan-Wutaishan and Fuping massifs"
678:
671:, which have a general trend of east-northeast (ENE) and west-southwest (WSW) direction. There is a northeast-southwest trending fault called
1911:
Post-Doctorate Report. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. pp. 1-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)
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billion years ago, forming a thick mafic crust, although it is still uncertain whether the magmatic event occurred in a continental or an
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Kusky and his co-workers divided the Western Block into three elements, including the Inner Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen, Hengshan
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129:, when the major crustal accretion and reworking took place. The Neoarchean rocks in the Precambrian basement are mainly composed of
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2329:
1394:
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Santosh, M. (2010-02-04). "Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction".
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Zhai, Mingguo; Santosh, M. (2013-03-06). "Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with secular changes in the evolving Earth".
1261:
Santosh, M. (2010-04-01). "Assembling North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent: The role of double-sided subduction".
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Basin located in the south of the Western Block. Exposures of metamorphic rocks are mostly scattered in the north of the block.
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Block and Ordos Block met at around 1.95 Ga and an orogenic belt called Khondalite Belt was formed between the two sub-blocks.
30:
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1987:
243:
142:
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Zhai, Ming-Guo; Santosh, M. (2011-02-18). "The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overview".
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Since the geological events of the Western Block started in Precambrian time, when more than 80% of the present volume of
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730:. During 2.55-2.50 billion years ago, the juvenile Yinshan Block was partially melted to produce enormous amounts of
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high-grade complex extends from Zhulagou in the west to Xiwulanbulang in the east. The complex includes granitoids,
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3401:
3160:
3150:
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Kusky, Timothy M. (2011-01-21). "Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China Craton".
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326:. However, carbonates with some coal-bearing rocks started to deposit again between Late Carboniferous and Early
185:. The middle rock assemblage consists of a series of metamorphosed volcanic rocks with compositions varying from
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254:. The granitoid rocks are predominantly medium (550-650 °C)- to high-grade (650-900 °C) metamorphosed
3396:
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3135:
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Kusky, Timothy M.; Li, Jianghai (2003-12-01). "Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton".
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are present in the Western Block. The oldest geological records in the Western Block are 2.7 billion-year-old
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992:
Zhu, Ri-Xiang; Yang, Jin-Hui; Wu, Fu-Yuan (2012-05-25). "Timing of destruction of the North China Craton".
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Suture Zone. Discontinuous Khondalite Belt exposures lie inside south of the Inner Mongolia Suture Zone.
571:
2395:
Meng, Qing-Ren (2003-07-01). "What drove late Mesozoic extension of the northern China–Mongolia tract?".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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dating, the sedimentary protoliths were deposited at 2.3-2.0 billion years ago and then experienced
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17:
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Condie, Kent C. (2000-07-01). "Episodic continental growth models: afterthoughts and extensions".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Supercontinent Columbia collided with the Western Block. IMNHO-Inner Mongolia-North Hebei Orogen.
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Western Block in these models are similar but they may not completely concordant with each other.
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Fig. 3a. Tectonic subdivision of the Western Block of North China Craton in Zhao et al's model.
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covered by Phanerozoic rocks. GY-Guyang granite-greenstone terrane; WC-Wuchan high-grade complex.
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were formed in the Western Block. Deposits were generally absent from Late Ordovician to Early
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and sanukitoids. Between 2.0-1.95 billion year ago, sedimentary rocks deposited on the stable
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and a micro-continental block. The southern boundary of the Hengshan Plateau is marked by the
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beneath the Yinshan Block. The partial melting of the subducting slab formed granites and
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Faure, Michel; Trap, Pierre; Lin, Wei; Monié, Patrick; Bruguier, Olivier (2007-06-01).
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collided in the northern margin of the North China Craton at 1.8 billion years ago.
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Mongolia-Northern Hebei Orogen with khondalite belt inside in the northwest. Finally,
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Sand-bearing mudstone, medium- to fine-grained sandstone with grey mudstone layers
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Chen, L. (2007). Geochronology and geochemistry of the Guyang Greenstone Belt.
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Western Block in the east-west direction, despite having various names for it.
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1982:. Tracy, Robert J., Ehlers, Ernest G. (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
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history can be studied through the geological records in the Western Block.
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that cuts across the Western Block. The khondalite belt stretches from
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to mafic. The top layer is made by meta-sedimentary rocks, for example
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The earliest geological units found in the Western Block are formed in
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Ga refers to billion years ago; Ma refers to million years ago.
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Zhao and his colleagues proposed that the Western Block of the
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Medium- to fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, conglomerates,
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10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1003:gateoa>2.0.co;2
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can be subdivided into two sub-blocks: Yinshan Block and
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examinations show an isobaric cooling-type anticlockwise
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is an ancient micro-continental block mainly composed of
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Phanerozoic stratigraphy (539 million year ago–present)
172:
Greenstones are sequences of Precambrian metamorphosed
1980:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
1385:
Zhao, Guochun (Geologist), author. (6 December 2013).
462:, sanukitoids, granitoids, granulites and charnockite
826:. Khondalite belt was also formed in the suture zone.
592:
Fine-grained sandstone and mudstone with coal layers
483:
granulites, quartzite, felsic paragneiss and marble
279:
Complex in the east. Pelitic granulites, quartzite,
207:are intrusive igneous rocks that primarily made by
844:types of sedimentary rock formed a thick strata.
235:formation, at about 2.53-2.52 billion years ago.
116:Precambrian basement (4600–539 million years ago)
807:composed by TTGs and charnockites. Supported by
1387:Precambrian evolution of the North China craton
675:-Wuqi Fault, cutting across the Western Block.
103:formed, complex geological evolution and early
382:with Cenozoic basalt overlay the pre-existing
263:Proterozoic rocks (2500–539 million years ago)
2641:
8:
54:rock basement, with some parts overlain by
3089:
3084:
2884:
2879:
2801:
2796:
2673:
2668:
2648:
2634:
2626:
1430:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1224:
121:Archean rocks (4.0–2.5 billion years ago)
389:
152:
29:
914:
551:Carbonate rocks and coal-bearing rocks
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2073:
2071:
2018:
2016:
1973:
1971:
1890:
1888:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1420:
1410:
1380:
1378:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
7:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
758:in other parts of the Western Block.
2440:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
868:Eastern Block of North China Craton
416:Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
133:, high-grade metamorphic rocks and
27:Sub-block of the North China craton
18:Western Block of North China Craton
2195:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00166.x
466:Guyang granite–greenstone terrane
221:tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite
25:
2322:Concise regional geology of China
149:Guyang granite–greenstone terrane
3360:
3359:
3337:
2855:
2840:
2825:
2810:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2727:
2712:
2697:
2682:
227:. There were two phases forming
3183:Possible future supercontinents
2553:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003
2324:. Geological Publishing House.
2101:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.02.001
1871:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.10.011
1836:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.03.002
1787:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.02.008
1743:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.023
1690:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.12.001
1283:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.003
1226:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/004
1171:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
1137:10.1016/j.precamres.2004.10.002
468:and Wuchuan high-grade complex
143:pressure-temperature (P-T) path
2175:Journal of Metamorphic Geology
717:basement are discussed below.
1:
2417:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00195-1
2282:10.1016/s0040-1951(99)00152-3
1553:10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00061-5
1191:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00071-3
958:10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00154-6
391:Summary table of lithologies
2961:Other prehistoric continents
2460:10.1016/0012-821x(82)90083-8
2239:10.1016/0301-9268(92)90057-u
2124:Science China Earth Sciences
2046:10.1080/00206814.2013.796076
2026:International Geology Review
1946:10.1080/00206814.2014.929055
1926:International Geology Review
1049:International Geology Review
1014:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.05.013
197:. According to the data of
3428:
3407:Historical tectonic plates
314:During Cambrian to Middle
239:Wuchuan high-grade complex
3329:
3087:
3083:
2882:
2878:
2799:
2795:
2671:
2667:
2144:10.1007/s11430-011-4360-5
1316:. 37: 20–27.
1069:10.1080/00206819809465233
577:
558:
553:
550:
539:
518:
515:
504:
499:
496:
431:, banded iron formation,
409:
3370:Chronology of continents
2510:10.1016/j.gr.2011.01.004
1639:10.1016/j.gr.2013.02.007
1596:10.1016/j.gr.2011.02.005
1349:10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.015
2452:1982E&PSL..58..301Z
1978:Blatt, Harvey. (1996).
783:supercontinent Columbia
399:Time of rock formation
3131:Great Australian Bight
1510:10.1098/rsta.1981.0105
1459:10.1098/rsta.1981.0122
835:
794:
768:
700:
684:
660:
629:Sediments and basalts
554:Mainly in Ordos Basin
500:Mainly in Ordos Basin
358:happened in the Early
159:
85:intrusive igneous rock
35:
3412:Historical continents
2320:Cheng, Yuqi. (2001).
1767:Earth-Science Reviews
833:
797:
791:
771:
765:
720:
698:
681:
658:
183:banded iron formation
156:
33:
3355:Continental fragment
3350:Regions of the world
2533:Precambrian Research
2219:Precambrian Research
2081:Precambrian Research
1822:. 222–223: 230–254.
1820:Precambrian Research
1729:. 222–223: 290–311.
1727:Precambrian Research
1670:Precambrian Research
1389:. Elsevier Science.
1263:Precambrian Research
1117:Precambrian Research
938:Precambrian Research
636:Tectonic subdivision
287:formed under stable
3312:Indian Subcontinent
3102:Submerged continent
2589:2002Geo....30.1003D
2545:2010PreR..178..149S
2502:2011GondR..20...26K
2409:2003Tectp.369..155M
2274:1999Tectp.310...37Z
2231:1992PreR...59..207C
2187:1993JMetG..11..483L
2136:2012ScChD..55..204D
2093:2013PreR..230...61M
2038:2013IGRv...55.1688M
1938:2014IGRv...56.1197M
1859:Ore Geology Reviews
1828:2012PreR..222..230J
1779:2016ESRv..156...39W
1735:2012PreR..222..290W
1682:2016PreR..273...38M
1631:2013GondR..24..275Z
1588:2011GondR..20....6Z
1545:2000Tectp.322..153C
1502:1981RSPTA.301..189D
1341:2013GondR..23..208Z
1275:2010PreR..178..149S
1183:2003JAESc..22..383K
1129:2005PreR..136..177Z
1061:1998IGRv...40..706Z
1006:2012Litho.149...51Z
950:2001PreR..107...45Z
839:Phanerozoic history
772:Kusky et al's model
709:Precambrian history
392:
3093:
2888:
2805:
2677:
1423:has generic name (
888:Archean subduction
863:North China Craton
836:
817:accretionary wedge
795:
769:
721:Zhao et al's model
704:Tectonic evolution
701:
685:
661:
646:North China Craton
396:Geological period
390:
346:) were formed. In
289:continental margin
160:
79:, sedimentary and
71:North China Craton
44:North China Craton
36:
3379:
3378:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3141:Kerguelen Plateau
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2490:Gondwana Research
2032:(13): 1688–1704.
1932:(10): 1197–1212.
1619:Gondwana Research
1576:Gondwana Research
1496:(1461): 189–206.
1453:(1461): 443–472.
1329:Gondwana Research
633:
632:
516:Generally absent
474:Paleoproterozoic
101:continental crust
81:metamorphic rocks
67:sedimentary rocks
16:(Redirected from
3419:
3402:Geology of China
3363:
3362:
3344:World portal
3342:
3341:
3279:
3228:
3185:
3113:
3090:
3085:
2963:
2901:
2885:
2880:
2859:
2844:
2829:
2814:
2802:
2797:
2776:
2761:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2701:
2686:
2674:
2669:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2539:(1–4): 149–167.
2528:
2522:
2521:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2403:(3–4): 155–174.
2392:
2383:
2380:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2317:
2308:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2225:(3–4): 207–223.
2213:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1721:
1715:
1714:. Sin. 7: 27-35.
1708:
1702:
1701:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1539:(1–2): 153–162.
1528:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1382:
1353:
1352:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1269:(1–4): 149–167.
1258:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1149:
1148:
1112:
1089:
1088:
1043:
1026:
1025:
989:
970:
969:
932:
903:
873:Geology of China
497:Carbonate rocks
486:Khondalite Belt
393:
52:Paleoproterozoic
21:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3397:Northeast China
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3336:
3321:
3316:
3302:Eastern Siberia
3292:Central America
3280:
3273:
3267:
3262:Terra Australis
3229:
3213:
3207:
3203:Pangaea Proxima
3186:
3181:
3175:
3114:
3110:microcontinents
3099:
3075:
3070:
3016:East Antarctica
2964:
2959:
2953:
2902:
2898:supercontinents
2894:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2663:
2654:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1816:
1815:
1802:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1725:China Craton".
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1356:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1298:
1260:
1259:
1242:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1167:
1152:
1114:
1113:
1092:
1045:
1044:
1029:
991:
990:
973:
934:
933:
916:
911:
900:
896:
883:Greenstone Belt
859:
841:
827:
805:continental arc
800:
798:Santosh's model
774:
759:
748:passive margins
728:oceanic setting
723:
711:
706:
638:
387:
313:
312:in Phanerozoic.
306:
275:in the west to
265:
241:
151:
123:
118:
113:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Eastern Africa
3294:
3289:
3284:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2853:
2851:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2770:
2768:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2723:
2710:
2708:
2695:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2566:
2523:
2473:
2446:(3): 301–329.
2430:
2397:Tectonophysics
2384:
2372:
2357:
2345:
2330:
2309:
2295:
2268:(1–4): 37–53.
2262:Tectonophysics
2252:
2208:
2181:(4): 483–498.
2165:
2130:(2): 204–212.
2114:
2067:
2012:
2003:
1988:
1967:
1915:
1897:
1884:
1849:
1800:
1756:
1716:
1703:
1652:
1625:(1): 275–297.
1609:
1566:
1533:Tectonophysics
1523:
1480:
1437:
1395:
1354:
1335:(1): 208–219.
1318:
1296:
1240:
1196:
1177:(4): 383–397.
1150:
1123:(2): 177–202.
1090:
1055:(8): 706–721.
1027:
971:
944:(1–2): 45–73.
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
858:
855:
840:
837:
821:Inner Mongolia
799:
796:
773:
770:
740:volcanic rocks
722:
719:
710:
707:
705:
702:
690:Inner Mongolia
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
575:
574:
568:
564:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
540:Carboniferous
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
478:
475:
471:
470:
464:
425:
421:
420:
419:Xiwulanbulang
417:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
305:
302:
291:condition. By
264:
261:
240:
237:
150:
147:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:Subcontinents
3272:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Kumari Kandam
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2779:South America
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:North America
2760:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2331:9787116032842
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:9780124072275
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1219:(2): 96–107.
1218:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
915:
908:
902:
898:
897:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
850:Pacific Plate
845:
838:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
790:
786:
784:
779:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
718:
716:
708:
703:
697:
693:
691:
680:
676:
674:
670:
669:normal faults
666:
657:
653:
651:
647:
642:
635:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
572:conglomerates
570:Red beds and
569:
566:
565:
561:
557:
547:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
522:
512:
511:
507:
503:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
477:1.95–1.87 Ga
476:
473:
472:
469:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:Greenschist,
426:
424:2.55–2.50 Ga
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Carboniferous
321:
317:
311:
303:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
175:
170:
168:
165:
155:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
115:
110:
108:
106:
102:
97:
93:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:Western Block
32:
19:
3335:
3274:
3260:
3224:hypothesised
3214:
3182:
3100:
3031:Kazakhstania
3006:Congo Craton
2960:
2896:Prehistoric
2895:
2854:
2839:
2824:
2817:Afro-Eurasia
2809:
2771:
2756:
2741:
2726:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2622:
2583:(11): 1003.
2580:
2576:
2569:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2496:(1): 26–35.
2493:
2489:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2400:
2396:
2321:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2084:
2080:
2029:
2025:
2006:
1979:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1819:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1673:
1669:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1386:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1266:
1262:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1174:
1170:
1120:
1116:
1052:
1048:
997:
993:
941:
937:
901:
846:
842:
801:
775:
756:metamorphism
724:
712:
686:
662:
643:
639:
467:
453:
443:
402:Lithologies
318:, extensive
307:
297:metamorphism
266:
242:
203:
171:
161:
124:
98:
94:
75:
39:
37:
3198:Novopangaea
3066:South China
3046:North China
1865:: 388–404.
1712:Acta Petrol
1582:(1): 6–25.
1421:|last=
824:Suture Zone
813:tomographic
811:dating and
715:Precambrian
650:Ordos Block
626:65–present
612:Cretaceous
600:199–145 Ma
589:228–199 Ma
581:251–228 Ma
567:270–251 Ma
562:299–270 Ma
548:318–299 Ma
543:359–318 Ma
535:416–359 Ma
527:443–416 Ma
513:460–443 Ma
508:488–460 Ma
505:Ordovician
494:539–488 Ma
437:plagioclase
429:amphibolite
410:Neoarchean
252:charnockite
131:greenstones
111:Lithologies
3386:Categories
3334:See also:
3236:Hyperborea
3226:continents
3161:Seychelles
3146:Madagascar
3126:Doggerland
3021:Euramerica
2976:Asiamerica
2704:Antarctica
2657:Continents
2370:abstract).
1989:0716724383
909:References
878:Khondalite
752:continents
615:145–65 Ma
605:argillites
445:paragneiss
433:hornblende
360:Cretaceous
320:carbonates
316:Ordovician
285:protoliths
269:khondalite
248:granulites
225:sanukitoid
223:(TTG) and
205:Granitoids
174:ultramafic
135:granitoids
127:Neoarchean
48:Neoarchean
3307:Greenland
3171:Zealandia
3136:Jan Mayen
3121:Cathaysia
3041:Laurentia
3036:Laramidia
3026:Kalaharia
2981:Atlantica
2914:Kenorland
2734:Australia
2605:0091-7613
2561:0301-9268
2518:1342-937X
2468:0012-821X
2425:0040-1951
2340:963570780
2290:0040-1951
2247:0301-9268
2203:0263-4929
2160:128691792
2152:1674-7313
2109:0301-9268
2087:: 61–78.
2062:129089419
2054:0020-6814
1962:128668554
1954:0020-6814
1879:0169-1368
1844:0301-9268
1795:0012-8252
1773:: 39–65.
1751:0301-9268
1698:0301-9268
1676:: 38–52.
1647:1342-937X
1604:1342-937X
1561:0040-1951
1518:121926708
1475:122643506
1467:1364-503X
1413:cite book
1405:877725160
1291:0301-9268
1235:0705-3797
1145:0301-9268
1085:129322912
1077:0020-6814
1022:0024-4937
1000:: 51–60.
966:0301-9268
736:subducted
732:TTG rocks
623:Cenozoic
607:and coal
597:Jurassic
578:Triassic
532:Devonian
524:Silurian
491:Cambrian
405:Location
380:sediments
356:magmatism
336:siltstone
332:sandstone
310:magmatism
273:Helanshan
213:feldspars
191:quartzite
3365:Category
3231:Atlantis
3216:Mythical
3151:Mauritia
3116:Beringia
3001:Cimmeria
2996:Chilenia
2986:Avalonia
2966:Amazonia
2949:Vaalbara
2934:Pannotia
2919:Laurasia
2909:Gondwana
2904:Columbia
2832:Americas
2613:53581656
1998:32890797
1213:Episodes
857:See also
744:adakites
559:Permian
368:andesite
364:rhyolite
352:Jurassic
348:Triassic
344:red beds
340:mudstone
105:tectonic
63:volcanic
60:Cenozoic
56:Cambrian
3392:Cratons
3251:Meropis
3246:Lemuria
3061:Siberia
3011:Cuyania
2991:Baltica
2971:Arctica
2939:Rodinia
2929:Pangaea
2862:Oceania
2847:Eurasia
2585:Bibcode
2577:Geology
2541:Bibcode
2498:Bibcode
2448:Bibcode
2405:Bibcode
2270:Bibcode
2227:Bibcode
2183:Bibcode
2132:Bibcode
2089:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
1934:Bibcode
1824:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1731:Bibcode
1678:Bibcode
1627:Bibcode
1584:Bibcode
1541:Bibcode
1498:Bibcode
1337:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1179:Bibcode
1125:Bibcode
1057:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
946:Bibcode
665:Plateau
481:Pelitic
460:adakite
456:diorite
454:quartz
447:, mica
413:2.7 Ga
328:Permian
256:diorite
244:Wuchuan
167:granite
139:Mineral
77:Igneous
42:of the
3287:Arabia
3282:Alaska
3222:, and
3193:Aurica
3188:Amasia
3051:Pampia
2749:Europe
2689:Africa
2611:
2603:
2559:
2516:
2466:
2423:
2338:
2328:
2288:
2245:
2201:
2158:
2150:
2107:
2060:
2052:
1996:
1986:
1960:
1952:
1895:1-111.
1877:
1842:
1793:
1749:
1696:
1645:
1602:
1559:
1516:
1473:
1465:
1403:
1393:
1314:Geosci
1289:
1233:
1143:
1083:
1075:
1020:
994:Lithos
964:
809:zircon
673:Datong
449:schist
440:gneiss
384:strata
376:dacite
372:basalt
293:zircon
281:felsic
277:Jining
209:quartz
199:zircon
195:marble
187:acidic
164:Guyang
3166:Sunda
3156:Sahul
3106:lands
3056:Sahul
2661:Earth
2609:S2CID
2156:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1958:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1471:S2CID
1209:(PDF)
1081:S2CID
894:Notes
742:like
217:micas
178:mafic
90:Ordos
3220:lost
3108:and
2924:Nena
2719:Asia
2601:ISSN
2557:ISSN
2514:ISSN
2464:ISSN
2421:ISSN
2336:OCLC
2326:ISBN
2286:ISSN
2243:ISSN
2199:ISSN
2148:ISSN
2105:ISSN
2050:ISSN
1994:OCLC
1984:ISBN
1950:ISSN
1875:ISSN
1840:ISSN
1791:ISSN
1747:ISSN
1694:ISSN
1643:ISSN
1600:ISSN
1557:ISSN
1463:ISSN
1432:link
1425:help
1401:OCLC
1391:ISBN
1287:ISSN
1231:ISSN
1141:ISSN
1073:ISSN
1018:ISSN
962:ISSN
374:and
350:and
338:and
250:and
229:TTGs
215:and
193:and
162:The
65:and
50:and
38:The
2659:of
2593:doi
2549:doi
2537:178
2506:doi
2456:doi
2413:doi
2401:369
2278:doi
2266:310
2235:doi
2191:doi
2140:doi
2097:doi
2085:230
2042:doi
1942:doi
1867:doi
1832:doi
1783:doi
1771:156
1739:doi
1686:doi
1674:273
1635:doi
1592:doi
1549:doi
1537:322
1506:doi
1494:301
1455:doi
1451:301
1345:doi
1279:doi
1267:178
1221:doi
1187:doi
1133:doi
1121:136
1065:doi
1010:doi
998:149
954:doi
942:107
778:Arc
233:TTG
176:to
58:to
3388::
3256:Mu
3218:,
2944:Ur
2607:.
2599:.
2591:.
2581:30
2579:.
2555:.
2547:.
2535:.
2512:.
2504:.
2494:20
2492:.
2476:^
2462:.
2454:.
2444:58
2442:.
2419:.
2411:.
2399:.
2387:^
2375:^
2360:^
2348:^
2334:.
2312:^
2298:^
2284:.
2276:.
2264:.
2241:.
2233:.
2223:59
2221:.
2197:.
2189:.
2179:11
2177:.
2154:.
2146:.
2138:.
2128:55
2126:.
2103:.
2095:.
2083:.
2070:^
2056:.
2048:.
2040:.
2030:55
2028:.
2015:^
1992:.
1970:^
1956:.
1948:.
1940:.
1930:56
1928:.
1900:^
1887:^
1873:.
1863:63
1861:.
1838:.
1830:.
1803:^
1789:.
1781:.
1769:.
1745:.
1737:.
1692:.
1684:.
1672:.
1655:^
1641:.
1633:.
1623:24
1621:.
1598:.
1590:.
1580:20
1578:.
1555:.
1547:.
1535:.
1512:.
1504:.
1492:.
1469:.
1461:.
1449:.
1417::
1415:}}
1411:{{
1399:.
1357:^
1343:.
1333:23
1331:.
1299:^
1285:.
1277:.
1265:.
1243:^
1229:.
1217:30
1215:.
1211:.
1185:.
1175:22
1173:.
1153:^
1139:.
1131:.
1119:.
1093:^
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1053:40
1051:.
1030:^
1016:.
1008:.
996:.
974:^
960:.
952:.
940:.
917:^
899:a.
519:/
458:,
442:,
370:,
366:,
334:,
211:,
137:.
3104:/
2649:e
2642:t
2635:v
2615:.
2595::
2587::
2563:.
2551::
2543::
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2508::
2500::
2470:.
2458::
2450::
2427:.
2415::
2407::
2342:.
2292:.
2280::
2272::
2249:.
2237::
2229::
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2193::
2185::
2162:.
2142::
2134::
2111:.
2099::
2091::
2064:.
2044::
2036::
2000:.
1964:.
1944::
1936::
1913:.
1881:.
1869::
1846:.
1834::
1826::
1797:.
1785::
1777::
1753:.
1741::
1733::
1700:.
1688::
1680::
1649:.
1637::
1629::
1606:.
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1563:.
1551::
1543::
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1500::
1477:.
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1293:.
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1193:.
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1135::
1127::
1087:.
1067::
1059::
1024:.
1012::
1004::
968:.
956::
948::
435:-
386:.
342:(
20:)
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