441:
1563:
of their languages. Among the
Western Desert peoples, sign language has been reported specifically for Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku, Ngaatjatjarra (Ngada), and Manjiljarra. Signed Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku are known to have been well-developed, though it is not clear from records that signed
1136:
The
Western Desert Language has thousands of speakers, making it one of the strongest indigenous Australian languages. The language is still being transmitted to children and has substantial amounts of literature, particularly in the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara dialects in South Australia
1544:
While the dialects of the WDL have very similar phonologies there are several different orthographies in use, resulting from the preferences of the different early researchers as well as the fact that the WDL region extends into three states (Western
Australia, South Australia and the Northern
654:) and they are often referred to as "languages". As the whole group of dialects that constitutes the language does not have its own name it is usually referred to as the Western Desert Language. WDL speakers referring to the overall language use various terms including
2152:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2044:
2026:
2008:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1923:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1853:
1833:
1707:
1689:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1586:
403:
527:
The speakers of the various dialects of the
Western Desert Language traditionally lived across much of the desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Most
3728:
3449:
2277:
3854:
4647:
3924:
3889:
3882:
3847:
3754:
3736:
1149:
give a typical practical orthography used by many WDL communities. Further details of orthographies in use in different areas are given below. Phonetic values in
4582:
3456:
3221:
3232:
3319:
2270:
3861:
4640:
3379:
1521:
As shown in the chart, the WDL distinguishes five positions of articulation, and has oral and nasal occlusives at each position. The stops have no
3875:
3442:
1250:
The
Western Desert Language has the common (for Australia) three-vowel system with a length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels.
650:
The
Western Desert Language consists of a network of closely related dialects; the names of some of these have become quite well known (such as
3776:
531:
people live in communities on or close to their traditional lands, although some now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as
3868:
3186:
2674:
2286:
2263:
2246:
1532:; stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word, and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. There are no
876:
633:
4575:
3917:
3649:
3414:
3393:
1554:
1472:
4633:
1489:
3797:
3358:
3337:
1462:
556:
5476:
3365:
1452:
5348:
3801:
3312:
540:
6322:
6593:
2225:
765:
761:
571:
5736:
4351:
3991:
3910:
3710:
3063:
2908:
1150:
493:
453:
4591:
3344:
1735:
552:
548:
4501:
4383:
4295:
3972:
3790:
3407:
2864:
2755:
591:
544:
532:
4192:
742:
167:
4853:
3701:
3566:
2600:
1509:
601:
528:
417:
273:
75:
6334:
5048:
4337:
4184:
3435:
3400:
3386:
3372:
3351:
2857:
1353:
1193:
1184:
751:
566:
536:
6228:
6027:
5883:
5871:
5686:
5384:
5051:
4656:
4214:
497:
102:
5020:
3958:
3809:
3470:
3421:
2850:
2821:
2806:
1499:
1343:
1313:
1238:
1229:
622:
576:
5499:
5327:
4938:
4344:
2922:
2741:
1333:
277:
5256:
5129:
6294:
5005:
4843:
4702:
4687:
4536:
4522:
4420:
4406:
3965:
3783:
3719:
3428:
3200:
2871:
2829:
2762:
1212:
1203:
611:
463:
379:
1778:"The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination"
6598:
6085:
5205:
4881:
4838:
4771:
4309:
4148:
3588:
2879:
2734:
2727:
2467:
1560:
1323:
1091:
956:
651:
586:
266:
255:
848:
187:
6258:
6248:
5579:
5564:
5518:
5446:
5404:
4613:
4606:
4090:
4034:
3933:
3635:
3584:
3496:
3207:
3105:
2770:
2705:
2684:
1410:
1022:
596:
581:
359:
332:
235:
6468:
6161:
6148:
5960:
5777:
5536:
4953:
4833:
4006:
3979:
3826:
3603:
3559:
3463:
3007:
2836:
2180:
C.P. Mountford (1938) "Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the
Warburton Ranges, Western Australia",
1431:
1400:
1370:
1079:
934:
917:
826:
207:
202:
182:
6356:
4781:
3070:
976:
972:
225:
221:
1113:
968:
662:("clear speech"). For native speakers, the language is mutually intelligible across its entire range.
217:
6489:
6397:
6343:
6197:
6133:
5996:
5845:
5817:
5812:
5627:
5556:
5541:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5409:
5322:
5228:
5213:
5162:
5157:
5147:
4974:
4943:
4791:
4786:
4358:
4288:
4207:
3642:
1390:
1263:
865:
788:
322:
192:
172:
137:
951:
899:
212:
197:
6463:
6453:
6443:
6387:
6273:
6138:
5991:
5968:
5945:
5802:
5494:
5396:
5309:
5269:
5236:
5172:
5152:
5063:
4891:
4817:
4697:
4692:
4529:
4476:
4243:
4228:
4048:
3573:
3503:
2621:
1533:
1300:
1074:
1062:
884:
690:
281:
250:
152:
2240:
6559:
6531:
6521:
6448:
6361:
6177:
5973:
5914:
5906:
5891:
5868:
5835:
5759:
5749:
5726:
5655:
5650:
5569:
5531:
5461:
5381:
5317:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5246:
5241:
5137:
5081:
5025:
4984:
4912:
4866:
4861:
4796:
4722:
4177:
4170:
4062:
3951:
3517:
3214:
2572:
2404:
2357:
2308:
1805:
1380:
1295:
1280:
888:
707:
695:
157:
65:
6240:
4099:
3287:
6546:
6513:
6494:
6484:
6433:
6423:
6192:
6080:
6075:
6067:
6024:
5983:
5896:
5840:
5827:
5807:
5787:
5744:
5706:
5683:
5637:
5614:
5594:
5584:
5526:
5425:
5419:
5264:
5119:
5114:
5076:
5000:
4979:
4948:
4886:
4812:
4766:
4707:
4543:
4250:
4221:
4163:
4156:
4133:
4055:
4013:
3545:
3538:
3140:
3042:
2336:
2221:
1797:
1731:
1444:
1290:
1268:
1108:
1039:
712:
645:
240:
57:
6536:
6499:
6438:
6366:
6351:
6268:
6118:
6113:
6103:
6095:
6052:
5950:
5924:
5792:
5772:
5767:
5721:
5711:
5660:
5645:
5622:
5604:
5284:
5195:
5190:
5104:
5086:
5071:
5015:
4933:
4928:
4907:
4776:
4717:
4712:
4550:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4397:
4316:
4254:
4200:
4020:
3941:
3596:
3552:
3510:
3147:
2993:
2558:
2418:
2322:
1884:
1789:
1273:
516:
369:
349:
2058:
2022:
1849:
6564:
6554:
6526:
6458:
6428:
6418:
6299:
6278:
6263:
6253:
6182:
6128:
6108:
6047:
6001:
5932:
5797:
5782:
5716:
5698:
5599:
5574:
5486:
5433:
5358:
5343:
5299:
5274:
5218:
5185:
5096:
5010:
4871:
4748:
4732:
4727:
4669:
4515:
4508:
4494:
4441:
4427:
4330:
4274:
4113:
4106:
4083:
4076:
3531:
3524:
3133:
2965:
2628:
2250:
2199:
Sign
Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.
2148:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2040:
1989:
1974:
1959:
1919:
1899:
1869:
1829:
1703:
1648:
1582:
1545:
Territory), with each having its own history of language research and educational policy.
1421:
1364:
1285:
1096:
1004:
806:
746:
724:
489:
409:
230:
177:
162:
94:
61:
2133:
2073:
2004:
1685:
1663:
1633:
2255:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6204:
6039:
5353:
5180:
5142:
4969:
4323:
4279:
4140:
4027:
3816:
3610:
3193:
3168:
3098:
2986:
2951:
2944:
2915:
2814:
2607:
2551:
2315:
1057:
1027:
729:
245:
110:
17:
1935:
394:
6587:
5589:
5546:
5109:
4758:
4469:
4236:
4041:
3617:
3126:
3119:
3084:
3077:
3056:
3035:
2979:
2958:
2937:
2930:
2649:
2446:
2301:
1610:
939:
922:
880:
853:
831:
1730:. South Hedland, Western Australia: WANGKA MAYA Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre.
798:
There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.
3294:
3161:
3154:
3112:
3014:
2972:
2635:
2502:
870:
837:
771:
507:
tends to be used when considering the various varieties to be distinct languages,
4302:
3280:
3091:
3049:
3021:
3000:
2901:
2614:
2439:
1597:
1483:
1178:
1166:
606:
432:
422:
3667:
4434:
2784:
2656:
2642:
2579:
2565:
2481:
2411:
2397:
2329:
1529:
1223:
1171:
1801:
4390:
3273:
3253:
2698:
2537:
2460:
2369:
2361:
1525:
1044:
990:
986:
628:
440:
387:
294:
46:
2243:
Handbook of
Western Australian Aboriginal Languages South of the Kimberley
670:
Following are some of the named varieties of the
Western Desert Language.
374:
364:
354:
344:
337:
327:
317:
310:
303:
4625:
3902:
3028:
2843:
2712:
2544:
2523:
2516:
2488:
2453:
2432:
1522:
982:
471:
459:
3246:
2777:
2748:
2509:
2495:
2474:
2425:
2383:
2343:
1307:
1009:
811:
777:
755:
741:
Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja';
616:
467:
1809:
4568:
4376:
4270:
2802:
2586:
2530:
2390:
2376:
2350:
2153:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2138:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2123:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2108:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2093:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2078:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2063:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2045:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2027:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2009:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1994:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1979:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1964:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1924:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1904:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1889:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1874:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1854:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1834:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1708:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1690:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1668:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1653:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1638:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1587:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
904:
1559:
Most of the peoples of central Australia have (or at one point had)
1793:
1751:
4413:
3674:
2720:
2691:
2593:
1726:
Burgman, Albert; Marsh, James; Hansen, Ken; Booth, Joshua (2005).
793:
2136:
Yankunytjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1777:
996:
These three dialects & people have been hardly distinguished.
2165:
A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia).
2076:
Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1902:
Mantjintjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1585:
Western Desert at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
6320:
6225:
6022:
5866:
5681:
5379:
5046:
4667:
4629:
3906:
2259:
1992:
Ngaatjatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1977:
Ngaanyatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1887:
Manyjilyjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
562:
The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities:
1922:
Martu Wangka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2121:
Wangkajunga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1636:
Antakarinya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1014:
Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.
818:
Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.
1651:
Kartujarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1145:
In the following tables of the WDL sound system, symbols in
875:
Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around
2151:
Yulparija at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2091:
Putijarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2061:
Wangkatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2043:
Wangkatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1137:
where there was formerly a long-running bilingual program.
3729:
Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
2025:
Pindiini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1049:
One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong
470:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1872:
Pintupi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1852:
Luritja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1832:
Kuwarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1728:
Martu Wangka Dictionary and Topical Finderlist 2005 Draft
1706:
Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1688:
Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1666:
Kokatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2186:
Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia.
2169:
Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia.
2106:
Tjupan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2007:
Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1962:
Nakako at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
511:
when considering them dialects of a single language, or
2188:
New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 393–396.
2171:
New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 435–440.
1611:"Pitjantjatjara language, alphabet and pronunciation"
999:
A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja
2218:
The Western Desert Code: an Australian cryptogrammar
6545:
6512:
6477:
6411:
6375:
6342:
6333:
6287:
6239:
6170:
6094:
6066:
6038:
5982:
5959:
5923:
5905:
5882:
5826:
5758:
5735:
5697:
5636:
5613:
5555:
5517:
5485:
5432:
5418:
5395:
5336:
5308:
5255:
5227:
5204:
5171:
5128:
5095:
5062:
4993:
4962:
4921:
4900:
4852:
4826:
4805:
4757:
4741:
4680:
4560:
4486:
4368:
4269:
4125:
3989:
3940:
3768:
3746:
3688:
3659:
3627:
3484:
3329:
3304:
3231:
3178:
2893:
2794:
2673:
2666:
2293:
428:
416:
402:
385:
292:
287:
263:
146:
128:
91:
81:
71:
52:
42:
32:
3450:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
27:Dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages
909:Little is known of the people and their language
816:The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.
2054:
2052:
2018:
2016:
1845:
1843:
1841:
445:Wati languages (green) among Pama–Nyungan (tan)
3755:List of native title claims in South Australia
2036:
2034:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1598:Endangered Languages Project data for Pintiini
760:A68 is in the north of Western Australia near
4641:
3918:
3457:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
2271:
1699:
1697:
8:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1528:distinction but display voiced and unvoiced
6339:
6330:
6317:
6236:
6222:
6035:
6019:
5879:
5863:
5694:
5678:
5429:
5392:
5376:
5059:
5043:
4677:
4664:
4648:
4634:
4626:
3998:
3925:
3911:
3903:
3692:
3488:
3359:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
3238:
2670:
2278:
2264:
2256:
672:
439:
29:
1578:
1576:
1257:
1160:
879:or many different dialect groups in the
770:A68 is one of the dialects that make up
3443:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
1572:
464:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3737:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
2201:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3187:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
2287:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
1756:Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre
145:
7:
3415:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
3394:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
1555:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
3798:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
3380:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
3366:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
25:
2220:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics,
1508:
1498:
1488:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1430:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1237:
1228:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1183:
836:One of the dialects that make up
519:plus the Western Desert cluster.
341: – Pintiini (Wangkatja)
3777:Aborigines' Friends' Association
3668:Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
572:Docker River, Northern Territory
523:Location and list of communities
4352:South Australian Pidgin English
3711:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
783:A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja
494:Australian Aboriginal languages
4592:Australian Irish Sign Language
3345:Elliot Price Conservation Park
1147:⟨angle brackets⟩
625:(also known as Mount Ebenezer)
607:Kiwirrkurra, Western Australia
1:
4296:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
3791:Avenue Range Station massacre
3408:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
629:Mutitjulu, Northern Territory
592:Pipalyatjara, South Australia
307: – Kokata (Kukarta)
3702:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
2241:'Western Desert' section of
2210:A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara
1564:Ngada and Manjiljarra were.
602:Warburton, Western Australia
274:Western Desert Sign Language
76:Western Desert cultural bloc
4338:Port Jackson Pidgin English
3436:Strzelecki Regional Reserve
3401:Mamungari Conservation Park
3387:Innamincka Regional Reserve
3373:Lake Gairdner National Park
3352:Gawler Ranges National Park
3330:Co-managed protected areas:
3305:Indigenous protected areas:
877:Jigalong, Western Australia
634:Jigalong, Western Australia
617:Aputula, Northern Territory
567:Kintore, Northern Territory
6615:
3810:History of South Australia
3675:Nunga (Aboriginal English)
3471:Yumbarra Conservation Park
3422:Nullarbor Regional Reserve
3222:List of Aboriginal schools
2184:9: 152–155. Reprinted in
1776:Liberman, Kenneth (1980).
1552:
643:
623:Imanpa, Northern Territory
577:Ernabella, South Australia
6329:
6316:
6235:
6221:
6034:
6018:
5878:
5862:
5693:
5677:
5391:
5375:
5058:
5042:
4676:
4663:
4601:
4369:Major immigrant languages
4345:Queensland Kanaka English
4187:? (5-6 families/isolates)
4001:
3836:
3695:
3491:
3241:
2923:Poltpalingada Booboorowie
1507:
1487:
1448:
1425:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1227:
450:
438:
278:Manjiljarra Sign Language
37:
4583:Indigenous Sign Language
3784:Australian frontier wars
3720:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
3429:Pureba Conservation Park
3201:Gerard Community Council
2163:Miller, Wick R. (1978).
612:Balgo, Western Australia
87:7,400 (2006 census)
6594:Western Desert language
4487:Major foreign languages
4151:? (3 families/isolates)
3581:Western Desert language
1092:Yankunytjatjara dialect
587:Fregon, South Australia
482:Western Desert language
256:Yankunytjatjara dialect
18:Western Desert Language
6187:old Wangkumara/Garlali
6156:new Wangkumara/Garlali
4657:Pama–Nyungan languages
4614:Indigenous Australians
4607:Aboriginal Australians
3934:Languages of Australia
3636:Lower Murray languages
3208:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
3106:Eileen Yaritja Stevens
1097:Yankunytjatjara people
1023:Pitjantjatjara dialect
768:in central Australia.
597:Kalka, South Australia
582:Amata, South Australia
452:This article contains
236:Pitjantjatjara dialect
5477:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
4576:Australian Aboriginal
3973:Australian Aboriginal
3842:By state or territory
3827:Waterloo Bay massacre
3464:Witjira National Park
3338:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
3008:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
2601:Western Desert people
2212:. Alice Springs: IAD.
1028:Pitjantjatjara people
935:Ngaatjatjarra dialect
918:Ngaanyatjarra dialect
849:Mantjintjarra dialect
843:A51.1: Manyjilyjarra
827:Manyjilyjarra dialect
619:(also known as Finke)
208:Ngaatjatjarra dialect
203:Ngaanyatjarra dialect
188:Mantjintjarra dialect
183:Manyjilyjarra dialect
6537:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
4359:Torres Strait Creole
3643:Thura-Yura languages
3553:Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
2216:Rose, David (2001),
1940:Mobile Language Team
1534:fricative consonants
1103:C4: Yankunytjatjara
940:Ngaatjatjarra people
923:Ngaanyatjarra people
866:Martu Wangka dialect
854:Mantjintjarra people
832:Manyjilyjarra people
776:C7 call themselves '
764:, and C7 is west of
676:The Language/Dialect
314: – Kukatja
193:Martu Wangka dialect
6323:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
1075:Wangkajunga dialect
1034:C6: Pitjantjatjara
946:A43: Ngaatjatjarra
860:A33: Mantjintjarra
691:Antakarinya dialect
498:Pama–Nyungan family
282:Ngada Sign Language
251:Wangkajunga dialect
153:Antakarinya dialect
5788:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
3959:Western Australian
3855:Northern Territory
3611:Yarli (Malyangapa)
3215:Maralinga Tjarutja
3071:Lowitja O'Donoghue
2405:Maralinga Tjarutja
2249:2009-08-27 at the
2208:Goddard, C. 1985.
2197:Kendon, A. (1988)
1477:⟨rl⟩
1457:⟨ly⟩
1436:⟨rr⟩
1415:⟨rn⟩
1395:⟨ny⟩
1385:⟨ng⟩
1358:⟨rt⟩
1338:⟨tj⟩
1243:⟨aa⟩
1217:⟨uu⟩
1198:⟨ii⟩
1080:Wangkajunga people
929:A38:Ngaanyatjarra
894:A86: Martu Wangka
708:Kartujarra dialect
696:Antakarinya people
685:AIATSIS Reference
158:Kartujarra dialect
66:Northern Territory
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6508:
6507:
6376:Mangarrayi-Marran
6335:Macro-Gunwinyguan
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5737:Kanyara–Mantharta
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5513:
5512:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5021:Mbariman-Gudhinma
4623:
4622:
4265:
4264:
4185:Macro-Gunwinyguan
4126:Language families
3900:
3899:
3890:Western Australia
3764:
3763:
3684:
3683:
3480:
3479:
3141:Natasha Wanganeen
3043:Natascha McNamara
2889:
2888:
2360:, (including the
1519:
1518:
1514:⟨r⟩
1504:⟨y⟩
1494:⟨w⟩
1467:⟨l⟩
1405:⟨n⟩
1375:⟨m⟩
1348:⟨t⟩
1328:⟨k⟩
1318:⟨p⟩
1248:
1247:
1234:⟨a⟩
1208:⟨u⟩
1189:⟨i⟩
1124:
1123:
1109:Yulparija dialect
1086:A87: Wangkajunga
1040:Putijarra dialect
713:Kartujarra people
646:Dialect continuum
640:Dialect continuum
478:
477:
460:rendering support
456:phonetic symbols.
241:Putijarra dialect
226:Wangkatja dialect
222:Wangkatha dialect
58:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
6606:
6340:
6331:
6318:
6237:
6223:
6036:
6020:
5880:
5864:
5695:
5679:
5504:Kuurn Kopan Noot
5500:Dhauwurd Wurrung
5430:
5393:
5377:
5328:Pallanganmiddang
5060:
5044:
4939:Aghu Tharrnggala
4678:
4665:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4627:
4616:
4609:
4594:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4258:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3999:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3966:South Australian
3961:
3954:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3829:
3822:
3812:
3805:
3802:Royal Commission
3793:
3786:
3779:
3757:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3693:
3677:
3670:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3628:Language groups:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3489:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3322:
3320:Mount Willoughby
3315:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3239:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3148:Ginger Wikilyiri
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2994:Stevie Goldsmith
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2230:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1856:
1847:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1615:www.omniglot.com
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1437:
1434:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1258:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1161:
1148:
1114:Yulparija people
1045:Putijarra people
719:A51: Kartujarra
702:C5: Antikirinya
673:
658:("language") or
557:Fitzroy Crossing
443:
412:
397:
377:
367:
357:
347:
340:
330:
320:
313:
306:
297:
269:
218:Pindiini dialect
97:
56:Desert areas of
30:
21:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6569:
6541:
6504:
6473:
6407:
6371:
6325:
6304:
6283:
6231:
6209:
6166:
6143:Wangka-Yutjurru
6090:
6062:
6030:
6006:
5978:
5955:
5919:
5901:
5874:
5850:
5822:
5754:
5731:
5689:
5665:
5632:
5609:
5551:
5509:
5481:
5447:Dja Dja Wurrung
5428:
5414:
5387:
5363:
5332:
5304:
5251:
5223:
5200:
5167:
5124:
5091:
5054:
5030:
5006:Flinders Island
4989:
4958:
4917:
4896:
4848:
4844:Guugu Yimidhirr
4822:
4801:
4753:
4737:
4703:Arritinngithigh
4688:Adithinngithigh
4672:
4670:Paman languages
4659:
4654:
4624:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:mixed languages
4278:
4261:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4121:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3993:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3936:
3931:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3869:South Australia
3867:
3860:
3853:
3848:New South Wales
3846:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3815:
3808:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3760:
3753:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3589:Yankunytjatjara
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3252:
3245:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3134:Gavin Wanganeen
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2966:Kevin Buzzacott
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2629:Yankunytjatjara
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2289:
2284:
2251:Wayback Machine
2237:
2228:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2021:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1859:
1848:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1435:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1256:
1242:
1233:
1216:
1207:
1197:
1188:
1159:
1153:are shown in .
1146:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1120:A67: Yulparija
1052:A54: Putijarra
1005:Pintupi dialect
817:
807:Luritja dialect
789:Kuwarra dialect
775:
769:
725:Kokatha dialect
668:
648:
642:
525:
490:dialect cluster
458:Without proper
446:
408:
393:
380:Yankunytjatjara
373:
372:
363:
362:
353:
352:
350:Pintupi-Luritja
343:
342:
336:
335:
326:
325:
316:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
293:
280:
276:
270:
265:
231:Pintupi dialect
178:Luritja dialect
173:Kuwarra dialect
163:Kokatha dialect
142:
131:
124:
98:
95:Language family
93:
84:
83:Native speakers
62:South Australia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6612:
6610:
6602:
6601:
6599:Wati languages
6596:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6337:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6295:Lower Burdekin
6291:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6233:
6232:
6226:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6086:Lower Arrernte
6083:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6058:Western Desert
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6032:
6031:
6023:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5876:
5875:
5867:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5691:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5354:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Kuuk Thaayorre
4879:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4572:
4564:
4562:
4561:Sign languages
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4380:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4324:Light Warlpiri
4320:
4313:
4310:Gurindji Kriol
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4193:Marrku–Wurrugu
4189:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:Djambarrpuyngu
4110:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:Pitjantjatjara
4087:
4080:
4070:Western Desert
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4028:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3806:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3650:Sign languages
3646:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:Pitjantjatjara
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3194:Aṉangu schools
3190:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3169:Tjayanka Woods
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3099:Tauto Sansbury
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2987:Gladys Elphick
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2952:Shaun Burgoyne
2948:
2945:Peter Burgoyne
2941:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2916:Maringka Baker
2912:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2894:Notable people
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2874:(Point McLeay)
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2552:Pitjantjatjara
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2173:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2111:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2048:
2030:
2012:
1997:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1927:
1907:
1892:
1877:
1857:
1837:
1822:
1794:10.2307/481223
1788:(2): 119–133.
1768:
1743:
1736:
1711:
1693:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1626:
1602:
1590:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1553:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:Tjupan dialect
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:Pintupi people
1007:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
980:
965:
964:
961:
959:
954:
952:Ngalia dialect
948:
947:
944:
942:
937:
931:
930:
927:
925:
920:
914:
913:
910:
907:
902:
900:Nakako dialect
896:
895:
892:
873:
868:
862:
861:
858:
856:
851:
845:
844:
841:
834:
829:
823:
822:
821:A7.1: Luritja
819:
814:
812:Luritja people
809:
803:
802:
799:
796:
794:Kuwarra people
791:
785:
784:
781:
758:
749:
738:
737:
734:
732:
730:Kokatha people
727:
721:
720:
717:
715:
710:
704:
703:
700:
698:
693:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
667:
664:
652:Pitjantjatjara
641:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
620:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
529:Western Desert
524:
521:
509:Western Desert
476:
475:
462:, you may see
448:
447:
444:
436:
435:
430:
426:
425:
420:
414:
413:
406:
400:
399:
391:
383:
382:
360:Pitjantjatjara
298:
290:
289:
288:Language codes
285:
284:
271:
264:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
246:Tjupan dialect
243:
238:
233:
228:
215:
213:Ngalia dialect
210:
205:
200:
198:Nakako dialect
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
134:
132:
130:Standard forms
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
116:Western Desert
107:Desert Nyungic
101:
99:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
33:Western Desert
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6611:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6220:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:Adnyamathanha
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Yabula-Yabula
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5206:Gumbaynggiric
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:Gureng Gureng
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Gugu Yalandyi
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:(4 families?)
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4149:Darwin Region
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:Murrinh Patha
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3980:Torres Strait
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:Adnyamathanha
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:Organisations
3177:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:James Unaipon
3124:
3121:
3120:David Unaipon
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:Frances Rings
3082:
3079:
3078:Alitya Rigney
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:Lewis O'Brien
3061:
3058:
3057:Betty Muffler
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:Tjungkara Ken
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:Nyakul Dawson
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:Hector Burton
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:Iris Burgoyne
2935:
2932:
2931:Jack Buckskin
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:Killalpaninna
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:Yawarrawarrka
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:Ngaanyatjarra
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:Adnyamathanha
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:Reprinted in
2166:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1549:Sign language
1548:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1063:Tjupan people
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:C10: Pintupi
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:
978:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
958:
957:Ngalia people
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
906:
905:Nakako people
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:A16: Kuwarra
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
774:at Jigalong.
773:
767:
763:
759:
757:
753:
752:Kukatja (A68)
750:
748:
744:
743:Kukatja (A68)
740:
739:
735:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
671:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
647:
639:
635:
632:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Alice Springs
538:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
449:
442:
437:
434:
431:
427:
424:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
389:
384:
381:
378: –
376:
371:
368: –
366:
361:
358: –
356:
351:
348: –
346:
339:
334:
333:Ngaanyatjarra
331: –
329:
324:
321: –
319:
312:
305:
299:
296:
291:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
262:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Kukatja (A68)
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
139:
136:
135:
133:
127:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
100:
96:
90:
86:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6469:Anindilyakwa
6229:Pama–Nyungan
6183:Bulloo River
6162:Yandruwandha
6149:Wilson River
6057:
6028:Pama–Nyungan
5940:Yindjilandji
5884:Ngumpin–Yapa
5872:Pama–Nyungan
5813:Yindjibarndi
5778:Martuthunira
5687:Pama–Nyungan
5519:Lower Murray
5385:Pama–Nyungan
5052:Pama–Nyungan
4834:Barrow Point
4215:Pama–Nyungan
4143:(5 families)
4069:
4007:Anindilyakwa
3817:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3604:Yandruwandha
3580:
3574:Wangkangurru
3560:Ngarrindjeri
3295:Wati-kutjara
3265:
3261:
3257:
3162:Chad Wingard
3155:Norah Wilson
3113:Moogy Sumner
3015:Ruby Hammond
2973:Vince Copley
2925:(Tom Walker)
2865:Point Pearce
2756:Pipalyatjara
2636:Yardliyawara
2622:Yandruwandha
2503:Ngarrindjeri
2242:
2227:085883-437-5
2217:
2209:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2144:
2129:
2114:
2099:
2084:
2069:
2000:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1895:
1880:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1785:
1782:Ethnohistory
1781:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1727:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1593:
1561:signed forms
1558:
1543:
1520:
1249:
1144:
1135:
1069:A31: Tjupan
912:A32: Nakako
885:Little Sandy
871:Martu people
840:at Jigalong.
838:Martu Wangka
772:Martu Wangka
766:Haasts Bluff
762:Lake Gregory
756:Kukatja (C7)
747:Kukatja (C7)
736:C3: Kokatha
669:
659:
655:
649:
561:
545:Port Augusta
526:
512:
508:
504:
502:
485:
481:
479:
451:
386:
323:Martu Wangka
267:Signed forms
138:Martu Wangka
115:
103:Pama–Nyungan
6490:Kungarakany
6412:Gunwinyguan
6398:Warndarrang
6198:Barranbinja
6134:Pitta Pitta
5997:Mayi-Kutuna
5961:Kalkatungic
5846:Nyangumarta
5818:Yinhawangka
5628:Ngadjunmaya
5542:Yitha-Yitha
5472:Wemba Wemba
5457:Madhi-Madhi
5452:Ledji-Ledji
5323:Gunaikurnai
5214:Kumbainggar
4975:Mbara-Yanga
4944:Ikarranggal
4792:Wik-Ngathan
4787:Wik-Mungkan
4772:Kugu-Muminh
4303:Cocos Malay
4289:Angloromani
4100:Yolŋu Matha
3583:(dialects:
3504:Antakirinja
3281:Muldjewangk
3254:'Dreamtime'
3235:and culture
3092:Nura Rupert
3050:Patty Mills
3022:Ruby Hunter
3001:Adam Goodes
2909:Jimmy Baker
2902:Ian Abdulla
2824:(Umeewarra)
2765:(Ernabella)
2667:Communities
2615:Wongkanguru
2573:Tanganekald
2358:Jarildekald
2309:Antakirinja
1540:Orthography
1484:Approximant
963:C2: Ngalia
889:Great Sandy
660:wangka yuti
553:Halls Creek
549:Meekatharra
466:instead of
398: Wati
6588:Categories
6464:Nunggubuyu
6454:Rembarrnga
6444:Kunbarlang
6388:Mangarrayi
6344:Maningrida
6153:Bundhamara
6139:Wanggamala
6123:Yarluyandi
5992:Mayi-Kulan
5969:Kalkatungu
5946:Warluwarra
5925:Warluwaric
5803:Nyiyaparli
5557:Thura-Yura
5495:Bungandidj
5467:Wathaurong
5349:Bandjalang
5270:Darkinjung
5257:Yuin–Kuric
5237:Gamilaraay
5229:Wiradhuric
5130:Waka–Kabic
5026:Umbindhamu
4892:Yir-Yoront
4876:Ogh-Undjan
4818:Morrobolam
4698:Anguthimri
4693:Andjingith
4530:Indonesian
4477:Vietnamese
4208:Nyulnyulan
4049:Walmajarri
3992:Indigenous
3952:Australian
3862:Queensland
2858:Oak Valley
2785:Yunyarinyi
2657:Yirawirung
2643:Yarluyandi
2580:Thangkaali
2566:Ramindjeri
2482:Ngangaruku
2412:Mardidjali
2398:Malyangapa
2337:Bungandidj
2330:Bodaruwitj
1737:1875946152
1620:2017-06-23
1568:References
1530:allophones
1264:Peripheral
1254:Consonants
679:The People
644:See also:
533:Kalgoorlie
300:Variously:
6560:Gunindiri
6522:Kayardild
6449:Ngalakgan
6434:Kunwinjku
6362:Gurr-goni
6357:Ndjébbana
6274:Ritharrŋu
6178:Baagandji
5974:Yalarnnga
5915:Warumungu
5907:Warumungu
5836:Karajarri
5750:Mantharta
5727:Yinggarda
5656:Natingero
5651:Kalaamaya
5570:Barngarla
5532:Ngayawung
5462:Wadi-Wadi
5426:Kolakngat
5397:Yotayotic
5318:Dhudhuroa
5310:Gippsland
5290:Ngunnawal
5280:Dhanggati
5247:Wiradjuri
5242:Ngiyambaa
5173:Durubalic
5148:Gabi-Gabi
5138:Barunggam
5082:Warrgamay
5064:Dyirbalic
4985:Walangama
4867:Kok Thawa
4862:Koko-Bera
4854:Southwest
4806:Lamalamic
4797:Wik-Ompom
4782:Wik-Me'nh
4742:Northeast
4723:Ndrangith
4391:Cantonese
4251:Yangmanic
4244:Worrorran
4229:Tasmanian
4063:Warumungu
3994:languages
3944:varieties
3567:Paakantyi
3518:Barngarla
3485:Languages
3274:Tjilbruke
3266:tjukurrpa
3262:mura-mura
2851:Nepabunna
2822:Davenport
2815:Colebrook
2807:Poonindie
2699:Indulkana
2675:APY Lands
2559:Portaulun
2538:Peramangk
2461:Ngayawang
2419:Meintangk
2370:Karangura
2362:Mulbarapa
2323:Barngarla
1802:0014-1801
1752:"Kuwarra"
1301:Retroflex
1141:Phonology
991:Wangkatja
987:Wangkatha
977:Wangkatja
973:Wangkatha
503:The name
388:Glottolog
295:ISO 639-3
72:Ethnicity
47:Australia
6495:Wardaman
6485:Gaagudju
6424:Uwinymil
6193:Muruwari
6081:Kaytetye
6076:Arrernte
5869:Northern
5808:Panyjima
5760:Ngayarta
5707:Badimaya
5595:Ngadjuri
5585:Narungga
5442:Bunurong
5410:Yotayota
5382:Southern
5295:Tharawal
5265:Awabakal
5163:Wuliwuli
5158:Wakawaka
5120:Warrongo
5077:Nyawaygi
5016:Kok Narr
5001:Djabugay
4980:Mbabaram
4963:Southern
4887:Kuuk Yak
4827:Yalanjic
4813:Lamalama
4767:Ayabadhu
4708:Awngthim
4544:Japanese
4398:Mandarin
4178:Jarrakan
4171:Iwaidjan
4164:Giimbiyu
4056:Warlpiri
4014:Arrernte
3883:Victoria
3876:Tasmania
3820:massacre
3546:Ngadjuri
3539:Narungga
3288:Ngiṉṯaka
3233:Religion
3029:Ivaritji
2844:Koonibba
2742:Mintabie
2715:(Fregon)
2713:Kaltjiti
2545:Pilatapa
2524:Ngurunta
2517:Ngintait
2489:Ngaralda
2454:Ngadjuri
2433:Narungga
2247:Archived
1936:"Nakako"
1523:phonemic
1296:Alveolar
1281:Bilabial
1236:
1210:
1191:
1127:Language
983:Pindiini
969:Pindiini
891:deserts.
666:Dialects
537:Laverton
472:Help:IPA
433:Pintiini
395:wati1241
147:Dialects
64:and the
6547:Garrwan
6514:Tangkic
6500:Wagiman
6439:Dalabon
6367:Nakkara
6352:Burarra
6119:Ngamini
6114:Mithaka
6104:Arabana
6068:Arandic
6025:Central
5951:Yanyuwa
5937:Bularnu
5897:Ngumbin
5892:Ngarrga
5841:Mangala
5828:Marrngu
5793:Nhuwala
5773:Kurrama
5768:Jurruru
5745:Kanyara
5722:Wajarri
5712:Malgana
5684:Western
5661:Nyungar
5646:Galaagu
5638:Nyungic
5623:Mirning
5615:Mirniny
5605:Wirangu
5537:Yaralde
5527:Keramin
5420:Kulinic
5285:Ngarigo
5196:Turrbal
5191:Nunukul
5115:Kingkel
5105:Bidjara
5087:Wulguru
5072:Dyirbal
5049:Eastern
4970:Agwamin
4954:Thaypan
4949:Takalak
4934:Angkula
4929:Alungul
4922:Thaypan
4913:Kuthant
4908:Kurtjar
4777:Pakanha
4718:Mbiywom
4713:Luthigh
4551:Spanish
4537:Italian
4502:Chinese
4463:Tagalog
4456:Spanish
4449:Punjabi
4435:Maltese
4421:Italian
4384:Chinese
4275:creoles
4271:Pidgins
4255:Wagiman
4253:(incl.
4222:Tangkic
4157:Garrwan
4134:Bunuban
4084:Pintupi
4077:Luritja
4021:Burarra
3942:English
3769:History
3597:Wirangu
3511:Arabana
3313:Watarru
3268:, etc.)
3247:Arkaroo
2872:Raukkan
2778:Watarru
2763:Pukatja
2749:Nyapaṟi
2608:Wirangu
2510:Ngawadj
2496:Ngarkat
2475:Ngameni
2426:Mirning
2384:Kokatha
2344:Dhirari
2316:Arabana
2294:Peoples
2182:Oceania
1445:Lateral
1308:Plosive
1291:Palatal
1269:Laminal
979:dialect
778:Luritja
517:Warnman
496:in the
488:, is a
468:Unicode
423:Kukatja
404:AIATSIS
370:Tjupany
6565:Waanyi
6555:Garrwa
6532:Minkin
6527:Lardil
6459:Ngandi
6419:Jawoyn
6300:Bindal
6269:Djinaŋ
6264:Djinba
6254:Dhuwal
6227:Other
6205:Yardli
6109:Diyari
6096:Karnic
6053:Wanman
6048:Ngardi
6002:Ngawun
5933:Wagaya
5798:Nyamal
5783:Ngarla
5717:Nhanda
5600:Nukunu
5580:Kuyani
5575:Kaurna
5359:Yidiny
5344:Anewan
5275:Dharug
5219:Yaygir
5186:Janday
5143:Dappil
5011:Gugadj
4901:Norman
4872:Kunjen
4749:Umpila
4733:Uradhi
4728:Ngkoth
4569:Auslan
4516:German
4509:French
4495:Arabic
4442:Nepali
4428:Korean
4377:Arabic
4331:Norfuk
4201:Mirndi
4107:Dhuwal
3990:Major
3747:Cases:
3660:Words:
3532:Kaurna
2880:Yalata
2830:Gerard
2803:Akenta
2795:Other:
2735:Mimili
2728:Makiri
2587:Wailpi
2531:Nukunu
2468:Ngalia
2391:Kuyani
2377:Kaurna
2224:
1945:2 July
1815:2 July
1810:481223
1808:
1800:
1761:2 July
1734:
1274:Apical
1157:Vowels
1132:Status
993:people
881:Gibson
780:' now.
656:wangka
429:
53:Region
6478:Other
6429:Waray
6403:Yugul
6393:Marra
6383:Alawa
6288:Other
6279:Nhaŋu
6259:Djaŋu
6249:Dhaŋu
6241:Yolŋu
6171:Other
6129:Ngura
5699:Kartu
5487:Drual
5434:Kulin
5337:Other
5300:Wormi
5181:Guwar
5097:Maric
4994:Other
4681:North
4523:Greek
4414:Hindi
4407:Greek
4317:Kriol
3818:Maria
3525:Dieri
2771:Umuwa
2721:Kaṉpi
2706:Kalka
2692:Iltur
2685:Amaṯa
2594:Warki
2351:Dieri
1885:A51.1
1806:JSTOR
1526:voice
1422:Trill
1365:Nasal
1286:Velar
1179:Close
1167:Front
682:Notes
484:, or
6040:Wati
5984:Mayi
5590:Nauo
5547:Yuyu
5110:Biri
4470:Urdu
4237:Tiwi
4141:Daly
4042:Tiwi
3689:Laws
3618:Yuyu
3258:muda
2440:Nauo
2222:ISBN
2059:A103
2023:A102
1947:2024
1850:C7.1
1817:2024
1798:ISSN
1763:2024
1732:ISBN
1224:Open
1172:Back
887:and
754:and
745:and
555:and
513:Wati
505:Wati
486:Wati
480:The
111:Wati
38:Wati
4759:Wik
4277:and
2149:A67
2119:A87
2104:A31
2089:A54
2041:A12
1990:A43
1975:A38
1960:A32
1920:A86
1900:A33
1870:C10
1830:A16
1790:doi
1704:A68
1649:A51
1583:A80
1151:IPA
515:as
492:of
454:IPA
418:ELP
410:A80
375:kdd
365:tjp
355:pjt
345:piu
338:pti
328:ntj
318:mpj
311:kux
304:ktd
6590::
4273:,
4257:)?
3587:,
3264:,
3260:,
2134:C4
2074:C6
2051:^
2033:^
2015:^
2005:C2
1938:.
1910:^
1860:^
1840:^
1804:.
1796:.
1786:27
1784:.
1780:.
1754:.
1714:^
1696:^
1686:C7
1674:^
1664:C3
1634:C5
1613:.
1575:^
1536:.
1239:aː
1213:uː
1194:iː
883:,
559:.
551:,
547:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
500:.
60:,
4649:e
4642:t
4635:v
4195:?
3926:e
3919:t
3912:v
3804:)
3800:(
3591:)
3256:(
2809:)
2805:(
2677::
2364:)
2279:e
2272:t
2265:v
1949:.
1819:.
1792::
1765:.
1740:.
1623:.
1600:.
1510:ɻ
1500:j
1490:w
1473:ɭ
1463:l
1453:ʎ
1432:r
1411:ɳ
1401:n
1391:ɲ
1381:ŋ
1371:m
1354:ʈ
1344:t
1334:c
1324:k
1314:p
1230:a
1204:u
1185:i
989:/
985:/
975:/
971:/
474:.
224:/
220:/
20:)
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