42:
681:
669:
253:
117:
693:
72:
705:
94:
1388:
482:, usually on moist slopes up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) above sea level. It can grow from elevations between 500 and 2,400 m (1,600 and 7,900 ft) and is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to about −50 °C (−58 °F). It only grows on well-drained soils, unable to thrive on waterlogged ground.
571:
Foresters in the United States have also initiated "experimental treatments" of larch-dominated national forests in
Montana. However, if some "aggressively warming climate scenarios" actually unfold, foresters will need to let go of any expectations of helping this species maintain a presence south
567:
would considerably diminish its supply. To pre-empt opposition from biologists and other groups, the government avoided making public consultation on the program. Instead, they framed the policy as an introduction of a non-exotic species to a similar environment, and implemented the program through
555:. Indeed, as average temperatures rise, the optimal climate conditions for trees species are also moving North. Research had shown that western larch trees have no trouble growing in northern BC, an area whose climatic conditions are predicted to match the western larch's historical range by 2030.
342:
reaching 30 to 60 meters (98 to 197 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) diameter; the bark ranges from orangish to purplish brown. The crown is narrow conic; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with
558:
British
Columbia started seeding western larch trees in northern BC in the early 2010s. This was the first assisted migration program for a North American tree. The western larch was selected for because of its significant commercial importance and the fear that
433:
Individual specimens can live centuries, even up to a millennium. The largest known specimen is about 1,000 years old, 50 m (160 ft) tall and over 2 m (7 ft) in diameter with a 10 m (34 ft) crown, located at
1147:
1578:
534:
1630:
1792:
593:
1694:
1526:
1591:
1539:
381:
to 2 in) long, soft and very slender; they turn bright yellow in the fall, leaving the pale orange-brown shoots bare until the next spring.
547:
program of western larch to a new habitat in northern
British Columbia, about 1000 kilometers north of its current range. Assisted migration of
1715:
944:
1837:
1155:
1797:
506:; normally smaller fires would have depleted the fuel. In more recent years, many smaller fires have been allowed to take their course.
521:. This is frequently during times when other conifer cones that are a more preferred diet are in short supply. Woodpeckers utilize the
1842:
1817:
475:
455:
430:
when mature, four to six months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull gray-black.
1291:
1266:
1055:
680:
668:
1398:
611:
of the sap can be made into baking powder and medicine. An extract of the tree is sold as a health supplement. The water-soluble
1565:
101:
1283:
540:
1596:
973:
426:. The cones are green to reddish purple when immature, turning brown and the scales opening flat or reflexed to release the
49:
509:
Grouse browse the tree's leaves and buds. The seeds are an important substitute winter food for some birds, notably the
499:
630:
when young to remove side branches. Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing. The wood is highly prized as
1807:
779:
1728:
1827:
1812:
1635:
859:"The development of assisted migration policy in Canada: An analysis of the politics of composing future forests"
498:. In the late 20th century, after wildfires had been suppressed for almost a century, larches at Seeley Lake and
495:
1832:
692:
552:
1733:
580:
Indigenous peoples applied the resinous gum to injuries and chewed it to treat sore throat. Some also ate the
116:
1822:
343:
growth divided into long shoots (typically 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 in) long) and bearing several
1518:
1455:
1513:
1417:
1178:
518:
1121:
227:
1544:
1392:
704:
1096:
858:
626:
building; wood used for this must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were
1645:
1477:
564:
435:
1505:
592:
of
Montana in particular collected the sap. A medicinal tea was made from the bark or foliage. Some
1679:
61:
1622:
756:
252:
1764:
1240:
936:
834:
544:
312:
111:
1720:
1684:
1583:
1666:
1464:
1287:
1262:
1232:
1213:"Ecological impacts and management strategies for western larch in the face of climate-change"
1071:
1051:
950:
940:
878:
826:
807:"Ecological impacts and management strategies for western larch in the face of climate-change"
646:
635:
548:
288:
490:
Western larch grows more quickly than many associated trees, as it needs to because larch is
1671:
1358:
1224:
1193:
1047:
1041:
870:
818:
751:
463:
300:
292:
1609:
1653:
612:
491:
41:
1707:
1333:
1307:
1802:
1702:
639:
622:
is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for
589:
560:
471:
447:
243:
141:
494:. With its thick bark, nonflammable foliage and protective cones, the species is very
1786:
1604:
1244:
1212:
874:
838:
806:
742:
467:
451:
308:
284:
81:
76:
733:
1769:
1469:
1406:
597:
581:
385:
327:. It is the most productive of the three species of larch native to North America.
981:
930:
638:
where it is often called "tamarack," although it is a different species than the
1756:
1617:
1552:
1449:
1004:
510:
503:
1228:
954:
822:
601:
525:
of older specimens to make openings, which are used by various small animals.
154:
1440:
1236:
882:
830:
17:
1490:
1197:
522:
399:
336:
1746:
1658:
1387:
932:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
1741:
1434:
1402:
images at the Arnold
Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
642:. The wood burns with a sweet fragrance and a distinctive popping noise.
631:
608:
459:
194:
1531:
627:
585:
514:
479:
339:
324:
304:
184:
174:
164:
1557:
398:
to 2 in) long, with 40 to 80 seed scales; each scale bearing an
368:
316:
296:
1411:
1570:
1495:
623:
423:
320:
280:
204:
128:
1482:
1280:
Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia
Indians and Their Land
1023:
1019:
619:
427:
1415:
446:
Western larch grows almost exclusively in the drainage of the
344:
1407:
Catalog of Life - Conifer
Database - Larix occidentalis Nutt.
1005:"Western Larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.): An American Wood"
551:
had been proposed as an adaptation measure in response to
1179:"Initiating Climate Adaptation in a Western Larch Forest"
596:
tribes drank an infusion from the young shoots to treat
568:
the province's existing legal and regulatory framework.
1308:"Fence Post 101: Start with a Good Fencing Foundation"
1217:
Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
811:
Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
1211:
Rehfeldt, Gerald E.; Jaquish, Barry C. (March 2010).
805:
Rehfeldt, Gerald E.; Jaquish, Barry C. (March 2010).
1424:
1043:
Western
Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
1359:"Turpentine Oil | Applications and Specifications"
929:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
535:Assisted migration of forests in North America
371:are needle-like, light green, 2 to 5 cm (
757:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42315A2971858.en
8:
645:Western larch is used for the production of
347:, and short shoots only 1 to 2 millimeters (
1022:: Forestry Sciences Laboratory – via
615:is used in food, medicine, ink, and paint.
367: in) long with only a single bud. The
1412:
1148:"How British Columbia Is Moving its Trees"
502:were endangered by major fires enabled by
251:
92:
70:
40:
31:
755:
478:and others in southeast BC and northwest
724:
664:
1122:"White-winged Crossbill: Life History"
1003:Lowery, David P. (February 27, 1985).
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
1259:Food Plants of Interior First Peoples
1146:Buranyi, Stephen (January 20, 2016).
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
474:. It appears on ranges including the
388:are ovoid-cylindric, 2 to 5 cm (
7:
1646:aa4b4cab-1e2f-4eb0-aa2f-61417cbd2dd5
1035:
1033:
968:
966:
964:
852:
850:
848:
458:. It covers the regions from around
1793:IUCN Red List least concern species
980:. February 26, 2004. Archived from
743:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
283:native to the mountains of western
1177:Crotteau, Justin S (August 2019).
857:Klenk, Nicole L. (March 1, 2015).
25:
935:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1734:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262444-1
1386:
1154:. Vice Media Inc. Archived from
875:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.003
703:
691:
679:
667:
115:
1284:University of Washington Press
1097:"Common Redpoll: Life History"
541:Government of British Columbia
1:
50:William O. Douglas Wilderness
1261:(Victoria: UBC Press, 1997)
1838:Flora of Washington (state)
1072:"Pine Siskin: Life History"
1046:. New York: Knopf. p.
1859:
1798:NatureServe secure species
563:and parasites such as the
532:
1843:Trees of Northern America
1818:Flora of British Columbia
1229:10.1007/s11027-010-9217-2
1040:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
823:10.1007/s11027-010-9217-2
259:
250:
233:
226:
112:Scientific classification
110:
90:
68:
59:
48:
39:
34:
1314:. Woodstream Corporation
1278:Hunn, Eugene S. (1990).
572:of the Canadian border.
686:Leaves and mature cones
674:Western larch in autumn
450:, from the east of the
519:white-winged crossbill
1338:firewood-for-life.com
1198:10.1093/forsci/fxz024
786:. Arlington, Virginia
500:Glacier National Park
1395:at Wikimedia Commons
974:"Larix occidentalis"
778:NatureServe (2024).
750:: e.T42315A2971858.
565:mountain pine beetle
436:Seeley Lake, Montana
335:The tree is a large
219:L. occidentalis
978:Gymnosperm Database
732:Farjon, A. (2013).
454:to the west of the
62:Conservation status
1808:Deciduous conifers
1695:larix-occidentalis
1685:Larix occidentalis
1456:Larix occidentalis
1426:Larix occidentalis
1400:Larix occidentalis
1393:Larix occidentalis
1363:turpentine-oil.com
939:. pp. 70–76.
937:Mountaineers Books
782:Larix occidentalis
736:Larix occidentalis
698:Larix occidentalis
545:assisted migration
529:Assisted migration
456:Continental Divide
279:) is a species of
276:Larix occidentalis
262:Larix occidentalis
237:Larix occidentalis
27:Species of conifer
1780:
1779:
1667:Open Tree of Life
1418:Taxon identifiers
1391:Media related to
1312:zarebasystems.com
1257:Turner, Nancy J.
1158:on April 29, 2016
1126:allaboutbirds.org
1101:allaboutbirds.org
1076:allaboutbirds.org
984:on March 14, 2006
946:978-1-68051-329-5
647:Venice turpentine
636:Pacific Northwest
303:and southwestern
289:Pacific Northwest
267:
266:
260:Natural range of
105:
85:
54:Naches Valley, WA
16:(Redirected from
1850:
1828:Flora of Montana
1813:Flora of Alberta
1773:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1413:
1390:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1334:"Larch Firewood"
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1275:
1269:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1018:. Missoula, MT:
1009:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
970:
959:
958:
926:
887:
886:
854:
843:
842:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:
729:
707:
695:
683:
671:
549:Canadian forests
492:shade intolerant
464:British Columbia
421:
420:
416:
411:
410:
406:
402:4 to 8 mm (
397:
396:
392:
380:
379:
375:
366:
365:
361:
356:
355:
351:
301:British Columbia
299:in southeastern
293:Inland Northwest
255:
239:
120:
119:
99:
96:
95:
79:
74:
73:
55:
44:
32:
21:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1833:Flora of Oregon
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1654:Observation.org
1652:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1420:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:. p. 354.
1277:
1276:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1152:motherboard.com
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
972:
971:
962:
947:
928:
927:
890:
863:Land Use Policy
856:
855:
846:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
777:
776:
772:
762:
760:
731:
730:
726:
721:
716:
715:
714:
711:
708:
699:
696:
687:
684:
675:
672:
661:
660:
655:
613:arabinogalactan
578:
543:implemented an
537:
531:
488:
444:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:
394:
390:
389:
377:
373:
372:
363:
359:
358:
353:
349:
348:
333:
246:
241:
235:
222:
114:
106:
97:
93:
86:
75:
71:
64:
53:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Flora of Idaho
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:wfo-0000443274
1761:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1382:
1381:External links
1379:
1376:
1375:
1350:
1325:
1299:
1292:
1270:
1250:
1223:(3): 283–306.
1203:
1192:(4): 528–536.
1186:Forest Science
1169:
1138:
1113:
1088:
1063:
1056:
1029:
995:
960:
945:
888:
844:
817:(3): 283–306.
797:
770:
723:
722:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
702:
700:
697:
690:
688:
685:
678:
676:
673:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
656:
654:
651:
640:tamarack larch
594:Plateau Indian
590:Salish peoples
577:
574:
561:climate change
553:climate change
530:
527:
496:fire resistant
487:
484:
476:Blue Mountains
472:Central Oregon
448:Columbia River
443:
440:
332:
329:
323:, and western
265:
264:
257:
256:
248:
247:
242:
231:
230:
224:
223:
216:
214:
210:
209:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
108:
107:
91:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Western larch
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1293:0-295-97119-3
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:0-7748-0606-0
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:0-394-73127-1
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
996:
983:
979:
975:
969:
967:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
942:
938:
934:
933:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
851:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
798:
790:September 10,
785:
783:
774:
771:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
737:
728:
725:
718:
706:
701:
694:
689:
682:
677:
670:
665:
659:Western larch
652:
650:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
607:The sweetish
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:and sap; the
583:
575:
573:
569:
566:
562:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:In 2010, the
536:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
513:but also the
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Weiser, Idaho
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Cascade Range
449:
441:
439:
437:
431:
429:
425:
401:
387:
382:
370:
346:
341:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:United States
307:, and in the
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:North America
282:
278:
277:
272:
271:western larch
263:
258:
254:
249:
245:
240:
238:
232:
229:
228:Binomial name
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:Tracheophytes
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
118:
113:
109:
103:
89:
83:
78:
77:Least Concern
67:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Western Larch
1425:
1399:
1368:February 23,
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
1353:
1343:February 26,
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1318:February 26,
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1162:February 20,
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1151:
1141:
1131:February 24,
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1106:February 24,
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1081:February 24,
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1042:
1015:
1011:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:the original
977:
931:
866:
862:
814:
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
781:
773:
763:November 19,
761:. Retrieved
747:
741:
735:
727:
644:
617:
606:
598:tuberculosis
579:
570:
557:
538:
508:
489:
445:
442:Distribution
432:
383:
334:
275:
274:
270:
268:
261:
236:
234:
218:
217:
205:
155:Gymnospermae
148:
135:
29:
1708:kew-2493825
1618:NatureServe
1553:iNaturalist
1450:Wikispecies
988:February 3,
869:: 101–109.
710:Young cones
511:pine siskin
504:fuel ladder
331:Description
319:, northern
311:in eastern
102:NatureServe
1787:Categories
1703:Plant List
955:1141235469
719:References
602:laryngitis
533:See also:
422: in)
315:, eastern
313:Washington
161:Division:
1519:233500745
1245:154285038
1237:1381-2386
883:0264-8377
839:154285038
831:1381-2386
523:heart rot
384:The seed
337:deciduous
213:Species:
175:Pinopsida
165:Pinophyta
125:Kingdom:
1754:VASCAN:
1747:24900161
1742:Tropicos
1623:2.139937
1584:10199664
1571:262444-1
1435:Wikidata
632:firewood
609:galactan
460:Kamloops
400:exserted
195:Pinaceae
191:Family:
82:IUCN 3.1
1532:2686270
1483:1033612
1441:Q576585
653:Gallery
634:in the
586:Kutenai
582:cambium
515:redpoll
486:Ecology
480:Montana
417:⁄
407:⁄
393:⁄
376:⁄
362:⁄
352:⁄
340:conifer
325:Montana
305:Alberta
201:Genus:
185:Pinales
181:Order:
171:Class:
129:Plantae
100: (
98:Secure
80: (
1716:PLANTS
1672:994602
1659:234744
1643:NZOR:
1597:183417
1506:larocc
1503:FEIS:
1290:
1265:
1243:
1235:
1054:
1012:Fs-243
953:
943:
881:
837:
829:
628:pruned
517:, and
470:, and
369:leaves
317:Oregon
297:Canada
295:); in
1803:Larix
1692:PPE:
1610:42315
1579:IRMNG
1558:69849
1545:21504
1496:LAXOC
1470:6NYY5
1241:S2CID
1182:(PDF)
1008:(pdf)
835:S2CID
624:yacht
466:, to
428:seeds
424:bract
386:cones
321:Idaho
281:larch
244:Nutt.
206:Larix
149:Clade
136:Clade
1757:7168
1729:POWO
1721:LAOC
1680:PfaF
1636:3327
1631:NCBI
1605:IUCN
1592:ITIS
1566:IPNI
1540:GRIN
1527:GBIF
1491:EPPO
1370:2021
1345:2021
1320:2021
1288:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1233:ISSN
1164:2021
1133:2021
1108:2021
1083:2021
1052:ISBN
1024:USDA
1020:USFS
990:2022
951:OCLC
941:ISBN
879:ISSN
827:ISSN
792:2024
765:2021
748:2013
620:wood
618:The
600:and
588:and
576:Uses
345:buds
269:The
1765:WFO
1514:FNA
1478:EoL
1465:CoL
1225:doi
1194:doi
1048:363
1016:243
871:doi
819:doi
752:doi
412:to
357:to
1789::
1767::
1744::
1731::
1718::
1705::
1682::
1669::
1656::
1633::
1620::
1607::
1594::
1581::
1568::
1555::
1542::
1529::
1516::
1493::
1480::
1467::
1452::
1437::
1361:.
1336:.
1310:.
1282:.
1239:.
1231:.
1221:15
1219:.
1215:.
1190:65
1188:.
1184:.
1150:.
1124:.
1099:.
1074:.
1050:.
1032:^
1014:.
1010:.
976:.
963:^
949:.
891:^
877:.
867:44
865:.
861:.
847:^
833:.
825:.
815:15
813:.
809:.
746:.
740:.
649:.
604:.
462:,
438:.
419:16
409:16
364:32
354:32
291:,
151::
138::
1372:.
1347:.
1322:.
1296:.
1247:.
1227::
1200:.
1196::
1166:.
1135:.
1110:.
1085:.
1060:.
1026:.
992:.
957:.
885:.
873::
841:.
821::
794:.
784:"
780:"
767:.
754::
738:"
734:"
415:5
405:3
395:4
391:3
378:4
374:3
360:3
350:1
287:(
273:(
104:)
84:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
