292:) reaching a maximum height of 59 m (194 ft). The bark is brown, thin, and furrowed (outwardly appearing similar to that of Douglas-fir). The crown is a very neat broad conic shape in young trees with a strongly drooping lead shoot, becoming cylindrical in older trees, which may have no branches in the lowest 30–40 m (100–130 ft). At all ages, it is readily distinguished by the pendulous branchlet tips. The shoots are very pale buff-brown, almost white, with pale pubescence about 1 millimetre (
544:
42:
227:
502:–2 in) tall, and two-year-old seedlings 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tall. Once established, saplings in full light may have an average growth rate of 50–120 cm (20–47 in) (rarely 140 cm, 55 in) annually until they are 20–30 m (65–100 ft) tall, and in good conditions still 30–40 cm (12–16 in) annually when 40–50 m (130–165 ft) tall. The tallest specimen, 82.83 m (271 ft 9 in) tall, is in
86:
572:
556:
520:
61:
532:
871:
eggs during the spring spawn in southeast Alaska. The boughs provide an easily collectible surface for the eggs to attach to as well as providing a distinctive taste. This practice originates from traditional gathering methods used by Native
Alaskans from southeast Alaska, specifically the
1325:
707:). It is capable of associating with wood-decay fungi in addition to soil fungi; this enables its seedlings to survive on rotting stumps and logs. Older forests are damaged by rot-causing fungi,
614:. Valleys it can be found in usually receive at least 80 cm (31 in) of rain annually. It mostly grows at low altitudes, from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft). In western
662:, where they can persist for decades waiting to exploit a gap in the canopy. They eventually replace these conifers, which are relatively shade-intolerant, in climax forest. However,
441: in) long. The immature cones are green, maturing gray-brown 5–7 months after pollination. They are usually plentiful enough to cover the ground beneath the tree. The abundant
634:, it grows up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), particularly on north-facing slopes. In the interior part of its range in Idaho, it can be found up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).
2063:
353:
with only a narrow green midrib between the bands. They are arranged spirally on the shoots but are twisted at the base to lie in two ranks on either side of the shoot. The
284:
growing to 50–70 metres (165–230 feet) tall, exceptionally 83 m (273 ft), and with a trunk diameter of up to 2.7 m (9 ft). It is the largest species of
763:, it is exacting about soil conditions. It needs a high level of organic matter (well-rotted wood from an old log or stump is best; animal manures may have too much
1971:
1666:
1731:
2048:
844:
can be collected by scraping slabs of removed bark. The resulting shavings can be eaten immediately, or can be dried and pressed into bread, as was done by
543:
1795:
1932:
1614:
1000:
618:, it can be found up to elevations of 1,070 m (3,510 ft). The species can also be found in humid areas of mountains further inland, where
2083:
2073:
1984:
1945:
1679:
1627:
1207:
2053:
1816:
1754:
957:
213:
759:
in its native habitats and along the U.S. Pacific Coast, where its best reliability is seen in wetter regions. In relatively dry areas, as at
1222:
1139:
794:
When planted on the banks of a river, western hemlock can help reduce erosion. Outside of its natural range, the tree is of importance in
2068:
852:. The inner bark was eaten by some Native American tribes as an emergency food, and the bark was cooked to make medicinal extracts for
2093:
1578:
1435:
1042:
503:
1958:
1653:
1451:
1989:
1684:
1067:
2078:
1718:
801:
Until the early 1920s, the tree was largely ignored for use as lumber due to its presumed similarity to the poor-quality
1203:
678:(mountain hemlock), seeming to take on some of its characteristics although there is no hard evidence of hybridization.
606:
tree throughout the region, along with many of its large coniferous associates. The species is closely associated with
1842:
776:
991:
510:(United States). The species is long-lived, especially at higher elevations, with trees over 1,200 years old known.
349:
margin and a bluntly acute apex. They are mid to dark green above; the underside has two distinctive white bands of
1997:
1829:
760:
2088:
1736:
262:
1759:
1189:
1181:
821:
2002:
1834:
646:
tree; among associated species in the
Pacific Northwest, it is matched or exceeded in shade tolerance only by
674:
and shallow roots makes it susceptible to fire. At higher elevations, the species can be found mingling with
85:
703:
697:
217:
1606:
1520:
864:. The bark could also be boiled to make dark red dyes to make fishing nets and lines less visible to fish.
1601:
1531:
1482:
519:
357:
appear on trees over about 25 years old; they are small, pendulous, slenderly cylindrical, 14–30 mm (
780:
691:
196:
1632:
1950:
1746:
1552:
723:
607:
595:
1593:
1369:
1257:
576:
50:
41:
1710:
935:
670:
will create larger openings in the forest where these other species can then regenerate. Its thin
226:
1878:
1343:
1299:
1131:
829:
651:
623:
619:
615:
531:
80:
1821:
961:
1976:
1671:
1919:
1780:
1539:
1431:
1395:
1307:
1249:
1145:
1135:
1038:
740:
717:
591:
1785:
1427:
1421:
1291:
1241:
1199:
930:
849:
825:
627:
289:
1697:
813:
production; it is used for making doors, joinery, and furniture. Its fiber is used to make
571:
1767:
1071:
857:
802:
752:
708:
555:
258:
824:
in some parts of Great
Britain and New Zealand—not so extensively as to be considered an
1808:
2058:
1803:
873:
845:
682:
643:
631:
599:
110:
2042:
1692:
1329:
921:
772:
671:
611:
70:
65:
912:
879:
Tender new-growth needles can be chewed directly or made into a bitter tea, rich in
786:
It can also be found in large gardens in northwest Europe and southern New
Zealand.
1883:
1544:
853:
841:
686:
655:
354:
1924:
1459:
488:
Initial growth is slow; one-year-old seedlings are commonly only 3–5 centimetres (
2025:
1910:
1847:
1275:
1245:
1125:
1062:
1870:
1723:
1705:
1640:
1514:
659:
647:
1505:
1163:
17:
1149:
892:
861:
507:
257:
native to the west coast of North
America, with its northwestern limit on the
123:
1583:
1565:
880:
654:. Young plants typically grow up under the canopy of other conifers such as
580:
278:
2015:
1860:
1311:
1253:
1127:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
2010:
1904:
1855:
1499:
1326:"Fungi from decayed wood as ectomycorrhizal symbionts of western hemlock"
806:
795:
764:
667:
163:
1772:
610:, and most of its range is less than 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the
1937:
1619:
1303:
868:
465: in) long, with a slender, pale-brown wing measuring 7–9 mm (
346:
281:
153:
143:
133:
1645:
756:
736:
603:
421: in) broad. They have 15–25 thin, flexible scales 7–13 mm (
1476:
1295:
345: in) broad, strongly flattened in cross-section, with a finely
1963:
1658:
1570:
1004:
814:
810:
663:
570:
350:
285:
266:
254:
173:
97:
1557:
768:
712:
442:
1480:
805:. Since then, it has been greatly utilized for timber (as a
549:
Branch with mature seed cones that have released their seeds
1221:
Dunham, Susie M.; O'Dell, Thomas E.; Molina, Randy (2006).
401: in) broad when closed, opening to 18–25 mm (
972:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1375:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 103
1223:"Forest stand age and the occurrence of chanterelle (
771:), in a moist, acidic soil. It is also cultivated in
1188:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1894:
1489:
1423:
Western
Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
883:(similar to some other hemlock and pine species).
1035:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
261:, Alaska, and its southeastern limit in northern
1227:) species in Oregon's central Cascade Mountains"
867:Western hemlocks have been submerged to collect
1124:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
1210:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
936:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42435A2980087.en
8:
2064:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
622:is normally dominant. For example, in the
1477:
1396:"A basic guide to softwoods and hardwoods"
305:The leaves are needle-like, 5–23 mm (
225:
59:
40:
31:
1165:Tallest known Hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla
934:
1175:
1173:
1162:Tallest Hemlock, M. D. Vaden, Arborist:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1001:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
735:The bark has long served as a source of
1208:United States Department of Agriculture
903:
515:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
775:regions worldwide. It has gained the
269:species name means 'variable leaves'.
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
970:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
1747:59a5cf33-1113-413d-bdfb-a8e439686e7d
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
751:Western hemlock is cultivated as an
2049:IUCN Red List least concern species
922:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1276:"Habitat and host associations of
685:associations with some well-known
325: in) long and 1.5–2 mm (
25:
1130:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
504:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
2003:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261541-1
1835:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:260297-2
554:
542:
530:
518:
381: in) long and 7–8 mm (
84:
2084:Garden plants of North America
2074:Trees of mild maritime climate
1:
2054:Pacific temperate rainforests
1274:Trappe, MJ (May–June 2004).
1246:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.09.007
1204:United States Forest Service
590:is an integral component of
1456:Washington State Government
1426:. New York: Knopf. p.
777:Royal Horticultural Society
715:-consuming insects such as
626:in and around southeastern
575:The species often grows on
277:Western hemlock is a large
2110:
2069:Flora of the Cascade Range
1037:. Koeltz Scientific Books
761:Victoria, British Columbia
642:Western hemlock is a very
602:. It is also an important
2094:Trees of Northern America
1420:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
1394:Buckley, Michael (2005).
1370:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
288:, with the next largest (
263:Sonoma County, California
233:
224:
202:
195:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1196:Silvics of North America
567:Distribution and habitat
445:are brown, 2–3 mm (
1280:in northwestern Oregon"
1278:Craterellus tubaeformis
891:Western hemlock is the
704:Craterellus tubaeformis
1344:"RHS Plant Selector –
817:and various plastics.
689:such as chanterelles (
681:Western hemlock forms
584:
251:western hemlock-spruce
1180:Packee, E.C. (1990).
1061:Gymnosperm Database:
781:Award of Garden Merit
692:Cantharellus formosus
608:temperate rainforests
574:
2079:Least concern plants
1401:. worldhardwoods.com
1234:Mycological Research
1134:. pp. 110–117.
929:: e.T42435A2980087.
724:Lambdina fiscellaria
594:forests west of the
188:T. heterophylla
1462:on 15 November 2007
1033:Farjon, A. (1990).
911:Farjon, A. (2013).
676:T. mertensiana
577:coarse woody debris
51:Conservation status
1896:Abies heterophylla
1796:tsuga-heterophylla
1521:Tsuga heterophylla
1491:Tsuga heterophylla
1346:Tsuga heterophylla
1263:on 14 August 2011.
1184:Tsuga heterophylla
1132:Mountaineers Books
1070:2005-09-24 at the
1064:Tsuga heterophylla
964:Tsuga heterophylla
915:Tsuga heterophylla
698:C. subalbidus
652:Pacific silver fir
624:Columbia Mountains
620:western white pine
585:
253:, is a species of
242:Tsuga heterophylla
206:Tsuga heterophylla
27:Species of conifer
2036:
2035:
1781:Open Tree of Life
1483:Taxon identifiers
1332:on 13 March 2018.
1141:978-1-68051-329-5
836:Food and medicine
718:Acleris gloverana
592:Pacific Northwest
238:
237:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2101:
2089:Ornamental trees
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1724:NBNSYS0000004672
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1448:
1442:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:. Archived from
1322:
1316:
1315:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1256:. Archived from
1231:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:Washington, D.C.
1177:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1121:
1074:
1059:
1046:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1003:. Archived from
998:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
938:
908:
850:Southeast Alaska
826:invasive species
628:British Columbia
598:, where it is a
558:
546:
534:
522:
501:
500:
496:
493:
485: in) long.
484:
483:
479:
474:
473:
469:
464:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
440:
439:
435:
430:
429:
425:
420:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:
400:
399:
395:
390:
389:
385:
380:
379:
375:
372:
366:
365:
361:
344:
343:
339:
334:
333:
329:
324:
323:
319:
314:
313:
309:
302: in) long.
301:
300:
296:
290:mountain hemlock
229:
208:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
35:Western hemlock
32:
21:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1768:Observation.org
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1452:"State Symbols"
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1296:10.2307/3762170
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1240:(12): 1433–40.
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1198:. Vol. 1.
1179:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1123:
1122:
1077:
1072:Wayback Machine
1060:
1049:
1032:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1010:on 26 June 2015
1007:
996:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
956:
955:
951:
941:
939:
910:
909:
905:
901:
895:of Washington.
889:
858:rheumatic fever
838:
803:eastern hemlock
792:
753:ornamental tree
749:
741:tanning leather
733:
709:dwarf mistletoe
683:ectomycorrhizal
640:
588:T. heterophylla
583:and cut stumps.
569:
564:
563:
562:
559:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
498:
494:
491:
489:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
456:
451:
447:
446:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
370:
368:
363:
359:
358:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
298:
294:
293:
275:
259:Kenai Peninsula
247:western hemlock
220:
210:
204:
191:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
18:Western hemlock
15:
12:
11:
5:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:wfo-0000456392
1875:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1526:
1511:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1443:
1436:
1412:
1386:
1361:
1335:
1317:
1290:(3): 498–509.
1266:
1213:
1169:
1155:
1140:
1075:
1047:
1021:
993:BSBI List 2007
983:
949:
902:
900:
897:
888:
885:
874:Tlingit people
837:
834:
830:introduced one
791:
788:
748:
745:
732:
729:
644:shade-tolerant
639:
636:
632:northern Idaho
600:climax species
568:
565:
561:
560:
553:
551:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
525:Young specimen
524:
517:
514:
513:
512:
274:
271:
236:
235:
234:Natural range
231:
230:
222:
221:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2106:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1437:0-394-73127-1
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:3-87429-298-3
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1006:
1002:
995:
994:
987:
984:
971:
967:
965:
959:
953:
950:
937:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
916:
907:
904:
898:
896:
894:
886:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
789:
787:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
730:
728:
726:
725:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Pacific Ocean
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
582:
578:
573:
566:
557:
552:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
511:
509:
505:
486:
444:
356:
352:
348:
303:
291:
287:
283:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1895:
1490:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1446:
1422:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1345:
1338:
1330:the original
1320:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1258:the original
1237:
1233:
1225:Cantharellus
1224:
1216:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1126:
1063:
1034:
1012:. Retrieved
1005:the original
992:
986:
974:. Retrieved
969:
963:
952:
940:. Retrieved
926:
920:
914:
906:
890:
878:
866:
854:tuberculosis
839:
828:, but as an
819:
800:
793:
785:
750:
734:
722:
716:
702:
696:
690:
687:edible fungi
680:
675:
656:Sitka spruce
641:
596:Coast Ranges
587:
586:
487:
304:
276:
250:
246:
241:
240:
239:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
124:Gymnospermae
117:
104:
29:
1809:kew-2516641
1706:NatureServe
1641:iNaturalist
1515:Wikispecies
1466:20 February
1379:27 December
976:12 December
942:19 November
846:the natives
840:The edible
822:naturalised
747:Cultivation
660:Douglas-fir
648:Pacific yew
273:Description
2043:Categories
1804:Plant List
1529:Calflora:
1150:1141235469
1014:17 October
958:USDA, NRCS
899:References
893:state tree
862:hemorrhage
616:Washington
581:nurse logs
508:California
130:Division:
1911:Q17359455
1607:233501322
1405:1 October
1284:Mycologia
881:vitamin C
773:temperate
668:wildfires
279:evergreen
182:Species:
144:Pinopsida
134:Pinophyta
94:Kingdom:
2023:VASCAN:
2016:24900456
2011:Tropicos
1977:11059336
1964:261541-1
1905:Wikidata
1868:VASCAN:
1861:24900238
1856:Tropicos
1711:2.140839
1672:10921579
1659:264010-1
1506:Q1144409
1500:Wikidata
1312:21148873
1254:17123812
1206:(USFS),
1191:Conifers
1068:Archived
960:(n.d.).
807:softwood
796:forestry
790:Forestry
765:nitrogen
579:such as
347:serrated
164:Pinaceae
160:Family:
71:IUCN 3.1
1938:2685350
1786:1095217
1620:2687210
1558:1033656
1354:5 March
1304:3762170
887:Culture
869:herring
842:cambium
820:It has
757:gardens
638:Ecology
497:⁄
480:⁄
470:⁄
460:⁄
450:⁄
436:⁄
426:⁄
416:⁄
406:⁄
396:⁄
386:⁄
376:⁄
362:⁄
351:stomata
340:⁄
330:⁄
320:⁄
310:⁄
297:⁄
286:hemlock
282:conifer
255:hemlock
170:Genus:
154:Pinales
150:Order:
140:Class:
98:Plantae
69: (
1990:183401
1817:PLANTS
1744:NZOR:
1685:183400
1594:tsuhet
1591:FEIS:
1584:150568
1434:
1310:
1302:
1252:
1148:
1138:
1041:
860:, and
809:) and
737:tannin
711:, and
701:, and
664:storms
604:timber
265:. The
245:, the
2059:Tsuga
2026:22102
1972:IRMNG
1848:18473
1793:PPE:
1755:NZPCN
1698:42435
1667:IRMNG
1646:48254
1633:40705
1579:EUNIS
1571:TSUHE
1545:59HMG
1399:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1350:. RHS
1300:JSTOR
1261:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1008:(xls)
997:(xls)
815:rayon
811:paper
443:seeds
355:cones
267:Latin
218:Sarg.
175:Tsuga
118:Clade
105:Clade
1998:POWO
1985:ITIS
1959:IPNI
1946:GRIN
1933:GBIF
1925:8KD9
1871:7203
1830:POWO
1822:TSHE
1773:7588
1760:4877
1737:3359
1732:NCBI
1693:IUCN
1680:ITIS
1654:IPNI
1628:GRIN
1615:GBIF
1566:EPPO
1532:8170
1468:2022
1432:ISBN
1407:2017
1381:2018
1356:2021
1308:PMID
1250:PMID
1146:OCLC
1136:ISBN
1039:ISBN
1016:2014
978:2015
944:2021
927:2013
769:salt
767:and
739:for
731:Uses
721:and
713:leaf
672:bark
666:and
650:and
630:and
537:Bark
214:Raf.
1951:667
1920:CoL
1879:WFO
1843:RHS
1719:NBN
1602:FNA
1553:EoL
1540:CoL
1428:416
1292:doi
1242:doi
1238:110
931:doi
848:of
779:'s
755:in
658:or
249:or
2045::
2013::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
1935::
1922::
1907::
1881::
1858::
1845::
1832::
1819::
1806::
1783::
1770::
1757::
1734::
1721::
1708::
1695::
1682::
1669::
1656::
1643::
1630::
1617::
1604::
1581::
1568::
1555::
1542::
1517::
1502::
1454:.
1430:.
1306:.
1298:.
1288:96
1286:.
1282:.
1248:.
1236:.
1232:.
1202::
1194:.
1172:^
1144:.
1078:^
1050:^
1024:^
999:.
968:.
925:.
919:.
876:.
856:,
832:.
798:.
783:.
743:.
727:.
695:,
506:,
482:32
478:11
472:32
452:32
428:32
418:32
414:31
408:32
404:23
398:16
388:32
378:16
364:16
342:32
332:16
322:32
318:29
312:16
299:32
216:)
120::
107::
1470:.
1440:.
1409:.
1383:.
1358:.
1348:"
1314:.
1294::
1244::
1186:"
1182:"
1152:.
1045:.
1018:.
980:.
966:"
962:"
946:.
933::
917:"
913:"
499:8
495:1
492:+
490:1
475:–
468:9
462:8
458:1
455:–
448:3
438:2
434:1
431:–
424:9
411:–
394:5
391:–
384:9
374:3
371:+
369:1
367:–
360:9
338:3
335:–
328:1
315:–
308:3
295:1
212:(
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
