Swordsmanship - Knowledge (XXG)

818: 438: 1169:, which gives 32 positions to be taken with the sword and shield. Indian swordplay is highly athletic, taking advantage of the weapon's lightweight. Techniques make extensive use of circular movements, often circling the weapon around the swordsman's head. Systems exist which focus on drawing the sword out of the opponent's body. The attacking weapon is rarely used for blocking, relying either on a shield as a parrying tool or a second sword. Dual-wielding is thus a common and valued skill in the Indian subcontinent. Sparring is done through an exercise called 1089:'s hand-guard and sabre-like blade. When the Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards, the use of traditional swords and weapons was immediately banned. Because of this, the Filipinos were forced to use their own farm tools to fight in rebellions. And in the following insurgencies against other foreign colonists like America and Japan, they were again forced to use these improvised weapons. During the Japanese occupation, because of scarce ammunition to fight the Japanese, the Filipinos used 867: 366: 1117: 553: 689: 968: 1315: 4820: 3123: 4840: 3133: 538:, even from a mortally wounded opponent, in a duel with lethal weapons. The development of the first touch rule itself was, in turn, driven by the increasing tendency of duels to be fought to draw first blood, rather than the death, with the result that training for a first touch could result in victory in a duel as well as a sporting encounter, even without killing or disabling the opponent. 111: 895:. Curved blades became more common at the end of the 8th century, with the importation of the curved forging techniques of that time. The shape was more efficient when fighting from horseback. Japanese swordsmanship is primarily two-handed wherein the front hand pushes down and the back hand pulls up while delivering a basic vertical cut. The samurai often carried two swords, the longer 1037: 217: 4587: 4830: 754:. These swords are of various lengths, and were paired with shields. They had a leaf-shaped blade, and a handle which hollows away at the centre and thickens at each end. Middle Eastern swords became dominant throughout North Africa after the introduction of Islam, after which point swordsmanship in the region becomes that of 38: 204:). What little has been found, however, shows the use of the sword was limited during the Viking age, especially among the Vikings themselves and other northern Germanic tribes. Here, the spear, axe, and shield were prominent weapons, with only wealthy individuals owning swords. These weapons, based on the early Germanic 396:, dating to the 1570s and notable for its scientific and complete approach to the style (it is suggested that Meyer's students came to him with less military knowledge and therefore required more basic instruction), is the last major account of the German school, and its context is now almost entirely sportive. 481:. With the help of artist Gwyn Delin, he had an instruction book published in England in 1763, which had 25 engraved plates demonstrating classic positions from the old schools of fencing. His school was run by three generations of his family and dominated the art of European fencing for almost a century. 1302:

blade which has now come to typify Middle Eastern swords came about after the Turkish Seljuk migration from Central Asia to Anatolia, popularizing the pre-existing Byzantine sabre designs for cavalry use, which influenced the entire region. The curved blade was well-suited to the equestrian culture

1140:, for instance, is made to wield a one-handed sword with a bevelled point, a small handguard, and a large round pommel. Two-handed swords naturally had longer handles and were broad at the hilt. Curved swords are also known to have been in common use since at least the Buddhist era, including large 786:

took the form of a large sickle, like the Egyptian khopesh, with a small 10 cm (3.9 in) wooden handle. The edge was on the inside of the blade, which has a mid-rib running along its entire length. Double-edge swords similar to those of Europe and ancient Arabia occurred in some areas such

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For much of the early medieval period, the sword continued to remain a symbol of status. During later years, production techniques became more efficient, and so, while the sword remained a privilege, it was not so heavily confined to only the richest individuals, but rather to the richest classes.

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was worn with the edge facing upwards; this simple alteration allowed the wielder to transition immediately from a draw directly into an attack without needing to first re-orient their weapon or body, proving to be a more efficient and practical optimization tailored toward melee combat scenarios

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methods were still much different from current practice. Although he intended to prepare his students for real combat, he was the first fencing master yet to emphasize the health and sporting benefits of fencing more than its use as a killing art, particularly in his influential book 'L'École des

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is considered a master's weapon or gentlemen's weapon, both from the considerable skill required to fight with this weapon and from the fact that commanders of armies favored the jian in order to move easily amongst the troops. It is described in Chinese as the "delicate lady" of weapons, and is

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After returning from India in 1865, Hutton focused on the study and revival of older fencing systems and schools. He began tutoring groups of students in the art of 'ancient swordplay' at a club attached to the London Rifle Brigade School of Arms in the 1880s. In 1889, Hutton published his most

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was used region-wide and is depicted as early as the Sixth Dynasty (3000 BC). It was thick-backed and weighted with bronze, sometimes even with gold hilts in the case of pharaohs. The blade may be edged on one or both sides, and was made from copper alloy, bronze, iron, or blue steel. The

534:. One driving force behind this evolution is sport fencing's award of a point to the fencer who scores the first touch with right of way; this encourages the competitors to use scoring techniques that result in a first touch in a sporting encounter but would leave them defenseless against a 1131:

are recorded as carrying a shield and spear in their hands while a sword, dagger, and battle-axe were held at the waist. These included both straight swords and slightly curved sabres. The stout, straight sword appears to have been common and can be seen in early sculptural depictions of

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Despite this revival, the practice died out soon after the death of Hutton in 1910. Interest in the physical application of historical fencing techniques remained largely dormant during the first half of the 20th century, and only revived near the end of the 20th century.

995:'s centralized government and the need to fend off frequent foreign invasions were conducive to the development of swordsmanship as a standardized military discipline. Along with other martial systems, forms of swordsmanship were formalised in the military manual 1023:(1790). The Muyedobotongji also describes standard lengths and weights of the swords used; while not exclusive to swordsmanship, 8 of the 23 chapters are devoted to it, reflecting the needs of the era when guns had not yet matured enough for short-range combat. 334:

The power, accuracy, and reliability of firearms continued to improve, however, and soon swords had little place on the battlefield aside from ceremonial purposes. The preferred civilian dueling weapon shifted from the rapier to the faster but shorter

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The Empire's legionary soldiers were heavily trained and prided themselves on their disciplinary skills. This probably carried over to their training with weaponry, but we have no Roman manuals of swordsmanship. One translation of

1148:, which still occurs under various names everywhere from the deep south to the far northeast. The handle, in particular, has changed over time, eventually incorporating a crossguard. The 16th-century Mughal conquests spread the 1230:

was long with a slender blade. In the ancient Middle East, swords were always a secondary weapon. Assyrians made extensive use of the sword and dagger in hand-to-hand combat; the primary weapons were the bow, spear, and sling.

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the weapon is typically paired with a shield or sometimes a dagger, of which many varieties exist. The spread of Islam was a unifying force in the Middle East, easing trade routes across the region. Armouries flourished and

144:, the Romans mainly used underhanded stabs and thrusts, because one thrust into the gut would kill an enemy faster than slashes or cutting. However, some depictions of Roman soldiers show them using slashing and cuts. 212:

of composite metals, invented in the Roman Empire around the end of the 2nd century A.D., provided some of these northern weapons superior properties in strength and resilience to the iron gladius of early Rome.

799:: the 30 cm (12 in) shortsword and the standard sword with a blade measuring 76–90 cm (30–35 in) had a cylindrical pommel. The latter weapon was wielded with both hands like a quarterstaff. 1261:

in both function and design. They typically had a cruciform hilt and favoured cut and thrust techniques. Swords of this type were often paired with a shield or buckler but could also be wielded on their own.

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before moving on to the use of sharpened steel. In fact, it is also found that Roman gladiators trained with a wooden sword, which was weighted with lead, against a straw man or a wooden pole known as a

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was a longer double-edged sword initially used only by Celtic soldiers, later incorporated as auxilia into Roman Cavalry units; however by the 2nd century A.D. the spatha was used throughout much of the

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come in a variety of forms but are traditionally consistent with the straight or lightly curved cutting type used by the tribes of neighbouring Borneo and Taiwan. This is preserved in the design of the

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The need to train swordsmen for combat in a nonlethal manner led fencing and swordsmanship to include a sport aspect from its beginnings, from before the medieval tournament right up to the modern age.

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As early as 1880, attempts were made to recreate the older German, Italian, and Spanish schools of swordsmanship. The movement was led in England by the soldier, writer, antiquarian, and swordsman,

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of these systems during the 1890s, both in order to benefit various military charities and to encourage patronage of the contemporary methods of competitive fencing. Exhibitions were held at the

343:, following developments in firearm technology. The civilian affair of dueling was banned in most areas, but persisted to some degree regardless of law, until well into the 20th century. 511:, "Angelo was the first to emphasize fencing as a means of developing health, poise, and grace. As a result of his insight and influence, fencing changed from an art of war to a sport." 1202:. Some blades were of such varying sizes that it is difficult to classify them as either daggers or swords, and they are thus referred to by archaeologists as dagger-swords.In modern 959:

still exist along with some more modern schools. Many schools also focus almost exclusively on swordsmanship which grew from the noble families' patronage of certain teachers.

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and similar weapons throughout the north, northwest and central regions. The talwar is still the most common form of sword in the martial arts of these areas, but the older

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Swords in the Middle East evolved from daggers and sickles. They were originally made of copper, followed by bronze and finally iron. Among communities such as the

182:). This training would have provided the Roman soldier with a good foundation of skill, to be improved upon from practical experience or further advanced training. 817: 303:

grew out of the arming sword, eventually resulting in a blade comfortably wielded in both hands at once. Armour technology also evolved, leading to the advent of

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with their melee weapons and swords in raiding Japanese camps. Filipino swordplay relies heavily on speed, and even today Filipino marines train in a form of

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studied the craft of forging swords and found 25 sword-making techniques particular to their countries of origin, including Yemen, Iran, France, and Russia.

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Practitioners of modern fencing, who were unsatisfied with the exclusive sports emphasis that modern fencing had, took steps to preserve the principles of

419:, but found little success on the battlefield. The Italian, French, and Spanish schools embraced this change in civilian armament and developed systems of 3169: 648:

Fencing and sword fighting have been incorporated into films as part of cinematic action sequences. Usually choreographed, these scenes are designed for

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The German school of swordsmanship, in general, faced a decline during the Renaissance as the Italian and Spanish schools, which tilted more toward the

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Chinese speakers make a clear distinction between a "sword" (double-edged) and a "knife" (single-edged). In Chinese culture the double-edged sword or

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and fencing as practiced in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Classical fencing uses the foil, épée, and sabre according to these older practices.

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Little is known about early medieval fencing techniques save for what may be concluded from archaeological evidence and artistic depiction (see

1742: 1658: 1503: 1414: 1376: 77:, a term for the professional fighters who fought against each other and a variety of other foes for the entertainment of spectators in the 1862: 4874: 858:. The order in which these weapons is taught may vary between schools and styles, but the jian is generally taught last among the four. 657: 2813: 1777: 917:(which were becoming more common than mounted combat at that time). Entire systems have been based on this technique and are known as 4520: 2808: 2662: 2495: 1405: 411:, also known as "cut and thrust" swords, and progressed towards the thicker, tapering sword that eventually became the 17th century 2798: 2781: 2776: 2627: 1820: 1210:

is currently being reconstructed. At present, sword training includes the single sword, two swords, and the sword with a shield.

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in the 1540s looks back to the preceding century of work and attempts to reconstruct and preserve a failing art. The treatise by

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Among some communities, swords were restricted to royalty or tribal leaders. Forms vary from one area to another, such as the

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The use of the longsword continued to decline throughout the Renaissance period, marked by the increased effectiveness of the

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remained. While fencing taught in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was intended to serve both for competition and the

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in which he gave the reader some general advice for the duel as well as covering which techniques most appropriate to use.

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The shift towards fencing as a sport rather than as military training happened from the mid-18th century, and was led by

2004: 723:. The earliest bronze swords in the country date back 4000 years. Four types of sword are known to have been used: the 4606: 4012: 2835: 2766: 437: 1735: 527:

salle is intended only to train the student to compete in the most effective manner within the rules of the sport.

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to learn, and also set up a riding school in the former rear garden of the house. He was fencing instructor to the

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As this evolution has continued, the training and techniques have become increasingly further removed from their

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The arrival of European colonists brought the influence of western swords, which is likely the origin of the

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were primarily intended to be used from horseback and were thus worn with the edge facing down, the later

588:, which presented the historical method of military sabre use on foot, combining the 18th century English 423:

fencing. The German school, however, provides little on this weapon and ceases its prevalence thereafter.

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involving the use of a sword. The formation of the English word "swordsman" is parallel to the Latin word

3908: 523:(while understanding the differences between the two situations), the type of fencing taught in a modern 307:, and thus swordsmanship was further pressed to meet the demands of killing a very well protected enemy. 4513: 2789: 2197: 1867: 1850: 1845: 1772: 1728: 1472: 1446:

Antonio Manciolino, in the beginning of his 1531 manual, gives point values for the various body parts.

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Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 B.C. to 500 A.D.): Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics

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traditionally considered the weapon most suitable for women. A single edged sword is referred to as a

327:. Although it was not a new invention, it managed to outlast other forms of war swords, being used by 4759: 4289: 2667: 2505: 2437: 1982: 1977: 1872: 1835: 1815: 1807: 1762: 982: 847: 458: 3927: 1518: 365: 4833: 4805: 4730: 4699: 4637: 4545: 4284: 4168: 3985: 3965: 3568: 3500: 3436: 3360: 3126: 3090: 2998: 2785: 2551: 2417: 2407: 2202: 2192: 2157: 2122: 1887: 1857: 1825: 1320: 1128: 1111: 1066:, though other forms also existed. They were typically paired with a rectangular shield called the 843: 823: 779: 670: 319:

The military importance of swordsmanship rapidly diminished in the 16th century with the advent of

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of the Turks. The scimitar gave primacy to hacking and slashing techniques rather than thrusting.

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Sword fencing and sword dances are still practiced in much of the Middle East. In countries like

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placed in their weapons. The earliest swords in Japan were straight, based on early Chinese

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the Cameron Fencing Club, for which he prepared his first work, a 12-page booklet entitled

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included reconstructions of the fencing systems of several historical masters including

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has long held a significance in Japanese culture from the reverence and care that the

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The earliest Korean swords were straight double-edge blades derived from the Chinese

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and his students, who later became the German masters of the 15th century, including

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Anglim, Simon; Rice, Rob S.; Jestice, Phyllis; Rusch, Scott; Serrati, John (2003).

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As fencing progressed, the combat aspect slowly faded until only the rules of the

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in the Medieval Age. Some time after this evolution, the earliest known treatises

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refers to the skills and techniques used in combat and training with any type of

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as a powerful implement of battle. During this time, civilian swords evolved to

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or falchion based on the sickle, and a fourth form of straight longsword. The

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the fashionable art of swordsmanship which they had previously had to go the

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around 1410, has ties to the German school. During this period of time, the

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in 1661 makes note that the Roman trainees learned to fight with the wooden

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manuscript, dated to ca. 1290, shows fencing with the arming sword and the

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double-edge grip-tongue sword is believed to have been introduced by the

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Depiction of Chinese swordsman wielding a single-edged sword, from the

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The Secret History of the Sword: Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts

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was known by several names, but most are variations of the words

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page 40. Barnes and Noble, 1967. Mention from Clements, John.

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retained their straight double-edge shape during the time of

1144:-like falchions. The most common type of curved sword is the 2352: 4498: 1469:

The Parish of St. Anne, Soho (north of Shaftesbury Avenue)

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Prior to the founding of Islam, swords were imported from

323:. The last prominent battlefield sword to be used was the 339:, and eventually shifted totally away from swords to the 1710: 1450:

supplemented his 1884 fencing manual with a small work,

255:) were written, dealing primarily with arming sword and 656:

became known for his sword-fighting scenes, such as in

572:. In 1862, he organized in his regiment stationed in 1618:

The Sentiment of the Sword: A Country-House Dialogue

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The compendium compiled by 67:, but by extension it can also be applied to any 27:Skills of a person versed in the art of the sword 130:as a short thrusting sword effectively with the 1701:The British Federation for Historical Swordplay 1585:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens 1498:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 20–23. 873:at an agricultural school in Japan around 1920 148:used a shorter gladius than the military. The 4514: 3163: 1736: 1607:Cold Steel: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre 1487: 1485: 1082:troops who were armed with guns and cannons. 599:Hutton's pioneering advocacy and practice of 586:Cold Steel: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre 8: 1274:became the capital for trade in swords from 1622:A New System of Sword Exercise for Infantry 1428:Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms 1350: 1348: 750:and became widely dispersed throughout the 4521: 4507: 4499: 4420: 4388: 4313: 4112: 4017: 3865: 3785: 3663: 3592: 3485: 3225: 3170: 3156: 3148: 2742: 2731: 1803: 1792: 1743: 1729: 1721: 1206:, traditional Persian armed combat called 1691:Historical European Martial Arts Alliance 1651:Under the Sun: The Miyamoto Musashi Story 1638:part 1-3. Floating World Editions (2008). 619:and a fund-raising event was arranged at 1716:Ancient Combat Enthusiasts School (ACES) 208:, were made very well. The technique of 1531:Sources in the V&A Museum's library 1344: 507:), published in 1763. According to the 178:(an early relative of the later wooden 126:, until the 2nd century A.D., used the 1156:is still used in some advanced forms. 692:Sherden guards with double-edge swords 484:He established the essential rules of 295:, written by the Italian swordmaster 7: 4829: 1406:The Roman Army at War: 100 BC-AD 200 259:combat. Among these examples is the 240:, a weapon with a notable cruciform 4551:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime 1611:Old Sword-play: The System of Fence 1600:Hungarian & Highland Broadsword 1243:, a town along the Tigris river in 1123:exponents with swords and bucklers. 977:: mounted double-sword (마상쌍검; 馬上雙劍) 1403:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (1998). 1097:using a curved single-edge sword. 25: 2663:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 1286:. The 9th-century Muslim scholar 271:can trace itself most closely to 85:itself comes from the Latin word 4838: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4585: 3131: 3121: 2628:Historical European martial arts 1477:online at British History Online 1313: 827:and scabbard of the 18th century 795:. Two types of sword existed in 548:Historical European martial arts 101:Historical European martial arts 4839: 3132: 1521:at Encyclopædia Britannica.com. 774:of Somalia, boomerang-sword in 662:(1938). Other examples include 357:Spanish school of swordsmanship 353:Italian school of swordsmanship 196:Italian school of swordsmanship 114:Re-enactor with a Roman gladius 4602:Fencing at the Summer Olympics 1653:. Understanding Apples Press. 1159:The earliest extant manual on 469:in 1763. There, he taught the 269:German school of swordsmanship 192:German school of swordsmanship 1: 3213:Straight swords (Double-edge) 1616:Burton, Sir Richard Francis. 1495:The Encyclopedia of the Sword 1040:Filipino soldiers armed with 778:or the single-edge swords of 592:with modern Italian duelling 560:'s swordsmanship show at the 496:, although his attacking and 3612:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era 741: 733: 719: 713: 707: 659:The Adventures of Robin Hood 91:, which is a type of sword. 4607:World Fencing Championships 3208:Curved swords (Single-edge) 3203:Thrusting swords (Edgeless) 1543:"Video: Great Sword Fights" 4891: 4875:Warfare of the Middle Ages 1706:Historical Fencing Manuals 1365:Fields, Nic (2010-02-01). 1109: 1046: 980: 876: 830: 634: 545: 430: 350: 202:Viking Age arms and armour 189: 140:, in battle. According to 98: 29: 4814: 4583: 4536: 3193: 3117: 2741: 2730: 1802: 1791: 1758: 1636:Famous Japanese Swordsmen 1492:Nick Evangelista (1995). 492:that still govern modern 3688:Heian – Kamakura periods 1696:Swordforum International 1575:Amberger, J. Christoph. 1011:, and in the revisions, 441:1763 fencing print from 427:Development into a sport 122:and other forces of the 30:Not to be confused with 4372:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si 3745:Meiji period and beyond 3724:Muromachi – Edo periods 2860:Former official sports 2288:Northern Praying Mantis 1863:Mainland Southeast Asia 1674:Yi Deok-mu, Pak Je-ga. 1426:L. Friedlander-Drexel. 1371:. Casemate Publishers. 850:, the others being the 509:Encyclopædia Britannica 3603:Liaoning bronze dagger 3326:Migration Period sword 2699:Professional wrestling 2366:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu 1643:The Book of Five Rings 1547:Sydney Theatre Company 1124: 1044: 978: 874: 828: 693: 565: 446: 377: 361:European dueling sword 229: 186:Post-classical history 115: 46: 4870:European martial arts 4621:Modern fencing topics 3938:Post-classical period 3628:Goryeo and Joseon era 3596:Bronze Age – Gojoseon 3318:Post-classical period 2795:Demonstration sports 1593:The School of Fencing 1570:Western swordsmanship 1473:London County Council 1463:F.H.W. Sheppard, ed. 1235:Arabia and the Levant 1163:swordsmanship is the 1119: 1110:Further information: 1039: 970: 869: 833:Chinese swordsmanship 820: 691: 555: 505:The School of Fencing 440: 368: 351:Further information: 273:Johannes Liechtenauer 263:, the earliest known 219: 190:Further information: 113: 99:Further information: 40: 18:Western swordsmanship 4273:Spanish colonization 3667:Yayoi – Nara periods 3055:Martial arts at the 3010:Martial arts at the 2940:Martial arts at the 2895:Martial arts at the 2875:Invitational sports 2825:Martial arts at the 2746:Martial arts at the 2668:Pencak Silat Harimau 2506:Pencak Silat Harimau 2438:Submission wrestling 2143:Luta Livre esportiva 1214:Assyrian and Hittite 1127:Soldiers in ancient 1080:Ferdinand Magellan's 983:Korean swordsmanship 971:An excerpt from the 945:) or bamboo swords ( 731:or knife-sword, the 331:units and officers. 232:As time passed, the 4806:Martial arts manual 4638:High school fencing 4546:Glossary of fencing 3986:Early modern period 3909:Parthian Long Sword 3815:Medieval and modern 3437:Basket-hilted sword 3361:Early modern period 2736:International games 2418:Full contact karate 2408:Professional boxing 2123:Brazilian jiu-jitsu 1634:De Lange, William. 1629:Asian swordsmanship 1430:per Michael Grant. 1409:. Clarendon Press. 1321:Martial arts portal 1129:Indian subcontinent 1112:Indian martial arts 4643:Wheelchair fencing 4633:Collegiate fencing 4541:History of fencing 4333:Post-Classic stage 3966:Turko-Mongol Sabre 3414:Late modern period 2898:Pan American Games 2575:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu 2486:Jieitaikakutōjutsu 2423:Mixed martial arts 1649:Moore, JS (2014). 1641:Miyamoto Musashi. 1591:Angelo, Domenico. 1436:Get thee a waster! 1182:Persian and Hebrew 1125: 1045: 979: 875: 829: 766:Sub-Saharan Africa 694: 665:The Princess Bride 601:historical fencing 566: 556:Advertisement for 542:Historical fencing 447: 390:Paulus Hector Mair 378: 230: 116: 47: 4852: 4851: 4781:Modern pentathlon 4612:Fencing World Cup 4595:Main competitions 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4412: 4411: 4392:Pre-Columbian era 4380: 4379: 4303: 4302: 4102: 4101: 4007: 4006: 3855: 3854: 3775: 3774: 3653: 3652: 3582: 3581: 3475: 3474: 3145: 3144: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2689:Martial arts film 1660:978-1-5028-0491-4 1549:. 7 November 2014 1505:978-0-313-27896-9 1448:Masaniello Parise 1415:978-0-19-815090-9 1377:978-1-935149-06-4 1091:guerrilla attacks 782:. The Abyssinian 637:Classical fencing 631:Classical fencing 584:influential work 236:evolved into the 106:Classical history 16:(Redirected from 4882: 4842: 4841: 4834:Commons category 4832: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4769:Related articles 4589: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4500: 4421: 4389: 4356:Preah Khan Reach 4314: 4113: 4084:Langgai Tinggang 4018: 3876:Bronze Age sword 3866: 3786: 3664: 3645:Four Tiger Sword 3593: 3486: 3236:Bronze Age sword 3226: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3135: 3134: 3125: 2743: 2732: 1804: 1793: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1667:Yagyu Munenori. 1664: 1582:Meyer, Joachim. 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1489: 1480: 1465:Survey of London 1461: 1455: 1452:Spada da Terreno 1444: 1438: 1424: 1418: 1401: 1395: 1386: 1380: 1363: 1357: 1355:Etymology Online 1352: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1072:Battle of Mactan 1001:(1610) based on 901:and the shorter 744: 738: 722: 716: 710: 297:Fiore dei Liberi 293:Flos Duellatorum 285:Peter von Danzig 163:Juvenal's poetry 21: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4810: 4776:List of fencers 4764: 4724: 4647: 4628:Olympic fencing 4616: 4590: 4581: 4555: 4532: 4527: 4497: 4488: 4440: 4408: 4376: 4360: 4344: 4328: 4309: 4299: 4268: 4098: 4057: 4003: 3980: 3932: 3885: 3861: 3851: 3842:Kayamkulam vaal 3810: 3771: 3740: 3719: 3683: 3649: 3623: 3607: 3578: 3557: 3526: 3505: 3471: 3408: 3355: 3312: 3245: 3217: 3189: 3183:classifications 3176: 3146: 3141: 3105: 3056: 3050: 3011: 3005: 2941: 2935: 2896: 2890: 2826: 2820: 2749:Summer Olympics 2747: 2737: 2718: 2672: 2604: 2542: 2456: 2447: 2398: 2389: 2347: 2343:Yoshukai Karate 2303:Shaolin kung fu 2219: 2104: 2080:Practice weapon 2056: 1999: 1889: 1882: 1808:Regional origin 1798: 1787: 1754: 1749: 1687: 1669:Heiho Kaden Sho 1661: 1648: 1605:Alfred Hutton. 1598:Angelo, Henry. 1567: 1565:Further reading 1562: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1519:Domenico Angelo 1517: 1513: 1506: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1462: 1458: 1445: 1441: 1425: 1421: 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3394:Espada ropera 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3374:Spada da lato 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198:Swordsmanship 3196: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3013:African Games 3008: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684:Fighting game 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677:Entertainment 2675: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2648:Krabi–krabong 2646: 2644: 2643:Kalaripayattu 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433:Shootfighting 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2400:combat sports 2396: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2328:Tien Shan Pai 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2253:Choi Kwang-Do 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090:Pushing hands 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033:Swordsmanship 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018:Melee weapons 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1783:Hard and soft 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1259:arming swords 1256: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:. During the 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 984: 976: 975: 969: 962: 960: 958: 954: 950: 949: 944: 943: 938: 937: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 899: 894: 890: 886: 880: 872: 868: 861: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 834: 826: 825: 819: 812: 807: 802: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 765: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 743: 737: 736: 730: 726: 721: 715: 709: 704: 703:ancient Egypt 701:The sword in 696: 690: 683: 681: 679: 678: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 651: 650:entertainment 646: 644: 638: 630: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:George Silver 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 581: 579: 578:Swordsmanship 575: 571: 570:Alfred Hutton 563: 559: 558:Alfred Hutton 554: 549: 541: 539: 537: 536:counterthrust 533: 532:martial roots 528: 526: 525:sport fencing 522: 518: 513: 512: 508: 504: 499: 495: 494:sport fencing 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 444: 439: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 394:Joachim Meyer 391: 387: 384:and civilian 383: 375: 371: 367: 362: 358: 354: 346: 344: 342: 338: 332: 330: 326: 322: 314: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253: 247: 244:common among 243: 239: 235: 227: 223: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 197: 193: 185: 183: 181: 177: 172: 168: 164: 158: 156: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 121: 112: 105: 102: 94: 92: 90: 89: 84: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50:Swordsmanship 44: 39: 33: 19: 4801:Dueling scar 4795: 4715:Displacement 4710:Prise de fer 4164:Dahong palay 4089:Parang Nabur 4069:Keris bahari 4021:Early period 3862:Central Asia 3452:Pistol sword 3336:Arming sword 3331:Viking sword 3197: 2994:Pencak silat 2704:Stage combat 2658:Mardani khel 2580:Jeet Kune Do 2538:Silat Melayu 2501:Pencak silat 2453:Self-defense 2395:Full contact 2382: 2370: 2308:Shoot boxing 2248:Chess boxing 2148:Malla-yuddha 2085:Punching bag 2075:Boxing glove 2032: 1932:Leg strikes 1911:Elbow strike 1897:Arm strikes 1752:Martial arts 1675: 1668: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1592: 1583: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1551:. Retrieved 1537: 1526: 1514: 1494: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1451: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1404: 1399: 1394:. Macmillan. 1389: 1384: 1366: 1361: 1297: 1264: 1249: 1238: 1227: 1217: 1207: 1185: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1126: 1084: 1064:dahong palay 1052: 1018: 1012: 1006: 996: 986: 972: 946: 940: 934: 913: 909: 907: 902: 896: 892: 882: 836: 822: 769: 728: 724: 700: 697:North Africa 675: 674:(1995), and 669: 664: 658: 647: 640: 625: 598: 585: 582: 577: 567: 529: 514: 510: 506: 502: 483: 479:Royal Family 452: 448: 405:pike squares 398: 379: 333: 318: 309: 305:plate armour 264: 249: 238:arming sword 233: 231: 205: 199: 179: 175: 159: 155:Roman Empire 136:, a type of 131: 117: 86: 82: 79:Roman Empire 72: 53: 49: 48: 42: 4786:Knife fight 4729:Equipment ( 4385:Mesoamerica 4108:Philippines 4062:Late period 3860:Western and 3635:Bonguk geom 3619:Hwandudaedo 3531:Ming – Qing 3442:Small sword 3399:Swiss degen 3179:Sword types 2943:Asian Games 2828:World Games 2790:Greco-Roman 2610:Battlefield 2570:Chun Kuk Do 2513:Suffrajitsu 2323:Tang Soo Do 2198:Greco-Roman 1951:Knee strike 1868:Philippines 1553:13 November 1298:The curved 1177:Middle East 1166:Agni Purana 1136:. The hero 1055:Philippines 1017:(1759) and 654:Errol Flynn 471:aristocracy 409:side-swords 376:(1863–1925) 347:Renaissance 252:Fechtbücher 120:legionaries 81:. The word 69:martial art 4859:Categories 4791:Half-sword 4399:Macuahuitl 4155:(Binangon) 3946:Arab sword 3869:Prehistory 3767:Shikomizue 3517:Hook sword 3379:Katzbalger 3369:Zweihänder 3229:Prehistory 2985:2018 Only 2846:Kickboxing 2600:Qwan Ki Do 2528:To-Shin Do 2458:combatives 2428:Pankration 2413:Kickboxing 2384:Xingyiquan 2372:Baguazhang 2338:Wudangquan 2268:Kickboxing 2163:Shuai jiao 1973:Joint lock 1890:techniques 1467:volume 33 1432:Gladiators 1340:References 1218:Among the 1101:South Asia 1003:Qi Jiguang 931:battojutsu 821:A Chinese 337:smallsword 289:Paulus Kal 146:Gladiators 118:The Roman 62:smallsword 4740:Body cord 4657:Bladework 4280:Balisword 4179:Ginunting 4123:Balasiong 4116:Classical 4013:Indonesia 3731:Wakizashi 3553:Yanmaodao 3522:Zhanmadao 3384:Cinquedea 3341:Longsword 3303:Rhomphaia 3101:Wrestling 3096:Taekwondo 3046:Wrestling 3041:Taekwondo 2976:Wrestling 2971:Taekwondo 2931:Wrestling 2926:Taekwondo 2869:Taekwondo 2851:Muay Thai 2786:freestyle 2782:Wrestling 2777:Taekwondo 2653:Krav Maga 2565:Angampora 2533:Wing Chun 2491:Krav Maga 2481:Kajukenbo 2443:Vale Tudo 2318:Taekwondo 2283:Muay Thai 2273:Kun Khmer 2203:Mongolian 2193:freestyle 2173:Wrestling 2132:Para judo 2110:Grappling 1963:Grappling 1901:Chokehold 1831:Indonesia 1711:Koryu.com 1220:Assyrians 1208:razmafzar 1134:the epics 1121:Angampora 1076:Lapu-Lapu 1014:Muyesinbo 903:wakizashi 808:East Asia 762:fencing. 752:Near East 617:Bath Club 590:backsword 562:Bath Club 475:continent 325:backsword 301:longsword 265:Fechtbuch 83:gladiator 74:gladiator 45:, c. 1626 4824:Category 4731:glossary 4720:Priority 4653:Footwork 4446:Mainland 4436:Acinaces 4365:Thailand 4349:Cambodia 4308:Mainland 4239:Sansibar 4199:Karambit 4189:Kampilan 4153:Binagong 4143:Batangas 4128:Bangkung 3956:Shamshir 3951:Scimitar 3904:Acinaces 3710:Nagamaki 3548:Changdao 3538:Liuyedao 3510:Medieval 3462:Spadroon 3351:Falchion 3346:Claymore 3288:Makhaira 3086:Muaythai 2836:Ju-jitsu 2709:Tricking 2693:Chanbara 2595:Unifight 2548:Eclectic 2523:Taekkyon 2471:Bartitsu 2353:Internal 2243:Capoeira 2225:Striking 2153:Pehlwani 2100:Sparring 2062:Training 2050:Shooting 1995:Stand-up 1983:Takedown 1936:Footwork 1926:Headbutt 1888:Unarmed 1773:Timeline 1620:(1911). 1609:(1889). 1307:See also 1300:scimitar 1288:Al-Kindi 1272:Damascus 1255:Muhammed 1224:Hittites 1188:Persians 1062:and the 1060:kampilan 1032:Filipino 998:Muyejebo 923:iaijutsu 879:Kenjutsu 862:Japanese 797:Zanzibar 680:(2002). 668:(1987), 498:parrying 490:footwork 401:arquebus 321:firearms 142:Vegetius 4844:Outline 4690:Riposte 4560:Weapons 4530:Fencing 4459:Kaskara 4431:Khopesh 4295:Tenegre 4290:Hagibis 4254:Talibon 4249:Susuwat 4244:Sundang 4234:Sanduko 4214:Panabas 4079:Sundang 4074:Klewang 3999:Kindjal 3971:Yatagan 3923:Falcata 3881:Khopesh 3827:Kastane 3822:Firangi 3789:Ancient 3762:Ninjatō 3705:Kodachi 3679:Tsurugi 3674:Chokutō 3640:Wungeom 3574:Miaodao 3489:Ancient 3457:Shashka 3432:Cutlass 3404:Colhona 3283:Falcata 3269:Gladius 3241:Khopesh 3137:Outline 3071:Fencing 3026:Fencing 2961:Jujutsu 2911:Fencing 2762:Fencing 2638:Jujutsu 2623:Bokator 2618:Banshay 2552:hybrids 2518:Systema 2476:Hapkido 2378:Tai chi 2333:Vovinam 2278:Lethwei 2183:Cornish 2138:Jujutsu 2095:Randori 2045:Archery 2005:Weapons 1878:Vietnam 1851:Okinawa 1841:Ireland 1836:Italian 1778:Records 1768:History 1680:(1790). 1671:(1632). 1645:(1645). 1624:(1923). 1613:(1892). 1602:(1799). 1595:(1763). 1588:(1570). 1579:(1999). 1228:namsaru 1200:khopesh 1196:gladius 1192:Hebrews 1095:eskrima 1068:kalasag 955:. Some 927:battodo 889:samurai 813:Chinese 793:kaskara 787:as the 756:Arabian 748:Sherden 742:khopesh 735:khopesh 720:nakhtui 671:Rob Roy 643:dueling 486:posture 433:Fencing 386:dueling 329:cavalry 257:buckler 246:knights 226:buckler 222:MS I.33 171:wasters 128:gladius 88:gladius 65:fencing 32:Fencing 4700:Flèche 4685:Remise 4680:Attack 4484:Takoba 4479:Billao 4474:Shotel 4469:Flyssa 4464:Nimcha 4417:Africa 4404:Macana 4229:Pinuti 4219:Parang 4209:Laring 4174:Gayang 4148:Bicuco 4138:Barong 4133:Banyal 4043:Balato 4038:Parang 4033:Niabor 4028:Mandau 3914:Xiphos 3837:Pulwar 3832:Talwar 3806:Aruval 3796:Khanda 3736:Katana 3700:Ōdachi 3562:Modern 3422:Rapier 3293:Spatha 3274:Xiphos 3222:Europe 3127:Portal 3081:Karate 3066:Boxing 3036:Karate 3021:Boxing 2989:Kurash 2966:Karate 2951:Boxing 2921:Karate 2906:Boxing 2879:Aikido 2841:Karate 2814:Savate 2772:Karate 2757:Boxing 2585:Shooto 2361:Aikido 2313:Savate 2263:Karate 2238:Boxing 2118:Barróg 1946:Flying 1921:Ground 1916:Clinch 1873:Russia 1821:Europe 1657: 1502: 1413: 1375: 1294:Turkey 1280:Persia 1241:Ubulla 1150:talwar 1138:Arjuna 1106:Indian 1087:pinuti 993:Joseon 963:Korean 948:shinai 942:bokutō 936:bokken 914:katana 898:katana 789:takoba 784:shotel 772:billao 684:Africa 467:London 421:rapier 413:rapier 382:rapier 359:, and 341:pistol 267:. The 234:spatha 206:spatha 150:spatha 138:shield 133:scutum 95:Europe 4755:Forte 4745:Piste 4705:Flick 4675:Feint 4670:Lunge 4665:Parry 4577:Sabre 4264:Wasay 4224:Pirah 4204:Lahot 4194:Kalis 4184:Gulok 4169:Garab 4053:Surik 3961:Kilij 3919:Kopis 3801:Urumi 3781:India 3757:Iaitō 3752:Guntō 3715:Tantō 3695:Tachi 3659:Japan 3588:Korea 3569:Dadao 3543:Wodao 3481:China 3427:Sabre 3389:Estoc 3279:Kopis 3264:Harpe 3091:Sambo 2999:Sambo 2981:Wushu 2884:Wushu 2864:Sambo 2809:Glima 2714:Wuxia 2496:MCMAP 2466:Arnis 2298:Sanda 2258:Dambe 2233:Bando 2213:shoot 2178:catch 2158:Sambo 1988:Throw 1978:Sweep 1956:Stomp 1906:Punch 1858:Korea 1846:Japan 1826:India 1816:China 1329:Sword 1284:Spain 1276:Syria 1171:gatka 1154:katti 1146:katti 1142:kukri 1049:Arnis 1042:bolos 953:kendo 929:, or 919:iaido 910:tachi 885:sword 871:Kendo 856:spear 852:staff 776:Niger 594:sabre 574:India 517:sport 501:armes 370:Sabre 176:palus 58:sword 4760:Grip 4750:Lamé 4695:Ward 4572:Foil 4567:Épée 4259:Utak 4159:Bolo 4048:Gari 3994:Qama 3847:Pata 3496:Jian 3308:Falx 3298:Sica 3181:and 3076:Judo 3031:Judo 2956:Judo 2916:Judo 2856:Sumo 2799:Budō 2767:Judo 2188:folk 2168:Sumo 2128:Judo 2070:Kata 2013:Duel 1968:Hold 1941:Kick 1655:ISBN 1555:2014 1500:ISBN 1411:ISBN 1373:ISBN 1282:and 1267:Oman 1245:Iraq 1222:and 1204:Iran 1190:and 989:jian 893:jian 883:The 854:and 839:jian 803:Asia 791:and 714:seft 708:sfet 607:and 521:duel 488:and 463:Soho 417:duel 287:and 261:I.33 242:hilt 220:The 194:and 180:pell 4454:Ida 4324:Dha 3501:Dao 2208:oil 1005:'s 939:or 844:dao 824:dao 758:or 729:kat 717:or 165:by 157:. 52:or 4861:: 4655:/ 2788:, 2550:/ 1545:. 1484:^ 1471:, 1347:^ 1278:, 1247:. 1074:, 925:, 921:, 725:ma 711:, 623:. 596:. 580:. 465:, 461:, 355:, 283:, 279:, 4733:) 4522:e 4515:t 4508:v 3921:/ 3281:/ 3171:e 3164:t 3157:v 2792:) 2784:( 2695:) 2691:( 2455:/ 2397:/ 2134:) 2130:( 1744:e 1737:t 1730:v 1663:. 1557:. 1508:. 1479:. 1417:. 1379:. 564:. 503:( 250:( 228:. 34:. 20:)

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