Common raven - Knowledge

1548: 1236:, by having a larger and heavier black beak, shaggy feathers around the throat and above the beak, and a wedge-shaped tail. Flying ravens are distinguished from crows by their tail shape, larger wing area, and more stable soaring style, which generally involves less wing flapping. Despite their bulk, ravens are easily as agile in flight as their smaller cousins. In flight the feathers produce a creaking sound that has been likened to the rustle of silk. The voice of ravens is also quite distinct, its usual call being a deep croak of a much more sonorous quality than a crow's call. In North America, the 1858:, the capacity to communicate about objects or events that are distant in space or time. Subadult ravens roost together at night, but usually forage alone during the day. However, when one discovers a large carcass guarded by a pair of adult ravens, the unmated raven will return to the roost and communicate the find. The following day, a flock of unmated ravens will fly to the carcass and chase off the adults. Bickerton argues that the advent of linguistic displacement was perhaps the most important event in the evolution of human language, and that ravens are the only other 1042: 1634: 733: 1827: 1428: 136: 1391: 1165: 2140: 232: 705: 1986:, human settlement and land development have led to an estimated 16-fold increase in the common raven population over 25 years. Towns, landfills, sewage treatment plants and artificial ponds create sources of food and water for scavenging birds. Ravens also find nesting sites in utility poles and ornamental trees, and are attracted to roadkill on highways. The explosion in the common raven population in the Mojave has raised concerns for the 1331: 1947: 1013: 934: 1459:. Ravens are quite vigorous at defending their young and are usually successful at driving off perceived threats. They attack potential predators by flying at them and lunging with their large bills. Humans are occasionally attacked if they get close to a raven nest, though serious injuries are unlikely. There are a few records of large birds of prey taking ravens; their attackers in America have reportedly included 1737: 1994:. Common ravens prey upon juvenile tortoises, which have soft shells and move slowly. Plans to control the population have included shooting and trapping birds, as well as contacting landfill operators to ask that they reduce the amount of exposed garbage. A hunting bounty as a method of control was historically used in Finland from the mid-18th century until 1923. Culling has taken place to a limited extent in 187: 841: 1540: 373: 1930:. Juvenile common ravens are among the most playful of bird species. They have been observed to slide down snowbanks, apparently purely for fun. They even engage in games with other species, such as playing catch-me-if-you-can with wolves, otters and dogs. Common ravens are known for spectacular aerobatic displays, such as flying in loops or interlocking talons with each other in flight. 209: 2019: 882: 2318:. "So it came to pass, at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made. Then he sent out a raven, which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. He also sent out from himself a dove, to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground." The raven is mentioned 12 times in the Bible. In the 1306:. Gwinner carried out important studies in the early 1960s, recording and photographing his findings in great detail. Fifteen to 30 categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species, most of which are used for social interaction. Calls recorded include alarm calls, chase calls, and flight calls. The species has a distinctive, deep, resonant 774: 1712:, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and birds. Ravens may also consume the undigested portions of animal feces, and human food waste. They store surplus food items, especially those containing fat, and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other common ravens. Ravens also raid the food caches of other species, such as the 2341:'s firstborn son Cain kills his brother Abel, but he does not know what to do with the corpse: "Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother's naked corpse. He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother's naked corpse? And he became repentant." 1869:

ability involved a piece of meat attached to a string hanging from a perch. To reach the food, the bird needed to stand on the perch, pull the string up a little at a time, and step on the loops to gradually shorten the string. Four of five common ravens eventually succeeded, and "the transition from

443:, and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird; at maturity, the common raven averages 63 centimetres (25 inches) in length and 1.47 kilograms (3.2 pounds) in mass. Although their typical lifespan is considerably shorter, common ravens can live more than 23 years in the wild. Young birds may travel in 1890:

Common ravens are known to steal and cache shiny objects such as pebbles, pieces of metal, and golf balls. One theory is that they hoard shiny objects to impress other ravens. Other research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things, and that common ravens retain an attraction

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posited that this behaviour evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults, thus allowing them to feed on the carcass without being chased away. A more mundane explanation is that individuals co-operate in sharing information about carcasses of large mammals because they are too big

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In the United Kingdom, the common raven's range is currently increasing. It favours mountainous or coastal terrain, but can also be found in parks with tall trees suitable for use as habitation. Its population is at its most dense in the north and west of the country, though the species is expanding

1979:. Common ravens can cause damage to crops, such as nuts and grain, or can harm livestock, particularly by killing young goat kids, lambs and calves. Ravens generally attack the faces of young livestock, but the more common raven behaviour of scavenging may be misidentified as predation by ranchers. 1321:

Like other corvids, the common raven can mimic sounds from their environment, including human speech. Non-vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping. Clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than in males. If a member of a pair is lost, its

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out of the area that may otherwise prey upon larger nestling and fledging condors. Although condors recognize ravens as threats and will chase them away, their usual nest sites are poorly concealed from ravens; the reason is unknown, but it may be a holdover from times when condor populations were

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Juveniles begin to court at a very early age, but may not bond for another two or three years. Aerial acrobatics, demonstrations of intelligence, and ability to provide food are key behaviours of courting. Once paired, they tend to nest together for life, usually in the same location. Instances of

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learning." This supports the hypothesis that common ravens are 'inventors', implying that they can solve problems. Many of the feats of common ravens were formerly argued to be stereotyped innate behaviour, but it now has been established that their aptitudes for solving problems individually and

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Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest-building and reproduction, and thus they aggressively defend a territory and its food resources. Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area. The nest is a deep bowl made of large

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in the United States, they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in their numbers. On coasts, individuals of this species are often evenly distributed and prefer to build their nest sites along sea cliffs. Common ravens are often located in coastal regions because these

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to the site of dead animals. The wolves open the carcass, leaving the scraps more accessible to the birds. They watch where other common ravens bury their food and remember the locations of each other's food caches, so they can steal from them. This type of theft occurs so regularly that common

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A study published in 2011 found that ravens can recognise when they are given an unfair trade during reciprocal interactions with conspecifics or humans, retaining memory of the interaction for a prolonged period of time. Birds that were given a fair trade by experimenters were found to prefer

1724:, following to scavenge wolf-kills in winter. Ravens are regular predators at bird nests, brazenly picking off eggs, nestlings and sometimes adult birds when they spot an opportunity. They are considered perhaps the primary natural threat to the nesting success of the critically endangered 1282: 2009:

Ravens, like other corvids, are definitive hosts of West Nile Virus (WNV). The transmission can be from infected birds to humans, and ravens are susceptible to WNV. However, in a 2010 study, it was shown that the California Common Ravens did not have a high positivity rate of WNV.

6142:(بَعَثَ اللّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَا وَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ) Qur'an 5:31, translation: Pickthall, Marmaduke 1610:. The adults, which are very rarely preyed upon, are often successful in defending their young from these predators, due to their numbers, large size and cunning. They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests. 6305: 1522:

have also attacked ravens. This principally occurs at a nest site and when other prey for the carnivores are scarce. Ravens are highly wary around novel carrion sites and, in North America, have been recorded waiting for the presence of

1131:. One million years ago, a group from the California clade evolved into a new species, the Chihuahuan raven. Other members of the Holarctic clade arrived later in a separate migration from Asia, perhaps at the same time as humans. 1728:, since they readily take condor eggs and are very common in the areas where the species is being re-introduced. On the other hand, when they defend their own adjacent nests, they may incidentally benefit condors since they chase 1104:, common ravens from the rest of the United States are more closely related to those in Europe and Asia than to those in the California clade, and that common ravens in the California clade are more closely related to the 1410:

In general, common ravens live in a wide array of environments but prefer heavily contoured landscapes. When the environment changes in vast degrees, these birds will respond with a stress response. The hormone known as

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Furthermore, there has been research suggesting that the common raven is involved in seed dispersal. In the wild, the common raven chooses the best habitat and disperses seeds in locations best suited for its survival.

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ravens will fly extra distances from a food source to find better hiding places for food. They have also been observed pretending to make a cache without actually depositing the food, presumably to confuse onlookers.

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habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa, and to islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the British Isles, they are more common in Scotland, Wales, northern England and the west of Ireland. In

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interacting with these experimenters compared to those that did not. Furthermore, ravens in the wild have also been observed to stop cooperating with other ravens if they observe them cheating during group tasks.

1244:) is fairly similar to the relatively small common ravens of the American southwest and is best distinguished by the still relatively smaller size of its bill, beard and body and relatively longer tail. All-black 1290: 1875:

learning from each other reflect a flexible capacity for intelligent insight unusual among non-human animals. Another experiment showed that some common ravens could intentionally deceive their conspecifics.

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and Greenland are generally larger with slightly larger bills, while those from warmer regions are smaller with proportionally smaller bills. Representative of the size variation in the species, ravens from

1510:. Because they are potentially hazardous prey for raptorial birds, raptors must usually take them by surprise and most attacks are on fledgling ravens. More rarely still, large mammalian predators such as 1570:

Females lay between three and seven pale bluish-green, brown-blotched eggs. Incubation is about 18 to 21 days, by the female only. The male may stand or crouch over the young, sheltering but not actually

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is strongly arched. The Canary Islands raven is browner than the North African raven, leading some authorities to recognize them as separate subspecies, with the North African raven maintaining the name

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with little variation in appearance, although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions. It is one of the two largest corvids, alongside the

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Most common ravens prefer wooded areas with large expanses of open land nearby, or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds. In some areas of dense human population, such as

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It is larger than the nominate subspecies, but has relatively short throat hackles. Its plumage is generally all black, though its neck and breast have a brownish tone similar to that of the

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One explanation for these genetic findings is that common ravens settled in California at least two million years ago and became separated from their relatives in Europe and Asia during a

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clade, found across the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Birds from both clades look alike, but the groups are genetically distinct and began to diverge about two million years ago.

1975:), ravens prefer undisturbed mountain or forest habitat or rural areas over urban areas. In other areas, their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural 478:, insects, cereal grains, berries, fruit, small animals, nesting birds, and food waste. Some notable feats of problem-solving provide evidence that the common raven is unusually 2299:; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief, the official Tower of London historian, Geoff Parnell, believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention. 498: 2436:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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Across its range in the Northern Hemisphere, and throughout human history, the common raven has been a powerful symbol and a popular subject of mythology and folklore.

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The common raven can thrive in varied climates; it has the largest range of any member of the genus, and one of the largest of any passerine. They range throughout the

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Webb, William C.; Marzluff, John M.; Omland, Kevin E. (2011). "Random interbreeding between cryptic lineages of the Common Raven: evidence for speciation in reverse".

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of 116 to 153 cm (46 to 60 in). Recorded weights range from 0.69 to 2.250 kg (1.52 to 4.96 lb), thus making the common raven one of the heaviest

913:) has an even more arched bill and shorter wings than the "typical" nominate, leading some authorities to recognize it as a separate subspecies, the Hispanic raven ( 8611: 3318:

in Deomurari, A.N. (Compiler), 2010. AVIS-IBIS (Avian Information System – Indian BioDiversity Information System) v. 1.0. Foundation For Ecological Security, India

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is distinct from other populations. The study did not include any individuals from the North African population, and its position is therefore unclear, though its

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that ate a king's heart gained human knowledge, could perform great malicious acts, could lead people astray, had superhuman powers, and were "terrible animals".

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indicated that common ravens did not overwinter in the Arctic. However, in Arctic Canada and Alaska, they are found year-round. Young birds may disperse locally.

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success was higher for those using human garbage as a food source. In contrast, a 1984–1986 study of common raven diet in an agricultural region of southwestern

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Implications of communal roosting by Common Ravens to operation and maintenance of Pacific Power and Light Company's Malin to Midpoint 500 kV transmission line

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areas provide easy access to water and a variety of food sources. Also, coastal regions have stable weather patterns without extreme cold or hot temperatures.

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Wheeler, Sarah S.; Barker, Christopher M.; Fang, Ying; Armijos, M. Veronica; Carroll, Brian D.; Husted, Stan; Johnson, Wesley O.; Reisen, William K. (2009).

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district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India. They are generally resident within their range for the whole year. In his 1950 work,

8562: 5460: 1225:. The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish-grey. The legs and feet are good-sized, with a 852:

It is the smallest subspecies, with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss. Its bill is short but markedly stout, and the

8624: 6278: 950:; this is more evident when the plumage is worn. The bases of its neck feathers, although somewhat variable in colour, are often almost whitish. 4380: 1870:

no success (ignoring the food or merely yanking at the string) to constant reliable access (pulling up the meat) occurred with no demonstrable

1252:) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows. 2056:, ravens have long been considered to be birds of ill omen, death and evil in general, in part because of the negative symbolism of their all- 8840: 6241: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6052: 5997: 5972: 5947: 5882: 5857: 5381: 5361: 4916: 4813: 4228: 3567: 3354: 2688: 2665: 2461: 1785:

for just a few birds to exploit. Experiments with baits however show that such recruitment behaviour is independent of the size of the bait.

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to bright, round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs. Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual, and become highly

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One behaviour is recruitment, where juvenile ravens call other ravens to a food bonanza, usually a carcass, with a series of loud yells. In

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between the Californian and Holarctic common raven groups, and that the lineages can remerge, effectively reversing a potential speciation.

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Careau, Vincent; Lecomte, Nicolas; Giroux, Jean-François; Berteaux, Dominique (January 2007). "Common ravens raid arctic fox food caches".

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Common ravens have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas have been so numerous that people have regarded them as

1704:, they must wait for the prey to be torn open by another predator or flayed by other means. They are also known to eat the afterbirth of 1447:

Owing to its size, gregariousness and its defensive abilities, the common raven has few natural predators. Predators of its eggs include

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They are also one of only a few wild animals who make their own toys. They have been observed breaking off twigs to play with socially.

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call, which to experienced listeners is unlike that of any other corvid. Its very wide and complex vocabulary includes a high, knocking

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has a noticeably larger bill). It has a longish, strongly graduated tail, at 20 to 26.3 cm (7.9 to 10.4 in), and mostly black

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The first large-scale assessment of ravens' cognitive abilities suggests that, by four months of age, ravens do about as well as adult

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have lived for more than 40 years. Their lifespans in the wild are shorter, typically 10 to 15 years. The longest known lifespan of a

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In Persia and Arabia the raven was held as a bird of bad omen but a 14th-century Arabic work reports use of the raven in falconry.

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Boarman, W I; Heinrich, B (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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is very close to the population of the Canaries (to the extent that the two are often considered part of a single subspecies).

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It is the largest and glossiest subspecies, with the longest throat hackles. Its bill is large, but less imposing than that of

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Heinrich, Bernd (1988). "Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven,

2036: 8629: 2853: 1351:, they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5,000 m (16,400 ft), and as high as 6,350 m (20,600 ft) on 6314: 2604: 2326: 1621:

wild common raven was 23 years, 3 months, which among passerines only is surpassed by a few Australian species such as the

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fur. The nest is usually placed in a large tree or on a cliff ledge, or less frequently in old buildings or utility poles.

1439:. Relationships between common ravens are often quarrelsome, yet they demonstrate considerable devotion to their families. 8663: 8458: 5419:

Larsen, Kenneth H.; Dietrich, John H. (January 1970). "Reduction of a raven population on lambing grounds with DRC-1339".

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Utekhina, I.; Potapov, E. & McGrady, M. J. (2000). "Diet of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk".

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Lavelle, Michael J.; Kay, Shannon L.; Pepin, Kim M.; Grear, Daniel A.; Campa, Henry; VerCauteren, Kurt C. (2016-12-01).

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length of 5.7 to 8.5 cm (2.2 to 3.3 in), easily one of the largest bills amongst passerines (perhaps only the

5492: 2493: 2476: 1120:) than they are to the California clade. Thus, the common raven species as traditionally delimited is considered to be 8435: 6498: 3441: 3434: 2027: 1633: 1582:

In most of their range, egg-laying begins in late February, but it can be as late as April in colder climates such as

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It has a large body and the largest bill, its plumage is strongly glossy, and its throat hackles are well-developed.

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Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Christie, D. A. (eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

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at 35 to 42 days, and are fed by both parents. They stay with their parents for another six months after fledging.

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and other large mammals. Plant food includes cereal grains, acorns, buds, berries and fruit. They prey on small

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length of 6 to 7.2 cm (2.4 to 2.8 in). Juvenile plumage is similar but duller with a blue-grey iris.

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Ecology of corvids in the vicinity of the Aliso Creek California Least Tern colony, Camp Pendelton, California

2403: 2064:. In Sweden, ravens are known as the ghosts of murdered people, and in Germany as the souls of the damned. In 1826: 1700:. With large-bodied carrion, which they are not equipped to tear through as well as birds such as hook-billed 1563:

sticks and twigs, bound with an inner layer of roots, mud, and bark and lined with a softer material, such as

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Kijne, M.; Kotrschal, K (2002). "Neophobia affects choice of food-item size in group-foraging common ravens (

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district of Pakistan and the adjoining regions of northwestern India is sometimes known as the Punjab raven.

5395:"Abundance and distribution of the common raven and American Crow in the San Francisco Bay area, California" 2526: 1158: 514: 5043:"Ravens remember the nature of a single reciprocal interaction sequence over 2 days and even after a month" 3753: 1559:

non-monogamy have been observed in common ravens, by males visiting a female's nest when her mate is away.

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Bogoras, W. (1902). "The Folklore of Northeastern Asia, as Compared with That of Northwestern America".

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Schwan, M. W.; Williams, D. D. (1978). "Temperature regulation in the common raven of interior Alaska".

2234:(from the Old Norse for "memory" or "mind") are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world of humans, 1820: 746: 326: 6998: 5256:

Pika, Simone; Sima, Miriam Jennifer; Blum, Christian R.; Herrmann, Esther; Mundry, Roger (2020-12-10).

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The birding guide: The most comprehensive guide of birds from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East

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tells a parable using the raven to show how people should rely on God for their needs and not riches (

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Le guide ornitho: le guide le plus complet des oiseaux d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient

2992: 1768: 1419:. Corticosterone is activated when the bird is exposed to stress, such as migrating great distances. 1146: 8590: 6014: 2932:

Feldman, Christopher R.; Omland, Kevin E. (March 2005). "Phylogenetics of the common raven complex (

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of mythology, folklore, art, and literature. In many cultures, including the indigenous cultures of

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Ewins, P. J.; Dymond, J. N.; Marquiss, M. (1986). "The distribution, breeding and diet of Ravens

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included a higher percentage of food waste in their diet, birds nesting near roads consumed more

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and northeast Asia, the common raven has been revered as a spiritual figure or godlike creature.

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From Greece eastwards to northwestern India, Central Asia and western China, though not in the

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Common Ravens panting to cool down in 110 °F (43 °C) heat in Palm Desert, California

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of common ravens from across the world, have determined that the birds fall into at least two

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It has a relatively short, arched bill. The population in southwestern Europe (including the

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The brain of the common raven is among the largest of any bird species. Specifically, their

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for a group of ravens (or at least the common raven) include "unkindness" and "conspiracy".

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It continues to be used as a symbol in areas where it once had mythological status: as the

753:, while other authorities recognize them as a separate subspecies, the southwestern raven ( 8830: 8820: 8702: 8114: 8096: 7711: 7701: 7571: 7544: 7073: 7064: 6802: 6531: 6522: 6318: 4252:

Gwinner, Eberhard (April 1965). "Beobachtungen über Nestbau und Brutpflege des Kolkraben (

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Gwinner, E. (1964). "Untersuchungen über das ausdrucks und Sozialverhalten des Kolkraben (

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A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader as long as there were

2275: 2263: 2255: 2223: 2180: 2139: 2065: 2053: 2032: 1987: 1976: 1927: 1871: 1866: 1839: 1622: 1476: 1384: 1330: 1274:, a condition where an animal lacks any of several different types of pigment, not simply 631: 586: 490: 463: 444: 144: 6041: 6036: 5771: 5746: 2358: 8577: 5273: 5172: 5115: 4846: 4454: 4269: 4063: 3823: 3687: 3404: 3375:, The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 3138:

Boarman, William I.; Heinrich, Bernd (1999). Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). "Common Raven (

2996: 666:) of the North American Southwest. While some authorities have recognized as many as 11 8549: 8536: 8159: 7930: 7778: 7215: 7082: 6811: 6576: 6489: 6204: 5668: 5635: 5298: 5257: 5140: 5099: 4799: 4575: 4071: 3676: 3508: 3169: 2906: 2879: 2271: 2251: 2247: 1915: 1843: 1781: 1721: 1697: 1678: 1479:. It is possible that the two hawk species only attack young ravens; in one instance a 1412: 1222: 1142: 1141:

A recent study of raven mitochondrial DNA showed that the isolated population from the

1128: 1012: 933: 847: 605: 595: 551: 38: 5484:

The Raven Management Program of the Bureau of Land Management : Status as of 1992

1736: 8804: 8637: 8463: 8391: 8264: 8246: 7553: 7526: 7374: 7272: 7170: 6443: 6398: 5845: 5315: 4887: 4530: 3257: 3054: 3004: 2949: 2732: 2484: 2431: 2367: 2334: 2319: 2315: 2204: 2133: 1983: 1972: 1959: 1808: 1613:

Common ravens can be very long-lived, especially in captive or protected conditions;

1524: 1436: 1352: 1303: 1256: 1210: 1180:

A mature common raven ranges between 54 and 71 cm (21 and 28 in) and has a

853: 783: 518: 448: 342: 196: 191: 86: 6324: 5603: 5586: 5242: 5084: 4862: 4737: 4653: 4610: 4285: 4131: 3420: 2957: 2765: 840: 8150: 8087: 7834: 7607: 7444: 7392: 7320: 7281: 7224: 7197: 7037: 6793: 6659: 6540: 5990:

King Harald's Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway: From Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla

5020: 4803: 3866: 3845:

Cockrem, J. F. (2007). "Stress, corticosterone responses and avian personalities".

3781: 3020: 2322: 2307: 2243: 1955: 1831: 1729: 1709: 1618: 1472: 1259:, a now-extinct white-and-black colour morph of this species existed, known as the 1245: 1121: 627: 533: 479: 8528: 8476: 5058: 4753:"Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of Common Ravens in southwestern Idaho" 3386: 3109: 2153: 1539: 1263:; the ordinary black-coloured common ravens remain widespread in the archipelago. 745:. Populations in the far southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico (including the 8450: 6279:

Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.1 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

5911: 4481:"Some early summer food preferences of the American Raven in southeastern Oregon" 2857: 2548: 2515: 157: 8668: 8650: 8598: 8360: 8177: 8060: 7954: 7939: 7843: 7664: 7453: 7435: 7401: 7383: 7329: 7091: 6513: 6311: 4624:

Stahler, Daniel; Heinrich, Bernd; Smith, Douglas (August 2002). "Common ravens,

3606: 3551: 3274:. U.S. Dept. of Agric., North Dakota Field Stn. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo. 2811: 2608: 2408: 2267: 2188: 2096: 2088: 2084: 1771:, though small mammals, grasshoppers, cattle carrion and birds were also eaten. 1650: 1646: 1202: 1173: 1062:

and has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than the nominate subspecies does.

1051: 888: 471: 61: 5281: 3583: 3463: 3095: 1998:, where the population increase in common ravens is threatening the vulnerable 1811:

is large for a bird. They display ability in problem-solving, as well as other

8772: 8767: 8295: 8105: 8024: 7991: 7872: 7825: 7816: 7580: 7365: 7311: 6826: 6480: 6392: 6386: 5534: 5517: 5234: 5004: 4602: 4122: 4101: 3858: 3831: 2284: 2018: 1951: 1899: 1859: 1846:, has argued that ravens are one of only four known animals (the others being 1752: 1745: 1713: 1642: 1468: 1403: 1260: 1218: 1194: 1090: 805: 667: 452: 435: 372: 106: 71: 5659: 5651: 5612: 5289: 5131: 5076: 1926:

There has been increasing recognition of the extent to which birds engage in

17: 8497: 8237: 8192: 8168: 8132: 8051: 7769: 7646: 7637: 7589: 7233: 6302:– USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter (includes CBC/BBS range maps) 3966:

Olendorff, R. R. (1976). "The food habits of North American golden eagles".

2184: 2148: 2022: 1903: 1892: 1816: 1812: 1756: 1717: 1685: 1666: 1583: 1507: 1343: 1339: 1271: 1232:

Apart from its greater size, the common raven differs from its cousins, the

1189: 1185: 1135: 1113: 1094: 1074: 940: 881: 711: 651: 572: 513:

The common raven was one of the many species originally described, with its

415: 283: 243: 111: 8351: 5677: 5620: 5307: 5149: 5012: 4645: 3012: 2915: 2897: 2584: 1435:

Common ravens usually travel in mated pairs, although young birds may form

749:) are the smallest ravens in North America. They are sometimes included in 8515: 5100:"Tolerance and reward equity predict cooperation in ravens (Corvus corax)" 5041:

Müller, J. J. A.; Massen, J. J. M.; Bugnyar, T.; Osvath, M. (2017-06-01).

2724: 1483:

swooped at a newly fledged raven but was chased off by the parent ravens.

8345: 8000: 7744: 7682: 6955: 6784: 6710: 6414: 6374: 6368: 6356: 3556:

Crows and jays : a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world

2289: 2212: 2144: 1802: 1760: 1749: 1670: 1572: 1528: 1181: 910: 892: 467: 419: 293: 263: 101: 96: 81: 76: 66: 8414: 5797: 4709:

Kristan, William B.; Boarman, William I.; Crayon, John J. (March 2004).

4450: 3929:"Food habits of the northern Bald Eagle in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska" 3037:

Baker, Jason M.; Omland, Kevin E. (January 2006). "Canary Island Ravens

2796:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 261–265. 8780: 8567: 8399: 7692: 6888: 6470: 5440: 5171:. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from 4960: 4854: 4779: 4695: 4507: 4339: 4277: 4170: 3987: 3952: 3412: 3230: 2311: 2303: 2235: 2192: 2069: 2061: 1701: 1689: 1674: 1487: 1322:

mate reproduces the calls of its lost partner to encourage its return.

1275: 1169: 906: 797: 779: 475: 148: 116: 91: 8707: 5123: 5067: 7129: 7027: 6649: 6434: 4087:

First Symposium on Steller's and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia

3297: 2216: 2129: 2080: 1995: 1967: 1693: 1662: 1654: 1603: 1576: 1519: 1515: 1452: 1198: 538: 494: 303: 253: 8603: 8322: 5432: 5258:"Ravens parallel great apes in physical and social cognitive skills" 5098:

Massen, Jorg J. M.; Ritter, Caroline; Bugnyar, Thomas (2015-10-07).

4952: 4771: 4687: 4499: 4331: 4162: 3979: 3944: 3914:

Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona

3222: 3155: 2764:

Dickinson, E.C.; Dekker, R.W.R.J.; Eck, S.; Somadikarta, S. (2004).

1318:, a low guttural rattle and some calls of an almost musical nature. 773: 589: 8502: 8489: 4560:

eggs and chicks and its possible impact on breeding site selection"

3284:

Oberholser, Harry C. (1918). "The Common Ravens of North America".

8484: 4146: 4046:

Wille, F. & Kampp, K. (1983). "Food of the white-tailed eagle

3928: 3206: 2878:

Omland KE; Tarr CL; Boarman WI; Marzluff JM; Fleischer RC (2000).

2330: 2259: 2208: 2200: 2199:, for example, was supposed to have been created by the raven god 2138: 2120: 2092: 2057: 2017: 1945: 1825: 1764: 1735: 1705: 1632: 1607: 1595: 1587: 1546: 1538: 1490:, their reported predators include, in addition to golden eagles, 1456: 1426: 1389: 1376: 1355:. The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven—described as 1348: 1329: 1280: 1201:

weighed an average of 1.135 kg (2.50 lb) and those from

1163: 1086: 992: 969: 543: 427: 6234:

Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds.

2812:"The distribution and nidification of the Indian (Punjab) Raven ( 7119: 6380: 6209:

Bird Brains: The Intelligence of Crows, Ravens, Magpies and Jays

5374:

Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds

5354:

Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds

4221:

Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds

2753:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 600–601. 2338: 2239: 1883: 1591: 1564: 1511: 1233: 1206: 896: 273: 8326: 7741: 6952: 6411: 6328: 6288: 4215: 4213: 4005:. Boise, ID: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Manage. 2314:

traditions, the raven was the first animal to be released from

2114:

is derived from the English word "raven". As a masculine name,

1197:

weighed an average of 0.784 kg (1.73 lb), those from

1081:

into North America. Recent genetic studies, which examined the

976:

in 1873 and is sometimes preferred, since the type specimen of

7862: 7806: 6774: 6070:"Tower's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy" 4883: 2605:"University of California Golf Club. List of Collective Nouns" 1851: 1847: 1599: 1448: 1082: 6144:

The Meaning of the Glorious Koran: An Explanatory Translation

3068:

Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan (2015).

2477: 5636:"Differential Impact of West Nile Virus on California Birds" 4930:"An Experimental Investigation of Insight in Common Ravens ( 4525: 4523: 4432:"Winter food habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska" 3681:"Winter Food Habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska" 2766:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 45. Types of the Corvidae" 1755:, and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more 1733:

denser, nest sites more limiting, and ravens less abundant.

4089:. Tokyo, Japan: Wild Bird Society of Japan. pp. 71–92. 3464:"Another rare white raven born this year on Canadian beach" 2585:"Baltimore Bird Club. Group Name for Birds: A Partial List" 1767:

found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of

1093:

clade, found only in the southwestern United States, and a

4667:

Snyder, Noel F. R.; Ramey, Rob R.; Sibley, Fred C (1986).

2288:, Brân's head was buried in the White Hill of London as a 2147:

speaks with a raven in a 19th-century illustration of the

1266:

White ravens are occasionally found in the wild. Birds in

598: 4730:

10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[244:DCOCRA]2.0.CO;2

4100:

Chavko, J.; Danko, Š.; Obuch, J. & Mihók, J. (2007).

2258:. In the British Isles, ravens also were symbolic to the 1134:

A 2011 study suggested that there are no restrictions on

5873:

Reaney, Percy Hilde; Wilson, Richard Middlewood (2006).

1205:

weighed an average of 1.230 kg (2.71 lb). The

1172:

can display a blue or purple sheen which is a result of

30:"Corvus corax" redirects here. For the German band, see 5393:

Kelly, J. P.; Etienne, K. L. & Roth, J. E. (2002).

3270:

Linz, G. M., Knittle, C. E. and Johnson, R. E. (1990).

2274:'s shoulder in the form of a raven after his death. In 2203:. There are several references to common ravens in the 1649:: their diet may vary widely with location, season and 27:

Large, black, passerine bird of the Northern Hemisphere

4313:"The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense" 4147:"Gyrfalcon nesting behavior from hatching to fledging" 3607:"Bird notes from the Mount Everest expedition of 1924" 2438:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 105. 2191:. Related beliefs are widespread among the peoples of 741:

It is smaller, with a smaller and narrower bill than

466:. Part of their success as a species is due to their 4399:"Diet of Common Ravens on El Hierro, Canary Islands" 3754:"Raven | Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust" 2282:, whose name translates to "crow". According to the 1716:. They sometimes associate with another canine, the 991:

The population of this subspecies restricted to the

8335: 8286: 8190: 8022: 7989: 7952: 7870: 7860: 7814: 7804: 7767: 7758: 7690: 7681: 7127: 7117: 7035: 7024: 6978: 6969: 6914: 6905: 6879: 6824: 6782: 6772: 6708: 6657: 6646: 6620: 6589: 6511: 6478: 6469: 6432: 6425: 5940:

Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney

3916:(Masters of Science Thesis). University of Arizona. 3133: 3131: 3129: 2880:"Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens" 6040: 4751:Engel, Kathleen A.; Young, Leonard S. (May 1989). 4022:) dans le département de la Lozère de 1978 à 1984" 2514: 2456:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 155. 2382:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22706068A113271893.en 642:The closest relatives of the common raven are the 5877:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 2594. 4982:"Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens ( 4397:Nogales, Manuel; Hernández, Elizabeth C. (1997). 2681:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 2440:C. ater, dorso caerulescente, cauda subrotundata. 1270:lack the pink eyes of an albino, and are instead 804:found only on the Faroe Islands was known as the 3736: 3734: 3369:Boarman, William I. and Heinrich, Bernd (1999) 1865:One experiment designed to evaluate insight and 1050:Intergrades into the nominate subspecies in the 738:South-central North America and Central America 5736: 5734: 5720:, Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, Copenhagen. 3340: 3338: 3336: 2751:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2 2719:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 580: 418:bird. It is the most widely distributed of all 37:For the butterfly called the common raven, see 6170:. Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld. 5491:. California. pp. 113–117. Archived from 4874: 4872: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3562:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 179–181. 2246:standards were carried by such figures as the 816:; the black colour morph's scientific name is 6340: 4628:, preferentially associate with grey wolves, 3611:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3076:]. French: Éditions Delachaux et Niestlé. 2820:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 1025:and the bases of its neck feathers are grey. 8: 6047:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5549:Minerals Management Service, Alaska (2007). 5516:Pohja-Mykrä M; Vuorisalo T; Mykrä S (2005). 4669:"Nest-site Biology of the California Condor" 3486: 3484: 1744:Common ravens nesting near sources of human 1665:obtained about half their energy needs from 621: 474:in finding sources of nutrition, feeding on 6043:The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales 5848:; Hardcastle, Kate; Hodges, Flavia (2006). 4223:pp. 119–120. New York: Cliff Street Books. 3653:. The National Bird Project. Archived from 2794:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 2675: 2673: 2242:information. Additionally among the Norse, 1431:Group of ravens gathered around dead member 1054:region. It is intermediate in size between 626:, has been used for both this bird and the 615: 609: 555: 8323: 7867: 7811: 7764: 7755: 7738: 7687: 7124: 7032: 6975: 6966: 6949: 6911: 6779: 6654: 6475: 6429: 6422: 6408: 6347: 6333: 6325: 5963:Campbell, Alistair; Keynes, Simon (1998). 5555:) on Alaska's Coastal Plain (AK-93-48-51)" 4018:"Quelques données sur le Hibou grand-duc ( 3032: 3030: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2095:territory, and on the coat of arms of the 1834:radar dome in Alaska with an evening roost 1371:but more often considered synonymous with 528:, and it still bears its original name of 371: 207: 185: 155: 134: 47: 6146:, Amana Publications, 1st edition (1996) 5967:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5926:Kamchadal Texts Collected by W. Jochelson 5667: 5602: 5533: 5297: 5139: 5066: 4980:Bugnyar, Thomas; Kotrschal, Kurt (2004). 4121: 3878: 3876: 3775: 3773: 3349:. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. 3246:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 2927: 2925: 2905: 2380: 1882:Common ravens have been observed calling 6185:Marzluff, John M.; Angell, Tony (2005). 6096:"Genesis 8:6-8 - New King James Version" 5938:Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul (1978). 5828:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 5718:Danske Sagn: Som De Har Lyd I Folkemunde 5461:National Agricultural Statistics Service 2278:they were associated with the Welsh god 1188:. Birds from colder regions such as the 672: 5794:"Island Facts – Isle of Man Government" 3546: 3544: 3542: 2847: 2845: 2649:Marzluff, J. M. (2009). "Common Raven ( 2349: 2230:(from the Old Norse for "thought") and 2035:creation myth. Museum of Anthropology, 546:word for 'raven'. The specific epithet 5695:. Alaska Fish and Game. Archived from 5376:p. 282. New York: Cliff Street Books. 5356:p. 290. New York: Cliff Street Books. 4381:Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme 4182: 4180: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2744: 2742: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2329:). The raven is also mentioned in the 861:and the Canary Islands raven known as 6120:"Luke 12:24 - New Living Translation" 5770:. Government of Yukon. Archived from 5693:"Raven: The Northern Bird of Paradox" 4632:, as a foraging strategy in winter". 2854:"California Ravens Are a Breed Apart" 2805: 2803: 2509: 2507: 1543:Young on a nest – Hvítserkur, Iceland 1209:is large and slightly curved, with a 968:. It is based on the population from 7: 8786:EA126F75-E6AC-484C-8AAC-4E7CC1DF180D 8555:a36fc055-97ab-4196-9fe7-c75ad3c407ae 5551:"Foraging Ecology of Common Ravens ( 3385:Droste, Ferdinand Baron von (1869). 2749:Rasmussen, PC; Anderton, JC (2005). 2535:participating institution membership 2254:of England, Norway and Denmark, and 1854:, and humans) who have demonstrated 1842:, building on the work of biologist 1673:, and half by scavenging, mainly of 1100:The findings indicate that based on 8851:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area 8811:IUCN Red List least concern species 6211:. Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. 5165:"The Raven's Game of Hide and Seek" 4835:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4550:Gaston, A.J.; Elliot, R.D. (1996). 4001:Young, L. S.; Engel, K. A. (1988). 3586:. Audubon Society of Portland. 2012 3207:"Hanging behavior in Common Ravens" 2368:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1417:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 1298:Common ravens have a wide range of 470:; they are extremely versatile and 431: 362: 6187:In the Company of Crows and Ravens 6068:Kennedy, Maev (15 November 2004). 4576:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08831.x 4072:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1983.tb01068.x 3884:"Oregon Zoo Animals: Common Raven" 3509:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1964.tb01212.x 3462:Dearing, Stephanie (5 July 2010). 2885:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2656:Handbook of the Birds of the World 1615:individuals at the Tower of London 432:many names at the subspecies level 25: 4430:Temple, Stanley A. (March 1974). 4362:. European Union for Bird Ringing 4102:"The food of the Imperial Eagle ( 3715:. Canada's Arctic. Archived from 1653:. For example, those foraging on 5875:A Dictionary of English Surnames 3316:– Linnaeus, 1758 (Common Raven)" 3055:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00493.x 3005:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05095.x 2950:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00182.x 1073:The common raven evolved in the 1040: 1011: 932: 880: 839: 772: 731: 703: 499:northwest coast of North America 230: 6189:. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. 5716:Kristensen, Evald Tang. (1980) 5604:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.009 4880:"PBS Nature: The Bird in Black" 3497:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 2683:6th edition. Christopher Helm. 2357:BirdLife International (2017). 1740:Flock feeding at a garbage dump 1684:In some places they are mainly 964:) is sometimes used instead of 670:, others recognize only eight: 6236:New York: Cliff Street Books. 5591:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 5421:Journal of Wildlife Management 2037:University of British Columbia 1: 6499:Black racket-tailed treepie ( 6284:Common raven images at ARKive 5691:Schwan, Mark (January 1990). 5489:Proceedings of 1992 Symposium 5204: 5192: 5059:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.004 4531:"Corvus corax (Common raven)" 4479:Nelson, A.L. (January 1934). 2970: 2836: 2297:ravens at the Tower of London 2045:Cultural depictions of ravens 560:, meaning 'raven' or 'crow'. 550:is the Latinized form of the 493:, ancient Ireland and Wales, 8841:Territorial symbols of Yukon 6308:at VIREO (Drexel University) 6261:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology 6259:Common Raven Species Account 5912:10.1525/aa.1902.4.4.02a00020 5741:Bhutan Tourism Corporation. 4406:Journal of Field Ornithology 4360:"European Longevity Records" 4298: 3740: 3533: 3521: 3435:"Liste over Færøernes fugle" 3347:The Observer's Book of Birds 3327: 3258:10.1016/0300-9629(78)90033-6 3192: 2628: 2571: 1803:Corvidae § Intelligence 8856:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7977:White-throated Magpie-jay ( 7968:Black-throated magpie-jay ( 6738:Yellow-billed blue magpie ( 6017:. Academy for Ancient Texts 5850:A Dictionary of First Names 5340: 5328: 4239: 3968:American Midland Naturalist 3442:Dansk Ornitologisk Forening 3372:Common Raven (Corvus corax) 3286:The Ohio Journal of Science 2792:Ali, S; S D Ripley (1986). 2553:Online Etymology Dictionary 2195:and northeastern Asia. The 2028:The Raven and the First Men 1942:Conservation and management 1862:to share this with humans. 1531:before approaching to eat. 1399:its population southwards. 792:or the nominate subspecies 710:Northern North America and 567:has cognates in many other 434:; there are at least eight 8872: 8816:NatureServe secure species 6678:Indochinese green magpie ( 6306:Common raven photo gallery 6037:"Branwen daughter of Llŷr" 6015:"The Death of Cu Chulainn" 5988:Sturluson, Snorri (2005). 5820:"Note on the common raven- 5456:Sheep and Goats Death Loss 5282:10.1038/s41598-020-77060-8 4808:. New York: Summit Books. 4311:Janes, Stewart W. (1976). 3560:Helm Identification Guides 2478: 2454:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 2168: 2060:plumage and the eating of 2042: 1796: 1692:as well as the associated 1221:plumage, and a dark brown 1156: 1049: 1046: 1029: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1000: 945: 938: 921: 900: 886: 869: 851: 845: 828: 787: 778: 761: 740: 737: 720: 715: 709: 692: 487:raven has been the subject 36: 29: 8591:common-raven-corvus-corax 7754: 7737: 6965: 6948: 6421: 6407: 6363: 6355:Extant species of family 6035:Ford, Patrick K. (1977). 5942:. London: Hogarth Press. 5535:10.1017/S0030605305000785 5235:10.1007/s10211-002-0061-6 5005:10.1007/s10071-003-0189-4 4907:Bickerton, Derek (2009). 4718:Wildlife Society Bulletin 4603:10.1007/s10164-006-0193-7 4123:10.2478/v10262-012-0001-y 3859:10.1007/s10336-007-0175-8 3832:10.1080/00063658609476906 3635:. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. 3092:Canadian Museum of Nature 2522:Oxford English Dictionary 2375:: e.T22706068A113271893. 1965:Compared to many smaller 1302:which are of interest to 887:From Europe eastwards to 594:, all which descend from 556: 379: 370: 358: 353: 332: 325: 227:Scientific classification 225: 205: 183: 174: 169:Grand Teton National Park 166: 154: 142: 133: 57:Middle Pleistocene–Recent 50: 6729:Red-billed blue magpie ( 6630:Ratchet-tailed treepie ( 6271:Internet Bird Collection 5928:, 's-Gravenhage, Mouton. 5792:Isle of Man Government. 5768:"Yukon Territorial Bird" 5652:10.1525/cond.2009.080013 4928:Heinrich, Bernd (1995). 4556:on Brunnich's Guillemot 4256:L.) in Gefangenschaft". 4199:. University of Michigan 4187:Berg R, Dewey T (1999). 3780:U.S. Geological Survey. 3605:Hingston, R W G (1927). 3345:Vere Benson, S. (1972). 2679:Clements, J. F. (2007). 2653:)". pp. 638–639 in 2118:parallels the Old Norse 2099:(once a Viking colony). 2091:), official bird of the 1950:Specimen of the extinct 1937:Relationship with humans 1334:Two juveniles in Iceland 1326:Distribution and habitat 563:The modern English word 485:Over the centuries, the 8846:Birds described in 1758 7904:Woodhouse's scrub jay ( 7599:Hispaniolan palm crow ( 6924:Stresemann's bushcrow ( 6747:Sri Lanka blue magpie ( 6559:White-bellied treepie ( 6293:at Encyclopedia of Life 5900:American Anthropologist 5818:Phillott, D.C. (1907). 4145:Jenkins, M. A. (1978). 3039:Corvus corax tingitanus 2527:Oxford University Press 2494:A Greek–English Lexicon 2452:Simpson, D. P. (1979). 2211:and it is an aspect of 1504:eastern imperial eagles 1159:Common raven physiology 788:It is less glossy than 616: 610: 600: 590: 581: 414:) is a large all-black 8202:Silvery-throated jay ( 7886:California scrub jay ( 7463:Eastern carrion crow ( 7056:Yellow-billed magpie ( 6858:Turkestan ground jay ( 6849:Mongolian ground jay ( 6687:Bornean green magpie ( 6608:Bornean black magpie ( 6599:Malayan black magpie ( 5965:Encomium Emmae Reginae 5743:"The Himalaya Kingdom" 4646:10.1006/anbe.2002.3047 4258:Journal of Ornithology 4016:Malafosse, J. (1985). 3847:Journal of Ornithology 3392:Journal of Ornithology 3205:Elliot, R. D. (1977). 3144:Birds of North America 3041:have distinct mtDNA". 2898:10.1098/rspb.2000.1308 2852:US Geological Survey. 2814:Corvus corax laurencei 2161: 2040: 1962: 1835: 1741: 1638: 1555: 1544: 1432: 1395: 1383:, noted ornithologist 1375:—is restricted to the 1357:Corvus corax laurencei 1335: 1295: 1177: 622: 8729:Paleobiology Database 8043:Purplish-backed jay ( 7788:Azure-winged magpie ( 7348:Eastern jungle crow ( 7303:Slender-billed crow ( 7207:New Caledonian crow ( 7101:Black-rumped magpie ( 7047:Black-billed magpie ( 6840:Xinjiang ground jay ( 6756:White-winged magpie ( 6669:Common green magpie ( 6550:Black-faced treepie ( 6232:Heinrich, B. (1999). 5372:Heinrich, B. (1999). 5352:Heinrich, B. (1999). 4552:"Predation by Ravens 4219:Heinrich, B. (1999). 4110:Slovak Raptor Journal 3927:Murie, O. J. (1940). 3719:on September 29, 2020 3657:on September 29, 2020 3174:www.oiseaux-birds.com 2725:10.2173/bow.grswoo.01 2485:Liddell, Henry George 2270:alighted on the hero 2142: 2021: 1949: 1829: 1739: 1636: 1550: 1542: 1430: 1393: 1333: 1293: 1167: 922:South Eurasian raven 870:North Eurasian raven 846:North Africa and the 762:North Atlantic raven 747:Revillagigedo Islands 658:) of Africa, and the 620:, akin to the French 521:in his landmark 1758 8550:Fauna Europaea (new) 8274:White-collared jay ( 8256:Black-throated jay ( 8229:White-throated jay ( 8211:Black-collared jay ( 7656:Thick-billed raven ( 7629:White-necked raven ( 7481:Brown-necked raven ( 7357:Indian jungle crow ( 7008:Kashmir nutcracker ( 6999:Clark's nutcracker ( 6990:Spotted nutcracker ( 6867:Iranian ground jay ( 6720:Taiwan blue magpie ( 6696:Javan green magpie ( 6266:"Common raven media" 5924:Worth, D.D. (1961). 5774:on February 12, 2012 5481:Boarman, WI (1993). 5169:Alaska Science Forum 4536:Animal Diversity Web 4197:Animal Diversity Web 4048:Haliaeetus albicilla 3912:Boal, C. W. (1993). 3114:British Garden Birds 2238:, and bring the god 2031:, showing part of a 1759:and plant material. 1500:Steller's sea-eagles 1415:is activated by the 1157:For physiology, see 1069:Evolutionary history 895:region and northern 829:North African raven 517:given as Europe, by 8124:Bushy-crested jay ( 8070:Plush-crested jay ( 8034:Black-chested jay ( 7922:Transvolcanic jay ( 7913:Florida scrub jay ( 7563:White-necked crow ( 7427:Mesopotamian crow ( 7339:Large-billed crow ( 7252:White-billed crow ( 7189:Bougainville crow ( 7180:Brown-headed crow ( 6453:Red-billed chough ( 6166:Goodwin D. (1983). 5274:2020NatSR..1020617P 5205:Marzluff and Angell 5193:Marzluff and Angell 5116:2015NatSR...515021M 4847:1988BEcoS..23..141H 4591:Journal of Ethology 4451:10.14430/arctic2851 4270:1965JOrni.106..145G 4064:1983Ecogr...6...81W 3824:1986BirdS..33..110E 3405:1869JOrni..17..107V 2997:2011MolEc..20.2390W 2971:Marzluff and Angell 2892:(1461): 2475–2482. 2837:Marzluff and Angell 2525:(Online ed.). 2197:Kamchatka Peninsula 2183:, Raven was both a 2014:Cultural depictions 2004:Polysticta stelleri 1496:white-tailed eagles 1492:Eurasian eagle-owls 1369:Allan Octavian Hume 1035:C. c. kamtschaticus 542:, derived from the 424:Northern Hemisphere 422:, found across the 177:Conservation status 32:Corvus Corax (band) 8220:Azure-hooded jay ( 8142:White-tailed jay ( 8079:Curl-crested jay ( 7895:Island scrub jay ( 7536:Chihuahuan raven ( 7472:Fan-tailed raven ( 7243:Long-billed crow ( 7162:Australian raven ( 6568:Sumatran treepie ( 6321:at naturesongs.com 6317:2021-01-26 at the 6168:Crows of the World 5699:on January 2, 2010 5262:Scientific Reports 5104:Scientific Reports 4855:10.1007/BF00300349 4278:10.1007/BF01793758 3413:10.1007/BF02261546 3310:Anonymous. (2013) 2810:Eates, KR (1939). 2770:Zool. Verh. Leiden 2717:Birds of the World 2292:against invasion. 2171:Raven in mythology 2162: 2157:("raven song") by 2128:, which were both 2124:, and Old English 2054:Western traditions 2041: 1992:threatened species 1963: 1836: 1815:processes such as 1742: 1659:Arctic North Slope 1641:Common ravens are 1639: 1556: 1545: 1433: 1396: 1336: 1296: 1215:thick-billed raven 1178: 1079:Bering land bridge 1047:Northeastern Asia 986:brown-necked raven 948:brown-necked raven 755:C. c. clarionensis 644:brown-necked raven 575:(and subsequently 569:Germanic languages 441:thick-billed raven 397: Non-breeding 380:Common raven range 8796: 8795: 8716:Open Tree of Life 8329:Taxon identifiers 8320: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8115:Azure-naped jay ( 8097:White-naped jay ( 7856: 7855: 7800: 7799: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7677: 7676: 7572:Cuban palm crow ( 7565:C. leucognaphalus 7545:Tamaulipas crow ( 7529:C. brachyrhynchos 7113: 7112: 7074:Oriental magpie ( 7065:Eurasian magpie ( 7020: 7019: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6901: 6900: 6803:Lanceolated jay ( 6768: 6767: 6731:U. erythrorhyncha 6642: 6641: 6532:Bornean treepie ( 6523:Andaman treepie ( 6465: 6464: 6242:978-0-06-093063-9 6218:978-1-55054-189-2 6196:978-0-300-10076-1 6177:978-0-7022-1015-0 6054:978-0-520-03414-3 5999:978-0-14-044183-3 5974:978-0-521-62655-2 5949:978-0-7012-0431-0 5884:978-0-203-99355-2 5859:978-0-19-861060-1 5382:978-0-06-093063-9 5362:978-0-06-093063-9 5124:10.1038/srep15021 4917:978-0-8090-2281-6 4911:. Hill and Wang. 4815:978-0-671-67809-8 4229:978-0-06-093063-9 3894:on April 29, 2007 3713:"Tulugaq – Raven" 3569:978-0-7136-3999-5 3356:978-0-7232-1513-4 2991:(11): 2390–2402. 2985:Molecular Ecology 2938:Zoologica Scripta 2689:978-0-7136-8695-1 2666:978-84-96553-50-7 2533:(Subscription or 2463:978-0-304-52257-6 2107:unisex given name 1971:species (such as 1799:Bird intelligence 1726:California condor 1671:microtine rodents 1465:northern goshawks 1461:great horned owls 1314:, a dry, grating 1308:prruk-prruk-prruk 1291: 1168:In sunlight, the 1102:mitochondrial DNA 1066: 1065: 1056:C. c. principalis 1030:Kamchatkan raven 1023:C. c. principalis 982:Nikolai Severtzov 863:C. c. canariensis 790:C. c. principalis 743:C. c. principalis 698:C. c. principalis 402: 401: 220: 200: 167:Call recorded in 160: 16:(Redirected from 8863: 8789: 8788: 8776: 8775: 8763: 8762: 8750: 8749: 8737: 8736: 8724: 8723: 8711: 8710: 8698: 8697: 8685: 8684: 8672: 8671: 8669:NHMSYS0000530313 8659: 8658: 8646: 8645: 8633: 8632: 8620: 8619: 8607: 8606: 8594: 8593: 8581: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8558: 8557: 8545: 8544: 8532: 8531: 8519: 8518: 8506: 8505: 8493: 8492: 8480: 8479: 8467: 8466: 8454: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8431: 8430: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8405:B9B272F40EE1570F 8395: 8394: 8382: 8381: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8324: 8298:G. cyanocephalus 8160:Violaceous jay ( 8126:C. melanocyaneus 7961: 7931:Unicolored jay ( 7879: 7868: 7812: 7779:Iberian magpie ( 7765: 7756: 7749: 7739: 7688: 7658:C. crassirostris 7625: 7621:Tropical African 7523: 7519:Central American 7498: 7423: 7341:C. macrorhynchos 7299: 7269: 7216:Torresian crow ( 7182:C. fuscicapillus 7149: 7125: 7083:Maghreb magpie ( 7033: 7010:N. multipunctata 6992:N. caryocatactes 6976: 6967: 6960: 6950: 6912: 6833: 6780: 6655: 6577:Rufous treepie ( 6490:Hooded treepie ( 6476: 6430: 6423: 6409: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6326: 6312:Raven recordings 6275: 6222: 6200: 6181: 6154: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6046: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5796:. Archived from 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5745:. Archived from 5738: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5606: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567:on June 28, 2007 5566: 5560:. Archived from 5559: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5497: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5370: 5364: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5301: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5070: 5047:Animal Behaviour 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5023:. Archived from 4993:Animal Cognition 4990: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4938: 4925: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890:on July 17, 2008 4886:. Archived from 4876: 4867: 4866: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4805:Ravens in Winter 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4757: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4634:Animal Behaviour 4621: 4615: 4614: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4453:. Archived from 4436: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4403: 4394: 4388: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4317: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3890:. Archived from 3880: 3871: 3870: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3803: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3758:www.hiwwt.org.uk 3750: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3686:. Archived from 3685: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3633:Grønlands Fugle 3629:Salomonsen, Finn 3625: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3548: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3382: 3376: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3342: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3135: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3094:. Archived from 3084: 3078: 3077: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3034: 3025: 3024: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2909: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2856:. Archived from 2849: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2778: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2704: 2691: 2677: 2668: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2607:. Archived from 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2518: 2511: 2502: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2354: 2333:at the story of 2280:Brân the Blessed 2159:Frederick Sandys 1908:causal reasoning 1777:Ravens in Winter 1481:peregrine falcon 1477:red-tailed hawks 1455:, and sometimes 1342:from Arctic and 1292: 1268:British Columbia 1238:Chihuahuan raven 1106:Chihuahuan raven 1077:and crossed the 1044: 1037: 1015: 1008: 936: 929: 903:Balearic Islands 884: 877: 859:C. c. tingitanus 843: 836: 834:C. c. tingitanus 800:white-and-black 776: 769: 735: 728: 707: 700: 679:Scientific name 673: 660:Chihuahuan raven 632:Collective nouns 625: 619: 613: 603: 593: 584: 577:modern Icelandic 559: 558: 523:10th edition of 396: 390: 384: 375: 338: 235: 234: 214: 211: 210: 194: 189: 188: 162: 161: 138: 128: 58: 54:Temporal range: 48: 21: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8826:Holarctic birds 8801: 8800: 8797: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8771: 8766: 8758: 8753: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8714: 8706: 8703:Observation.org 8701: 8693: 8688: 8680: 8675: 8667: 8662: 8654: 8649: 8641: 8636: 8628: 8623: 8615: 8610: 8602: 8597: 8589: 8584: 8576: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8527: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8501: 8496: 8488: 8483: 8475: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8411: 8403: 8398: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8331: 8321: 8304: 8282: 8265:Turquoise jay ( 8247:Beautiful jay ( 8186: 8153:C. sanblasianus 8081:C. cristatellus 8018: 8010:Steller's jay ( 7985: 7959: 7958: 7948: 7915:A. coerulescens 7877: 7876: 7852: 7846:P. internigrans 7796: 7760: 7750: 7747: 7721: 7712:Western jackdaw 7702:Daurian jackdaw 7673: 7618: 7608:Sinaloan crow ( 7554:Jamaican crow ( 7538:C. cryptoleucus 7527:American crow ( 7512: 7491: 7412: 7375:Collared crow ( 7350:C. levaillantii 7292: 7273:Hawaiian crow ( 7262: 7209:C. moneduloides 7171:Bismarck crow ( 7138: 7109: 7026: 7016: 6961: 6958: 6932: 6907: 6897: 6875: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6764: 6740:U. flavirostris 6704: 6648: 6638: 6616: 6585: 6507: 6461: 6444:Alpine chough ( 6417: 6403: 6359: 6353: 6319:Wayback Machine 6297:Common Raven – 6264: 6250: 6229: 6227:Further reading 6219: 6205:Savage, Candace 6203: 6197: 6184: 6178: 6165: 6162: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5801: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5777: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5715: 5711: 5702: 5700: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5466: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5433:10.2307/3799509 5418: 5417: 5413: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5223:Acta Ethologica 5216: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5027: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4953:10.2307/4089030 4947:(4): 994–1003. 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4800:Heinrich, Bernd 4798: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4772:10.2307/1368316 4755: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4688:10.2307/1368920 4671: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4500:10.2307/1363515 4483: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4413: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4385:Satin Bowerbird 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4342: 4332:10.2307/1367704 4315: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4163:10.2307/4085502 4144: 4143: 4139: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4050:in Greenland". 4045: 4044: 4040: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3980:10.2307/2424254 3965: 3964: 3960: 3945:10.2307/1363948 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3693:on May 24, 2011 3690: 3683: 3677:Temple, Stanley 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3647:"Common raven ( 3645: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3550: 3549: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3468:Digital Journal 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3305: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3223:10.2307/4085278 3204: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3156:10.2173/bna.476 3137: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3036: 3035: 3028: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2791: 2790: 2781: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2713:), version 1.0" 2709:"Common Raven ( 2706: 2705: 2694: 2678: 2671: 2648: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2499:Perseus Project 2475: 2471: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2276:Welsh mythology 2264:Irish mythology 2256:Harald Hardrada 2248:Jarls of Orkney 2224:Norse mythology 2173: 2167: 2085:kings of Bhutan 2066:Danish folklore 2047: 2016: 2000:Steller's eider 1988:desert tortoise 1982:In the western 1944: 1939: 1924: 1912:social learning 1872:trial-and-error 1867:problem-solving 1840:Derek Bickerton 1805: 1795: 1698:carrion beetles 1631: 1623:satin bowerbird 1537: 1445: 1425: 1385:Finn Salomonsen 1381:Grønlands Fugle 1328: 1281: 1242:C. cryptoleucus 1162: 1155: 1110:C. cryptoleucus 1071: 1033: 1006:C. c. tibetanus 1004: 954:C. c. laurencei 925: 891:, south to the 873: 832: 765: 724: 696: 693:northern raven 664:C. cryptoleucus 640: 587:Old High German 525:Systema Naturae 511: 468:omnivorous diet 398: 394: 392: 388: 386: 382: 349: 340: 334: 321: 229: 221: 212: 208: 201: 190: 186: 179: 156: 145:Tower of London 129: 127: 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 56: 55: 52: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8869: 8867: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8803: 8802: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8777: 8764: 8751: 8738: 8725: 8712: 8699: 8686: 8673: 8660: 8647: 8634: 8621: 8608: 8595: 8582: 8572: 8559: 8546: 8537:Fauna Europaea 8533: 8520: 8507: 8494: 8481: 8468: 8455: 8445: 8432: 8419: 8409: 8396: 8383: 8372: 8357: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8276:C. viridicyana 8271: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8204:C. argentigula 8198: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8180:C. yucatanicus 8175: 8166: 8157: 8151:San Blas jay ( 8148: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8103: 8094: 8088:Purplish jay ( 8085: 8076: 8067: 8058: 8049: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7974: 7964: 7962: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7924:A. ultramarina 7919: 7910: 7906:A. woodhouseii 7901: 7892: 7888:A. californica 7882: 7880: 7865: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7841: 7835:Siberian jay ( 7832: 7822: 7820: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7762: 7752: 7751: 7742: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7698: 7696: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7615: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7556:C. jamaicensis 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7509: 7508: 7502:Common raven ( 7499: 7488: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7445:Carrion crow ( 7442: 7433: 7424: 7409: 7408: 7399: 7393:Banggai crow ( 7390: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7321:Palawan crow ( 7318: 7309: 7300: 7295:Tropical Asian 7289: 7288: 7282:Mariana crow ( 7279: 7275:C. hawaiiensis 7270: 7265:Pacific island 7259: 7258: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7225:Forest raven ( 7222: 7213: 7204: 7198:Little raven ( 7195: 7186: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7135: 7133: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7103:P. bottanensis 7098: 7089: 7085:P. mauritanica 7080: 7071: 7062: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7030: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6973: 6963: 6962: 6953: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6926:Z. stresemanni 6920: 6918: 6916:Zavattariornis 6909: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6809: 6805:G. lanceolatus 6800: 6794:Eurasian jay ( 6790: 6788: 6777: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6693: 6684: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6614: 6605: 6601:P. leucopterus 6595: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6574: 6570:D. occipitalis 6565: 6561:D. leucogastra 6556: 6547: 6541:Grey treepie ( 6538: 6534:D. cinerascens 6529: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6455:P. pyrrhocorax 6450: 6440: 6438: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6309: 6303: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6262: 6256: 6249: 6248:External links 6246: 6245: 6244: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6201: 6195: 6182: 6176: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6152:978-0915957224 6135: 6111: 6087: 6060: 6053: 6027: 6005: 5998: 5980: 5973: 5955: 5948: 5930: 5917: 5906:(4): 577–683. 5890: 5883: 5865: 5858: 5846:Hanks, Patrick 5837: 5810: 5784: 5759: 5730: 5709: 5683: 5626: 5577: 5541: 5528:(3): 284–291. 5508: 5473: 5446: 5427:(1): 200–204. 5411: 5385: 5365: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5248: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5155: 5090: 5033: 5030:on 2015-09-28. 4972: 4920: 4900: 4868: 4841:(3): 141–156. 4821: 4814: 4791: 4766:(2): 372–378. 4743: 4724:(1): 244–253. 4701: 4682:(2): 228–241. 4659: 4640:(2): 283–290. 4616: 4581: 4570:(4): 742–748. 4542: 4519: 4471: 4460:on 24 May 2011 4422: 4389: 4373: 4351: 4303: 4291: 4264:(2): 145–178. 4244: 4232: 4209: 4176: 4157:(1): 122–127. 4137: 4106:) in Slovakia" 4104:Aquila heliaca 4092: 4077: 4038: 4008: 3993: 3974:(1): 231–236. 3958: 3939:(4): 198–202. 3919: 3904: 3872: 3837: 3818:(2): 110–116. 3810:in Shetland". 3793: 3769: 3745: 3730: 3704: 3668: 3638: 3620: 3597: 3584:"Common Raven" 3575: 3568: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3503:(6): 657–748. 3480: 3454: 3426: 3399:(2): 107–118. 3377: 3362: 3355: 3332: 3320: 3303: 3292:(6): 213–225. 3276: 3263: 3236: 3217:(4): 777–778. 3197: 3185: 3170:"Common Raven" 3161: 3125: 3101: 3098:on 2017-06-23. 3088:"Common Raven" 3079: 3060: 3049:(1): 174–178. 3026: 2975: 2963: 2944:(2): 145–156. 2921: 2870: 2841: 2829: 2816:Hume) in Sind" 2799: 2779: 2756: 2738: 2692: 2669: 2633: 2621: 2596: 2576: 2564: 2540: 2503: 2469: 2462: 2444: 2432:Linnaeus, Carl 2423: 2404:"Corvus corax" 2395: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2266:, the goddess 2252:Cnut the Great 2181:Haida cultures 2169:Main article: 2166: 2163: 2134:personal names 2015: 2012: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1923: 1920: 1916:theory of mind 1844:Bernd Heinrich 1794: 1791: 1782:Bernd Heinrich 1722:kleptoparasite 1630: 1627: 1536: 1533: 1525:American crows 1444: 1441: 1424: 1421: 1413:corticosterone 1327: 1324: 1304:ornithologists 1154: 1151: 1143:Canary Islands 1129:glacial period 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1048: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1018:The Himalayas 1016: 1009: 1002: 1001:Tibetan raven 998: 997: 984:is possibly a 966:C. c. subcorax 944: 937: 930: 927:C. c. subcorax 923: 919: 918: 915:C. c. hispanus 899: 885: 878: 871: 867: 866: 850: 848:Canary Islands 844: 837: 830: 826: 825: 786: 777: 770: 763: 759: 758: 751:C. c. sinuatus 739: 736: 729: 726:C. c. sinuatus 722: 721:western raven 718: 717: 714: 708: 701: 694: 690: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 639: 638:Classification 636: 596:Proto-Germanic 510: 507: 400: 399: 393: 391: Resident 387: 385: Breeding 381: 377: 376: 368: 367: 363:Classification 356: 355: 351: 350: 341: 330: 329: 323: 322: 315: 313: 309: 308: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 223: 222: 206: 203: 202: 184: 181: 180: 175: 172: 171: 164: 163: 152: 151: 140: 139: 131: 130: 122: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 59: 53: 40:Papilio castor 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8868: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8836:Talking birds 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8799: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8178:Yucatan jay ( 8176: 8174: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8144:C. mystacalis 8140: 8138: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8099:C. cyanopogon 8095: 8093: 8091: 8090:C. cyanomelas 8086: 8084: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8061:Cayenne jay ( 8059: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7960:(Magpie-Jays) 7957: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7942:A. wollweberi 7940:Mexican jay ( 7938: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7844:Sichuan jay ( 7842: 7840: 7838: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7828:P. canadensis 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7665:Somali crow ( 7663: 7661: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7631:C. albicollis 7627: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7592:C. ossifragus 7588: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:C. ruficollis 7479: 7477: 7475: 7474:C. rhipidurus 7470: 7468: 7466: 7465:C. orientalis 7461: 7459: 7457: 7456:C. frugilegus 7452: 7450: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7436:Hooded crow ( 7434: 7432: 7430: 7429:C. capellanus 7425: 7422: 7420: 7419:North African 7416: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402:Violet crow ( 7400: 7398: 7396: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7384:Piping crow ( 7382: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7359:C. culminatus 7355: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7330:Flores crow ( 7328: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7314:C. samarensis 7310: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7227:C. tasmanicus 7223: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7164:C. coronoides 7160: 7158: 7156: 7153:Little crow ( 7151: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7092:Asir magpie ( 7090: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7001:N. columbiana 6997: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6929: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6851:P. hendersoni 6847: 6845: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6832:(Ground jays) 6829: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6812:Lidth's jay ( 6810: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6796:G. glandarius 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6758:U. whiteheadi 6754: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6698:C. thalassina 6694: 6692: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6399:Passeriformes 6396: 6394: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6125: 6124:Bible Gateway 6121: 6115: 6112: 6101: 6100:Bible Gateway 6097: 6091: 6088: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5814: 5811: 5800:on 2007-05-10 5799: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5749:on 2007-04-29 5748: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726:87-17-02791-8 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5578: 5563: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5509: 5498:on 2020-10-06 5494: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5474: 5463:. May 6, 2005 5462: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5402:Western Birds 5396: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5175:on 2007-06-11 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163:Rozell, Ned. 5159: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4973: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909:Adam's Tongue 4904: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260:(in German). 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3617:(2): 320–329. 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499:(in German). 3498: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395:(in German). 3394: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3198: 3195:, pp. 138–139 3194: 3189: 3186: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2860:on 2017-07-08 2859: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826:(4): 747–750. 2825: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2611:on 2010-02-13 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2489:Scott, Robert 2486: 2482: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335:Cain and Abel 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2320:New Testament 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:Old Testament 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:national bird 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2025:'s sculpture 2024: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Mojave Desert 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973:American crow 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960:Faroe Islands 1957: 1953: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730:golden eagles 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:invertebrates 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688:, feeding on 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:opportunistic 1644: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:golden eagles 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Mount Everest 1350: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:vocalizations 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257:Faroe Islands 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 989: 987: 983: 980:collected by 979: 975: 972:described by 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 942: 935: 931: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 898: 894: 890: 883: 879: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 849: 842: 838: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 785: 784:Faroe Islands 781: 775: 771: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 734: 730: 727: 723: 719: 713: 706: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685:Distribution 684: 681: 678: 675: 674: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648:C. ruficollis 645: 637: 635: 633: 629: 624: 618: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 588: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540: 536:of the genus 535: 531: 527: 526: 520: 519:Carl Linnaeus 516: 515:type locality 508: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 472:opportunistic 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 449:mate for life 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412: 407: 378: 374: 369: 366: 365: 364: 357: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 331: 328: 327:Binomial name 324: 320: 319: 318:C. corax 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284:Passeriformes 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 233: 228: 224: 218: 204: 198: 193: 192:Least Concern 182: 178: 173: 170: 165: 153: 150: 146: 141: 137: 132: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 49: 46: 42: 41: 33: 19: 18:Western raven 8798: 8773:Corvus-corax 8578:common-raven 8392:Corvus_corax 8367:Corvus corax 8337:Corvus corax 8336: 8297: 8296:Pinyon jay ( 8287: 8275: 8266: 8257: 8248: 8239: 8231:C. mirabilis 8230: 8222:C. cucullata 8221: 8213:C. armillata 8212: 8203: 8191: 8179: 8170: 8162:C. violaceus 8161: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8125: 8117:C. heilprini 8116: 8107: 8106:Tufted jay ( 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8054:C. caeruleus 8053: 8044: 8035: 8023: 8011: 8002: 7990: 7978: 7969: 7953: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7914: 7905: 7897:A. insularis 7896: 7887: 7878:(Scrub jays) 7871: 7845: 7837:P. infaustus 7836: 7827: 7826:Canada jay ( 7815: 7789: 7780: 7768: 7759:Azure-winged 7715: 7706:C. dauuricus 7705: 7691: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7620: 7619: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7581:Cuban crow ( 7573: 7564: 7555: 7547:C. imparatus 7546: 7537: 7528: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7404:C. violaceus 7403: 7394: 7385: 7377:C. torquatus 7376: 7368:C. splendens 7367: 7366:House crow ( 7358: 7349: 7340: 7332:C. florensis 7331: 7322: 7313: 7312:Small crow ( 7304: 7294: 7293: 7283: 7274: 7264: 7263: 7254:C. woodfordi 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7181: 7173:C. insularis 7172: 7163: 7154: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7128: 7102: 7094:P. asirensis 7093: 7084: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7036: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6979: 6925: 6915: 6906:Stresemann's 6890: 6880: 6868: 6859: 6850: 6842:P. biddulphi 6841: 6825: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6783: 6757: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6688: 6680:C. hypoleuca 6679: 6671:C. chinensis 6670: 6658: 6631: 6621: 6610:P. aterrimus 6609: 6600: 6590: 6579:D. vagabunda 6578: 6569: 6560: 6552:D. frontalis 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6492:C. cucullata 6491: 6479: 6454: 6445: 6433: 6391:Superorder: 6299:Corvus corax 6298: 6290:Corvus corax 6289: 6269: 6233: 6208: 6186: 6167: 6143: 6138: 6127:. Retrieved 6123: 6114: 6103:. Retrieved 6099: 6090: 6078:. Retrieved 6074:The Guardian 6073: 6063: 6042: 6030: 6019:. Retrieved 6008: 5989: 5983: 5964: 5958: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5874: 5868: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5827: 5822:Corvus corax 5821: 5813: 5802:. Retrieved 5798:the original 5787: 5776:. Retrieved 5772:the original 5762: 5751:. Retrieved 5747:the original 5717: 5712: 5701:. Retrieved 5697:the original 5686: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5569:. Retrieved 5562:the original 5553:Corvus corax 5552: 5544: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5500:. Retrieved 5493:the original 5488: 5483: 5476: 5465:. Retrieved 5455: 5449: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5405: 5401: 5388: 5373: 5368: 5353: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5268:(1): 20617. 5265: 5261: 5251: 5229:(1): 13–18. 5226: 5222: 5219:Corvus corax 5218: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5168: 5158: 5110:(1): 15021. 5107: 5103: 5093: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5025:the original 4999:(2): 69–76. 4996: 4992: 4984:Corvus corax 4983: 4975: 4964:. Retrieved 4944: 4940: 4932:Corvus corax 4931: 4923: 4908: 4903: 4892:. Retrieved 4888:the original 4838: 4834: 4831:Corvus corax 4830: 4824: 4804: 4794: 4783:. Retrieved 4763: 4759: 4746: 4721: 4717: 4704: 4679: 4675: 4662: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626:Corvus corax 4625: 4619: 4597:(1): 79–82. 4594: 4590: 4584: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554:Corvus corax 4553: 4545: 4534: 4511:. Retrieved 4494:(1): 10–15. 4491: 4487: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4455:the original 4445:(1): 41–46. 4442: 4438: 4425: 4414:. Retrieved 4412:(3): 382–391 4409: 4405: 4392: 4383: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4354: 4343:. Retrieved 4323: 4319: 4306: 4294: 4261: 4257: 4254:Corvus corax 4253: 4247: 4235: 4220: 4201:. Retrieved 4196: 4191:Corvus corax 4190: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4058:(1): 81–88. 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4029:Le Grand-Duc 4028: 4019: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3896:. Retrieved 3892:the original 3887: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3815: 3811: 3808:Corvus corax 3807: 3785:. Retrieved 3761:. Retrieved 3757: 3748: 3723:December 31, 3721:. Retrieved 3717:the original 3707: 3697:December 31, 3695:. Retrieved 3688:the original 3671: 3661:December 31, 3659:. Retrieved 3655:the original 3649:Corvus corax 3648: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3578: 3555: 3552:Madge, Steve 3529: 3517: 3500: 3496: 3493:Corvus corax 3492: 3471:. Retrieved 3467: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3429: 3396: 3390: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3346: 3323: 3314:Corvus corax 3313: 3306: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3266: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3188: 3177:. Retrieved 3173: 3164: 3147: 3143: 3140:Corvus corax 3139: 3117:. Retrieved 3113: 3104: 3096:the original 3091: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3046: 3042: 3038: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2966: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2889: 2883: 2873: 2862:. Retrieved 2858:the original 2832: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2793: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2750: 2716: 2711:Corvus corax 2710: 2680: 2654: 2651:Corvus corax 2650: 2624: 2613:. Retrieved 2609:the original 2599: 2588:. Retrieved 2579: 2567: 2556:. Retrieved 2552: 2543: 2520: 2492: 2472: 2453: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2414:. Retrieved 2407: 2398: 2386:. Retrieved 2372: 2366: 2361:Corvus corax 2360: 2352: 2301: 2294: 2283: 2244:raven banner 2221: 2174: 2152: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2074: 2051: 2048: 2026: 2008: 2003: 1981: 1966: 1964: 1956:colour morph 1932: 1925: 1906:on tests of 1897: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1864: 1856:displacement 1837: 1832:Nike Missile 1830:Dilapidated 1809:hyperpallium 1806: 1793:Intelligence 1787: 1775: 1773: 1743: 1683: 1669:, mainly of 1640: 1612: 1581: 1575:them. Young 1569: 1561: 1557: 1553:Corvus corax 1552: 1485: 1446: 1434: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1380: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1359:(also spelt 1356: 1337: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1265: 1254: 1249: 1246:carrion crow 1241: 1231: 1179: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1122:paraphyletic 1117: 1109: 1099: 1072: 1059: 1055: 1034: 1022: 1005: 990: 977: 965: 961: 957: 956:(also spelt 953: 951: 926: 914: 874: 862: 858: 833: 821: 818:C. c. varius 817: 813: 810:C. c. varius 809: 802:colour morph 793: 789: 767:C. c. varius 766: 754: 750: 742: 725: 697: 676:Common name 663: 655: 647: 641: 628:carrion crow 571:, including 564: 562: 547: 537: 534:type species 532:. It is the 530:Corvus corax 529: 524: 512: 484: 461: 455:defending a 451:, with each 411:Corvus corax 410: 409: 406:common raven 405: 403: 361: 359: 336:Corvus corax 335: 333: 317: 316: 304: 51:Common raven 45: 39: 8690:Neotropical 8651:NatureServe 8599:iNaturalist 8361:Wikispecies 8288:Gymnorhinus 8238:Dwarf jay ( 8169:Green jay ( 8133:Brown jay ( 8072:C. chrysops 8052:Azure jay ( 8045:C. beecheii 8012:C. stelleri 8003:C. cristata 7933:A. unicolor 7748:(continued) 7716:C. monedula 7649:C. capensis 7647:Cape crow ( 7638:Pied crow ( 7610:C. sinaloae 7601:C. palmarum 7590:Fish crow ( 7395:C. unicolor 7323:C. pusillus 7234:Grey crow ( 7155:C. bennetti 7058:P. nuttalli 7049:P. hudsonia 6971:Nutcrackers 6959:(continued) 6881:Ptilostomus 6722:U. caerulea 6689:C. jefferyi 6632:T. temnurus 6591:Platysmurus 6543:D. formosae 6514:Dendrocitta 6446:P. graculus 6435:Pyrrhocorax 6254:RSPB: Raven 6160:Cited texts 5992:. Penguin. 5646:(1): 1–20. 5331:, pp. 70–71 4630:Canis lupus 4558:Uria lomvia 3853:: 169–178. 2973:, pp. 86–87 2631:, pp. 70–72 2409:NatureServe 2388:12 November 2272:Cú Chulainn 2219:mythology. 2189:creator god 2105:The modern 2097:Isle of Man 2089:Raven Crown 1753:vertebrates 1750:road-killed 1681:carcasses. 1651:serendipity 1645:and highly 1469:bald eagles 1312:toc-toc-toc 1203:Nova Scotia 1174:iridescence 1153:Description 1060:C. c. corax 1052:Lake Baikal 889:Lake Baikal 875:C. c. corax 814:leucophaeus 794:C. c. corax 491:Scandinavia 480:intelligent 354:Subspecies 217:NatureServe 8805:Categories 8768:Xeno-canto 8267:C. turcosa 8249:C. pulchra 8108:C. dickeyi 8063:C. cayanus 8036:C. affinis 8025:Cyanocorax 8001:Blue jay ( 7992:Cyanocitta 7979:C. formosa 7970:C. colliei 7873:Aphelocoma 7861:New World 7817:Perisoreus 7667:C. edithae 7583:C. nasicus 7574:C. minutus 7386:C. typicus 7284:C. kubaryi 7245:C. validus 7236:C. tristis 7200:C. mellori 7145:Melanesian 7141:Australian 7076:P. sericea 6869:P. pleskei 6860:P. panderi 6773:Old World 6525:D. bayleyi 6481:Crypsirina 6393:Neognathae 6387:Neornithes 6385:Subclass: 6129:2023-07-02 6105:2023-07-02 6080:5 December 6021:2007-05-19 6013:Jones, M. 5834:: 115–116. 5804:2007-05-19 5778:2007-05-16 5753:2007-05-17 5703:2007-02-12 5640:The Condor 5571:2007-05-24 5502:2007-05-21 5467:2007-12-27 5408:: 202–217. 5179:2007-05-07 5068:1887/76850 4966:2007-05-16 4894:2007-05-07 4785:2005-05-16 4676:The Condor 4513:2007-05-16 4464:7 November 4416:2007-05-16 4345:2009-03-26 4326:(3): 409. 4203:2008-06-03 3898:2007-05-19 3888:Oregon Zoo 3812:Bird Study 3787:2007-05-11 3763:2020-10-03 3590:6 November 3473:7 November 3179:2012-12-19 3119:2012-12-19 2864:2007-05-11 2776:: 111–148. 2615:2008-07-16 2590:2007-06-03 2558:2007-05-14 2537:required.) 2345:References 2327:Luke 12:24 2316:Noah's Ark 2285:Mabinogion 2043:See also: 1952:pied raven 1904:orangutans 1860:vertebrate 1797:See also: 1757:arthropods 1714:Arctic fox 1686:scavengers 1643:omnivorous 1508:gyrfalcons 1404:California 1294:Vocalising 1261:pied raven 1219:iridescent 1195:California 1186:passerines 1147:morphology 1091:California 806:pied raven 668:subspecies 453:mated pair 447:but later 436:subspecies 426:. 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An old 601:khrabanas 573:Old Norse 457:territory 430:known by 416:passerine 312:Species: 250:Kingdom: 244:Eukaryota 143:Near the 8656:2.103734 8643:22706068 8617:10195300 8464:bob15720 8428:22706068 8423:BirdLife 8412:BioLib: 8346:Wikidata 8135:C. morio 7781:C. cooki 7745:Corvidae 7683:Jackdaws 7640:C. albus 7504:C. corax 7415:Eurasian 7191:C. meeki 6956:Corvidae 6908:bushcrow 6785:Garrulus 6711:Urocissa 6647:Oriental 6622:Temnurus 6501:C. temia 6471:Treepies 6415:Corvidae 6375:Chordata 6373:Phylum: 6369:Animalia 6357:Corvidae 6315:Archived 6207:(1995). 6076:. 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