855:, conducted a survey asking for information on State Police actions during the strike. Maurer's survey found that violence significantly increased after the arrival of the State Police, and that almost all acts of violence were committed by state troopers without provocation. Mauer was so outraged by the results of his survey that he introduced a bill to abolish the state police. Hundreds of citizens later testified before state and federal commissions that mounted State Police routinely charged onto town sidewalks or into crowds, trampling and severely injuring men, women and children (whether strikers or not). Severe beatings with fists and clubs were common, with troopers breaking into and ransacking homes without warrants, beating citizens and striking miners alike. Local police officials claimed State Police routinely beat people on the street for no reason, and resisted local police attempts to stop them. State Police troopers shot up towns "in true Western style", and fired indiscriminately into crowds or into tent cities (killing and wounding sleeping women and children). Sexual assault (including rape) was disturbingly common, and at least one hotel manager accused troopers of promoting prostitution.
824:. As the miners began their march, deputy sheriffs and Coal and Iron Police on horseback stopped them. Although the local chief of police stepped forward and told the deputies that the miners had permission to march, the deputies ignored him and continued to block the marchers. The miners attempted to walk away, but the deputies charged into them with their horses, swinging clubs. A riot ensued and the sheriff's deputies fired into the crowd—killing a miner. When the chief of police attempted to arrest the deputy responsible, the other deputies seized him and charged him with obstructing an officer in the performance of his duty. Outraged citizens of the town mobbed the sheriff's office and forced his release.
840:(PSP) proved to be the most violent group during the strike. The PSP had been founded in 1905 to discourage the use of private police forces in workers' strikes and to provide law enforcement when local police or sheriffs were unable or unwilling to enforce the law. But rather than enforce the law, the PSP proved the group most willing to break it. One trooper described how the State Police dealt with strikers: "We ride in, scoop them up and beat hell out of them."
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Pennsylvania state policemen broke into and searched the boarding house. A crowd of striking miners gathered and ridiculed their failure to find the workers. The furious and embarrassed sheriff's deputies then fired into the crowd. Thirty people were injured and one man killed. The
Westmoreland County sheriff withdrew the commissions of 18 deputies involved in the incident, but the Westmoreland Coal Company had them sworn in as local police deputies instead.
765:, all citizens were required to obtain a pass from the local mine manager before leaving the village. Union members were denied the use of post offices or the ability to enter local courthouses, because these facilities were often on coal company property. Nearly 1,000 miners were ultimately arrested for trespass or disorderly conduct. Simply walking home in a group from a union meeting on a public highway could earn a contempt citation and a $ 50 fine.
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places where the employees of the said company ordinarily pass to and from their work, and from preventing said employees from going peaceably along said injunction: highways and also from attempting by noise, intimidation, threats, personal violence or by any other means to interfere with the employees of said company in their desire to labor or with any of the property of the said company until further order of this court.
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resources. Eventually, the union gave more than $ 1 million in relief payments to the strikers. Lewis, however, continued to work to undermine the union's support for the strike. He backed an insurgent faction in
District 6 to unseat leaders who supported the strike. The act led to internecine warfare in the union and charges that Lewis and his candidates were in league with mine owners.
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They did so and escaped, but the State Police troopers chased the fifth man into a barn. The miner was shot and killed. The numerous witnesses testified that the miner was begging for his life when a State
Trooper shot him. But the other troopers and a coal company executive stated that the miner was killed in self-defense, and the trooper was exonerated.
659:, a UMWA vice president, arrived in Westmoreland County and formed a local union. Four hundred miners signed up and paid dues. Keystone Coke and Coal immediately fired 100 miners for attending the union organizing meeting. The Keystone miners walked off the job, and the strike swiftly spread throughout the Irwin Basin.
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In May 1911, State Police assaulted a group of striking miners on a public road. The miners, on their way to a meeting, walked past property owned by the
Jamison Coal and Coke Company. The road narrowed where a creek ran past the property. The mounted State Police troopers blocked the mines' path at
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In
January 1911, the Westmoreland County sheriff began deputizing striking miners as deputy sheriffs (although they served without pay). In May 1911, four sheriff's deputies were cited for contempt of court for venturing too close to coal company property. The sheriff said that the men had done so in
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coal basin. Since miners were paid by the ton, workers also wanted to standardize the size of coal wagons to ensure they were paid fairly. Miners also sought to be paid for mining "slack" (very fine coal), and for "dead work" (laying of track, shoring up tunnels, pumping out water, and removing slate
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and income from non-mining operations (such as rental properties, company stores and even breweries) to withstand the economic pressure exerted by the miners. But all companies benefited from a significant slump in the demand for coal in 1910 and 1911, which leveled the playing field vis-a-vis their
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On May 8, 1910, sheriff's deputies attempted to prevent a handful of strikebreakers from permanently quitting their jobs at the
Westmoreland Coal Company in the town of Yukon, Pennsylvania. About four hours after the replacement workers had returned to their boarding house, 25 sheriff's deputies and
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When the miners struck on March 9, the coal companies evicted thousands of families from their company-owned homes. UMWA spent $ 25,000 purchasing tents and constructing shanties, and set up 25 tent cities to accommodate the homeless. Near the town of Export, more than 100 tents went up, making it
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prevented them from leaving and told them that they had to work off the cost of their transportation before resigning. When strikebreakers still tried to leave, the police beat them and forced them back to work. In some cases, fences were built around strikebreaker housing to intimidate the workers
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The situation came to a head in 1910. The coal companies reduced wages by 16 percent, paying only 58 cents per ton-and-a-half of coal mined. The breaking point came when
Keystone Coal and Coke announced that miners would have to begin using new safety lights and new forms of explosives—and pay for
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But the miners were worse off than the employers. The winter of 1910–11 was particularly cold, and the miners and their families suffered tremendously. The union built numerous shacks and shanties, and moved miners' families out of tents and into the shacks for better protection from the elements.
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While the women were being processed for imprisonment, Jones instructed them: "You sing the whole night long. You can spell one another if you get tired and hoarse. Sleep all day and sing all night and don't stop for anyone. Say you're singing to the babies. I will bring the little ones milk and
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In June 1911, miners secured a permit to march past facilities owned by the Penn Gas Coal
Company. As the marchers peacefully walked past the company's front gate, State Police opened fire. More than 150 shots were fired, causing panic and several injuries. Westmoreland County sheriff's deputies
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In May 1910, State Police allegedly killed a man in cold blood. Several State Police officers and a coal company executive stopped and questioned four striking miners who did not speak
English. An English-speaking miner who spoke their language came on the scene and told the four men to run off.
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and local police deputies proved to be a much bigger problem. The coal companies paid the
Westmoreland County sheriff to provide deputies to protect their property and replacement workers (a common practice at the time). Although the sheriff's deputies would be acting under the color of law, they
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Miners are restrained from conducting or engaging in marches to the mines, property and works of said Keystone Coal and Coke Company and from assembling at or near the works of said company for the purpose of holding meetings at such places at any time, and from assembling on the highways at such
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to prevent striking miners from approaching company property on the grounds that the number of strikers and the loud noises they made intimidated company employees. Although the local sheriff testified that the strikers had committed no acts of violence, the state district court issued a sweeping
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Fortunately, the jail was next door to the sheriff's home, as well as several hotels, lodging houses, and other homes. The sound of women singing all through the night kept most of the townspeople awake. After five days of sleeplessness, the townspeople angrily demanded that the judge order the
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sued the leaders of the strike. The coal companies claimed they had suffered economic losses as high as $ 500,000 due to the strike and strike-related property damage. Twenty-eight officers in nearby District 5 and 17 strike leaders in Westmoreland County were arrested on charges of conspiracy,
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Jones encouraged the women to bring their babies and small children with them when they were sentenced by the court in Greensburg. The presiding judge sentenced the women to pay a $ 30 fine or serve 30 days in jail. Unable to pay, the women were jailed. As there was no one else to care for the
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Shortly after the Yukon incident, a small group of miners walking home from a meeting in Export passed coal company property. A squad of 20 sheriff's deputies and State Police troopers attacked them. Several miners were severely beaten, and one miner (trying to protect a child in his arms) was
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The coal companies moved aggressively to exploit the law in other ways as well. The Coal and Iron Police patrolled company property and denied admittance to union members and supporters. Union members were often arrested for using public roads which traversed company property. Small towns and
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had not condoned the strike, and criticized efforts by leaders in surrounding UMWA Districts to drum up increased support for the strikers. But in March 1910, a special meeting of the UMWA international executive board voted to support the strike, forcing Lewis to grudgingly offer the union's
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had tried to organize Westmoreland County coal mines since 1883, but had little success. In February 1910, however, the lower wage rates and new expenses led miners at Keystone Coal and Coke to meet and discuss their grievances among themselves. The miners decided to invite the
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was small at first, but by the fall it was nearly a flood. The number of new immigrant workers was so large that the Penn Gas Coal company constructed 30 two-story houses in Hahntown to house its replacement workers, leading local residents to refer to the area as "Scab Hill".
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intimidation, violence and general lawlessness. Local labor unions helped the 45 men post bond of $ 300 each, and instituted a special per capita assessment to form a legal defense fund. But the public outcry was so extraordinary that the coal companies dropped the suits.
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and Coal and Iron Police arrested the deputies for violating the court injunction. A court sentenced the deputies to five days in jail. When the Westmoreland County sheriff refused to put his deputies in jail, the court ordered the sheriff's arrest and charged him with
488:, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911. At its height, the strike encompassed 65 mines and 15,000 coal miners. Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families. The strike ended in defeat for the
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The vague terms of the injunction led law enforcement officials to arrest miners as much as a half mile from Keystone grounds. Other coal companies quickly asked for similar injunctions which "made marching, assembling or traversing public roads illegal".
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In Herminie, a twelve-foot fence surrounded the barracks of the strikebreakers. Mine owner John Jamison told a local official, "We are going to make a far sight more afraid of us than ." Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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Company was formed to begin mining coal in the region. In 1905, it bought a controlling interest in Penn Gas Coal, a company established in 1861 to gasify coal. Penn Gas Coal, in turn, had obtained a one-third ownership in the
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their official capacity as deputies, but the local court fined them anyway. The Westmoreland County sheriff became so frustrated with the injunction that he refused to permit his deputies to patrol marches on public highways.
804:" notorious of their strikebreaking activities, but nevertheless instructed the deputies to exercise restraint and ignore peaceful marches. He also warned them that he would dismiss deputies who committed acts of violence.
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Problems with the deputies were so severe that in November 1910 the Westmoreland County sheriff stopped securing them for the coal companies. The companies responded by seeking deputies from local police forces instead.
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worked hard to overcome these divisions, however. Multi-lingual organizers were employed, each ethnic group elected its own representatives, and parades and rallies featured musicians and speakers from all groups.
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The court injunctions issued in the Westmoreland County Coal Strike were not only applied in later strikes in Pennsylvania but was extended even further. Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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A Tribute to the Coal Miners that mined the Bituminous Coal seams at the Penn Gas No. 3 Mine (Lowber Mine), (Marchand Mine), Lowber (Blackburn), Sewickley Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. January 6,
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By mid-1911, the strike had taken its toll on the coal companies. At least $ 500,000 had been spent on security, and coal production had dropped by 45 percent. The larger companies, however, used their
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funds, but it was no longer financially able to keep the strike going. On July 1, 1911, the UMWA executive board voted to end to the strike. Although most miners returned to work, about 400 were
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The Coal and Iron Police primarily protected company property, protected strikebreakers, and kept strikebreakers from quitting. But in many ways, their role in the strike was quite limited.
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Public backing for the strike was high. Westmoreland County had a long history of support for unions. Local religious leaders signed petitions in favor of the union, testified before the
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During the strike, six striking miners, nine wives of striking miners, and one bystander were killed, and thousands of strikers and members of their families severely beaten or wounded.
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But not enough shelter could be erected, and 400 families spent the entire winter in tents. Hunger and disease were also beginning to become widespread among strikers' families.
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932:, better known as "Mother Jones". Even though she was 73 years of age, Mother Jones agreed to travel to Westmoreland County to support the United Mine Workers in their strike.
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Ethnic tension threatened to divide the nascent union. Slovaks comprised 70 percent of the striking miners, but the strike committee was led by native-born miners of English,
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this point, then charged into the crowd. Two miners were shot and several severely beaten. A Westmoreland County sheriff's deputy accompany the miners was also badly beaten.
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To end the strike and break the union, the coal companies began importing thousands of Eastern European immigrants to work the mines. Coal company representatives on the
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to physically intimidate and sometimes beat pro-union miners, workers were fired, and coal companies evicted families from the "coal patches" whenever miners struck.
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Union recognition became the biggest issue in the strike. The workers felt that if they could win recognition of the union, their other demands would come easily.
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Cited in McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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Management often took advantage of the strikebreakers, however. Company recruiters were ordered not to tell potential workers that they would be employed as
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McDonough, Judith. "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911."
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Westmoreland Coal, Penn Gas Coal and Keystone Coal and Coke strongly resisted the miners' demands and any attempt at unionization. Companies used the
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911",
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62nd Congress, 2nd Session, U.S. House of Representatives. House Document No. 847, Vol. 97. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, 1912.
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Committee on Labor. 62nd Congress, First Session, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, August 1, 1911.
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Committee on Rules. 62nd Congress, 1st Session, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, May 31, 1911.
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The Hearings on H. R. 179, Authorizing Committee on Labor to Investigate Conditions Existing in Westmoreland Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
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The Hearings on H. R. 179, Authorizing Committee on Labor to Investigate Conditions Existing in Westmoreland Coal Fields of Pennsylvania,
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State Police were also involved in a number of serious violent incidents, several of which resulted in the deaths of unarmed strikers:
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A number of miners' wives had been arrested in the summer of 1910 for harassing strikebreakers and company security personnel.
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were paid for and under the control of the coal companies. The Westmoreland County sheriff obtained many deputies through "
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In early 1911, the UMWA's support for the strikers appeared strong. In January 1911, Lewis lost the presidency of UMWA to
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Fishback, Price V. "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s."
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Map of the Pittsburgh Tri-State with green counties in the metropolitan area and yellow counties in the combined area
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Company. Through these purchases, Westmoreland Coal had a near-monopoly on the gas coal market, and was the largest
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But just six months later, the UMWA called a halt to the strike. The union had disbursed more than $ 1 million in
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Despite this, sheriff's deputies instigated and participated in three particularly violent and deadly incidents:
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promised immigrants a job and housing, and paid for them and their families to move to Pennsylvania. The flow of
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on behalf of workers, and called on the governor and state legislature to force the coal companies to submit to
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Fishback, "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s",
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Report on the Miners' Strike in the Bituminous Coal Field in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in 1910–1911.
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Report on the Miners' Strike in the Bituminous Coal Field in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in 1910–1911,
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Coal miners increasingly agitated for improved wages and working conditions after 1900. Miners demanded an
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The Irwin gas coal basin is an area in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses the townships of
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The Westmoreland County coal strike was the setting for one of the more colorful incidents in the life of
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871:(all miners) identified three of the troopers and went to Penn Gas Coal Company to arrest them. Instead,
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Employers also turned to the courts for assistance. In April 1910, Keystone Coal and Coke sought a
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Peonage in Western Pennsylvania. Hearings before the Committee on Labor on House Resolution No. 90.
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UMWA support for the strike, however, was not nearly as strong. International union president
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The number of unprovoked violent acts committed by the PSP was extremely high and frequent.
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Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America.
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Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America
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Company (originally the Jamison Coal Company). In 1886, the Berwind family and Judge
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1486:"Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline." Westmoreland Coal Company. No date.
1152:"Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline", Westmoreland Coal Company, No date.
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Employers also used force to intimidate striking miners. At their disposal were the
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villages, often encircled by coal company land, became isolated and embattled. In
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Seven companies dominated coal mining in the Irwin Basin in 1910. In 1854, the
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children, the judge was forced to jail the children along with their mothers.
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The incident has become known as "the women who sang their way out of jail".
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held hearings on whether the coal companies had illegally forced people into
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Cupp, Bob. "1910–11 Irwin Gas Coal Basin Strike Led to Industry Changes."
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company in Pennsylvania. In 1892, Robert Jamison and his sons founded the
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1514:(Contains many historical photos of the Westmoreland County coal mines.)
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injunction which essentially barred the union from use of public roads:
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In July 1910, striking miners secured a march permit from the town of
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1395:"First Saxman Settled Near Latrobe Shortly After Braddock's Defeat."
1191:"First Saxman Settled Near Latrobe Shortly After Braddock's Defeat",
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Cupp, "1910–11 Irwin Gas Coal Basin Strike Led to Industry Changes",
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Kuritz, Hyman. "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931."
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Committee on Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, August 1, 1911.
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into staying. The abuse of strikebreakers was so severe that the
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Committee on Rules, U.S. House of Representatives, May 31, 1911.
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599:(colloquially referred to as "coal patches") were established,
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merged three of his wholly owned or controlled coal companies.
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584:, merged to form the Keystone Coal and Coke Company. In 1905,
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In 1902, a number of smaller coal gas companies in and around
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Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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Kuritz, "The Labor Injunction in Pennsylvania, 1891–1931",
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In 1911, seven coal companies in Westmoreland County and
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Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
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Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
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Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area
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4th ed. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 1996.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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and forced to seek employment outside Pennsylvania.
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2672:
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2527:
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2495:
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2008:
1949:
1930:
1911:
1904:
1808:
1669:
1571:
165:
142:
101:
90:
72:
60:
44:
36:
31:
1125:
993:. Jrmcdono.myweb.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1478:Van Atta, Robert. "When Jamison Coal Was King."
728:U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Labor
673:and Irish descent. UMWA organizers Bittner and
2461:
1873:
1548:
228:
8:
3819:History of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3647:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2634:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1704:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
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1027:
1025:
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1021:
1019:
984:Westmoreland Coal Miner’s Strike 1910 – 1911
619:and wages equal to those paid in the nearby
480:because about 70 percent of the miners were
462:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
18:Westmoreland County Coal Strike of 1910–1911
1247:
1245:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
785:, local law enforcement personnel, and the
3395:
2908:
2678:
2501:
2468:
2454:
2446:
1908:
1880:
1866:
1858:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1276:
1274:
1169:. Van Atta, "When Jamison Coal Was King",
1132:. The University of North Carolina Press.
235:
221:
213:
28:
3768:Mass racial violence in the United States
3179:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2736:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
1626:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
738:Labor injunctions and other legal actions
666:the largest tent city during the strike.
595:These companies were very paternalistic.
3854:Riots and civil disorder in Pennsylvania
1826:Anti-union violence in the United States
1518:United Mine Workers of American Web site
1364:
1362:
3839:Slovak-American culture in Pennsylvania
3461:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1099:
1097:
1095:
976:
3733:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3574:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
3377:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3345:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
2885:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2655:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1709:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1677:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1637:Streetcar strikes in the United States
1528:Westmoreland County Historical Society
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
3849:Police brutality in the United States
3088:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
2890:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
7:
3496:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
3439:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
1239:U.S. House of Representatives, 1912.
948:fruit. Just you all sing and sing."
3466:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
3005:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
2484:in the history of the United States
1821:Union violence in the United States
1694:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
586:Latrobe-Connellsville Coal and Coke
476:. The strike is also known as the
3859:1910s strikes in the United States
2982:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
2799:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
2776:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
2572:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1729:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1523:Westmoreland Coal Company Web site
1426:The Autobiography of Mother Jones.
1373:The Autobiography of Mother Jones.
603:founded and workers often paid in
25:
2650:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
486:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
50:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3743:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
3738:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2623:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2429:
2428:
1841:
1787:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
1699:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1281:Peonage in Western Pennsylvania,
466:Westmoreland coal miners' strike
32:Westmoreland coal miners' strike
3794:1911 labor disputes and strikes
3789:1910 labor disputes and strikes
3563:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
3124:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2691:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
2554:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1506:Penn Keystone Coal Co. Web site
3799:Labor disputes in Pennsylvania
2726:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
2618:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
2549:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1689:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1615:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
650:United Mine Workers of America
474:United Mine Workers of America
1:
3333:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
3322:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2794:1877 St. Louis general strike
2731:Springfield race riot of 1908
2514:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
1416:"History." Berwind Co., 2004.
1182:"History", Berwind Co., 2004.
1161:Jamison Coal was sold to the
849:Pennsylvania General Assembly
578:Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
3142:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
3048:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2660:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1781:West Coast waterfront strike
1565:American labor union history
1495:Retrieved February 27, 2007.
1418:Retrieved February 27, 2007.
1404:Journal of Economic History.
1206:Journal of Economic History,
1124:Norwood, Stephen H. (2002).
952:women's release. He did so.
847:, a socialist member of the
544:. However, it was ideal for
3824:Coal mining in Pennsylvania
2628:Philadelphia general strike
3875:
3444:San Francisco riot of 1877
3372:Meridian race riot of 1871
3083:1891 New Orleans lynchings
3000:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2829:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
1491:February 17, 2007, at the
1480:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
1390:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
1171:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,
1163:Consolidation Coal Company
1105:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,
923:
2927:Election Massacre of 1874
2577:Reading Railroad Massacre
2519:1913 Paterson silk strike
2423:
2034:
1895:
1839:
1714:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1656:
1563:Major armed conflicts in
989:February 2, 2009, at the
873:Pennsylvania State Police
838:Pennsylvania State Police
787:Pennsylvania State Police
777:Use of security personnel
436:US Bituminous coal strike
430:US Bituminous coal strike
397:Indiana bituminous strike
252:
170:
147:
127:Pennsylvania State Police
106:
3604:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
3538:Honolulu Courthouse riot
3477:Preparedness Day Bombing
3209:Memphis massacre of 1866
3154:McIntosh County Seat War
2847:Cincinnati riots of 1884
2804:St. Louis bullfight riot
2236:Pittsburgh International
1751:Battle of Blair Mountain
1740:1920 Alabama coal strike
652:(UMWA) to form a union.
635:these items themselves.
588:Company was formed when
582:Greensburg, Pennsylvania
484:immigrants. It began in
375:Battle of Blair Mountain
3844:Slovak-American history
3350:West Virginia coal wars
3293:Slocum Massacre of 1910
3071:Battle of Liberty Place
2957:Hartford coal mine riot
2747:East St. Louis massacre
2583:Scranton general strike
1848:Portal:Organized Labour
1769:Columbine Mine massacre
448:Warrior Met Coal strike
407:Columbine Mine massacre
387:UMW General Coal Strike
367:West Virginia coal wars
354:Hartford coal mine riot
119:Keystone Coal and Coke;
3829:Protest-related deaths
3513:Colorado Coalfield War
3339:Tucker County Seat War
3275:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
3226:Battle of Depot Street
2589:1877 Shamokin uprising
2042:
1719:Colorado Coalfield War
1663:
683:United States Congress
528:, and the boroughs of
381:Alabama miners' strike
340:Colorado Coalfield War
309:Anthracite coal strike
279:Bituminous coal strike
262:Mahoning Valley strike
3687:Rock Springs massacre
3622:Hells Canyon Massacre
3449:Mussel Slough Tragedy
3433:Anti-Chinese violence
3269:San Elizario Salt War
3190:Phoenix election riot
3148:Brooks–McFarland feud
2858:May Day riots of 1894
2040:
1793:Memorial Day massacre
1662:
1585:Rock Springs massacre
1579:Great Railroad Strike
1447:Pennsylvania History.
1440:Pennsylvania History.
1406:46:4 (December 1986).
1354:Pennsylvania History,
1341:Pennsylvania History,
1321:Pennsylvania History,
1307:Pennsylvania History,
1294:Pennsylvania History,
1266:Pennsylvania History,
1067:Pennsylvania History,
611:Origins of the strike
570:Jamison Coal and Coke
303:Carterville Mine Riot
166:Casualties and losses
3809:1911 in Pennsylvania
3804:1910 in Pennsylvania
3657:Seattle riot of 1886
3304:Houston riot of 1917
3160:Green Corn Rebellion
3093:Robert Charles riots
3029:French–Eversole feud
2309:Pittsburgh Northeast
2269:Greensburg Jeannette
1452:Norwood, Stephen H.
1165:in 1947, and is now
783:Coal and Iron Police
723:Coal and Iron Police
629:Coal and Iron Police
548:and conversion into
442:Pittston Coal strike
403:Colorado Coal Strike
334:Paint Creek mine war
315:Carbon county strike
122:Coal and Iron Police
3652:Tacoma riot of 1885
3507:Colorado Labor Wars
3408:Pleasant Valley War
3327:Lincoln County feud
3281:Reese–Townsend feud
1683:Colorado Labor Wars
472:represented by the
328:Westmoreland strike
113:United Mine Workers
3722:Fence Cutting Wars
3693:Johnson County War
3628:Sheepshooters' War
3598:Lincoln County War
3568:Deep Creek murders
3501:Colorado Range War
3471:Wheatland hop riot
3414:Bisbee Deportation
3287:Brownsville affair
3251:Sutton–Taylor feud
3077:Thibodaux massacre
3065:Coushatta massacre
3053:Opelousas massacre
2976:Barber–Mizell feud
2863:Akron riot of 1900
2708:Illinois coal wars
2043:
1889:Greater Pittsburgh
1664:
1649:Illinois coal wars
1603:Thibodaux massacre
1422:Jones, Mary Harris
1392:February 23, 2007.
1107:February 23, 2007.
924:Women's resistance
895:financial reserves
802:detective agencies
797:Sheriff's deputies
655:On March 7, 1910,
468:, was a strike by
291:Illinois coal wars
132:Sheriff's deputies
64:Union recognition;
3776:
3775:
3751:
3750:
3699:Spring Creek raid
3592:Colfax County War
3455:Castaic Range War
3385:
3384:
3245:Early–Hasley feud
2951:Brooks–Baxter War
2898:
2897:
2879:Bay View massacre
2771:1894 Detroit riot
2766:1891 Detroit riot
2668:
2667:
2612:Lattimer massacre
2600:Morewood massacre
2443:
2442:
2077:
2032:
2031:
1855:
1854:
1775:Harlan County War
1763:Hanapepe massacre
1745:Battle of Matewan
1643:Lattimer massacre
1609:Morewood massacre
1591:Bay View massacre
1397:Latrobe Bulletin.
1369:Mary Harris Jones
1193:Latrobe Bulletin,
930:Mary Harris Jones
888:End of the strike
744:restraining order
557:Westmoreland Coal
457:
456:
413:Harlan County War
371:Battle of Matewan
285:Lattimer massacre
268:Morewood massacre
211:
210:
207:
206:
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
3866:
3756:Related articles
3668:Everett massacre
3662:Bellingham riots
3396:
3367:Greene–Jones War
3298:Boyce–Sneed feud
3263:Mason County War
3184:Hamburg massacre
3023:Rowan County War
2909:
2823:Camp Dump strike
2714:Battle of Virden
2696:Haymarket affair
2679:
2606:Homestead strike
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2470:
2463:
2456:
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2431:
2380:Landmarks (city)
2375:Landmarks (area)
2249:Allegheny County
2149:North Huntingdon
2071:
2067:Cities and towns
1909:
1882:
1875:
1868:
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1845:
1809:Related articles
1734:Everett massacre
1721:, including the
1620:Homestead Strike
1597:Haymarket affair
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502:North Huntingdon
417:Battle of Evarts
295:Battle of Virden
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1723:Ludlow Massacre
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1493:Wayback Machine
1482:April 10, 1994.
1442:29 (July 1962).
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1631:Pullman Strike
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1500:External links
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1375:4th ed., 1996.
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711:strikebreakers
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701:Strikebreakers
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617:eight-hour day
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562:Manor Gas Coal
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2014:
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2011:West Virginia
2007:
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1484:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:0-8078-2705-3
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:0-88286-166-2
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
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1387:
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1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:1997, p. 397.
1355:
1349:
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1336:
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1332:
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1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1309:1997, p. 395.
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1198:
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1179:
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1168:
1167:Consol Energy
1164:
1158:
1155:
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1120:
1118:
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985:
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962:
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953:
949:
945:
941:
936:Singing women
935:
933:
931:
921:
919:
915:
914:strike relief
910:
908:
907:John P. White
903:
899:
898:competitors.
896:
887:
885:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
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859:
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854:
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823:
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724:
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638:
636:
632:
630:
625:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
605:company scrip
602:
598:
597:Company towns
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Allison White
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Slovak Strike
475:
471:
467:
463:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
424:1940s – 2020s
423:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:
361:1920s – 1930s
360:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:1870s – 1900s
255:
254:
251:
246:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
219:
218:
215:
201:
196:
192:
188:
183:
178:
174:
173:
169:
164:
159:
158:
153:
146:
141:
133:
128:
123:
117:
114:
110:
109:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:United States
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
27:
19:
3600:(1878; 1881)
3214:Pulaski riot
2633:
2564:Pennsylvania
2543:Orange Riots
2481:civil unrest
2427:
2241:
2234:
2209:West Mifflin
2189:Steubenville
2055:
2049:Major cities
2000:Westmoreland
1952:Pennsylvania
1846:
1703:
1670:20th century
1572:19th century
1479:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1449:64:3 (1997).
1446:
1439:
1425:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1372:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1236:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1157:
1148:
1127:
1104:
1066:
979:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
927:
911:
904:
900:
891:
883:
857:
845:James Maurer
842:
835:
831:
827:
807:
780:
767:
759:
755:
741:
716:
704:
694:Thomas Lewis
691:
680:
668:
664:
661:
654:
642:
633:
626:
614:
594:
576:founded the
554:
546:gasification
499:
477:
465:
461:
459:
327:
199:
194:
186:
181:
176:
157:Mother Jones
150:
143:Lead figures
26:
3729:(1870–1920)
3718:(1864–1912)
3695:(1889–1893)
3630:(1895–1906)
3594:(1873–1888)
3546:(1893–1894)
3515:(1913–1914)
3509:(1903–1904)
3457:(1890–1916)
3410:(1882–1892)
3352:(1912–1921)
3341:(1888–1893)
3329:(1878–1890)
3300:(1911–1912)
3283:(1898–1907)
3277:(1888–1889)
3271:(1877–1878)
3265:(1875–1876)
3253:(1868–1876)
3247:(1865–1869)
3222:(1891–1892)
3156:(1907–1909)
3150:(1896–1902)
3144:(1893–1894)
3099:Grabow riot
3031:(1887–1894)
3025:(1884–1887)
2934:(1892–1893)
2932:Mitcham War
2743:(1916–1921)
2710:(1898–1900)
2545:(1870–1871)
2405:Skyscrapers
2299:Monroeville
2219:Wilkinsburg
2139:Murrysville
2134:Mt. Lebanon
2124:Monroeville
2089:Bethel Park
1777:, 1931–1932
1725:, 1913–1914
1685:, 1903–1904
1679:, 1895–1929
1651:, 1898–1899
1639:, 1895–1929
918:blacklisted
878:malfeasance
687:arbitration
675:Frank Hayes
657:Van Bittner
624:and clay).
530:Murrysville
470:coal miners
415:1931–1939 (
293:1898–1900 (
152:Van Bittner
96:trade union
91:Resulted in
3783:Categories
3727:Sheep wars
3639:Washington
3584:New Mexico
3544:Black Week
3425:California
2506:New Jersey
2365:Government
2329:Zelienople
2319:Washington
2304:New Castle
2159:Penn Hills
2144:New Castle
2119:McKeesport
2114:McCandless
2057:Pittsburgh
1995:Washington
1383:References
1343:July 1962.
1323:July 1962.
1268:July 1962.
707:East Coast
621:Pittsburgh
496:Background
3834:Coal Wars
3201:Tennessee
3040:Louisiana
2720:Pana riot
2497:Northeast
2488:1865–1918
2355:Etymology
2350:Education
2314:Rostraver
2289:Joe Hardy
2279:Jefferson
2264:Eddie Dew
2109:Hempfield
2099:Cranberry
1965:Armstrong
1960:Allegheny
1941:Jefferson
522:Hempfield
510:Sewickley
464:, or the
405:1927–28 (
369:1912–21 (
342:1913–14 (
299:Pana riot
245:Coal Wars
40:1910–1911
3488:Colorado
3134:Oklahoma
3015:Kentucky
2943:Arkansas
2815:Nebraska
2786:Missouri
2758:Michigan
2683:Illinois
2529:New York
2434:Category
2324:Wheeling
2294:Lakehill
2228:Airports
1990:Lawrence
1914:Maryland
1905:Counties
1489:Archived
987:Archived
959:See also
763:Herminie
643:Miners'
550:coal gas
200:Injuries
189:: ?
182:Injuries
45:Location
3679:Wyoming
3400:Arizona
2992:Georgia
2968:Florida
2913:Alabama
2674:Midwest
2370:History
2345:Economy
2204:Weirton
2104:Hampton
2084:Baldwin
2069:15k–50k
2024:Hancock
1985:Indiana
1980:Fayette
1922:Garrett
853:Reading
817:killed.
732:peonage
538:Delmont
450:2021–23
444:1989–90
438:1977–78
330:1910–11
317:1903–04
187:Arrests
102:Parties
81:protest
77:Strikes
73:Methods
3709:Others
3701:(1909)
3689:(1885)
3670:(1916)
3664:(1907)
3624:(1887)
3614:Oregon
3570:(1896)
3540:(1874)
3530:Hawaii
3521:(1914)
3503:(1900)
3479:(1916)
3473:(1913)
3451:(1880)
3416:(1917)
3360:Others
3335:(1888)
3289:(1906)
3259:(1875)
3228:(1897)
3216:(1868)
3192:(1898)
3186:(1876)
3162:(1917)
3120:(1870)
3101:(1912)
3095:(1900)
3079:(1887)
3073:(1874)
3067:(1874)
3061:(1873)
3055:(1868)
2978:(1870)
2959:(1914)
2953:(1874)
2923:(1870)
2881:(1886)
2872:Others
2854:(1887)
2825:(1882)
2806:(1904)
2749:(1917)
2722:(1899)
2716:(1898)
2704:(1894)
2698:(1886)
2643:Others
2630:(1910)
2614:(1897)
2608:(1892)
2602:(1891)
2596:(1886)
2585:(1877)
2579:(1877)
2539:(1870)
2410:Sports
2395:People
2338:Topics
2274:Herron
2259:Butler
2254:Beaver
2184:Shaler
2164:Peters
2094:Butler
2019:Brooke
1975:Butler
1970:Beaver
1801:, 1938
1795:, 1937
1789:, 1935
1783:, 1934
1771:, 1927
1765:, 1924
1759:, 1922
1753:, 1921
1747:, 1920
1736:, 1916
1645:, 1897
1633:, 1894
1622:, 1892
1611:, 1891
1605:, 1887
1599:, 1886
1593:, 1886
1587:, 1885
1581:, 1877
1460:
1432:
1136:
671:German
645:unions
639:Strike
534:Export
482:Slovak
389:1922 (
195:Deaths
177:Deaths
3555:Idaho
3237:Texas
2904:South
2477:Riots
2385:Media
2214:White
2194:Unity
2179:Scott
1512:2003.
1296:1997.
1069:1997.
971:Notes
851:from
526:Irwin
514:Salem
490:union
322:1910s
61:Goals
3391:West
2839:Ohio
2479:and
2360:Film
2174:Ross
2169:Plum
2154:Penn
2129:Moon
2074:2010
2072:(in
1933:Ohio
1458:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1134:ISBN
836:The
542:coke
536:and
524:and
506:Penn
460:The
432:1974
399:1927
383:1920
356:1914
336:1912
311:1902
287:1897
281:1894
270:1891
264:1873
179:: 16
37:Date
2009:in
1950:in
1931:in
1912:in
3785::
1424::
1371::
1361:^
1328:^
1273:^
1244:^
1213:^
1112:^
1074:^
998:^
789:.
734:.
689:.
607:.
552:.
532:,
520:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
492:.
373:,
346:,
301:,
297:,
83:,
79:,
52:,
2490:)
2486:(
2469:e
2462:t
2455:v
2076:)
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1556:e
1549:t
1542:v
1142:.
419:)
409:)
393:)
377:)
350:)
305:)
236:e
229:t
222:v
202::
197::
184::
154:;
129:;
124:;
20:)
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