38:
360:
of Mari, but this view is regarded as unsubstantiated by Daniel
Schwemer and Ichiro Nakata, who point out that the latter deity's name is an ordinary theophoric name ("Mēr has turned ") and that for this reason he is more likely to be a deified hero venerated as part of an ancestor cult tied to a
566:. Even on the Yale tablet, it is mentioned that he bestowed seven terrors upon him. Andrew R. George assumes that while the mountain belongs to Wer, and he appointed Humbaba as its guardian and his second in command, the decision still had to be approved by Enlil.
361:
specific location. Known texts additionally do not indicate that he was a weather deity like Wer. Other deities who are most likely deified heroes or kings in origin are attested from Mari, for example
421:
Wer appears in nine types of masculine theophoric names from Old
Babylonian Mari, with eight using the spelling Mer and one - Wer. Furthermore, the names of the local deities
374:
alternate between Wer and a deity named
Immeriya, it cannot be established if the latter, who is otherwise best known from an inscribed statue possibly taken as bounty by
245:
and Warum is uncertain too. Lambert considered the similarity to be accidental in the case of Mari, though he concluded that the matter cannot be conclusively settled.
365:. A second deity worshiped in Mari whose name is structured similarly and also includes Wer as the theophoric element is Tar’am-Mēr, "beloved of Mēr (Wer)".
1402:
237:
rules of known languages of the region(suggesting unknown language lost through time). Whether a connection existed between the theonym Wer/Mer and
1268:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
1276:
1065:
159:) from the late second millennium BCE, while Wer (Wēr) was the form used in southern Mesopotamia between the beginning of the period of the
555:
wants to venture is under the control of the god Wer, described as "mighty" and "never sleeping," and as the one who appointed the monster
184:
456:
References to veneration of Wer other than theophoric names are absent from the corpus of Mari texts, though a place named Bāb-Mēr (KÁ-
1086:
437:(Ubār-Wēr from the Old Babylonian period). A possible seventh century BCE attestation of a theophoric name invoking him as Ber,
425:
and Tar’am-Mēr are both agreed to be theophoric names invoking him. Other sites where names invoking him are attested include
308:
1186:
1397:
151:. Additionally, god lists attest the form Iluwēr, "the god Wēr." The spelling Mēr was consistently employed in texts from
155:
and nearby areas, with the chronologically most recent example being the theophoric name
Tukulti-Mēr (a contemporary of
147:
Two forms of the name, Wēr and Mēr, were originally in use. A third version, Bēr, started to be commonly used in the
1392:
1143:
110:
395:
164:
109:. It is presumed that he was originally one of the main deities of the northern parts of these areas, but his
453:, However, the restoration is not certain, and according to Daniel Schwemer caution should be maintained.
521:
and other deities. Additionally, in the same period Iluwēr, most likely the same deity, was worshiped by
148:
411:
329:
The feminine form of the name, Wertum (or Mertum) likely designated the wife of Wer. She is attested in
272:. A single Old Babylonian text attests that not only Wer himself, but also a deification of his emblem,
121:
497:. In the Neo-Assyrian period, he was worshiped in Assur in the temple of Ištar-Aššurītu ("the Assyrian
262:
226:
113:
declined in the second half of the second millennium BCE. The nature of the relation between him and
265:, but eventually declined in the middle of the second millennium BCE due to loss of his cult sites.
176:
168:
160:
1253:
1245:
1173:
258:
222:
547:
preserved on the so-called "Yale tablet," corresponding to tablet III of the standard version,
1351:
1318:
1282:
1272:
1237:
1202:
1165:
1092:
1082:
1061:
543:
345:
195:
126:
1343:
1310:
1227:
1194:
1155:
1053:
467:
375:
349:
294:
261:, available sources might indicate that he was originally one of the main gods worshiped in
1295:
530:
514:
506:
415:
407:
334:
315:
42:
422:
353:
341:
156:
114:
106:
1332:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II"
333:
in the Old
Assyrian period (where one of the city gates was named after her) and in a
1386:
1257:
1177:
462:
430:
1296:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I"
311:
198:
etymologies have been proposed for the name (including derivation from the terms IM-
1198:
399:
357:
188:
1364:
1216:"The God Itūr-Mēr in the Middle Euphrates Region During the Old Babylonian Period"
1124:
429:, various locations in Assyria (in the Old Assyrian period) and the Diyala area,
318:
1105:
1078:
The
Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts
1187:"A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in Old Babylonian Texts from Mari"
494:
254:
242:
152:
102:
98:
37:
28:
1347:
1314:
304:
281:
238:
203:
1355:
1322:
1241:
1206:
1169:
1160:
1286:
1096:
552:
526:
479:
391:
387:
362:
234:
230:
62:
1232:
1215:
1057:
135:, though in other versions of this narrative this role instead belongs to
522:
490:
370:
301:
290:
1249:
559:
as its guardian. Adad is also associated with Wer in the same passage.
556:
502:
446:
442:
403:
132:
505:
in the temple of Ashur. He is also mentioned on the
Antakya stele of
441:, usually interpreted as Dannu-Ber, "Ber is strong," is known from an
1193:. 30 and 31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253.
548:
518:
498:
486:
426:
297:
286:
215:
172:
1331:
1266:
1076:
368:
While known copies of a single passage from the incantation series
563:
475:
470:
attest the existence of a house of worship dedicated to him (akīt
450:
434:
330:
269:
211:
136:
58:
54:
45:, with an inscription mentioning Iluwer, a variant of Wer's name.
562:
In other versions of the Epic of
Gilgamesh, Humbaba's master is
510:
734:
732:
942:
940:
927:
925:
876:
874:
777:
775:
773:
771:
707:
705:
406:. While confirmed attestations go back to the time of the
642:
640:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
1154:. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 15–24.
692:
690:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
604:
602:
600:
117:, the tutelary god of Mari, is disputed by researchers.
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
386:Worship of Wer is chiefly attested from the middle
225:concluded that the name might have originated in a
68:
50:
21:
541:In a section of an Old Babylonian version of the
293:IŠKUR, unlike these of other storm gods, such as
289:/Adad, his own name was never represented by the
191:god list) is the same deity as Wer is uncertain.
478:. He was also apparently worshiped in Nerebtum,
414:onward the god is known from sources other than
1220:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
221:, "wind"), none have been conclusively proven.
175:. Bēr predominates only in Middle Assyrian and
131:Wer is described as the master of the monster
1226:. Presses Universitaires de France: 129–136.
1081:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
179:texts. Whether ME-RU, possibly to be read as
8:
1144:"A Mari Note: Ikrub-El and Related Matters"
551:mentions that the cedar mountain to which
466:period. Furthermore, later texts from the
460:) is attested in a single source from the
276:("lance"), could be an object of worship.
36:
1336:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1303:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1231:
1159:
711:
681:
171:sources contemporary with the texts from
1052:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
994:
958:
946:
931:
916:
892:
880:
853:
829:
781:
762:
750:
738:
723:
696:
646:
631:
608:
591:
352:, assume that Wer was the same deity as
575:
433:(Puzur-Wer from the Ur III period) and
1271:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1030:
1018:
1006:
982:
970:
904:
865:
841:
817:
805:
793:
669:
18:
7:
1365:"Wettergott(heiten) A. Philologisch"
1403:Characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh
285:, could consider Wer analogous to
14:
378:, was related to him in any way.
489:, an Assyrian trading colony in
279:While god lists, starting with
183:, attested in sources from the
1199:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234
1:
529:in Syria, as attested on the
1369:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1129:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1110:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1123:Krebernik, Manfred (2013),
1104:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
1419:
1348:10.1163/156921208786182428
1315:10.1163/156921207783876404
1075:George, Andrew R. (2003).
1363:Schwemer, Daniel (2015),
1330:Schwemer, Daniel (2008).
1294:Schwemer, Daniel (2007).
1265:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
493:, mentions him alongside
348:, Wilfred G. Lambert and
35:
26:
1161:10.5356/orient1960.11.15
1048:Frayne, Douglas (2009).
396:Middle Babylonian period
394:(though only before the
233:not following the usual
165:First Dynasty of Babylon
163:end of the reign of the
16:Mesopotamian weather god
1214:Nakata, Ichiro (2011).
1185:Nakata, Ichiro (1995).
1142:Nakata, Ichiro (1975).
325:Other related theonyms
149:Middle Assyrian period
101:worshiped in parts of
1309:(2). Brill: 121–168.
1233:10.3917/assy.105.0129
1058:10.3138/9781442688865
412:Old Babylonian period
185:Early Dynastic period
1398:Sky and weather gods
263:northern Mesopotamia
227:linguistic substrate
1050:Pre-Sargonic Period
973:, pp. 192–193.
961:, pp. 205–206.
856:, pp. 203–204.
485:A school text from
268:Wer's symbol was a
161:Third Dynasty of Ur
1342:(1). Brill: 1–44.
259:Wilfred G. Lambert
223:Wilfred G. Lambert
1393:Mesopotamian gods
1278:978-3-447-04456-1
1067:978-1-4426-8886-5
868:, pp. 19–20.
844:, pp. 18–20.
832:, pp. 28–29.
741:, pp. 27–28.
544:Epic of Gilgamesh
509:alongside Ashur,
445:papyrus found in
346:Dietz-Otto Edzard
229:due to the first
127:Epic of Gilgamesh
85:), also known as
76:
75:
51:Major cult center
1410:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1359:
1326:
1300:
1290:
1261:
1235:
1210:
1181:
1163:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1100:
1071:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
935:
929:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
727:
721:
715:
709:
700:
694:
685:
679:
673:
667:
650:
644:
635:
629:
612:
606:
595:
589:
482:and Kakkulatum.
468:kingdom of Khana
416:theophoric names
410:, only from the
376:Untash-Napirisha
350:Andrew R. George
167:, as well as in
40:
19:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1329:
1298:
1293:
1279:
1264:
1213:
1184:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
938:
930:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
730:
722:
718:
710:
703:
695:
688:
680:
676:
668:
653:
645:
638:
630:
615:
607:
598:
590:
577:
572:
539:
531:Stele of Zakkur
507:Adad-nirari III
408:Akkadian Empire
390:area, northern
384:
335:theophoric name
327:
257:. According to
251:
194:While multiple
187:(including the
145:
124:version of the
46:
43:Stele of Zakkur
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1360:
1327:
1291:
1277:
1262:
1211:
1182:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:, p. 210.
1023:
1021:, p. 201.
1011:
1009:, p. 144.
999:
997:, p. 151.
987:
985:, p. 199.
975:
963:
951:
949:, p. 204.
936:
934:, p. 201.
921:
919:, p. 202.
909:
907:, p. 252.
897:
885:
883:, p. 203.
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
820:, p. 129.
810:
808:, p. 193.
798:
786:
784:, p. 206.
767:
755:
743:
728:
726:, p. 200.
716:
714:, p. 269.
712:Krebernik 2013
701:
686:
682:Krebernik 1997
674:
672:, p. 294.
651:
649:, p. 205.
636:
613:
596:
594:, p. 208.
574:
573:
571:
568:
538:
535:
383:
380:
342:Assyriologists
326:
323:
250:
247:
157:Ashur-bel-kala
144:
141:
122:Old Babylonian
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:0-19-814922-0
1084:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:Schwemer 2007
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
960:
959:Schwemer 2001
955:
952:
948:
947:Schwemer 2001
943:
941:
937:
933:
932:Schwemer 2001
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:Schwemer 2001
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
895:, p. 36.
894:
893:Schwemer 2001
889:
886:
882:
881:Schwemer 2001
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
859:
855:
854:Schwemer 2001
850:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
830:Schwemer 2008
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
796:, p. 18.
795:
790:
787:
783:
782:Schwemer 2001
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
765:, p. 18.
764:
763:Schwemer 2008
759:
756:
752:
751:Schwemer 2008
747:
744:
740:
739:Schwemer 2008
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:Schwemer 2001
720:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
699:, p. 90.
698:
697:Schwemer 2015
693:
691:
687:
684:, p. 73.
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:Schwemer 2001
643:
641:
637:
634:, p. 28.
633:
632:Schwemer 2008
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
614:
611:, p. 27.
610:
609:Schwemer 2008
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:Schwemer 2001
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
576:
569:
567:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Puzrish-Dagan
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
372:
366:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
128:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
44:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1373:, retrieved
1368:
1339:
1335:
1306:
1302:
1267:
1223:
1219:
1190:
1151:
1147:
1133:, retrieved
1128:
1125:"Šukurru(m)"
1114:, retrieved
1109:
1077:
1049:
1041:Bibliography
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
912:
900:
888:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
758:
753:, p. 3.
746:
719:
677:
561:
542:
540:
484:
474:) in nearby
471:
461:
457:
455:
438:
420:
385:
369:
367:
358:tutelary god
344:, including
340:A number of
339:
328:
280:
278:
273:
267:
252:
218:
207:
199:
193:
189:Abu Salabikh
180:
177:Neo-Assyrian
169:Old Assyrian
146:
125:
119:
105:and ancient
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:
1371:(in German)
1131:(in German)
1112:(in German)
1031:George 2003
1019:George 2003
1007:George 2003
983:George 2003
971:George 2003
905:Nakata 1995
866:Nakata 1975
842:Nakata 1975
818:Nakata 2011
806:George 2003
794:Nakata 1975
670:Frayne 2009
501:"), and in
337:from Mari.
274:Šu-ku-ru-um
255:weather god
239:place names
208:me-er-me-er
103:Mesopotamia
99:weather god
29:Weather god
1387:Categories
1375:2022-02-12
1135:2022-03-05
1116:2022-02-12
570:References
463:šakkanakku
402:area, and
253:Wer was a
204:north wind
1356:1569-2116
1323:1569-2116
1258:194094468
1242:0373-6032
1207:1884-1392
1178:178437649
1170:1884-1392
553:Gilgamesh
537:Mythology
527:Tell Afis
480:Shaduppum
392:Babylonia
388:Euphrates
363:Yakrub-El
282:An = Anum
249:Character
231:consonant
63:Tell Afis
1287:48145544
1250:42580244
1097:51668477
523:Arameans
491:Anatolia
423:Itūr-Mēr
354:Itūr-Mēr
312:Tarḫunna
291:logogram
241:such as
235:phonetic
196:Sumerian
115:Itūr-Mēr
557:Humbaba
503:Nineveh
447:Saqqara
443:Aramaic
404:Assyria
398:), the
382:Worship
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