Werner von Blomberg - Knowledge (XXG)

1032: 1298: 33: 986:, to the point that in February 1934 Hammerstein finally resigned in despair, as his powers had become more nominal than real. With Hammerstein's resignation, the entire Schleicher faction that had dominated the army since 1926 had been removed from their positions within the High Command. Wheeler-Bennett commented that as a military politician Blomberg was every bit as ruthless, as Schleicher had been. The resignation of Hammerstein caused a crisis in military-civil relations when Hitler attempted to appoint as his successor Reichenau, a man who was not acceptable to the majority of the 419: 922:

back to Prussian times under which the military did not take orders from the civilian government, headed by the chancellor, but co-existed as an equal alongside the civilian government because of its allegiance only to the head of state, not the chancellor, who was the head of government. Until 1918, the head of state had been the emperor, and since 1925, it had been Hindenburg himself. Defending the military "state within the state" and trying to reconcile the military to the Nazis was to be one of Blomberg's major concerns as a defense minister.

4356: 401: 377: 3310: 3315: 3320: 3305: 683:, requiring full mobilization of German society and economy by the state, and that a totalitarian state would best prepare society in peacetime, militarily and economically, for war. As most of Nazi Germany's military elite, Blomberg took for granted that, for Germany to achieve the world power that it had unsuccessfully sought in the First World War would require another war, and that such a war would be total war of a highly mechanized, industrial type. 351: 4312: 389: 1134:

Hitler had decided to do. On 25 June 1934, the military was placed in a state of alert, and on 28 June, Röhm was expelled from the League of German Officers. The decision to expel Röhm was part of Blomberg's effort to maintain the "honor" of the German military. Röhm being executed as a traitor from the League would besmirch the honor of the reputation of the League in general. The same thinking later led to those officers involved in the

4392: 1465: 4627: 4441: 4610: 1208:. That led Blomberg to warn Hitler the military would not tolerate being spied upon. In response to Blomberg's protests, Hitler gave orders that the SS could not spy upon the military, no member of the military could be arrested by the police, and cases of suspected "political unreliability" in the military were to be investigated solely by the 1122:, was chosen to inform Hitler of that decision on the president's behalf. When Hitler arrived at Hindenburg's estate at Neudeck on 21 June 1934, he was greeted by Blomberg on the steps leading into the estate. Wheeler-Bennett wrote that Hitler was faced with "a von Blomberg no longer the affable 'Rubber Lion' or the adoring ' 4582: 1360:, and if a Franco–German war broke out, Britain was almost certain to intervene rather than risk the prospect of France's defeat. Moreover, it was objected that Hitler's assumption was flawed that Britain and France would just ignore the projected wars because they had started their rearmament later than Germany had. 868:—recalled Blomberg from the World Disarmament Conference to return to Berlin. Upon learning of this, Schleicher guessed correctly that the order to recall Blomberg to Berlin meant his own government was doomed. When Blomberg arrived at the railroad station in Berlin on 28 January 1933, he was met by two officers, 1378:

Göring and Himmler found an opportunity to strike against Blomberg in January 1938, when the 59-year-old general married his second wife, Erna Gruhn (1913–1978, sometimes referred to as "Eva" or "Margarete"). Blomberg had been a widower since the death of his first wife, Charlotte, in 1932. Gruhn was

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Accordingly, Fritsch, Blomberg and Neurath advised Hitler to wait until Germany had more time to rearm before pursuing a high-risk strategy of localized wars that was likely to trigger a general war before Germany was ready. None of those present at the conference had any moral objections to Hitler's

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was cut off from the rest of Germany and had only one infantry division stationed there, Blomberg—to increase the number of fighting men in the event of a war with Poland—started to make lists of all the men fit for military service, which further increased the attraction of a totalitarian state able

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would be the main military force, and the SA was to remain a political organization. Despite the ruling, Röhm continued to press for a greater role for the SA. In March 1934, Blomberg and Röhm began openly fighting each other at cabinet meetings and exchanging insults and threats. As a result of his

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Blomberg was chosen personally by Hindenburg as a man he trusted to safeguard the interests of the Defense Ministry and could be expected to work well with Hitler. Above all, Hindenburg saw Blomberg as a man who would safeguard the German military's traditional "state within the state" status dating

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Over and despite Kuntzen's protests, Blomberg chose to go with Hindenburg to meet the president, who swore him in as defense minister. This was done in a manner contrary to the Weimar constitution, under which the president could only swear in a minister after receiving the advice of the chancellor.

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to Blomberg at the wedding, used the file to argue Blomberg was unfit to serve as a war minister. Göring then informed Hitler, who had been present at the wedding. Hitler ordered Blomberg to annul the marriage to avoid a scandal and to preserve the integrity of the army. The upcoming wedding of one

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Blomberg bluntly informed Hitler that Hindenburg was highly displeased with the recent developments and was seriously considering dismissing Hitler as chancellor if he did not rein in the SA at once. When Hitler met Hindenburg, the latter insisted for Blomberg to attend the meeting as a sign of his

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Far more serious than dealing with the followers of Schleicher was Blomberg's relations with the SA. He was resolutely opposed to any effort to subject the military to the control of the Nazi Party or that of any of its affiliated organizations such as the SA or the SS, and throughout his time as a

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decided that Blomberg needed to commit suicide to atone for his marriage, and dispatched an officer to Italy, who followed the Blombergs around on their honeymoon and persistently and unsuccessfully tried to force Blomberg to commit suicide. The officer at one point even tried to force a gun into

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repeatedly insisted that the SS needed a military wing to crush any attempt at a communist revolution before Blomberg conceded in the idea, which eventually become the Waffen-SS. Blomberg's relations with the SS were badly strained in late 1934 to early 1935 when it was discovered that the SS had

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members who could be considered Jewish without being ordered to do so was an excellent way to demonstrate loyalty within the Nazi regime. As both the Army and the Navy had longstanding policies of refusing to accept Jews, there were no Jews to purge within the military. Instead, Blomberg used the

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and Faupel, Blomberg argued against Faupel that an all-out German drive for victory in Spain would be too likely to cause a general war before Germany had rearmed properly. He stated that even if otherwise, it would consume money better spent on military modernization. Blomberg prevailed against

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Blomberg was aware of least in general of the purge that Hitler began planning after the Neudeck meeting. The conversations between Blomberg and Hitler in late June 1934 were generally not recorded, which makes it difficult to determine how much Blomberg knew, but he was definitely aware of what

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The French planned to withdraw from the Rhineland in June 1930 – five years earlier than specified by the Treaty of Versailles – and Schleicher wanted no violations of the Treaty that might seem to threaten France before French troops left the Rhineland. When Blomberg, whom Schleicher personally

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to submit documents to their officers and that anyone who was a "non-Aryan" or refused to submit documents would be dishonorably discharged. As a result, seven officers, eight officer cadets, 13 NCOs and 28 privates from the Army, and three officers, four officer candidates, three NCOs and four

1476:. He faced the contempt of his former colleagues and the intention of his young wife to abandon him. It is possible that he manifested symptoms of cancer as early as 1939. On 12 October 1945, he noted in his diary that he weighed slightly over 72 kilograms (159 lb). He was diagnosed with 1149:

ever since he had been outed in 1925 after the publication in a newspaper of his love letters to a former boyfriend. Wheeler-Bennett found highly implausible Blomberg's claim that a homosexual would not be allowed to be a member of the League of German Officers. On 29 June 1934, an article by

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they would be already half-converted into soldiers while at the same time making it clear that control of military matters would rest solely with the generals. In 1931, he visited the US, where he openly proclaimed his belief in the certainty and the benefits of a Nazi government for Germany.

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from 30 June to 2 July 1934. In early June, Hindenburg decided that unless Hitler did something to end the growing political tension in Germany, he would declare martial law and turn over control of the government to the army. Blomberg, who had been known to oppose the growing power of the

918:, loathed each other, their feud was purely personal, not political, and in all essentials, Blomberg and Schleicher had identical views on foreign and defense policies. Their dispute was simply over who was best qualified to carry out the policies, not the policies themselves. 803:

as Germany's main military force. Blomberg, like almost all German generals, envisioned a future Nazi-Army relationship where the Nazis would indoctrinate ordinary people with the right sort of ultra-nationalist, militarist values so that when young German men joined the

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wrote that Blomberg's anti-Semitic purge in early 1934 was part of his increasingly-savage feud with Röhm, who since the summer of 1933 had been drawing unfavorable comparisons between the "racial purity" of his SA, which had no members with "Jewish" blood, and the

1402:. Blomberg refused to end his marriage but when Göring threatened to make public the pasts of Erna Gruhn and her mother, Blomberg was forced to resign his posts to prevent that, which he did on 27 January 1938. His daughter was married in May the same year. 1051:, enacted in April 1933, had excluded Jews who were First World War veterans and did not apply to the military. Thereby, Blomberg's discharge order was his way of circumventing the law and went beyond what even the Nazis then wanted. The German historian 909:

In 1933, Blomberg rose to national prominence when he was appointed Minister of Defense in Hitler's government. Blomberg became one of Hitler's most devoted followers and worked feverishly to expand the size and the power of the army. Blomberg was made a

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Nazi racial definition of a Jew in his purge. None of the men given dishonorable discharges themselves practiced Judaism, but they were the sons or grandsons of Jews who had converted to Christianity and thus were considered to be "racially" Jewish.

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Blomberg had a reputation as something of a lackey to Hitler. As such, he was nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler. One of the few notable exceptions was during the run-up to the

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To defend the military "state within the state", Blomberg followed a strategy of Nazifying the military more and more in a paradoxical effort to persuade Hitler that it was not necessary to end the traditional "state within the state" to prevent

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Blomberg's interactions with the SA in East Prussia led him to the conclusion that Nazis made for excellent soldiers, which further increased the appeal of Nazism for him. But at the same time, Blomberg saw the SA only as a junior partner to the

929:. On 20 July 1933, Blomberg had a new Army Law passed, which ended the jurisdiction of civil courts over the military and extinguished the theoretical right for the military to elect councils although that right, despite being guaranteed by the 1188:

The intention of Blomberg and Reichenau in having the military swear an oath to Hitler was to create a personal special bond between Hitler and the military, which was intended to tie Hitler more tightly towards the military and away from the

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a 24-year-old typist and secretary (Blomberg was 59), but the Berlin police had a long criminal file on her and her mother, a former prostitute. Among the reports was information that Erna Gruhn had posed for pornographic photos in 1932.

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policy of denying everything, and was shocked to see Schleicher instead attack him in front of Groener as a man who had recklessly exposed Germany to the risk of providing the French with an excuse to remain in the Rhineland until 1935.

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would stockpile arms in secret depots and begin training volunteers beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles in the eastern parts of Germany bordering Poland; in order to avoid incidents with France, there was to be no such

1193:. Blomberg later admitted that he had not thought the full implications of the oath at the time. As part of his defense of the military "state within the state", Blomberg fought against the attempts of the SS to create a military wing. 1184:

On the other hand, Hitler had long expected Hindenburg's death and had planned on taking power anyhow and so could he have very well convinced Von Blomberg to implement such an oath long before the actual implementation took place.

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Wheeler-Bennett wrote that the fact that Blomberg instigated the expulsion of Röhm from the League just two days before Röhm was arrested on charges of high treason proved he knew what was coming. Röhm had been quite open about his

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to crush popular opposition. In doing so, the military would have to kill hundreds, if not thousands of German civilians; any régime established in this way could never expect to build the national consensus necessary to create the

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Hindenburg had not consulted Schleicher about his wish to see Blomberg replace him as defense minister because in late January 1933, there were wild (and untrue) rumors circulating in Berlin that Schleicher was planning to stage a

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from the mid-1920s onwards the Army leaders had developed and propagated new social conceptions of a militarist kind, tending towards a fusion of the military and civilian sectors and ultimately a totalitarian military state

1234:), a title no other German officer had ever held. Hitler remained the Supreme Commander of the military in his capacity as Head of State, the Führer of Germany. On 20 April 1936, the loyal Blomberg became the first 876:, adjutant and son of President Hindenburg. Kuntzen had orders from Hammerstein for Blomberg to report at once to the Defense Ministry, while Oskar von Hindenburg had orders for Blomberg to report directly to the 1095:, who complained that Blomberg had ruined the careers of 70 men for something that was not their fault, there were no objections. Again, on his own initiative as part of "self-Gleichschaltung", Blomberg had the 772:, his support for the Nazis being motivated by his belief that only a dictatorship could make Germany a great military power again, and that the Nazis were the best party to establish a dictatorship in Germany. 820:

where, during his time as the German chief military delegate, he not only continued his pro-Nazi remarks to the press, but used his status as Germany's chief military delegate to communicate his views to

4742: 1294:, and concurrently the chief of all police forces of Germany, who conspired to oust him from power. Göring, in particular, had ambitions of becoming Commander-in-Chief himself of the entire military. 1159:

In the same year, after Hindenburg's death on 2 August, as part of his "self-Gleichschaltung" strategy, Blomberg personally ordered all soldiers in the army and all sailors in the Navy to pledge the

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Blomberg's visit to the Soviet Union in 1928 confirmed his view that totalitarian power fosters the greatest military power. Blomberg believed the next world war, as the previous one, would become a

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Keitel, who would be promoted to the rank of field marshal in 1940, and Blomberg's former right-hand man would be appointed by Hitler as the Chief of the OKW of the Armed Forces.

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War minister and OKW commander Werner von Blomberg followed by the three armed forces chiefs inspects a parade in honor of the 40th anniversary of his joining the army.

4672: 1181:. The entire military took the oath to Hitler, who was most surprised at the offer. Thus, the popular view that Hitler imposed the oath on the military is incorrect. 3996: 982:

wrote about the "ruthless" way that Blomberg set about isolating and undermining the power of the army commander-in-chief, a close associate of Schleicher, General

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occurred. At the conference, Hitler stated that it was the time for war or, more accurately wars, as what Hitler envisioned would be a series of localized wars in

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as Chancellor, after telling him that Blomberg was to be his defense minister regardless of his wishes. Hitler for his part welcomed and accepted Blomberg.

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to become the new military force, Blomberg informed Hitler that the Army would never accept it under any conditions. On 28 February 1934, Hitler ruled the

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with the file on the new Mrs. Blomberg. Helldorff said he was uncertain about what to do. Keitel told Helldorf to take the file to Göring, which he did.

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Blomberg's first act as defense minister was to carry out a purge of the officers associated with his hated archenemy, Schleicher. Blomberg sacked

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forces. Blomberg had excellent relations with the SA at this time, which led to the SA serving by 1931 as an unofficial militia backing up the

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In December 1936, a crisis was created within the German decision-making machinery when General Wilhelm Faupel, the chief German officer in

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sailors from the Navy were dishonorably discharged, together with four civilian employees of the Defense Ministry. With the exception of

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of the German Armed Forces. In this capacity, Blomberg played a central role in Germany's military build-up during the years leading to

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increasingly-heated feud with Röhm, Blomberg warned Hitler that he must curb the ambitions of the SA, or the Army would do so itself.

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to areas bordering France, Schleicher in August 1929 leaked to the press that Blomberg had attended armed maneuvers by volunteers in

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On 5 November 1937, the conference between the Reich's top military–foreign policy leadership and Hitler recorded in the so-called

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to the remaining non-Nazi members of the cabinet, including Blomberg, and enrolled him in the Party (membership number 3,805,226).

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of Blomberg's daughters, Dorothea, would have been threatened by scandal. She was engaged to Karl-Heinz Keitel, the eldest son of

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in May 1934 adopt Nazi symbols into their uniforms. In 1935, Blomberg worked hard to ensure that the Wehrmacht complied with the

726: 47: 3482: 1419:, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, of being a homosexual. Hitler used these opportunities for a major reorganization of the 1383: 3819: 2729: 2523:(1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust". In Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham (eds.). 2587: 2536:

Geyer, Michael (1983). "Etudes in Political History: Reichswehr, NSDAP and the Seizure of Power". In Stachura, Peter (ed.).

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on 20 February 1946. Resigned to his fate and gripped by depression, he spent the final weeks of his life refusing to eat.

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appointed by Hitler. On 30 January 1937 to mark the fourth anniversary of the Nazi regime, Hitler personally presented the

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confidence in the Defense Minister. The meeting lasted half-an-hour, and Hindenburg repeated the threat to dismiss Hitler.

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Blomberg was an ardent supporter of the Nazi regime and cooperated with it in many capacities, including serving on the

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In late January 1933, President Hindenburg—without informing the chancellor, Schleicher, or the army commander, General

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In 1920, Blomberg was appointed chief of staff of the Döberitz Brigade; in 1921, he was appointed chief of staff of the

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Because he had the command of only one infantry division in East Prussia, Blomberg depended very strongly on

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In February 1934, Blomberg, on his own initiative, had all of the men considered to be Jews serving in the

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to be dishonorably discharged before they were tried for treason as a way of upholding military "honor."

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made it imperative to act before the Western powers developed an insurmountable lead in the arms race.

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called Blomberg to Berlin to explain himself. Blomberg expected Schleicher to stick to the traditional

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In his reports to Hindenburg, Blomberg wrote that his arch-rival Schleicher's attempts to create the

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Blomberg's first wife Charlotte died on 11 May 1932, leaving him with two sons and three daughters.

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in the near future. Hitler argued that because the wars were necessary to provide Germany with

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by Schleicher, Hindenburg wanted to remove Schleicher as defense minister as soon as possible.

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The Army, Politics and Society in Germany, 1933–1945: Studies in the Army's Relation to Nazism

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to increase the number of fighting men available. This led him to co-operate closely with the

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I, the military district which comprised East Prussia, Blomberg fell under the influence of a

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Unfortunately for Blomberg, his position as the ranking officer of Nazi Germany alienated

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At a conference held at the Reich Chancellery on 21 December 1936 attended by Hitler,

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strategy with which they basically agreed; only the question of timing divided them.

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as the only way for victory. That was strongly opposed by the Foreign Minister Baron

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being imposed by engaging in what can be called a process of "self-Gleichschaltung".

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This was part of a broader shift on the part of the German military to the idea of a

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in 1904. In April 1904, he married Charlotte Hellmich. The couple had five children.

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minister, he fought fiercely to protect the institutional autonomy of the military.

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The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined

2946: 2466:(1999). "Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich". In Leitz, Christian (ed.). 4482: 4408: 4107: 4093: 3707: 3616: 3544: 2623: 2463: 1488: 1161: 975: 841: 750:

to mobilize an entire society for war to him, and of an ideologically motivated

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was even more loyal and ideologically sound than was the SA and that purging

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Blomberg died on 13 March 1946. His body was buried without ceremony in an

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Of those invited to the conference, objections arose from Foreign Minister

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von Blomberg and his wife went on a honeymoon for a year to the island of

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had clearly failed, and that Germany needed a new approach to forming the

700:. Early that year, Schleicher had started a policy of "frontier defense" ( 2670:. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2193:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume V, pp. 543-544, Document 2879-PS" 1394: 1220:

On 21 May 1935, the Ministry of Defense was renamed the Ministry of War (

638: 548: 531:. However, by 20 January 1938, he was forced to resign after his rivals, 212: 1423:. Fritsch was later acquitted; together, the events became known as the 4446: 2824:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe

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World War Two from original sources: Handbook on German military forces

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as the best way to fight the next war. During his time as commander of

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Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945

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Blomberg appeared in the official newspaper of the Nazi Party, the

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Werner von Blomberg: Hitlers erster Feldmarschall: Eine Biographie

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and was removed from his post and appointed military commander in

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German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States

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for his services in 1933. Although Blomberg and his predecessor,

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In 1932, Blomberg served as part of the German delegation to the

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Blomberg's health declined rapidly while he was in detention at

4274: 3548: 3223: 3163: 563:, Werner von Blomberg joined the army in 1897 and attended the 599:

appointed him chief of army training. By 1927, Blomberg was a

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Hitler and his Generals: The Hidden Crisis, January–June 1938

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A genius for war: the German army and general staff 1807-1945

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Blomberg's hands, but he declined to end his life. Spending

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By the autumn of 1933, Blomberg had come into conflict with

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The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

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The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

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Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic

1282:, Hitler's second-in-command and Commander-in-Chief of the 2869:"Von Blomberg Dies in Army Hospital; Dies of Heart Attack" 1216:

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of War

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Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich

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Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918-1945

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Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

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Graduated from the academy in 1907, Blomberg entered the

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Two days later, on 30 January 1933, Hindenburg swore in

799:, and utterly opposed the SA's ambitions to replace the 637:, where he was much impressed by the high status of the 2911:

Hitler and His Generals: Military Conferences 1942–1945

2678:(2011). "Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg". In 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1709: 1707: 1290:, the head of the SS, the security organization of the 1259:, who wanted to limit the German involvement in Spain. 4743:

Prisoners who died in United States military detention

2686:(in German) (2nd ed.). Darmstadt: Primus Verlag. 2549:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Nowtilus, S.L. 1938: 1936: 1934: 745:

and sent to command a division in East Prussia. Since

741:

As a result, Blomberg was demoted from command of the

4570: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1506: 1504: 1350:, Blomberg and the Army Commander-in-Chief, General 4437: 4388: 4352: 4308: 4152: 4062: 4035: 4015: 3995: 3970: 3952: 3913: 3888: 3863: 3829: 3811: 3791: 3745: 3725: 3699: 3679: 3652: 3515: 3500: 3458: 3342: 3327: 3281: 3266: 472: 462: 448: 438: 430: 412: 370: 365: 357: 345: 337: 326: 274: 264: 254: 230: 195: 190: 174: 162: 144: 129: 117: 99: 82: 67: 46: 23: 2905:, the standard scholarly monograph on the scandal. 2893:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 78–215. 2867: 2666:(1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". 1055:called the order "an act of proactive obedience". 686:In 1929, Blomberg came into conflict with General 4728:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 4713:Military personnel from the Province of Pomerania 2639:. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. 974:(the disguised General Staff) and replaced with 2909:Heiber, Helmut; Glantz, David M., eds. (2005). 2567:(1989). "Blomberg". In Barnett, Corelli (ed.). 2379: 2343: 2155: 2143: 2089: 2072: 2060: 2045: 2033: 2021: 1990: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1835: 1820: 1808: 1743: 1728: 1662: 1628: 1616: 1551: 668: 2540:. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 101–123. 2415: 1382:That was reported to the Berlin police chief, 16:German General Staff officer and field marshal 4286: 3560: 3235: 2947:Newspaper clippings about Werner von Blomberg 2367: 2252: 1408:A few days later, Göring and Himmler accused 8: 4733:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 1645: 1409: 829:made him German Supreme Commander in Chief. 158:27 January 1927 – 30 September 1929 2935:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2240: 1448:in obscurity, Blomberg was arrested by the 933:in 1919, had never been put into practice. 4723:Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen) 4293: 4279: 4271: 3949: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3567: 3553: 3545: 3512: 3339: 3278: 3242: 3228: 3220: 3160: 2959: 2684:Hitlers militärische Elite. 68 Lebensläufe 2504:Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II 2488:. Great Britain: Pen & Sword Military. 2101: 31: 20: 2779:(in German). Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. 574:in 1908. Serving with distinction on the 493:(2 September 1878 – 13 March 1946) was a 2479:. London, United Kingdom: Edward Arnold. 2300: 2288: 2276: 2228: 2216: 1224:); Blomberg also was given the title of 645:as the prerequisite for military power. 4673:German Army World War II field marshals 4605: 4577: 2531:. Bloomington: Indian University Press. 2468:The Third Reich: The Essential Readings 2427: 2403: 2331: 2116: 2002: 1913: 1758: 1686: 1674: 1539: 1522: 1500: 1452:in 1945 and later gave evidence at the 298: 1904; died 1932) 3151:Chief of the Armed Forces High Command 2850:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2703:Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion 2470:. London: Blackwell. pp. 129–150. 2391: 2179: 2167: 1898: 1779: 1698: 1575: 513:, Blomberg was appointed chief of the 113:29 January 1933 – 21 May 1935 63:21 May 1935 – 27 January 1938 4693:Members of the Academy for German Law 2847:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 2355: 2128: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1925: 1713: 1604: 1587: 1086:Blomberg ordered every member of the 7: 4703:Government ministers of Nazi Germany 4678:German Army personnel of World War I 4153:Members granted rank & authority 2796:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2264: 1791: 1563: 1510: 2616:The memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel 656: 4663:Colonel generals of the Reichswehr 2448:. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press. 1162:oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler 621:, which had been forbidden by the 14: 4064:Reichsministers without portfolio 2994:Baron Kurt von Hammerstein–Equord 2876:. Associated Press. 14 March 1946 2798:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2668:The Build-up of German Aggression 2571:. Grove Press. pp. 129–139. 2497:. United Kingdom: Hero Books Ltd. 1043:given an automatic and immediate 764:-sympathizing Lutheran chaplain, 4738:Nazis who died in prison custody 4625: 4608: 4580: 4439: 4390: 4354: 4310: 3362:Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 2981:Chief of the German Troop Office 890:. To counter alleged plans of a 717:disliked, insisted on extending 491:Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg 417: 399: 387: 375: 349: 200:Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg 4046:Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach 3979:Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach 2913:. New York City: Enigma Books. 2826:. University of Chicago Press. 2724:. Manchester University Press. 2705:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 315: 295: 4155:equivalent to a Reichsminister 3820:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk 3008:Friedrich Freiherr von Esebeck 2760:. Cambridge University Press. 2313:Kiiker, EIIe (28 March 2018). 952:was dismissed as chief of the 944:and replaced him with General 783:as a source of volunteers for 633:In 1928, Blomberg visited the 1: 3576:Members of the Hitler Cabinet 3044:as Commander-in-Chief of the 2807:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 2741:"General ohne Eigenschaften?" 2739:Paehler, Katrin (June 2009). 2720:Müller, Klaus Jürgen (1987). 2444:Brett-Smith, Richard (1976). 1266:, Blomberg, Neurath, General 878:Palace of the Reich President 617:), the thin disguise for the 4302:Defence Ministers of Germany 2775:Schäfer, Kirstin A. (2006). 2511:Feuchtwanger, Edgar (1993). 2477:Arms, Autarky and Aggression 2315:"Erna / Eva Margarete Gruhn" 1103:by preventing any so-called 978:. The British historian Sir 814:World Disarmament Conference 595:Army Area. In 1925, General 519:("Troop Office") during the 4698:Ministers of the Reichswehr 4447:Federal Republic of Germany 3204:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord 2951:20th Century Press Archives 2889:Deutsch, Harold C. (1974). 2592:. McFarland & Company. 1286:, Germany's air force, and 984:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord 968:was sacked as chief of the 582:, Blomberg was awarded the 181:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord 4759: 4543:Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer 4528:Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg 4398:German Democratic Republic 3625:President of the Reichstag 2822:Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). 2756:Patch, William L. (2006). 2430:, pp. 34–35, note 23. 1393:Göring, who had served as 1384:Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf 1371: 1200:bugged the offices of the 561:noble Baltic German family 4561: 4234: 3643: 3639: 3582: 3301: 3174: 3138: 3129: 3116: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3036: 3023: 3011: 3000: 2987: 2978: 2967: 2962: 2929:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John 2743:(in German). H-Net Online 2545:Glasman, Gabriel (2005). 2368:Keitel & Görlitz 1966 994:being appointed instead. 565:Prussian Military Academy 503:Adolf Hitler's government 484: 186: 151: 146:Chief of the Troop Office 106: 94:Chief of the High Command 56: 42: 30: 4688:German untitled nobility 3070:Führer und Reichskanzler 2862:. London, UK: Macmillan. 2803:Taylor, Telford (1969). 2794:Shirer, William (1960). 2701:Nicholls, David (2000). 2630:. New York City: Norton. 2586:Kane, Robert B. (2008). 2538:The Nazi Machtergreifung 2484:Carruthers, Bob (2013). 2406:, pp. 200, 206–207. 1115:Night of the Long Knives 255:Cause of death 4718:Prussian Army personnel 4170:Walther von Brauchitsch 3468:Robert Ritter von Greim 3400:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb 3370:Walther von Brauchitsch 2654:Kolb, Eberhard (2005). 2547:Objetivo: Cazar al Lobo 1425:Blomberg–Fritsch Affair 1374:Blomberg–Fritsch affair 1222:Reichskriegsministerium 1139:attempt of 20 July 1944 870:Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen 844:and by authorizing the 505:. After serving on the 457:Reichskriegsministerium 249:Allied-occupied Germany 4122:Konstantin von Neurath 3879:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3872:Konstantin von Neurath 3483:Wolfram von Richthofen 3030:Walter von Brauchitsch 3005:General der Infanterie 2664:Messerschmidt, Manfred 2493:Dupuy, Trevor (1984). 2475:Carr, William (1972). 1469: 1460:Imprisonment and death 1410: 1348:Konstantin von Neurath 1306: 1257:Konstantin von Neurath 1045:dishonorable discharge 1036: 927:Academy for German Law 677: 629:In the Weimar Republic 613: 497:officer and the first 4597:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 3847:Richard Walther Darré 3445:Maximilian von Weichs 2856:Wheeler-Bennett, John 2513:From Weimar to Hitler 2502:Faber, David (2008). 1467: 1300: 1228:of the armed forces ( 1179:Walther von Reichenau 1167:People and Fatherland 1153:Völkischer Beobachter 1058:The German historian 1034: 543:Early life and career 453:1st Infantry Division 431:Years of service 139:Reichsminister of War 4708:People from Stargard 4538:Ursula von der Leyen 4143:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3929:Franz Schlegelberger 3831:Food and Agriculture 3425:Walter von Reichenau 3333:Generalfeldmarschall 3267:Marshal of the Reich 2658:. London: Routledge. 2635:Klee, Ernst (2007). 2515:. London: Macmillan. 2380:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2344:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2156:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2144:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2090:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2073:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2061:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2046:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2034:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 2022:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1991:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1887:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1875:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1863:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1851:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1836:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1821:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1809:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1744:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1729:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1663:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1629:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1617:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1552:Wheeler-Bennett 1967 1468:Grave in Bad Wiessee 1432:Generalfeldmarschall 1368:Scandal and downfall 1237:Generalfeldmarschall 980:John Wheeler-Bennett 946:Walter von Reichenau 938:Ferdinand von Bredow 874:Oskar von Hindenburg 866:Kurt von Hammerstein 827:President of Germany 825:, whose position as 713:in western Germany. 660: Defence State 623:Treaty of Versailles 619:German General Staff 572:German General Staff 495:German General Staff 443:Generalfeldmarschall 4668:Commanders in chief 4595:Werner von Blomberg 4548:Christine Lambrecht 4503:Gerhard Stoltenberg 4463:Franz Josef Strauss 4373:Werner von Blomberg 4344:Kurt von Schleicher 4026:Werner von Blomberg 3937:Otto Georg Thierack 3727:Eastern Territories 3450:Erwin von Witzleben 3352:Werner von Blomberg 3199:Werner von Blomberg 3124:Minister of Defence 3095:Minister of Defence 3088:Kurt von Schleicher 3060:German Armed Forces 3040:Paul von Hindenburg 2656:The Weimar Republic 2416:New York Times 1946 2334:, pp. 120–121. 2255:, pp. 636–637. 2231:, pp. 297–298. 2219:, pp. 296–297. 2158:, pp. 341–342. 2075:, pp. 321–322. 2063:, pp. 320–321. 2036:, pp. 319–320. 2005:, pp. 268–269. 1889:, pp. 301–311. 1853:, pp. 308–309. 1823:, pp. 298–299. 1648:, pp. 252–253. 1631:, pp. 296–297. 1554:, pp. 295–296. 1311:Hossbach Memorandum 1060:Klaus-Jürgen Müller 931:Weimar Constitution 916:Kurt von Schleicher 905:Minister of Defense 823:Paul von Hindenburg 688:Kurt von Schleicher 285:Charlotte Hellmich 124:Kurt von Schleicher 101:Minister of Defence 77:Minister of Defense 25:Werner von Blomberg 4533:Thomas de Maizière 4468:Kai-Uwe von Hassel 4191:Werner von Fritsch 4184:Karl Hermann Frank 3440:Ferdinand Schörner 3435:Gerd von Rundstedt 3410:Erich von Manstein 3080:Political offices 3056:Commander-in-Chief 2874:The New York Times 2370:, pp. 41, 77. 2253:Messerschmidt 1990 1470: 1417:Werner von Fritsch 1352:Werner von Fritsch 1307: 1268:Werner von Fritsch 1242:Golden Party Badge 1226:Commander-in-Chief 1093:Erich von Manstein 1037: 992:Werner von Fritsch 704:) under which the 525:Commander-in-Chief 221:Kingdom of Prussia 4568: 4567: 4268: 4267: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4053:Julius Dorpmüller 3986:Wilhelm Ohnesorge 3946: 3945: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3496: 3495: 3473:Albert Kesselring 3395:Georg von Küchler 3390:Günther von Kluge 3299: 3298: 3217: 3216: 3158: 3157: 3139:Succeeded by 3102:Succeeded by 3067:Succeeded by 3024:Succeeded by 2988:Succeeded by 2963:Military offices 2900:978-0-8166-0649-8 2814:978-1-566-19746-5 2693:978-3-89678-727-9 2646:978-3-596-16048-8 2569:Hitler's Generals 2446:Hitler's Generals 2358:, pp. 46–75. 2279:, pp. 39–40. 2267:, pp. 73–78. 1969:, pp. 71–72. 1646:Feuchtwanger 1993 1525:, pp. 25–29. 1478:colorectal cancer 1253:Spanish Civil War 1124:Hitler-Junge Quex 603:and chief of the 488: 487: 331:Axel von Blomberg 259:Colorectal cancer 4750: 4638: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4523:Franz Josef Jung 4513:Rudolf Scharping 4473:Gerhard Schröder 4451: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4429:Rainer Eppelmann 4424:Theodor Hoffmann 4402: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4261: 4248: 4246:Heinrich Himmler 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4101:Konstantin Hierl 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4055: 4048: 4028: 4008: 3988: 3981: 3963: 3950: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3906: 3904:Heinrich Himmler 3899: 3881: 3874: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3840:Alfred Hugenberg 3822: 3804: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3754:Alfred Hugenberg 3738: 3736:Alfred Rosenberg 3718: 3710: 3692: 3672: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3619: 3609: 3596: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3546: 3513: 3420:Friedrich Paulus 3385:Ewald von Kleist 3366: 3340: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3279: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3221: 3161: 3153: 3126: 3117:Preceded by 3111: 3085:Preceded by 3050: 3037:Preceded by 3001:Preceded by 2968:Preceded by 2960: 2936: 2924: 2904: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2871: 2863: 2851: 2837: 2818: 2799: 2790: 2771: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2716: 2697: 2680:Ueberschär, Gerd 2671: 2659: 2650: 2631: 2619: 2618:. Stein and Day. 2603: 2582: 2560: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2459: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2241:Brett-Smith 1976 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1762: 1756: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1649: 1643: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1454:Nuremberg trials 1415: 1357:cordon sanitaire 1288:Heinrich Himmler 1272:Walter Warlimont 1197:Heinrich Himmler 1068: 962:military attaché 940:as chief of the 727:Defence Minister 661: 658: 537:Heinrich Himmler 423: 421: 420: 405: 403: 402: 393: 391: 390: 381: 379: 378: 366:Military service 353: 319: 317: 299: 297: 237: 210:2 September 1878 209: 207: 191:Personal details 177: 165: 156: 132: 120: 111: 85: 70: 61: 37:Blomberg in 1934 35: 21: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4600:sister projects 4599: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4553:Boris Pistorius 4450:(1949–present) 4449: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4339:Wilhelm Groener 4320: 4318:Weimar Republic 4311: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4269: 4264: 4251: 4241:Reichsführer SS 4238: 4226: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4136:Hjalmar Schacht 4134: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4058: 4051: 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2119:, p. 525. 2106: 2094: 2092:, p. 322. 2077: 2065: 2050: 2048:, p. 320. 2038: 2026: 2024:, p. 319. 2007: 1995: 1993:, p. 312. 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1930: 1918: 1916:, p. 268. 1903: 1901:, p. 143. 1891: 1879: 1877:, p. 311. 1867: 1865:, p. 309. 1855: 1840: 1838:, p. 301. 1825: 1813: 1811:, p. 300. 1796: 1784: 1763: 1761:, p. 422. 1748: 1746:, p. 284. 1733: 1731:, p. 282. 1718: 1716:, p. 122. 1703: 1691: 1679: 1677:, p. 131. 1667: 1665:, p. 297. 1650: 1633: 1621: 1619:, p. 296. 1609: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1566:, p. 173. 1556: 1544: 1527: 1515: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1485:unmarked grave 1461: 1458: 1400:Wilhelm Keitel 1388:Wilhelm Keitel 1386:, who went to 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1341:United Kingdom 1319:Eastern Europe 1301:Blomberg with 1280:Hermann Göring 1264:Hermann Göring 1217: 1214: 1177:chief General 1109:from serving. 1101:Nuremberg Laws 906: 903: 753:levée en masse 630: 627: 585:Pour le Mérite 544: 541: 533:Hermann Göring 486: 485: 482: 481: 478:Pour le Mérite 474: 470: 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2234: 2230: 2229:Weinberg 1970 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217:Weinberg 1970 2213: 2210: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2170:, p. 93. 2169: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1981:, p. 73. 1980: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1957:, p. 72. 1956: 1951: 1948: 1945:, p. 71. 1944: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1928:, p. 70. 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1794:, p. 53. 1793: 1788: 1785: 1782:, p. 30. 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1701:, p. 28. 1700: 1695: 1692: 1689:, p. 22. 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1607:, p. 51. 1606: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1590:, p. 50. 1589: 1584: 1581: 1578:, p. 26. 1577: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1513:, p. 82. 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1412:Generaloberst 1406: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1147:homosexuality 1142: 1140: 1138: 1131: 1127: 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3260:Nazi Germany 3209:Wilhelm Adam 3198: 3184:Wilhelm Heye 3167:Troop Office 3141: 3130: 3093: 3073:Adolf Hitler 3069: 3054: 3045: 3027:Generalmajor 3026: 3021:1929 – 1933 3014: 3012: 3003: 2991:Generalmajor 2990: 2979: 2971:Generalmajor 2970: 2932: 2910: 2890: 2878:. 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