54:
316:, showing that either baleen evolved before dentition was lost or that the traits for filter feeding originally evolved for other functions. It also shows that the evolution could have occurred gradually because the ancestral state was originally maintained. Therefore, the mosaic whales could have exploited new resources using filter feeding while not abandoning their previous prey strategies. The result of this stepwise transition is apparent in modern-day baleen whales, because of their enamel pseudogenes and their
236:
46:
401:
38:
391:
Crack formation is also different for both the transverse and longitudinal orientation. For the transverse direction, cracks are redirected along the tubules, which enhances the baleen's resistance to fracture and once the crack enters the tubule it is then directed along the weaker interface rather
387:
Hydrated versus dry whale baleen also exhibit significantly different parallel and perpendicular compressive stress to compressive strain response. Although parallel loading for both hydrated and dry samples exhibit higher stress response (about 20 MPa and 140 MPa at 0.07 strain for hydrated and dry
371:
Whale baleen is the mostly mineralized keratin-based bio-material consisting of parallel plates suspended down the mouth of the whale. Baleen's mechanical properties of being strong and flexible made it a popular material for numerous applications requiring such a property (see Human uses section).
329:
If it is true that many early baleen whales also had teeth, these were probably used only peripherally, or perhaps not at all (again like Dall's porpoise, which catches squid and fish by gripping them against its hard upper jaw). Intense research has been carried out to sort out the evolution and
375:
The basic structure of the whale baleen has been described as a tubular structure with a hollow medulla (inner core) enclosed by a tubular layer with a diameter varying from 60 to 900 microns, which had approximately 2.7 times higher calcium content than the outer solid shell. The
362:
that happen to be near the shoals), together with large volumes of water. It then partly shuts its mouth and presses its tongue against its upper jaw, forcing the water to pass out sideways through the baleen, thus sieving out the prey, which it then swallows.
307:
and mysticetes. This intermediate step is further supported by evidence of other changes that occurred with the evolution of baleen that make it possible for the organisms to survive using filter feeding, such as a change in skull structure and throat
122:
Depending on the species, a baleen plate can be 0.5 to 3.5 m (1.6 to 11.5 ft) long, and weigh up to 90 kg (200 lb). Its hairy fringes are called baleen hair or whalebone hair. They are also called baleen bristles, which in
312:. It would be highly unlikely for all of these changes to occur at once. Therefore, it is proposed that Oligocene aetiocetids possess both ancestral and descendant character states regarding feeding strategies. This makes them
764:
Wang, Bin; Sullivan, Tarah N.; Pissarenko, Andrei; Zaheri, Alireza; Espinosa, Horacio D.; Meyers, Marc A. (19 November 2018). "Lessons from the Ocean: Whale Baleen
Fracture Resistance".
1503:
188:
of baleen are only 15 million years old because baleen rarely fossilizes, but scientists believe it originated considerably earlier than that. This is indicated by baleen-related
884:
958:
487:
in 1972 makes it illegal "for any person to transport, purchase, sell, export, or offer to purchase, sell, or export any marine mammal or marine mammal product".
228:
environments. This occurred because the current kept warm ocean waters away from the area that is now
Antarctica, producing steep gradients in temperature,
208:
has; it closely resembles baleen at the microscopic level. The initial evolution and radiation of baleen plates is believed to have occurred during Early
384:) and 200 MPa, respectively. This difference in the elastic moduli could be attributed to the way the sandwiched tubular structures are packed together.
342:
A whale's baleen plates play the most important role in its filter-feeding process. To feed, a baleen whale opens its mouth widely and scoops in dense
468:, but also pieces of armour. It was commonly used to crease paper; its flexibility kept it from damaging the paper. It was also occasionally used in
1308:
555:
429:
People formerly used baleen (usually referred to as "whalebone") for making numerous items where flexibility and strength were required, including
1095:
836:
200:
beneath the eyes, and loose lower jaw bones at the chin. Baleen is believed to have evolved around 30 million years ago, possibly from a hard,
798:
Sarah A. Bendall, “Whalebone and the
Wardrobe of Elizabeth I: Whaling and the Making of Aristocratic Fashions in Sixteenth Century Europe”,
261:, but lose their dentition and have only baleen during their juvenile years and adulthood. However, developing mysticetes do not produce
95:. To use baleen, the whale first opens its mouth underwater to take in water. The whale then pushes the water out, and animals such as
1018:
270:
269:. This is likely to have occurred about 28 million years ago and proves that dentition is an ancestral state of mysticetes. Using
1496:
855:
1556:
1510:
988:
131:
functioning to increase their stiffness. Baleen plates are broader at the gumline (base). The plates have been compared to
1549:
1209:
966:
221:
1542:
1216:
1111:
1065:
484:
618:"Morphological and Molecular Evidence for a Stepwise Evolutionary Transition from Teeth to Baleen in Mysticete Whales"
111:, the same substance found in human fingernails, skin and hair. Baleen is a skin derivative. Some whales, such as the
388:
samples respectively) than that for perpendicular loading, hydration drastically reduced the compressive response.
1535:
1174:
1153:
31:
522:"Morphology and Development of Blue Whale Baleen: An Annotated Translation of Tycho Tullberg's Classic 1883 Paper"
119:, only use one side of their baleen. These baleen bristles are arranged in plates across the upper jaw of whales.
53:
1578:
1074:
477:
1583:
1202:
885:"Aspects of the structure and composition of baleen, and some effects of exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons"
841:
Eleventh
International Symposium on Wood and Furniture Conservation Amsterdam 9–10 November 2012. Amsterdam
299:
was arranged in bundles between widely spaced teeth. If true, this combination of baleen and dentition in
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717:"A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales"
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247:
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741:
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583:
499:, a South Carolina architect who used whale jaw bones to adorn the largest mansion on
165:
159:
1572:
1421:
1301:
659:"Climate, critters and cetaceans: cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales"
480:. Baleen was also used by Dutch cabinetmakers for the production of pressed reliefs.
434:
128:
112:
84:
818:
Lee Raye, “Evidence for the use of whale-baleen products in medieval Powys, Wales”,
701:
415:
331:
323:
286:
262:
136:
92:
616:
Deméré, Thomas; Michael R. McGowen; Annalisa Berta; John Gatesy (September 2007).
273:
to study this and other ancestral characters suggests that the common ancestor of
45:
1463:
1294:
454:
380:
in the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction are 270 megapascals (
293:
a way to reach developing baleen. Further research suggests that the baleen of
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617:
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103:
by the baleen and remain as a food source for the whale. Baleen is similar to
540:
1471:
1449:
1435:
1393:
1333:
807:
685:
472:. Synthetic materials are now usually used for similar purposes, especially
450:
419:
255:
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209:
192:
modifications being found in fossils from considerably earlier, including a
124:
950:
932:
911:
Meredith, Robert W.; Gatesy, John; Cheng, Joyce; Springer, Mark S. (2010).
785:
777:
750:
732:
693:
643:
592:
574:
556:"Calcification provides mechanical reinforcement to whale baleen -keratin"
17:
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282:
229:
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193:
147:
100:
554:
Szewciw, L. J.; De
Kerckhove, D. G.; Grime, G. W.; Fudge, D. S. (2010).
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1027:
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108:
104:
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1428:
1326:
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Fudge, Douglas S.; Szewciw, Lawrence J.; Schwalb, Astrid N. (2009).
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347:
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234:
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189:
132:
96:
88:
52:
44:
37:
36:
837:"Pressed baleen and fan-shaped ripple mouldings by Herman Doomer"
246:
The transition from teeth to baleen is proposed to have occurred
823:
359:
355:
201:
1000:
334:
history of mysticetes, but much debate surrounds this issue.
142:
As a material for various human uses, baleen is usually called
381:
197:
232:, light, and nutrients, where the warm water meets the cold.
171:
250:, from teeth to a hybrid to baleen. It is known that modern
115:, have longer baleen than others. Other whales, such as the
996:
410:, with an ivory handle, made by Kinguktuk (1871–1941) of
27:
Keratin structure in whales, used for flexible stiffening
883:
St. Aubin, D. J.; Stinson, R. H.; Geraci, J. R. (1984).
392:
than penetrating through either the tubule or lamellae.
921:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
721:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
563:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1504:
International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
265:
because at some point this trait evolved to become a
1527:
1481:
1385:
1318:
1272:
1226:
1043:
254:have teeth initially and then develop baleen plate
917:) in the common ancestor of extant baleen whales"
611:
609:
49:Appearance of baleen hair in a whale's open mouth
913:"Pseudogenization of the tooth gene enamelysin (
30:"Whalebone" redirects here. For other uses, see
959:"How baleen whales lost a gene and their teeth"
856:"Marine Mammal Protection Act | NOAA Fisheries"
835:BREEBAART, Iskander; VAN GERVEN, Gert (2013).
1012:
41:Baleen hair is attached to each baleen plate.
8:
822:(blog on Hypotheses.org), June, 26th, 2014.
163:
1019:
1005:
997:
940:
740:
715:Fitzgerald, Erich M.G. (15 August 2006).
633:
582:
1309:Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale
303:would act as a transition state between
512:
224:was formed, increasing productivity of
285:, which are believed to have provided
7:
281:mysticetes evolved lateral nutrient
242:calf with mouth open, showing baleen
657:Marx, Felix G. (19 February 2010).
57:Cross-section of jaw showing bone
25:
1497:International Whaling Commission
1557:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
1511:Institute of Cetacean Research
989:New International Encyclopedia
854:Fisheries, NOAA (2021-04-27).
176:– both of which mean "whale".
1:
1550:South Pacific Whale Sanctuary
222:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
1543:Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary
820:Medieval Animal Data Network
485:Marine Mammal Protection Act
892:Canadian Journal of Zoology
843:. Stichting Ebenist: 62–74.
127:are highly calcified, with
1600:
1536:Australian Whale Sanctuary
483:In the United States, the
204:upper jaw, like the one a
32:Whalebone (disambiguation)
29:
1034:
635:10.1080/10635150701884632
162:" derives from the Latin
541:10.1578/AM.35.2.2009.226
69:and frayed baleen hairs
808:10.4000/apparences.3653
686:10.1126/science.1185581
172:
170:, related to the Greek
933:10.1098/rspb.2010.1280
778:10.1002/adma.201804574
733:10.1098/rspb.2006.3664
575:10.1098/rspb.2010.0399
426:
243:
164:
77:
50:
42:
1288:Dolphin drive hunting
1242:Jarmann harpoon rifle
403:
367:Mechanical properties
238:
196:of bone in the upper
56:
48:
40:
727:(1604): 2955–2963.
678:2010Sci...327..993M
497:John Henry Devereux
414:, displayed at the
1518:Whale conservation
1281:Aboriginal whaling
1037:History of whaling
927:(1708): 993–1002.
766:Advanced Materials
622:Systematic Biology
569:(1694): 2597–605.
427:
244:
87:system inside the
78:
51:
43:
1566:
1565:
1235:Explosive harpoon
1096:Pacific Northwest
1066:Western Australia
983:"Whalebone"
672:(5968): 993–996.
501:Sullivan's Island
470:cable-backed bows
439:collar stiffeners
412:Utqiaġvik, Alaska
346:of prey (such as
16:(Redirected from
1591:
1579:Cetacean anatomy
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595:. Archived from
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449:ribs, switches,
358:, and sometimes
322:development and
184:The oldest true
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107:and consists of
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206:Dall's porpoise
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969:on 2011-03-22.
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772:(3): 1804574.
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602:on 2011-12-25.
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435:backscratchers
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85:filter-feeding
65:, rigid plate
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149:
146:, which is a
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:calcification
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:bowhead whale
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:baleen whales
90:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
1407:
1341:Grindaknívur
1327:Whaling ship
1273:Hunting type
1203:South Africa
987:
967:the original
963:Thoughtomics
962:
924:
920:
914:
898:(2): 193–8.
895:
891:
863:. Retrieved
859:
849:
840:
830:
819:
814:
800:Apparence(s)
799:
794:
769:
765:
759:
724:
720:
710:
669:
665:
652:
628:(1): 15–37.
625:
621:
597:the original
566:
562:
549:
532:
528:
515:
482:
455:farthingales
453:petticoats,
428:
416:Museum of Us
390:
386:
374:
370:
341:
332:phylogenetic
328:
317:
300:
294:
263:tooth enamel
258:
245:
183:
157:
143:
141:
121:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
1528:Sanctuaries
1482:Regulations
1464:Whale feces
1295:Drift whale
1175:Philippines
1161:New Zealand
1154:Netherlands
443:buggy whips
324:reabsorbing
314:mosaic taxa
305:odontocetes
275:aetiocetids
1573:Categories
1443:Spermaceti
1355:Head spade
1319:Implements
1196:Seychelles
1147:Madagascar
1044:By country
865:2021-05-08
507:References
478:fiberglass
424:California
396:Human uses
326:of teeth.
310:elasticity
301:Aetiocetus
296:Aetiocetus
279:edentulous
267:pseudogene
252:mysticetes
240:Gray whale
214:Antarctica
158:The word "
125:sei whales
117:gray whale
18:Whale bone
1450:Sperm oil
1436:Scrimshaw
1394:Ambergris
1334:Whaleboat
1126:Greenland
1059:Australia
1052:Argentina
451:crinoline
420:San Diego
271:parsimony
210:Oligocene
180:Evolution
154:Etymology
144:whalebone
1386:Products
1362:Paledang
1227:Harpoons
1189:Scotland
951:20861053
786:30450716
751:17015308
702:21797084
694:20167785
644:18266181
593:20392736
491:See also
354:, small
352:copepods
319:in utero
283:foramina
259:in utero
248:stepwise
230:salinity
220:and the
218:Gondwana
194:buttress
173:phalaina
148:misnomer
105:bristles
101:filtered
1415:Blubber
1401:Ambrein
1376:Trywork
1369:Try pot
1133:Iceland
1119:Germany
1028:Whaling
992:. 1905.
942:3049022
742:1639514
674:Bibcode
666:Science
584:2982044
474:plastic
447:parasol
431:baskets
405:Iñupiat
186:fossils
166:bālaena
109:keratin
1429:Muktuk
1408:Baleen
1182:Russia
1168:Norway
1089:Canada
1082:Brazil
949:
939:
824:online
784:
749:
739:
700:
692:
642:
591:
581:
463:corset
461:, and
344:shoals
291:nerves
160:baleen
133:sieves
89:mouths
81:Baleen
61:, gum
1457:Tabua
1140:Japan
1105:Chile
915:MMP20
888:(PDF)
698:S2CID
662:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
466:stays
459:busks
360:birds
348:krill
256:germs
226:ocean
212:when
202:gummy
190:skull
97:krill
83:is a
1468:meat
947:PMID
860:NOAA
782:PMID
747:PMID
690:PMID
640:PMID
589:PMID
476:and
356:fish
289:and
277:and
99:are
73:and
1472:oil
937:PMC
929:doi
925:278
900:doi
804:doi
774:doi
737:PMC
729:doi
725:273
682:doi
670:327
630:doi
579:PMC
571:doi
567:277
537:doi
382:MPa
198:jaw
135:or
91:of
1575::
1470:,
1466:,
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626:57
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684::
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539::
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71:d
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63:b
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20:)
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