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232:"The revolt against the most Catholic Spanish overlords and the subsequent menacing of the small rebel Dutch republic by virtually all great powers of Europe made them realise that their struggle for survival could only by won by the fierce protection of the freedom of the Netherlands’ single natural resource .... We learned to harness the sea; however, like a horse, the sea can never be conquered. Our national identity can be easily traced back to the whims of the water.... It is the Dutch and Flemish masters of the 16th and 17th centuries who have indeed come close to conquering the sea by fixing its capriciousness on panel and canvas."
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225:. The works of this period included vessels sailing, trading, fighting, fishing and whaling; and each individually and collectively display aspects of an evolving Dutch culture The artists' depictions of whaling expeditions help to establish the economic importance of whaling to the Dutch during the late 17th century. and its "Golden Age."
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was that control of the Cape of Good Hope was wrested from the
British and restored to the Netherlands. This reanimated the prospects for profitable Dutch whaling in the antipodes. In the wake of the British and the Americans, the Dutch made attempts to organize whaling in the South Seas, including
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fishing grounds; and the profitability of whaling in the 18th century drove further growth. Increased competition and political upheavals in Europe affected the stability of this maritime industry in the 19th century; and a combination of these factors cut short any further growth of Dutch whaling in
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A significant system of subsidies issued by the King and his ministers supported Dutch entrepreneurs, which minimized a competitive disadvantage in a period of international whaling with similar financial incentives being funded by many national governments. In this context, a lack of quality in the
264:
During the two decades after the end of World War II, the
Netherlands aggressively pursued whaling in the Antarctic, operating two factory ships and maintaining one at a time. In 1964, the long history of Dutch whaling came to a conclusive end when the country's last factory ship, poetically named
126:
Whaling in the waters around
Spitsbergen shifted after 1670 because of a modification of the whales migratory patterns. Some have attributed this change to a global warming trend which permitted the whales to return to their normal summer grounds off the northeast coast of Greenland, but it could
236:
The economic success of the Dutch
Republic was inextricably linked with the sea as were the emerging national identity and international reputation of the young state. Many in the Netherlands earned their fortune in Arctic whaling; however the success of whaling scenes in Netherlandish painting
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The numbers of whaling ships outfitted in the
Netherlands grew rapidly—more than doubling in a decade to 70 ships in 1654, and more than doubling again to 148 ships in 1670. The ships involved in whaling helped to make the Dutch Republic one of the richest nations of the 17th century, but this
111:) was to become the foundation for lucrative Dutch claims to the whaling grounds in and around the islands. In the fierce competition for the best whaling grounds, the Dutch construed that other nations had less right to hunt whales in waters which had been "discovered" by Dutch explorers.
269:, was temporarily sold to Japanese whaling interests along with whaling rights. It returned to Dutch ownership in summer 1965 and was subsequently sold to the South African Silverman-Group, departing in February 1966. It was later sold to a Korean operator and renamed.
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During the 17th and 18th century the people from the
Frisian Wadden Sea islands of the Netherlands and Germany were very active in the whaling. During the heydays of the Dutch Republic about fifty to sixty percent of the whaling personnel was of Frisian origin, either
170:
island has been recorded as a stronghold of whaling personnel. At the height of Dutch whaling in the year 1762, 1,186 seamen from Föhr were serving on Dutch whaling vessels alone and 25% of all shipmasters on Dutch whaling vessels were people from Föhr.
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Modern, post-war whaling in the
Southern Ocean was developed intensely, but continued growth of Dutch whaling was abbreviated as a result of multi-national treaties which similarly impacted other national whaling enterprises.
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134:, which is a slow-moving unhurried creature which yields plenty of oil. Their high percentage of body fat also meant that they floated when dead and, therefore, were easy to tow back to the land.
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The current Dutch government opposes the practice of whaling, and the
Netherlands is committed to seeing new and improved binding agreements made within the International Whaling Commission.
95:(anglicized as William Barents or Barentz) (1550–1597), who was a Dutch navigator and explorer, a leader of early expeditions to the far north. On his last voyage, Barentsz accompanied
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The development of Dutch whaling and sealing saw changes in the composition of crews, in shipbuilding technology, in governmental involvement and in the profitability of the industries.
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art of shipbuilding and in the training of seamen has been regarded as very important factors in explaining the ultimate failure of the Dutch whaling industry in the late 19th century.
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In remarks at the opening of an exhibit of paintings which, in part, focus on Dutch whaling, the Dutch
Ambassador to the Court of St. James suggests a relevant broader perspective:
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enjoyed a reputation of being very skilled mariners, and most Dutch whaling ships bound for
Greenland and Svalbard would have a crew of North Frisian islanders. Especially
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Dutch supremacy in whaling over other European competitors like France, Germany and Britain diminished in the second half of the 18th century.
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Schokkenbroek, pp. 40-42; Broeze, F J. A. "Whaling in the Southern Oceans: The Dutch quest for Southern whaling in the nineteenth century,"
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256:, no other language outside the Netherlands proper has been influenced as much by the Dutch language as the North Frisian insular dialects.
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Dutch culture and language were also exported by whalers from abroad who hired on Dutch vessels. E.g. the North Frisian dialect
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have been simply that whales who had survived aggressive whale hunting in earlier seasons were simply avoiding the whalers.
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In 1684, 246 Dutch whalers captured 1,185 whales in the waters off Spitsbergen. Typically, whaling expeditions hunted the
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resource was ruthlessly exploited; and by the mid-17th century the catches decreased as the favoured whales became rare.
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689:"Two engines of early modern economic growth? Herring fisheries and whaling during the Dutch Golden Age (1600-1800),"
494:"Two engines of early modern economic growth? Herring fisheries and whaling during the Dutch Golden Age (1600-1800)."
103:, the historian of the voyage, was on board as first mate. This expedition's discovery of the Arctic archipelago of
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from the Netherlands or Germany. From the second half of the 18th century onward especially, the people of the
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314:"De Nederlandsche Maatschappij voor de Walvischvaart, 1946-1967," Ecconomisch-en sociaal-historisch Jaarboek
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422:"Northern High Latitude Climate variability during the past 200 years: Implications for human settlement,"
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400:"Jonas vrij: de Nederlandse walvisvaart, in het bijzonder de Amsterdamse, in de jaren 1640-1664," ESHJ.
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was a centuries-long tradition. The history of Dutch whaling begins with 17th-century exploration of
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Dutch and Flemish maritime paintings of the 16th and 17th centuries mirror the emergence of the
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522:"Turmoil & Tranquillity: The Sea through the Eyes of Dutch and Flemish masters, 1550-1700,"
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from the Dutch language to Fering are still in use today. It has been observed that apart from
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Japan ziet bezwaren tegen transactie Willem Barentsz, Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (24/7/64):
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Trying-out: An Anatomy of Dutch Whaling and Sealing in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1885.
697:(Prato, Italy: Fondazione Istituto Internazionale di storia Economica/Fondazione Datini.
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as a great maritime power and the rise of the seascape as a distinct art form in the
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Schokkenbroek, p. 37; van Bochove, Christiaan and Jan Luiten van Zanden, (2006).
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Department of Paleoclimatology and Geomorphology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
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The International Law of Fisheries: A Framework for Policy-Oriented Inquiries.
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The current Dutch government supports a moratorium on all whaling worldwide.
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The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World.
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672:"Willem Barendsz" naar Zuid-Afrika, Leeuwarder Courant (9/2/66):
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https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010617366:mpeg21:a0111
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https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010526246:mpeg21:a0139
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https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010678637:mpeg21:a0117
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The beginnings of Dutch whaling are indirectly attributed to
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van Bochove, Christiaan and Jan Luiten van Zanden, (2006).
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Ricchezza del mare, ricchezza dal mare. Secoli XIII-XVIII.
398:, curatorial description; Bruijn, J. R. and C. A. Davids.
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P. W. Waldeck, Ambassador, The Netherlands Embassy (UK)
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by Jacob Feytsz de Vries (c.1640-1660), NMM-ID: BHC0798
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Amongst the political and economic consequences of the
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International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
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Menschen von Föhr – Lebenswege aus drei Jahrhunderten
334:"The Netherlands investigates anti-whaling campaign,"
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18th-century engraving showing Dutch whalers hunting
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463:(in German). Heide: Boyens & Co. p. 13.
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1445:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
703:Föhrer Grönlandfahrt im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert
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660:"Stichting Maritiem Historische Data - Schip"
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22:This late-17th-century Dutch whaling scene,
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30:. The painting is in the collection of the
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705:(in German). Amrum: Verlag Jens Quedens.
1140:Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale
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823:Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam
765:Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers.
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26:was captured by a contemporary artist,
244:adopted a number of popular Dutch and
435:"Happy Hunting Grounds in the Arctic"
420:Richards, p. 596; Troelstra, Simon.
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590:(in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
588:Kleine Namenkunde für Föhr und Amrum
312:Schokkenbroek, p. 19; Bruijn, J. R.
759:Schokkenbroek, Joost C. A. (2008).
622:The International Law of Fisheries,
332:Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
586:Faltings, Volkert F., ed. (1985).
14:
786:London : C. Hurst & Co.
1328:International Whaling Commission
817:International Whaling Commission
391:National Maritime Museum (NMM):
287:International Whaling Commission
207:Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen.
189:Afrikaanse Visscheriji Societeit
320:). Vol. 48 (1985), pp. 233-257.
81:Barentsz' map published in 1598
1388:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
1342:Institute of Cetacean Research
783:The history of modern Whaling.
747:University of California Press
691:in Simonetta Cavaciocchi ed.,
646:Limburgsch Dagblad (16/4/65):
619:Johnston, Douglas M. (1987).
248:personal name forms, and many
1:
1604:Whaling in the Dutch Republic
1381:South Pacific Whale Sanctuary
821:Netherlands Maritime Museum:
719:Johnston, Douglas M. (1987).
575:"foreign" and familiar themes
292:Whaling in the United Kingdom
1374:Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary
610:Faltings, (2011), pp. 39–40.
540:(Manchester). June 14, 2008.
402:Vol. 38 (1975), pp. 141-178.
727:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
511:Vol. 40 (1977), pp. 66-112.
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1599:Economy of the Netherlands
1594:Whaling in the Netherlands
1470:Whaling in the Netherlands
1367:Australian Whale Sanctuary
739:Richards, John F. (2003).
371:Richards, John F. (2003).
84:
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701:Faltings, Jan I. (2011).
345:Schokkenbroek, pp. 26-35.
1523:Dutch West India Company
1518:Dutch East India Company
1498:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
524:June 2008-January 2009.
483:Faltings (2011), p. 17.
1569:Stichting Max Havelaar
1528:New Netherland Company
535:"Exhibitions preview,"
374:The Unending Frontier,
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1609:History of the Arctic
1549:De Nederlandsche Bank
1508:Brabantsche Compagnie
1119:Dolphin drive hunting
1073:Jarmann harpoon rifle
776:Tønnessen, Johan and
411:Schokkenbroek, p. 35.
394:A Dutch Whaling Fleet
359:Schokkenbroek, p. 24.
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164:North Frisian Islands
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459:Zacchi, Uwe (1986).
267:Willem Barendsz (II)
97:Jacob van Heemskerck
1533:Noordsche Compagnie
1513:Compagnie van Verre
725: ; Dordrecht:
1455:Amsterdam EntrepĂ´t
1349:Whale conservation
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868:History of whaling
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897:Western Australia
792:978-0-905838-23-6
771:978-90-5260-283-7
755:978-0-520-24678-2
735:978-0-89838-902-9
712:978-3-924422-95-0
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1034:South Africa
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1460:Tulip mania
1359:Sanctuaries
1313:Regulations
1295:Whale feces
1126:Drift whale
1006:Philippines
992:New Zealand
985:Netherlands
105:Spitsbergen
50:Netherlands
32:Rijksmuseum
1588:Categories
1274:Spermaceti
1186:Head spade
1150:Implements
1027:Seychelles
978:Madagascar
875:By country
745:Berkeley:
682:References
445:2024-02-22
85:See also:
1542:Post-1815
1281:Sperm oil
1267:Scrimshaw
1225:Ambergris
1165:Whaleboat
957:Greenland
890:Australia
883:Argentina
298:Footnotes
254:Afrikaans
250:loanwords
60:Antarctic
36:Amsterdam
1491:Pre-1815
1217:Products
1193:Paledang
1058:Harpoons
1020:Scotland
780:(1982).
276:See also
160:Frisians
109:Svalbard
1554:Philips
1438:General
1246:Blubber
1232:Ambrein
1207:Trywork
1200:Try pot
964:Iceland
950:Germany
859:Whaling
800:8860504
773:(cloth)
624:p. 407.
376:p. 597.
150:in the
73:History
47:in the
44:Whaling
1559:Fokker
1260:Muktuk
1239:Baleen
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999:Norway
920:Canada
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152:Arctic
55:Arctic
1288:Tabua
971:Japan
936:Chile
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561:NMM:
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509:ESHJ.
187:the
1299:meat
796:OCLC
794:; ;
788:ISBN
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168:Föhr
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