256:(members of which were known as "Wobblies") established themselves as a temporary local of that organization and began to agitate among their peers to take action about the dire conditions which they faced. A former Wobbly, Richard "Blackie" Ford, was chosen to be the spokesman for the field workers' demands, which included a pay rate of $ 1.25 per 100 picked pounds, a new system in which workers cleaned their own picked hops, drinking water to be provided in the fields, improvement of toilet facilities and separate bathrooms for women, and the hiring of assistants to help women and children with the loading of heavy hop sacks into wagons.
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pickers the IWW organizer had "filled the magazines of wrath." Suhr's so-called "confession" was not introduced into evidence, indicative that it had been obtained through the use of illegal force, but three deputies were put on the stand to testify that Suhr had told them he had taken a gun from an old man while fleeing the scene and fired twice. This accusation was denied by Suhr. No eyewitness evidence was produced to indicate that Suhr had actually fired the fatal shots.
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340:. The pair were soon detained, as were their fellow workers Walter Bagan and William Beck, all of whom were held over for trial. The psychological pressure was so severe that Nels Nelson, the picker who lost his arm to a gunshot wound, hanged himself to death in his cell. Another prisoner unsuccessfully attempted to do the same. A third prisoner suffered a
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conducted hearings on the
Wheatland Hop Riot in San Francisco. Testimony gathered further exposed the conditions faced by California agricultural workers in general and those on the Durst Ranch in particular, as well as the systemic violence practiced by private detectives working in cooperation with
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Despite the convictions of Ford and Suhr, the stature of the IWW grew among the migrant workers of
California following the Wheatland Hop Riot and that organization emerged as a primary representative of farm workers in the state. The number of Wobblies in California rose to 5,000 by the end of 1914,
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Eight of the twelve members of the jury for the trial of the agricultural strike organizers were farmers. Testimony for the prosecution emphasized the fact that Ford and Suhr were "agitators." No witness indicated that they had seen Ford with a gun; rather the case was made that by mobilizing the hop
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Another historian of the
Wheatland events indicates that the district attorney and the deputy were killed by the Puerto Rican worker, who had successfully disarmed a lawman and used his firearm against them, only to be killed himself by a member of the posse. The English picker who was killed is said
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The tense situation began to boil over. A mass meeting was called, which was addressed by Ford and Herman Suhr, an IWW member who was acting as secretary of the temporary Durst Farm local. Other speakers addressed the crowd in the German, Greek, Italian, Arabic, and
Spanish languages. A show of hands
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Durst partially complied, indicating that he would henceforth improve toilet facilities, provide water in the fields, and allow one worker to witness the cleaning process. Ford responded by threatening a strike if the other demands were not met. Durst immediately terminated Ford and the others on
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Sheriff George Voss, and a number of deputies. The sheriff and his men approached the speakers' platform to arrest Ford, who was addressing the assembly. Workers began to intervene on his behalf. Greatly outnumbered, one of the law enforcement officials fired a shotgun into the air in an effort to
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In addition to the lack of employment for many of those arriving at the Durst Ranch, living conditions for the temporary field hands were particularly abysmal. Workers lived in tents in the hot summer sun on a barren hillside, paying Durst 75 cents per week for the privilege as a rental fee. More
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Further stoking worker unrest, Durst maintained a policy of retaining 10% of the daily wage owed each worker until the end of harvest, to be received only by those who remained at the Durst Ranch to the end. Workers would in this way be obligated to stay at the farm to the end of harvest or face
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Toilet facilities were grossly insufficient for such a large workforce. They were often extremely filthy, overflowing with human waste and covered with flies. Drinking water was a mile from the fields and Durst refused to supply any to the pickers under his employ, instead allowing his cousin to
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so that the defendants might be tried in a more neutral setting than the superheated environment of Yuba County. In addition to pervasive bias against the IWW in the local community, Lewis noted that the judge in the case, E.P. McDaniel, was a personal friend of the dead district attorney. The
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were established to raise funds for the trial — the
Wheatland Hop Picker's Defense League, launched by the IWW itself, and the International Workers' Defense League, which was a coalition effort. By the middle of February 1914 the groups had raised a combined $ 5,575 to aid the defense effort.
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Wages were to be paid based on the weight of hops picked, with pickers promised a pay rate of $ 1 per 100 pounds harvested. This rate was deceptive in that the picked hops were heavily cleaned before final weighing, with no pickers allowed to be present to verify the work of the cleaning crew.
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on their behalf were unsuccessful and the two convicted leaders of the
Wheatland strike remained behind bars for over a decade. Blackie Ford was eventually paroled in 1924 only to be immediately re-arrested and charged for murder by the Yuba City District Attorney, this time for the death of
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Those arrested were subjected to starvation and physical beating in an effort to gain testimony to be used against strike leaders. One such prisoner, a field worker named Alfred Nelson, was hauled from county to county where he was held incommunicado, sweated, starved, beaten, and repeatedly
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the strike committee who accompanied him. However, Ford and the strike committee refused to collect their pay and exit the ranch, prompting Durst to call Deputy
Sheriff Henry Daken and ask him to arrest the strike leader. No arrests were made owing to the lack of an arrest warrant.
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In this year, however, the number of willing workers far outstripped demand, with some 2800 men, women, and children flocking to the Durst Ranch to work as pickers in the fields. Jobs actually existed for only about 1500 workers daily, and pay rates were consequently slashed.
324:. Nelson refused to confess and was eventually returned to jail. The treatment of Nelson shocked Martinez District Attorney A.B. McKenzie, who declared Nelson's treatment to have been "one of the biggest outrages that has ever been perpetuated in this state." The Swedish
192:, was the largest single employer of agricultural labor in the state, requiring each summer the hiring of hundreds of seasonal workers to help bring in the harvest. The farm also dried and packaged the picked hops on site, before transporting them by train to
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Defense witnesses indicated that the shots which killed the law enforcement officials were fired by the dead Puerto Rican picker from Deputy
Reardon's gun, which had been seized in the scuffle. Attorney Lewis emphasized in his closing that
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Despite Lewis's best efforts, the result of the trial was never really in doubt. On
January 13, 1914 Blackie Ford and Herman Suhr, the recognized leaders of the strike which had degenerated into a fatal riot, were found guilty of
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Gunfire erupted and a full-fledged riot ensued. In the aftermath the 45-year-old
Manwell, Deputy Sheriff Eugene Reardon, a Puerto Rican hop picker, and an English hop picker lay dead. One picker lost an arm to a shotgun blast.
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Governor Hiram Johnson empowered a new Commission on Immigration and Housing to investigate the underlying causes behind the Wheatland Riot, which resulted in new legislation providing for the state inspection of labor camps.
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With a major strike of hop pickers in the offing, Ralph Durst headed to town to round up local authorities to put down the revolt. He gathered Yuba County District Attorney Edward Manwell (who was also his own lawyer),
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Harvest of hops began on the Durst Ranch on July 29, 1913. Discontent over pay and conditions immediately erupted among the migrant workers as the actual terms of their employment and living conditions became clear.
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In the summer of 1913 Durst advertised for temporary harvest workers as he had always done, promising ample work at high rates of pay. In one flier soliciting laborers, the Durst Ranch promised a job to every
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Workers generally received less than $ 1.50 per day for twelve hours of toil under a summer sun that could reach 110 °F (43 °C). Workers on other farms in the area typically netted twice as much.
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415:. Both received life sentences in the state penitentiary. Walter Bagan and William Beck, owing to their lesser role in the strike and no evidence tying them to the violence which resulted, were acquitted.
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was conducted which concluded that the IWW strike leadership had caused the riot which led to the death of District Attorney Manwell. Arrest warrants were hastily issued for Ford and Suhr on charges of
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In the aftermath of the violence many hop workers immediately vacated the Durst Ranch, scattering in every direction. Meanwhile, Wheatland and Marysville authorities immediately contacted Governor
402:
None of the defendants took part in the shooting. None was seen with a gun in his hands. None advised or abetted violence. Nothing in the evidence points to a conspiracy — much less proves it.
380:, denounced the Wobblies as "venomous human snakes" who "always urged armed resistance to constituted authority" and were thus "more dangerous and deadly than the wild animals of the jungles.
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disperse the crowd. The shot provoked the opposite effect intended and many members of the crowd jumped on District Attorney Manwell and Deputy Sheriff Lee Anderson and began beating them.
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144:(IWW). The Wheatland hop riot was among the first major farm labor confrontations in California and a harbinger of further such battles in the United States throughout the 20th century.
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sheriff's deputy Reardon. A trial was held, after which the jury deliberated for 77 hours before returning a verdict of acquittal. Herman Suhr was pardoned not long after.
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320:, Nelson was taken from jail to a room in a hotel where he was beaten by a sheriff and a private detective with pistol butts and a rubber hose and threatened with
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workers were on hand than could be accommodated in these tents, however, forcing some to make do in the elements under crude structures constructed from poles and
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Newspapers around the state tarred the IWW defendants as fanatics committed to violence and local sentiment was overwhelmingly hostile. One local newspaper, the
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indicated that a large majority of pickers at the meeting were in favor of a strike. The crowd remained peaceful and sang Wobbly songs through the afternoon.
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to maintain order. Local law enforcement authorities themselves rushed into action, making about 100 arrests of seasonal agricultural workers.
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Herman D. Suhr, secretary of the Durst Farm local of the Industrial Workers of the World and a leader of the ill-fated August 1913 strike.
735:, noted that while a large number of people had witnessed the shooting, "their stories varied considerably." Quoted in Philip S. Foner,
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The crowd...was unarmed. By most accounts, the deaths of Manwell and Reardon resulted from Reardon and perhaps another member of the
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1091:"Hops of Wrath: 1913’s Bloody Wheatland Hop Riot Eventually Led to Better Conditions for Workers. Too Bad it was Only Temporary"
511:"Hops of Wrath: 1913's Bloody Wheatland Hop Riot Eventually Led to Better Conditions for Workers. Too Bad it was Only Temporary"
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request for the change of venue was denied and Governor Johnson likewise declined to appoint a new judge in the case.
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Harvest Wobblies: The Industrial Workers of the World and Agricultural Laborers in the American West, 1905–1930.
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Harvest Wobblies: The Industrial Workers of the World and Agricultural Laborers in the American West, 1905–1930.
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume 4: The Industrial Workers of the World, 1905–1917.
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1055:"The Wheatland Victims:Speech at a Protest Meeting for the Wheatland Hop Pickers: Chicago — Sept. 28, 1913"
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The Wheatland hop riot of 1913 focused public opinion for the first time on the plight of California's
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Eyewitness accounts of the incident were contradictory. In the best estimation of historian Greg Hall:
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Vincent DiGirolamo, "The Women of Wheatland: Female Consciousness and the 1913 Wheatland Hop Strike,"
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On Friday, August 1, 1913, a group of about thirty field workers loosely affiliated with the radical
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Richard "Blackie" Ford, spokesman for striking field workers at the time of the Wheatland hop riot
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wagon. Furthermore, the lemonade was an inferior synthetic brew, sold for five cents a glass.
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1021:—, "In Defense of the Wheatland Wobblies: A Critical Analysis of the IWW in California",
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The California State investigation attracted federal attention and in August 1914 the
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in San Francisco lodged a formal protest on behalf of Nelson, a Swedish national.
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The trial opened in neighboring Marysville. Attorney Lewis attempted to obtain a
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Hops plants produce a resinous flower cone which is used as a flavoring agent in
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threatened with death unless he confessed to participation in the killings. In
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Paperback edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982; pg. 89.
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Additional small meetings were held among the pickers on Saturday, August 2.
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184:. The Durst Ranch, located on 640 acres (260 ha) outside the town of
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1018:
Paperback edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.
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27:
Riot during a strike of agricultural workers in Wheatland, California
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First paperback edition. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1969; pg. 294.
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We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World
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to have been an innocent bystander in this alternative account.
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Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941.
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Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941.
1061:, v. 4, no. 40, whole no. 196 (Oct. 11, 1913), pp. 1, 4.
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Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
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Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2001; pg. 48.
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Today, the site of the Wheatland hop riot is registered as
971:"Hop Riots' Aftermath Echoes in Wheatland, 97 Years Later"
951:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
878:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
841:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
807:
History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Vol. 4
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demanding decent working conditions at the Durst Ranch in
1708:
Labor disputes led by the Industrial Workers of the World
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with forty locals of the organization dotting the state.
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attorney Austin Lewis, a friend of the organization. Two
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forfeiture of a substantial portion of their earnings.
172:(March 28, 1865 – May 4, 1938) was a leading grower of
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
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Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2001.
364:The defense of the IWW defendants was conducted by
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having their guns taken away and used against them.
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204:hops picker who arrived on his farm by August 5.
1072:, vol. 14, no. 7 (Jan. 1914), pp. 442–443.
1050:, vol. 1, no. 9 (Dec. 1913), pp. 296–297.
1678:Industrial Workers of the World in California
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988:"California Historical Landmark: Yuba County"
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1581:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
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61:Poor living and working conditions; low pay
1523:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
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1273:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
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1064:Wheatland Hop Pickers' Defense Committee,
1025:, vol. 19, no. 4 (1978), pp. 485–509.
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1111:, Labornet News, 2001. www.labornet.org/
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1663:Riots and civil disorder in California
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1263:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
1228:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike
441:US Commission on Industrial Relations
121:was a violent confrontation during a
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1414:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
839:, August 4, 1913. Quoted in Foner,
431:laborers. California's progressive
1683:History of Yuba County, California
1533:Education Workers Industrial Union
1213:1912 New York City waiters' strike
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1571:Agricultural Workers Organization
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1192:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1119:https://localwiki.org/yubasutter
1576:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
1344:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
1324:1922 New England Textile Strike
1156:Industrial Workers of the World
992:Office of Historic Preservation
254:Industrial Workers of the World
142:Industrial Workers of the World
77:Industrial Workers of the World
1334:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
1329:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
1070:International Socialist Review
600:International Socialist Review
457:California Historical Landmark
1:
1233:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
1187:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
1032:(Spring-Summer 1993), 236–55.
474:1933 Yakima Valley hop strike
344:and had to be committed to a
1653:Labor disputes in California
1616:Western Federation of Miners
1208:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1086:, LibCom.org, Nov. 28, 2006.
1044:"The Murderers at Wheatland"
1375:2018–2019 Education strikes
1360:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
1182:First Convention of the IWW
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1084:"1913: Wheatland Hop Riot"
975:Marysville Appeal-Democrat
1703:1913 in the United States
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1528:Burgerville Workers Union
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1339:1933 Yakima Valley strike
1253:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1238:1913 Paterson silk strike
1117:, Yuba-Sutter LocalWiki,
1102:"The Legacy of Wheatland"
731:One local newspaper, the
136:, on August 3, 1913. The
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1606:Glossary of Wobbly terms
994:. California State Parks
741:International Publishers
449:California Supreme Court
271:Events of August 3, 1913
1633:Organized Labour portal
1553:United Campaign Workers
1548:Starbucks Workers Union
1370:2011 Wisconsin protests
196:for export to England.
190:Yuba County, California
1688:Protest-related deaths
1424:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1319:Anaconda Road massacre
1293:Seattle General Strike
1258:1913 Studebaker strike
1095:Sacramento News-Review
598:"The Wheatland Boys",
515:Sacramento News-Review
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1380:Lyft and Uber strikes
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220:operate a commercial
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134:Wheatland, California
51:Wheatland, California
1484:Industrial democracy
1283:Green Corn Rebellion
1115:"Ralph Haines Durst"
1066:"The Wheatland Boys"
977:, September 7, 2010.
509:* David A. Kulczyk,
409:second-degree murder
1611:Little Red Songbook
1499:Solidarity unionism
1489:Industrial unionism
1048:The Western Comrade
837:Marysville Democrat
378:Marysville Democrat
370:legal defense funds
1698:1913 in California
1601:Free speech fights
1298:Centralia massacre
1278:Bisbee Deportation
1223:Wheatland hop riot
1107:2005-12-20 at the
1097:, August 30, 2007.
1089:David A. Kulczyk,
1053:Vincent St. John,
1014:Cletus E. Daniel,
569:Cletus E. Daniel,
517:, August 30, 2007.
413:jury deliberations
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33:Wheatland hop riot
18:Wheatland Hop Riot
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1042:N.A. Richardson,
876:Quoted in Foner,
733:Marysville Appeal
718:Melvyn Dubofsky,
535:Melvyn Dubofsky,
479:Salad Bowl strike
411:after one day of
333:coroner's inquest
322:summary execution
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1077:External links
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1439:Frank Little
1429:Bill Haywood
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996:. Retrieved
991:
982:
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893:, pp. 52–53.
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429:agricultural
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127:agricultural
118:
116:
1303:Bisbee Riot
1218:Grabow riot
1035:Greg Hall,
556:Greg Hall,
83:Ralph Durst
1693:1913 riots
1647:Categories
1470:Philosophy
1459:Ben Legere
1353:After 1940
1059:Solidarity
998:2012-10-18
953:, pg. 271.
880:, pg. 270.
867:, pg. 270.
843:, pg. 265.
827:, pg. 267.
809:, pg. 266.
739:New York:
722:, pg. 295.
582:Dubofsky,
433:Republican
278:Marysville
182:California
153:Background
95:Casualties
937:, pg. 91.
911:, pg. 53.
789:, pg. 52.
759:, pg. 90.
709:, pg. 51.
663:, pg. 50.
620:, pg. 49.
495:Footnotes
366:Socialist
342:breakdown
326:consulate
186:Wheatland
58:Caused by
1510:Sections
1434:Joe Hill
1105:Archived
933:Daniel,
755:Daniel,
463:See also
318:Martinez
222:lemonade
108:Arrested
100:Death(s)
46:Location
1713:Humulus
1563:Extinct
1166:History
949:Foner,
863:Foner,
823:Foner,
805:Foner,
459:#1003.
216:sacks.
176:in the
148:History
130:workers
66:Parties
1407:People
1082:Alex,
920:Hall,
907:Hall,
889:Hall,
785:Hall,
705:Hall,
659:Hall,
629:Hall,
616:Hall,
419:Legacy
338:murder
236:Strike
214:burlap
123:strike
1201:1910s
1175:1900s
352:Trial
294:posse
202:white
174:hops
163:beer
138:riot
117:The
38:Date
188:in
180:of
125:of
111:100
1649::
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513:,
502:^
348:.
331:A
1147:e
1140:t
1133:v
1001:.
540:.
165:.
103:4
20:)
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