20:
289:
input by the force applied to the wheel must equal the power output at the axle. As the wheel and axle system rotates around its bearings, points on the circumference, or edge, of the wheel move faster than points on the circumference, or edge, of the axle. Therefore, a force applied to the edge of
427:
On a powered wheeled vehicle the transmission exerts a force on the axle which has a smaller radius than the wheel. The mechanical advantage is therefore much less than 1. The wheel and axle of a car are therefore not representative of a simple machine (whose purpose is to increase the force). The
419:
The mechanical advantage of a simple machine like the wheel and axle is computed as the ratio of the resistance to the effort. The larger the ratio the greater the multiplication of force (torque) created or distance achieved. By varying the radii of the axle and/or wheel, any amount of mechanical
253:
refers to the assembly formed by two disks, or cylinders, of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis. The thin rod which needs to be turned is called the axle and the wider object fixed to the axle, on which we apply force is called the wheel. A tangential force
698:
561:
83:, and dated to 5200–4700 BCE. These were made of stone or clay and secured to the ground with a peg in the center, but required significant effort to turn. True potter's wheels, which are freely-spinning and have a wheel and axle mechanism, were developed in
428:
friction between wheel and road is actually quite low, so even a small force exerted on the axle is sufficient. The actual advantage lies in the large rotational speed at which the axle is rotating thanks to the transmission.
581:
450:
67:
culture of 6500–5100 BCE has been credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but this is doubtful as there is no evidence of
Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels.
751:
414:
161:, a 2.2 m wide door was constructed for wagon entry; this barn was 40 m long and had 3 doors. Surviving evidence of a wheel–axle combination, from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (
420:
advantage may be gained. In this manner, the size of the wheel may be increased to an inconvenient extent. In this case a system or combination of wheels (often toothed, that is,
129:
civilization of
Mesopotamia, are dated between 3700–3500 BCE. In the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared near-simultaneously in the
274:, and other similar applications (see medieval mining lift to right) the smaller cylinder may be separate from the axle mounted in the bearings. It cannot be used separately.
1075:
909:
Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. and Zupančič, M. (2009) "Prazgodovinsko leseno kolo z osjo s kolišča Stare gmajne na
Ljubljanskem barju", pp. 197–222 in A. Velušček (ed.).
177:
in
Hungary (axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c. 3200–3000 BCE. Historians believe that there was a diffusion of the wheeled vehicle from the
170:
693:{\displaystyle \mathrm {AMA} ={F_{\text{out}} \over F_{\text{in}}}=\eta \cdot {\mathrm {Radius} _{\text{wheel}} \over \mathrm {Radius} _{\text{axle}}}}
1172:
47:
so that these two parts rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other. The wheel and axle can be viewed as a version of the
980:
880:
814:
556:{\displaystyle \mathrm {IMA} ={F_{\text{out}} \over F_{\text{in}}}={\mathrm {Radius} _{\text{wheel}} \over \mathrm {Radius} _{\text{axle}}}}
1145:
Basic
Machines and How They Work, United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel, Courier Dover Publications 1965, pp. 3–1 and following
238:
connected to a cylindrical barrel that provides mechanical advantage to wind up a rope and lift a load such as a bucket from the well.
963:
933:
847:
75:, used by prehistoric cultures to fabricate clay pots. The earliest type, known as "tournettes" or "slow wheels", were known in the
241:
The wheel and axle was identified as one of six simple machines by
Renaissance scientists, drawing from Greek texts on technology.
1053:
896:
709:
142:
353:
948:"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East"
832:"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East"
1037:
162:
51:, with a drive force applied tangentially to the perimeter of the wheel, and a load force applied to the axle supported in a
1146:
290:
the wheel must be less than the force applied to the edge of the axle, because power is the product of force and velocity.
1165:
169:
to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE. Two types of early
Neolithic European wheel and axle are known; a
1251:
1241:
572:
1027:
184:
An early example of a wooden wheel and its axle was found in 2002 at the
Ljubljana Marshes some 20 km south of
441:
1114:
1088:
173:
type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in
Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the
1246:
1158:
254:
applied to the periphery of the large disk can exert a larger force on a load attached to the axle, achieving
955:
839:
158:
867:
The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze Age riders from the
Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
424:) are used. As a wheel and axle is a type of lever, a system of wheels and axles is like a compound lever.
1210:
1130:... for the Use of Schools and Private Students. London: John Weale, 59, High Holborn. 1851 pp. 26–29
1002:
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1078:, Naval Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center, NAVEDTRA 14037
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by the 5th millennium BCE. One of the earliest examples was discovered at Tepe Pardis,
286:
263:
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1181:
772:
227:
138:
134:
36:
1235:
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19:
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Assuming the wheel and axle does not dissipate or store energy, that is it has no
145:). Depictions of a wheeled vehicle appeared between 3500 and 3350 BCE in the
804:
571:
All actual wheels have friction, which dissipates some of the power as heat. The
911:
Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen as. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4
219:
114:
111:
84:
76:
1065:
Wheel and Axle, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 1998, pp. 280–281
946:
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006).
830:
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006).
1117:(Originally from the University of Michigan) D. Van Nostrand Company, pp. 190
185:
178:
913:. tisoÄŤletja pr. Kr. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16. Ljubljana.
215:
in the form of two wheel hubs from a site dated between 2000 and 1500 BCE.
806:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
301:
be the distances from the center of the bearing to the edges of the wheel
91:) by 4200–4000 BCE. The oldest surviving example, which was found in
437:
278:
267:
231:
24:
753:
is the efficiency of the wheel, the ratio of power output to power input
212:
230:
used to lift weights. This is thought to have been in the form of the
1205:
1115:
An elementary treatise on analytic mechanics: with numerous examples.
235:
201:
154:
575:(AMA) of a wheel and axle is calculated with the following formula:
1215:
1200:
271:
266:
the smaller cylinder is the axle of the wheel, but when used in a
259:
208:
126:
107:
64:
48:
40:
18:
1150:
204:
of 70 cm and the axle was 120 cm long and made of oak.
192:, it is between 5,100 and 5,350 years old. The wheel was made of
922:
Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan and Hofmann, Daniela (eds.) (2015).
421:
122:
118:
96:
88:
80:
44:
1154:
1126:
Baker, C.E. The Principles and Practice of Statics and Dynamics
16:
Simple machine consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller axle
197:
983:. Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia
71:
One of the first applications of the wheel to appear was the
92:
746:{\displaystyle \eta ={P_{\text{out}} \over P_{\text{in}}}}
343:, so the ratio of the output force to the input force, or
331:
is the output, then the ratio of the velocities of points
409:{\displaystyle MA={\frac {F_{B}}{F_{A}}}={\frac {a}{b}}.}
897:"35. Olszanica Longhouse 6: Why has it got wide doors?"
790:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1100:
J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003,
871:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
712:
584:
453:
436:
The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle with no
356:
444:(IMA). It is calculated with the following formula:
211:, the earliest evidence of spoked wheels comes from
1188:
745:
692:
555:
408:
181:to Europe around the mid-4th millennium BCE.
102:Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared by the late
27:is a well-known application of the wheel and axle.
1056:, New York : Sheldon & Company, 1878.
1032:. US: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98.
1166:
809:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 146.
8:
226:identified the wheel and axle as one of the
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99:), dates to approximately 3100 BCE.
981:"World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia"
925:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe.
188:, the capital of Slovenia. According to
763:
1003:"Chinese Bronze Age Wheeled Vehicles"
7:
803:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) .
316:is applied to the edge of the wheel
1104:Oxford University Press, New York.
1102:Theory of Machines and Mechanisms,
1029:A History of Mechanical Inventions
774:New Light on the Most Ancient East
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1132:read online or download full text
1087:Bureau of Naval Personnel, 1971,
1089:Basic Machines and How They Work
979:Aleksander Gasser (March 2003).
163:Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel
1:
1113:Bowser, Edward Albert, 1890,
1026:Usher, Abbott Payson (1988).
234:which consists of a crank or
55:, which serves as a fulcrum.
249:The simple machine called a
573:actual mechanical advantage
567:Actual mechanical advantage
143:Cucuteni–Trypillian culture
1270:
1074:Prater, Edward L. (1994),
863:Anthony, David A. (2007).
442:ideal mechanical advantage
432:Ideal mechanical advantage
1189:Classical simple machines
771:V. Gordon Childe (1928).
327:at the edge of the axle
106:. Depictions of wheeled
1052:Elroy McKendree Avery,
956:University of Groningen
840:University of Groningen
165:), is dated within two
153:settlement in southern
104:4th millennium BCE
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43:attached to a smaller
28:
1091:, Dover Publications.
1007:www.sino-platonic.org
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1141:Additional resources
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451:
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345:mechanical advantage
256:mechanical advantage
245:Mechanical advantage
151:Funnelbeaker culture
788:D.T. Potts (2012).
309:If the input force
258:. When used as the
167:standard deviations
1252:Vehicle technology
1242:Historic machinery
1054:Elementary Physics
743:
690:
553:
406:
224:Hero of Alexandria
190:radiocarbon dating
147:Bronocice clay pot
29:
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958:: 10–28 (19–20).
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816:978-1-57506-042-2
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149:excavated in a
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1147:preview online
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1076:Basic Machines
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952:Palaeohistoria
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842:: 10–28 (11).
836:Palaeohistoria
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792:. p. 285.
780:
777:. p. 110.
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347:, is given by
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251:wheel and axle
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139:Eastern Europe
135:Maykop culture
119:Eanna district
73:potter's wheel
60:
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37:simple machine
33:wheel and axle
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1010:. Retrieved
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928:OUP Oxford.
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171:circumalpine
157:. In nearby
101:
95:(modern day
70:
62:
32:
30:
220:Roman Egypt
115:pictographs
112:clay tablet
85:Mesopotamia
77:Middle East
1236:Categories
1039:048625593X
1012:2022-01-28
758:References
283:elasticity
200:and had a
987:19 August
954:. 47/48.
936:. p. 109.
838:. 47/48.
714:η
630:⋅
627:η
186:Ljubljana
179:Near East
159:Olszanica
125:, in the
110:found on
438:friction
279:friction
268:windlass
232:windlass
127:Sumerian
25:windlass
703:where
213:Qinghai
117:at the
59:History
53:bearing
1206:Pulley
1128:
1036:
962:
932:
879:
846:
813:
285:, the
236:pulley
202:radius
155:Poland
137:) and
108:wagons
1216:Wedge
1211:Screw
1201:Lever
657:wheel
520:wheel
422:gears
287:power
272:winch
262:of a
260:wheel
209:China
65:Halaf
49:Lever
41:wheel
35:is a
1034:ISBN
989:2010
960:ISBN
930:ISBN
877:ISBN
844:ISBN
811:ISBN
684:axle
547:axle
335:and
297:and
293:Let
196:and
123:Uruk
97:Iraq
89:Iraq
81:Iran
63:The
45:axle
31:The
23:The
727:out
607:out
476:out
341:a/b
281:or
218:In
207:In
198:oak
194:ash
121:of
1238::
1005:.
950:.
875:.
873:67
834:.
737:in
617:in
486:in
307:B.
270:,
222:,
93:Ur
1174:e
1167:t
1160:v
1042:.
1015:.
991:.
968:.
885:.
852:.
819:.
733:P
723:P
717:=
679:s
676:u
673:i
670:d
667:a
664:R
652:s
649:u
646:i
643:d
640:a
637:R
624:=
613:F
603:F
597:=
593:A
590:M
587:A
542:s
539:u
536:i
533:d
530:a
527:R
515:s
512:u
509:i
506:d
503:a
500:R
493:=
482:F
472:F
466:=
462:A
459:M
456:I
404:.
399:b
396:a
391:=
384:A
380:F
374:B
370:F
364:=
361:A
358:M
337:B
333:A
329:B
324:B
322:F
318:A
313:A
311:F
303:A
299:b
295:a
141:(
133:(
87:(
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