31:
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294:
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with a clutch of four to seven eggs being laid. The hen incubates the eggs for about thirteen days and then both parents feed the nestlings. Fledging takes place about eighteen days after hatching and the parents continue to feed the young for another fortnight. Moulting takes place in late summer before the migration southwards, and again on the wintering grounds in Africa before the migration northwards in spring. The whinchat is a common species with a wide range and the
97:
606:
1637:
223:
282:
72:
846:, primarily in autumn. The birds like to perch on elevated spots such as shrubs, from where they make sallies to catch insects, mostly taken off the ground, but also flying insects. While so perched, males in particular frequently flick their tail and sometimes their wings to show the white tail and wing flashes, for display or territorial communication signals to other whinchats.
597:, including phrases from the songs of at least 12 other assorted bird species. It sings from a fence, bush, tree or wire, or occasionally from the ground or in flight, between about April and July. On the wintering grounds, it often gives alarm calls but only occasionally sings, being most likely to do so at the end of winter, when starting spring migration.
1625:
720:
593:, the 'tac' softer and less grating than that of the European stonechat; the call is used both for contact between birds and predator alarms. The male has a whistling, crackly but soft song used during the breeding season, consisting of a mixture of soft whistles, tacs and more grating sounds; it is often
558:
stripe, a bright orange-buff throat and breast, and small white wing patches on the greater coverts and inner median coverts. The female is duller overall, in particular having browner face mask, pale buffy-brown breast, and a buff supercilium and malar stripe, and smaller or no white wing patches.
351:
The whinchat is a solitary species, favouring open grassy country with rough vegetation and scattered small shrubs. It perches in elevated locations ready to pounce on the insects and other small invertebrates that form its diet. The nest is built by the female on the ground in coarse vegetation,
782:
at seventeen to nineteen days after hatching and remain largely dependent on the parents for a further two weeks. Whinchats are short-lived, typically only surviving two years, to a maximum recorded of just over five years in the wild; breeding starts when birds are a year old. Predators include
710:
Whinchats wintering in
Nigeria have a large breeding range that spreads across continental Europe indicating low connectivity, arising from wide migratory dispersal, with high mixing of breeding populations during the non-breeding season. A lone vagrant was sighted for the first time in India by
853:
in late summer (late July onward) after breeding and mainly completed before southbound migration. Juveniles have a partial moult at the same time, growing new body feathering but retaining the flight feathers. All ages also have a partial moult in early spring on the wintering grounds before
706:
During the breeding season in the UK, at the landscape-scale, whinchats favour habitats with high plant species richness and steeper slopes. However, at the territory scale, low-elevation areas with a heterogeneous vegetation structure and high density of perches and tussocks are preferred.
902:. In Britain it is amber-listed with an unfavourable conservation status; it had all but disappeared from former lowland breeding areas in the south and east between surveys in 1968–72 and 1988–91, remaining common only in upland areas of the north and west where low-intensity
539:), being 12 to 14 cm (4.7 to 5.5 in) long and weighing 13 to 26 g (0.46 to 0.92 oz). Both sexes have brownish upperparts mottled darker, a buff throat and breast, a pale buff to whitish belly, and a blackish tail with white bases to the outer tail feathers.
586:), which (also being a long-distance migrant) shares the longer wingtips; however, Siberian stonechat can be distinguished by its conspicuous unmarked pale orange-buff rump (in whinchat, the rump is the same mottled brown colour as the back).
348:, brownish upper parts mottled darker, a pale throat and breast, a pale buff to whitish belly, and a blackish tail with white bases to the outer tail feathers, but in the breeding season, the male has an orange-buff throat and breast.
687:. Available stopover sites are important for the successful migration of whinchat between Africa and Europe, where they face the barriers of the Sahara and Mediterranean Sea. Vagrants have reached northwest of the breeding range to
725:
724:
721:
726:
766:
until the new tree crop is about five to six years old and a metre or two tall. It always needs at least a few perching points (shrubs, tall weeds, or fence posts) to scan from for food and for use as song posts.
46:
723:
778:
a clutch of four to seven eggs which hatch after eleven to fourteen days. Both parents bring food to the young which leave the nest ten to fourteen days later, while still too young to fly. The chicks
1477:
Blackburn, E.; Burgess, M.; Freeman, B.; Risely, A.; Izang, A.; Ivande, S.; Hewson, C.; Cresswell, W. (2017). "Low and annually variable migratory connectivity in a long-distance migrant: Whinchats
570:), the whinchat can readily be distinguished by its conspicuous supercilium and whiter belly, and also in western Europe, by being paler overall than the western European stonechat subspecies
655:
Birds arrive on the breeding grounds between the end of April and mid-May, and depart between mid-August and mid-September (odd birds lingering to
October). They winter primarily in tropical
734:
The whinchat is a largely solitary bird though it may form small family groups in autumn. It favours rough low vegetation habitats such as open rough pasture or similar minimally cultivated
1251:
Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H. & Gwinner, E. (2002): Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting.
531:
The whinchat is a short-tailed bird, moving on the ground with small, rapid hops and frequently bobbing and flicking its wings and tail. It is similar in size to its relative the
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1902:
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Breeding takes place in late April and May. The nest is built solely by the female, and is made of dried grasses and moss, and lined with hairs and fine
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1351:
523:), with a case being reported in Finland in 1997. It has also been reported to hybridise with the European stonechat in western and southern Europe.
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574:. It also differs structurally in being slightly slimmer and less 'dumpy', and having longer wingtips (an adaptation to its long-distance
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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807:
cutting (the main factor in the species' decline in western Europe) or trampling by livestock, and are sometimes parasitised by the
559:
Males in immature and winter plumage are similar to females, except that adult males retain the white wing patches all year round.
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47:
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2019:
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in late
September to November, and leaving between February and March. Small numbers also winter in northwestern Africa in
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Blackburn, E.; Burgess, M.; Freeman, B.; Risely, A.; Izang, A.; Ivande, S.; Hewson, C.; Cresswell, W. (2019).
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774:. It is built on the ground, hidden in dense low vegetation, often at the foot of a bush. The female lays and
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birder R. Mohammed Saleem during their Great Indian Bird
Expedition SEEK2019 at Chambal National Park.
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PDF Phylogenetic analysis of some
Turdinae birds based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences.
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369:
61:
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Pan, Q.-W., Lei, F.-M., Yang, S.-J., Yin, Z.-H., Huang, Y., Tai, F.-D., & Kristin, A. (2006).
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1016:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 186.
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870:. Some populations are however in serious decline, particularly in the west of its range in
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605:
512:
2006:
1741:
1967:
1636:
1603:
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1036:. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 104–105.
425:
382:
1705:
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The male in breeding plumage has a blackish face mask almost encircled by a strong white
234:(Compiled by: BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World (2016) 2016.)
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281:
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762:) stands on rock-strewn ground. It also commonly inhabits new and clear-felled conifer
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when successfully crossing potential barriers of the Sahara and the
Mediterranean Sea"
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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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Fairly common across its wide range, the whinchat is classified as a species of "
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The whinchat is a migratory species breeding in Europe and western Asia from
1055:
903:
735:
391:
318:
148:
108:
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Border, J. A., Henderson, I. G., Redhead, J. W. and
Hartley, I. R. (2017).
993:
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Department of
Genetics University of Georgia; McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006).
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850:
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Border, J. A.; Henderson, I. G.; Redhead, J. W.; Hartley, I. R. (2017).
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rearing is the main land use. There has been a similar decline in
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The New Atlas of
Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991
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Gibbons, D. W., Reid, J. B., & Chapman, R. A., eds. (1993).
835:
451:
is a Latin term for a small bird. No subspecies are recognised.
321:
138:
1651:
1180:. London: Helm Identification Guides. pp. 61–89, Plate 1.
924:
922:
500:
family Muscicapidae. It, and similar thrush-like Muscicapidae
803:. Nests are also lost due to agricultural operations such as
1537:
Das Braunkehlchen: Opfer der ausgeräumten Kulturlandschaft
1347:
Blasco-Zumeta, J. (undated). Laboratorio Virtual Ibercaja
402:. The whinchat is now on of 15 chats placed in the genus
340:, it is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family,
578:). It is more easily confused with female or immature
562:
Though fairly similar to females and immatures of the
1613:
1335:
Handbook of British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls
336:. At one time considered to be in the thrush family,
1660:
1285:Lindroos, T., in Anon., ed. (1999). European News.
1224:
1115:
1081:
988:. London: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 27/29.
954:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710156A87906903.en
671:, arriving in western Africa at the start of the
428:means "small rock-dweller", in reference to its
1305:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 238–.
849:Adult whinchats have a single complex complete
699:, and south of the wintering range to northern
1337:. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. pp. 169–173.
868:International Union for Conservation of Nature
354:International Union for Conservation of Nature
492:, it was formerly considered a member of the
408:that was introduced by the German naturalist
8:
1609:Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the whinchat
1519:"Expedition team sights rare winged visitor"
496:family (Turdidae), but is now placed in the
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1227:Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10
1171:
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1159:
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424:referring to the nature of its calls. Its
412:in 1802. The English name is derived from
221:
70:
43:
29:
20:
1502:
1417:"Habitat selection by breeding Whinchats
1399:
1369:"Spring migration strategies of Whinchat
1231:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 777.
1178:Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola
952:
822:, but also consume a wide range of other
1454:Habitat selection by breeding Whinchats
1223:Hoyo, J. del; et al., eds. (2005).
910:, where it is now classified as "rare".
1620:
1597:Feathers of Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra)
1421:at territory and landscape scalesbirds"
1218:
1216:
1214:
1030:; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964).
918:
1302:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World
1176:Urquhart, E. & Bowley, A. (2002).
1201:
1199:
1197:
1062:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
1869:3a14ba99-ee8d-4114-8c83-ca1c3393d298
1535:Bastian, A.; Bastian, H.-V. (1996).
1136:participating institution membership
1102:participating institution membership
818:, feeding largely (about 80–90%) on
738:with scattered small shrubs such as
515:occurs between the whinchat and the
2061:IUCN Red List least concern species
940:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1481:may show a bet-hedging strategy".
372:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
14:
1458:at territory and landscape scales
838:. They also eat small amounts of
454:This species represents a fairly
1635:
1623:
1060:IOC World Bird List Version 14.2
1033:Check-List of Birds of the World
589:Its main call is described as a
95:
929:BirdLife International (2016).
356:has classified it as being of "
38:Adult male in breeding plumage
1056:"Chats, Old World flycatchers"
1:
1333:Witherby, H. F., ed. (1943).
472:but lost in the more derived
900:agricultural intensification
488:). As with other species of
2091:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
799:and nest predators such as
691:, west on migration to the
344:. Both sexes have a strong
2107:
1539:. Wiesbaden: Aula Verlag
1123:Oxford English Dictionary
1089:Oxford English Dictionary
410:Johann Matthäus Bechstein
332:and wintering in central
257:
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229:
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197:
190:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
54:
42:
37:
28:
23:
947:: e.T22710156A87906903.
601:Distribution and habitat
458:divergence of the genus
364:Taxonomy and systematics
2086:Birds described in 1758
1128:Oxford University Press
1094:Oxford University Press
858:Status and conservation
1054:, eds. (August 2024).
854:northbound migration.
731:
613:
547:
386:. He placed it in the
301:
290:
1994:Paleobiology Database
1552:. T & A D Poyser
1466:doi:10.1111/ibi.12433
1274:Acta Zoologica Sinica
729:
715:Behaviour and ecology
608:
572:S. rubicola hibernans
545:
296:
284:
1864:Fauna Europaea (new)
632:, and from northern
498:Old World flycatcher
476:species such as the
1126:(Online ed.).
1092:(Online ed.).
898:, primarily due to
752:Pteridium aquilinum
504:, are often called
264:Linnaeus, 1758
62:Conservation status
1602:2018-03-04 at the
1590:2014-12-02 at the
1354:2014-12-02 at the
1050:; Donsker, David;
744:Crataegus monogyna
732:
657:sub-Saharan Africa
650:Caucasus Mountains
614:
580:Siberian stonechat
564:European stonechat
548:
537:Erithacus rubecula
517:Siberian stonechat
478:European stonechat
370:formally described
302:
291:
269:Pratincola rubetra
245: Non-breeding
2048:
2047:
1981:Open Tree of Life
1654:Taxon identifiers
1495:10.1111/ibi.12509
1440:10.1111/ibi.12433
1392:10.1111/ibi.12610
1312:978-0-19-804041-5
1238:978-84-87334-72-6
1187:978-0-7136-6024-1
1134:(Subscription or
1100:(Subscription or
1052:Rasmussen, Pamela
984:. illustrated by
976:Bonhote, J. Lewis
801:crows and magpies
730:Typical behaviour
727:
636:south to central
609:Eggs, Collection
546:Juvenile whinchat
482:African stonechat
464:. It retains the
400:Motacilla rubetra
368:The whinchat was
279:
278:
261:Motacilla rubetra
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48:
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521:Saxicola maurus
426:scientific name
395:and coined the
383:Systema Naturae
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1489:(4): 902–918.
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693:Canary Islands
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533:European robin
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468:found in many
447:("dwelling");
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297:adult female,
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511:Very rarely,
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358:least concern
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1349:333 Whinchat
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1259:PDF fulltext
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1064:. Retrieved
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986:H.E. Dresser
980:
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958:. Retrieved
944:
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844:blackberries
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795:such as the
791:, and small
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624:east to the
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486:S. torquatus
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470:Muscicapidae
459:
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444:
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418:common gorse
413:
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342:Muscicapidae
330:western Asia
324:breeding in
310:
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182:
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169:
159:Muscicapidae
18:
1890:iNaturalist
1686:Wikispecies
1570:Irish Birds
1504:10023/15514
1401:10023/17625
1066:1 September
1048:Gill, Frank
1028:Mayr, Ernst
960:19 November
888:Netherlands
764:plantations
679:, northern
644:, northern
630:Novosibirsk
628:basin near
591:hue-tac-tac
568:S. rubicola
552:supercilium
527:Description
466:supercilium
443:("rock") +
346:supercilium
2055:Categories
2033:Xeno-canto
1138:required.)
1104:required.)
1083:"Whinchat"
914:References
826:including
697:Cape Verde
673:dry season
648:, and the
640:, central
272:(Linnaeus)
232:S. rubetra
1523:The Hindu
904:livestock
866:" by the
776:incubates
736:grassland
576:migration
405:Saxicola
392:Motacilla
319:passerine
316:migratory
289:, Germany
230:Range of
177:Species:
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
24:Whinchat
2066:Saxicola
1934:22710156
1908:10920960
1817:45513716
1778:bob11370
1742:22710156
1737:BirdLife
1726:BioLib:
1671:Wikidata
1600:Archived
1588:Archived
1352:Archived
1207:Whinchat
1010:(1758).
978:(1907).
842:such as
830:, small
740:hawthorn
663:east to
626:Ob River
622:Portugal
584:S. maura
490:Saxicola
474:Saxicola
461:Saxicola
434:Saxicola
338:Turdidae
306:whinchat
287:Chemnitz
252:Synonyms
209:Linnaeus
170:Saxicola
155:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
1882:2492521
1804:whinch1
1765:whinch1
1714:Avibase
1677:Q155869
1642:Animals
1616:Portals
1289:92: 77.
994:1451688
908:Ireland
896:Germany
892:Denmark
884:Belgium
876:Ireland
872:Britain
828:spiders
820:insects
793:raptors
785:weasels
756:heather
748:bracken
746:), and
689:Iceland
685:Tunisia
681:Algeria
677:Morocco
661:Senegal
618:Ireland
595:mimetic
502:species
449:rubetra
430:habitat
380:of his
376:in the
165:Genus:
145:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
2025:558585
1999:373320
1986:170383
1921:562837
1838:EURING
1556:
1309:
1235:
1184:
1117:"Chat"
992:
894:, and
886:, the
880:France
832:snails
805:silage
797:merlin
789:stoats
780:fledge
669:Zambia
646:Greece
634:Norway
494:thrush
445:incola
416:, the
334:Africa
326:Europe
299:Uganda
243:
237:
2020:WoRMS
2012:16031
1960:69510
1903:IRMNG
1895:12908
1856:97189
1843:11370
1825:EUNIS
1799:eBird
1791:6XR3F
1762:BOW:
1755:52624
1630:Birds
1424:(PDF)
1376:(PDF)
1132:
1098:
851:moult
840:fruit
836:worms
772:bents
754:) or
665:Kenya
659:from
642:Italy
638:Spain
556:malar
506:chats
456:basal
441:saxum
438:Latin
388:genus
55:Song
1955:NCBI
1929:IUCN
1916:ITIS
1877:GBIF
1830:1263
1750:BOLD
1729:8873
1554:ISBN
1483:Ibis
1462:Ibis
1428:Ibis
1380:Ibis
1307:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1068:2024
990:OCLC
962:2021
945:2016
834:and
695:and
683:and
554:and
422:chat
420:and
414:whin
328:and
322:bird
304:The
213:1758
139:Aves
2007:TSA
1942:NBN
1812:EoL
1786:CoL
1773:BTO
1701:ADW
1499:hdl
1491:doi
1487:159
1436:doi
1432:159
1396:hdl
1388:doi
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949:doi
480:or
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