Whig history - Knowledge

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an obvious parallel with the attacks on Whig constitutional history in the opening decades of the century. For, as P. B. M. Blaas has shown, those earlier attacks were part and parcel of a more general onslaught in the name of an autonomous, professional and scientific history, on popular, partisan and moralising historiography. Similarly, ... For post-WWII champions of the newly professionalized history of science the targets were quite different. Above all, they were out to establish a critical distance between the history of science and the teaching and promotion of the sciences. In particular, they were suspicious of the grand celebratory and didactic narratives of scientific discovery and progress that had proliferated in the inter-war years.

5556: 1081:, p. 95. Bentley however argues against Blaas' conclusion: Blaas' historiography is mostly focused on parliamentary history, which "pre-dates significant changes in whig typologies... sometimes by several decades the case of imperial historiography"; in contrast to what Blaas' assumes, there was no strong connection between whig historians and the Liberal party; new pre-1914 archival information also is now available. 623:

the 17th century 'science' has very different meaning. Chemistry, for example, was then inextricably mixed up with alchemy. Before the 17th century dissecting out such a thing as 'science' in anything like the modern sense of the term involves profound distortions." The science historians' rejection of whiggishness has been criticised by some scientists for failing to appreciate "the temporal depth of scientific research".

7253: 6269: 540:(1831–1891) was one of the leaders of the Whig school of the history of education, along with G. A. N. Lowndes. In 1898, Quick explained the value of studying the history of educational reform, arguing that the great accomplishments of the past were cumulative and comprised the building blocks that “would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us”. 555:(1978) discerns new methods in the work of J. H. Round, F. W. Maitland and A. F. Pollard; Bentley believes that their work "contained the origins of much twentieth-century thinking in England". Marwick also positively mentions Gardiner, Seeley, Lord Acton, and T. F. Tout as transforming the teaching and study of history at British universities into a recognisable modern form. 524:. This view of events was substantially challenged: Maitland discovered in 1893 that the early "parliaments" had "no hint of operating as a representative body but resembled instead a meeting of the King's Council, called to meet the king's purposes; it passed no 'legislation', but rather considered petitions or 'bills' as though acting as an ultimate court of justice". 639:, when viewed by economists trained in a mathematical framework becomes "an important milestone on the road to the mathematization of economics" in a story told by the victorious. Yet "those who do not agree that such mathematization is a good thing could argue that the mathematical developments... represent a regression rather than a progression". The introduction of 7263: 572:

an avatar of social harmony". He, however, notes that whig history has not died "outside the academy" and lives on partially in criticism of history as something published in "a row of small-minded monographs written by authors calling themselves 'doctor', whose life-experience and sense of English culture extended no further than taking cups of tea in the

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By the mid-1970s, it had become commonplace among historians of science to employ the terms "Whig" and "Whiggish", often accompanied by one or more of "hagiographic", "internalist", "triumphalist", even "positivist", to denigrate grand narratives of scientific progress. At one level there is, indeed,

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Bentley also speculates that 19th-century British historiography took the form of an indirect social history which "attempted to embrace society by absorbing it into the history of the state", a project gravely disrupted by the First World War and renewed questions on "the pretensions of the state as

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criticized conception of history which assumed a necessarily progressive or teleological course, though he did not employ the term "Whig history". "The danger affects both the content of the tradition and its receivers. The same threat hangs over both: that of becoming a tool of the ruling classes.

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is "riddled with Whiggish history". Like other whig histories, whig history of science tends to divide historical actors into "good guys" who are on the side of truth (as is now known), and "bad guys" who opposed the emergence of these truths because of ignorance or bias. Science is seen as emerging

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Stubbs was a true believer who concealed his biases, even from himself, behind the façade of a dispassionate historian translating original documents into magisterial prose. His rhetorical gifts often obscured his combination of high church Anglicanism, whig history, and civic responsibility. In the

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Butterfield instead advances a view of history stressing the accidental and contingent nature of events rather than some kind of inevitable and structural shift. Moreover, he called upon historians "to evoke a certain sensibility towards the past, the sensibility which studies the past 'for the sake

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More recently, some scholars have argued that Whig history is essential to the history of science. At one level, "the very term 'the history of science' has itself profoundly Whiggish implications. One may be reasonably clear what 'science' means in the 19th century and most of the 18th century. In

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in 1928 gave a Raleigh lecture, he implied that the "whig historians" really were Whigs (i.e. associated with the Whig party or its Liberal successor) and had written centrist histories that were "good history despite their enthusiasm for Gladstonian or Liberal Unionist causes"; on introduction the

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in 1827, which "greatly exaggerated the importance of 'parliaments' or of bodies thought were parliaments" while tending "to interpret all political struggles in terms of the parliamentary situation in Britain the nineteenth century, in terms, that is, of Whig reformers fighting the good fight

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Butterfield's usage of the term was not in relation to the British or American Whig parties or Whiggism, but rather took aim at "the nineteenth-century school of historiography that praised all progress and habitually associated Protestantism with liberal views of liberty". The terms "whig" and

1721:, p. 2. "The conventional stories of the past that appear in the introductory chapters of science textbooks are certainly a form of Whiggism. Historians take great delight in exposing the artificially constructed nature of these stories, and some scientists find the results uncomfortable". 375:

In Britain, whig history is a view of British history that sees it as a "steady evolution of British parliamentary institutions, benevolently watched over by Whig aristocrats, and steadily spreading social progress and prosperity". It described a "continuity of institutions and practices since

424:(1754–1761), Hume challenged whig views of the past and the whig historians in turn attacked Hume; but they could not dent his history. In the early 19th century, some whig historians came to incorporate Hume's views, dominant for the previous fifty years. These historians were members of the 566:

Accelerated by the sceptical power of a new breed of historian epitomized in the brilliance of F. W. Maitland, whiggery had begun its turn downwards (we are told) and met its Waterloo on the Somme ... win thrusts—on the one hand cultural despair in face of a dead civilization, on the other a

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Whig history is also criticised as having an overly dualist view with heroes on the side of liberty and freedom against traditionalist villains opposing the inevitability of progress. It also casts an overly negative view of opposing parties to heroes described, taking such parties "to have

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The interpretive schemes that dominated Canadian historical writing through the middle decades of the twentieth century were built on the assumption that history had a discernible direction and flow. Canada was moving towards a goal in the nineteenth century; whether this endpoint was the

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Anglo-Saxon times that lent to English history a special pedigree, one that instilled a distinctive temper in the English nation (as whigs liked to call it) and an approach to the world issued in law and lent legal precedent a role in preserving or extending the freedoms of Englishmen".

1733:, p. 301. "The history of science—as composed by both ex-scientists and general historians—has largely consisted of Whig history, in which the scientific winners write the account in such a way as to make their triumph an inevitable outcome of the righteous logic of their cause". 214:

He also felt that whig history viewed the world in terms of a morality play: that " inconclusive unless he can give a verdict; and studying Protestant and Catholic in the 16th century he feels that loose threads are still left hanging unless he can show which party was in the right".

191:", tempting the historian to go no further to investigate the causes of historical change. The focus on the present as the goal of historical change leads the historian to a special kind of "abridgement", selecting only those events that seem important from the present point of view. 366:

takes the theory underlying whig history to be centrally concerned with social progress and reaction, with the progressives shown as victors and benefactors. According to Victor Feske, there is too much readiness to accept Butterfield's classic formulation from 1931 as definitive.

606:. This kind of evaluation ignores historical background and the evidence that was available at a particular time: Did Aristarchus have evidence to support his idea that the Sun was at the center? Were there good reasons to reject Ptolemy's system before the sixteenth century? 194:

He also criticised it for modernising the past: "the result is that to many of us seem much more modern than they really were, and even when we have corrected this impression by closer study we find it difficult to keep in mind the differences between their world and ours".

1636:, p. 71. Bentley speculates that "for men such as Stubbs, the attraction of law and constitutional practice lay in their ability to reflect the lives of thousands of anonymous people and thus provide access to those who could never be reached via direct oral testimony". 4319: 6405: 177:

Butterfield's purpose with writing his 1931 book was to criticise oversimplified narratives (or "abridgements") which interpreted past events in terms of the present for the purposes of achieving "drama and apparent moral clarity". Butterfield especially noted:

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Butterfield's formulation has subsequently received much attention and the kind of historical writing he argued against in generalized terms is no longer academically respectable. Despite its polemical success, Butterfield's celebrated book was criticized by

5760: 230:, Butterfield would note of the Whig interpretation that "whatever it may have done to our history, it has had a wonderful effect on our politics....In every Englishman there is hidden something of a whig that seems to tug at the heart-strings". 4365: 4353: 1561:

Indeed, he concluded, 'the great thinkers would raise us to a higher standing-point from which we may see much that will make the right road clearer to us, and lead us to press forward in it with good heart and hope' (Quick 1868/1902, p.

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Butterfield argued that this approach to history compromised the work of the historian in several ways. The emphasis on the inevitability of progress leads to the mistaken belief that the progressive sequence of events becomes "a line of

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was published in a series of volumes from 1848 to 1855. It proved an immediate success, replacing Hume's history and becoming the new orthodoxy. As if to introduce a linear progressive view of history, the first chapter of Macaulay's

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Stubb's history began with an imagined Anglo-Saxon past into which representative parliamentary institutions emerged and fought for control with the absolutist crown in various stages (including overreaches in during the

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to relate ... If they could not have found the grandeur that they developed had they been writing half a century earlier, neither could they have supported their optimism had they lived to endure the barbarisms of

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construction of a transcontinental, commercial, and political union, the development of parliamentary government, or the preservation and resurrection of French Canada, it was certainly a Good Thing. Thus the

528:, writing in 1920, also shot through much of Stubbs' ideas on the representative and law-making powers of early English parliaments, pulling the emergence of a semi-independent House of Commons to the 1620s. 268:(1961) gave the book the backhanded compliment of being "a remarkable book in many ways" noting that "though it denounced the whig interpretation over some 130 pages, it did not... name a single whig except 4341: 609:

The writing of Whig history of science is especially found in the writings of scientists and general historians, while this whiggish tendency is commonly opposed by professional historians of science.

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contributed nothing to the making of the present" and at worst converting them into a "dummy that acts as a better foil to the grand whig virtues". Butterfield illustrated this by criticising views of

677:, implied that history progressed from a "primitive communism", through slave societies, feudal societies, capitalism, and finally to socialism and communism. However, contemporary Marxists, such as 6601: 4106: 5870: 255:

and reactionary ones ... Whig history was, in short, an extremely biased view of the past: eager to hand out moral judgements, and distorted by teleology, anachronism and present-mindedness.

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is "now universally recognised as the first practitioner of the modern discipline of history", using "medieval law as a tool to prise open the mind of medieval men". Blaas, in

6581: 6108: 5595: 382:'s history of England, published in 1723, became "the classic Whig history" for the first half of the eighteenth century. Rapin claimed that the English had preserved their 96:

to refer to historiography that focuses on the successful chains of theories and experiments that led to present-day theories, while ignoring failed theories and dead ends.

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It was fiercely partisan and righteously judgemental, dividing the personnel of the past into the good and the bad. And it did so on the basis of the marked preference for

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determination to make history say something different for the post-war generation—worked between them to put whig susceptibilities between a rock and a hard place.

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that presents history as a journey from an oppressive and benighted past to a "glorious present". The present described is generally one with modern forms of

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of the past', which delights in the concrete and the complex, which 'goes out to meet the past', which searches for 'unlikenesses between past and present

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The history of our country during the last hundred and sixty years is eminently the history of physical, of moral, and of intellectual improvement.

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Burrow views Marxist history, with its " anticipated terminus from which it derives its moral and political point", as "characteristically whig".

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which "are inclined to write sometimes as though Protestantism in itself was somehow constituted to assist " and misconceptions that the

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view of the historical process". When the term is used in contexts other than British history, "whig history" (lowercase) is preferred.

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Retrospectives on modern macroeconomics are generally whiggish histories. For example, the popularisation of mathematical models by

5755: 6074: 487:. According to Ernst Breisach, "his style captivated the public as did his good sense of the past and firm whiggish convictions". 342:

supplied the critical theatre of enquiry when considering the origins of modern England. When they wrote about the history of the

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was created by Whigs opposed by Tories rather than created by compromise and interplay mediated by then-political contingencies.

164: 132: 5731: 6688: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6503: 6393: 6361: 6349: 5971: 5713: 5546: 5237: 4059: 3589: 3207: 849: 502:(published between 1873–78) and became a crucial figure in the later survival and respectability of whig history. According to 5058: 6868: 6860: 6823: 6805: 6626: 6314: 6169: 6117: 6090: 5852: 5449: 5247: 4913: 4625: 4580: 4565: 4307: 4089: 5551: 2125: 5020: 7313: 6932: 6855: 6661: 6474: 5688: 5454: 4575: 4498: 3147: 663: 420: 4157: 4138: 483:

While Macaulay was a popular and celebrated historian of the whig school, his work did not feature in Butterfield's 1931

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James A. Hijiya points out the persistence of whiggish history in history textbooks. In the debate over Britishness,

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In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition away from a conformism that is about to overpower it."

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as "slight, confused, repetitive and superficial". However, of the English tradition more broadly, Cannadine wrote:

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It is part and parcel of the whig interpretation of history that it studies the past with reference to the present.

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analyses Butterfield's whig theory as referring to a canon of 19th-century historians in and of England (such as

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to lose; they were not simply overwhelmed by superior force, they were justly chastised by the God of History.

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Political history was the usual venue for whig history in Great Britain, but it also appears in other areas.

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According to its critics, a whig interpretation of history requires human heroes and villains in the story.

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From Belloc to Churchill: Private Scholars, Public Culture, and the Crisis of British Liberalism, 1900–1939

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Marxists have had varied views on Whig history. The traditional inheritance of Hegel, interpreted through

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Church of England, Stubbs saw the original model for the development and maintenance of English liberties.

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would be criticized because his astronomical system placed the Earth at the center of the universe while

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Alder, Ken. "The History of Science, or, an Oxymoronic Theory of Relativistic Objectivity". In

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Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion

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entered the field, utilising Fox and Mackintosh's work and manuscript collections. Macaulay's

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The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho

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praising Britain's adoption of constitutional monarchy and the historical development of the

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Discipline and Power: The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite, 1870–1930

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from "a series of victories over pre-scientific thinking". From this whiggish perspective,

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praised the whig approach on the grounds that "ordered freedom and evolutionary progress

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then sought to write a Whig history of the Glorious Revolution, published in 1834 as the

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Modernizing England's Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870-1970

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term was mostly approbatory, unlike Butterfield's later use, since Fisher applauded

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The Scientific Revolution: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science

831: 774: 731: 681:, have aggressively challenged those assumptions as deterministic and ahistorical. 603: 402: 307: 252: 108: 85: 66: 2786: 2676: 2519: 2477: 2402: 2328: 2288: 2260: 2239: 2214: 1907: 1693: 1659: 1537: 1474: 1421: 7211: 6990: 5493: 5478: 5160: 5135: 5111: 4481: 4469: 4391: 3967: 3780: 3584: 3320: 3268: 3243: 3226: 3165: 2155:"Ella Thea Smith and the Lost History of American High School Biology Textbooks" 1470: 503: 339: 315: 295: 204: 1768: 1397: 7049: 6952: 6056: 5865: 5699: 5269: 3931: 3519: 3273: 3231: 3217: 3085: 3070: 2701: 2170: 1979: 1406: 391: 331: 319: 303: 273: 259: 248: 167:

and teleological assumption that history is driving toward some sort of goal.

2818: 2709: 2667: 2560: 2457: 2178: 2102: 2010: 1857: 1776: 1744: 1029: 155:'s "instructive and illuminating" history. By the time Butterfield wrote his 57:. The term has also been applied widely in historical disciplines outside of 6329: 5976: 5442: 5100: 4977: 4807: 4290: 3621: 3300: 3295: 3258: 3253: 3117: 3060: 3045: 2914: 2605: 2220: 2154: 1698:. Department of Science & Technology Studies, University of Wollongong. 816: 2448: 2435: 2186: 1825: 1745:"Whigs and Stories: Herbert Butterfield and the Historiography of Science" 1600:, pp. 77–78. Contra Butterfield, who mentions Acton et al negatively. 1542:. Foundations and Futures of Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. 159:, he may have been beating a dead horse: P. B. M. Blaas, in his 1978 book 6651: 6373: 5394: 3315: 3263: 2600:. Studies in Modern History. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 30–47. 335: 128: 89: 111:, which has sometimes been criticized as destructive to its recipients. 7012: 6493: 6383: 3102: 3080: 3030: 2934: 2844: 2568: 2110: 2078: 595: 387: 2465: 1994: 1959: 3535: 3112: 3025: 2424:

Anthropology and development: challenges for the twenty-first century

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Hume still dominated English historiography, but this changed when

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were quite literally on the wrong track. They lost because they

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would be praised because he placed the Sun at the center of the

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towards enlightenment. The term is also used extensively in the

88:) to histories that present the past as the inexorable march of 7190: 7135: 6767: 6294: 5367: 5356: 3999: 3742: 3506: 3145: 2979: 2874: 1426:. ACLS Humanities E-Book. University of Chicago Press. p. 123:

used the term "Whig history" in his short but influential book

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In the British context, whig historians emphasize the rise of

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been among the hallmarks of modern British history, and they

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A Liberal Descent: Victorian historians and the English past

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Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Third Edition

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A decade later however, if under wartime pressure from the

651:) "would not necessarily rejoice in present ascendancy". 613:

describes the changing attitude to whiggishness this way:

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South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences

1687:"The Problem of 'Whig History' in the History of Science" 2539:

Mayr, Ernst (1990). "When is Historiography Whiggish?".

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The New Nature of History: Knowledge, Evidence, Language

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Democracy or Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism

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Professionalization and institutionalization of history

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One very common example of Whig history is the work of

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Carlyle apart, the so-called Whigs were predominantly

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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

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Herbert Butterfield and the Interpretation of History

2126:"'Bursting with Skeletons': Britishness after Empire" 1889: 1887: 1400:

The History of England from the Accession of James II

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Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

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Wilson, Adrian; Ashplant, T. G. (11 February 2009).

2578:"Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought" 915: 913: 911: 909: 7080: 6884: 6843: 6619: 6570: 6305: 6231: 6195: 6089: 6043: 6007: 5937: 5889: 5851: 5811: 5770: 5687: 5518: 5509: 5428: 5328: 5290: 5226: 5193: 5084: 5008: 4965: 4906: 4871: 4843: 4778: 4705: 4611: 4539: 4253: 4182: 4115: 4077: 4010: 3928: 3820: 3753: 3552: 3329: 3196: 3158: 3018: 2992: 2634:. By Macaulay, Thomas Babington. Penguin Classics. 2594:"Butterfield's Critique of the Whig Interpretation" 2359:"Two Cheers for the Whig Interpretation of History" 272:, who was no historian, or a single historian save 5912:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 2855: 2785: 2737: 2379: 2352:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 41. 2788:The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914 2407:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. 2130:Britishness: Perspectives on the British Question 878:Blackburn, Simon (2008). "Whig view of history". 1937:. United States: Verso Books. pp. 108–181. 3379:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 696: 508: 245: 180: 2587:(3 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 735. 1210: 6960:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 6830:Western European colonialism and colonization 5379: 2886: 2265:(1st ed.). University of Chicago Press. 1479:. Stanford University Press. pp. 87–88. 8: 1377: 1365: 1338: 990: 450:History of the Revolution in England in 1688 444:'s reign. A fragment was published in 1808. 440:of 1688, but only managed the first year of 1718: 1661:Herbert Butterfield: Historian as Dissenter 1198: 1186: 1174: 1162: 1150: 1126: 1114: 1102: 1090: 410:against Tory defenders of the status quo". 127:(1931). It takes its name from the British 84:. The term is often applied generally (and 7187: 7132: 6840: 6764: 6567: 6302: 6291: 5886: 5767: 5515: 5386: 5372: 5364: 5353: 5287: 4536: 4112: 4007: 3996: 3925: 3750: 3739: 3549: 3503: 3155: 3142: 2989: 2976: 2893: 2879: 2871: 2686:"Whig History and Present-centred History" 2630:Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1979) . Introduction. 2505: 2262:Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey 2259:Bowler, Peter J; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2005). 2128:. In Gamble, Andrew; Wright, Tony (eds.). 6015:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2744:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2666: 2479:A Companion to Western Historical Thought 2447: 2153:Ladouceur, Ronald P. (1 September 2008). 1539:The Struggle for the History of Education 1251: 1239: 1024:. University of New South Wales Library. 773:(1997) challenged a whiggish view of the 405:was the first whig historian, publishing 386:against the absolutist tendencies of the 7234:Historical geographic information system 2792:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1826:"Whigs, prigs and historians of science" 1002: 2845:James A. Hijiya, "Why the West Is Lost" 1645: 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1457: 1353: 1314: 1302: 1290: 1278: 1078: 1066: 966: 951: 870: 734:principle of convergence in history to 6874:English historical school of economics 4926:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 2216:Modern Historiography: An Introduction 1664:. Yale University Press. p. 205. 1576:, p. 77. Quotation marks omitted. 1405:. Vol. 1. p. 14 – via 1227: 1054: 934: 919: 694:Regarding Canada, Allan Greer argues: 139:, advocates of the power of the king. 7070:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 6909:Historical reliability of the Gospels 2132:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. 1730: 1326: 99:Whig history laid the groundwork for 7: 7262: 4887:More Irish than the Irish themselves 2651:"The whig interpretation of history" 2422:Gardner, Katy; Lewis, David (2015). 2357:Cronon, William (1 September 2012). 2041:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 1893: 1878: 1266: 1138: 1042: 978: 890:10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001 719:The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 712:In the emergence of intelligent life 251:and progressive causes, rather than 49:: it was originally a term for the 5957:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 1824:Harrison, Edward (September 1987). 1390:Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1848). 884:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 881:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 843:The End of History and the Last Man 322:) that in fact excludes few except 6970:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 4914:Fourth Italian War of Independence 2839:The Whig Interpretation of History 2810:The Whig Interpretation of History 2476:Kramer, Lloyd; Maza, Sara (2002). 2330:G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History 2322:. New York: WW Norton and Company. 2320:The Whig Interpretation of History 1021:The Whig Interpretation of History 172:The Whig Interpretation of History 125:The Whig Interpretation of History 25: 2365:. American Historical Association 2159:Journal of the History of Biology 1995:"1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered" 1798:Hyman, Anthony (1 October 1996). 500:Constitutional History of England 407:Constitutional History of England 7261: 7252: 7251: 6268: 6267: 6109:Palestinian expulsion and flight 4621:5000-year civilization assertion 4197:Nadir of American race relations 2850:2003 article "Catholic Whiggery" 746:In general history and biography 637:Foundations of Economic Analysis 574:Institute of Historical Research 103:and the resulting deployment of 7098:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 5972:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 5907:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 5714:Causes of the Armenian genocide 4023:Pyramid construction techniques 3590:Comparative historical research 3208:Library and information science 2541:Journal of the History of Ideas 850:The Better Angels of Our Nature 7110:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7060:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 6869:Historical school of economics 6806:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 6244:Gunpowder and gun transmission 6118:Zionism as settler colonialism 5123:Limpieza de sangre controversy 4090:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 2386:. Cambridge University Press. 2348:Carr, Edward Hallett (1990) . 2244:. Cambridge University Press. 2083:The William and Mary Quarterly 1999:The Canadian Historical Review 1685:Schuster, John Andrew (1995). 485:Whig Interpretation of History 1: 6919:Opposition to Papal supremacy 4107:Indigenous population history 2807:Butterfield, Herbert (1931). 2333:. W. W. Norton. p. 208. 1993:Greer, Allan (6 April 2016). 1933:Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2016). 1743:Jardine, Nick (1 June 2003). 730:identify whiggishness with a 664:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 580:Later instances and criticism 6835:Desacralization of knowledge 5106:Carlism in the Francoist era 5074:Holodomor in modern politics 2813:. London: G. Bell and Sons. 2596:. In Sewell, Keith C (ed.). 1912:. Harvard University Press. 589:It has been argued that the 131:, advocates of the power of 7227:Historiographic metafiction 7137:Organizations, publications 6926:Proto-orthodox Christianity 5876:German resistance to Nazism 5732:Persian famine of 1917–1919 5142:Islamic revolution of Spain 5069:Holodomor genocide question 4945:Revisionism of Risorgimento 4939:Rerum italicarum scriptores 4920:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 4687:Self-Strengthening Movement 3837:decolonization of knowledge 2766:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 643:similarly carries implicit 7340: 7024:Wissenschaft des Judentums 7001:Criticism of Protestantism 5881:Nazi foreign policy debate 5312:Second colonial occupation 5059:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 4697:Tibetan sovereignty debate 4241:Progressive-era historians 3676:Nationalization of history 3627:Historical-critical method 2649:Torr, Christopher (2000). 2213:Bentley, Michael (2005) . 1769:10.1177/007327530304100201 1211:Wilson & Ashplant 2009 779:Pulitzer Prize for History 553:Continuity and Anachronism 161:Continuity and Anachronism 27:Approach to historiography 7246: 7197: 7186: 7142: 7131: 6774: 6763: 6301: 6290: 6262: 6029:Second Sino-Japanese War 5404: 5363: 5352: 4834:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 4006: 3995: 3749: 3738: 3515: 3502: 3154: 3141: 2988: 2975: 2908: 2702:10.1017/S0018246X00011961 2327:Cannadine, David (1993). 2238:Bentley, Michael (2006). 2171:10.1007/s10739-007-9139-3 2077:Hijiya, James A. (1994). 1958:Benjamin, Walter (1968). 591:historiography of science 549:Frederic William Maitland 462:Thomas Babington Macaulay 456:Thomas Babington Macaulay 74:constitutional government 6784:Crisis of historiography 5947:Auschwitz bombing debate 5633:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5484:Late Bronze Age collapse 5418:List of military museums 5021:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 4993:Polish People's Republic 4828:Sybel-Ficker controversy 4192:African-American history 4165:Colonial Spanish America 3954:Second Thirty Years' War 2826:at the Internet Archive. 2668:10.4102/sajems.v3i1.2598 2592:Sewell, Keith C (2005). 2506:Kramer & Maza (2002) 2378:Ferguson, James (1990). 2124:Marquand, David (2009). 1909:Does History Make Sense? 1658:McIntire, C. T. (2004). 1536:McCulloch, Gary (2011). 1016:Butterfield, Sir Herbert 991:Gardner & Lewis 2015 338:, thinkers for whom the 5897:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5756:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5307:Porter–MacKenzie debate 5064:Causes of the Holodomor 4601:Problem of two emperors 4549:Catilinarian conspiracy 3776:Historical significance 3637:Indiscipline of history 3612:Historical anthropology 2606:10.1057/9780230000933_3 2576:Scruton, Roger (2007). 2363:Perspectives on History 2046:Oxford University Press 1906:Pinkard, Terry (2017). 1719:Bowler & Morus 2005 107:around the world after 47:constitutional monarchy 6991:Protestant Reformation 6965:Second Vatican Council 6943:Succession to Muhammad 6938:Criticism of the Quran 6689:Religious perspectives 6423:Klemens von Metternich 6020:"Battle for Australia" 5902:Soviet offensive plans 5871:Broad vs. narrow front 5710:Late Ottoman genocides 4643:Century of humiliation 4424:Goguryeo controversies 4402:2,500-year celebration 4060:Double genocide theory 3847:Historical negationism 3671:Ancestral civilisation 3659:Historical materialism 3617:Historical determinism 3567:History of mentalities 2690:The Historical Journal 2632:The History of England 2401:Feske, Victor (1996). 2290:A History of Histories 2079:"Why the West Is Lost" 2048:. pp. 9–11, 135. 792:Chronological snobbery 709: 675:historical materialism 620: 569: 513: 481: 421:The History of England 361: 257: 184: 119:The British historian 18:Whig school of history 7115:Torsion mangonel myth 7018:Modern Jewish history 7013:Jesuit historiography 7006:Protestant work ethic 6986:Hesychast controversy 6851:Industrial Revolution 6801:Library of Alexandria 6719:The Lord of the Rings 6369:Constantine the Great 6249:Torsion mangonel myth 6181:Sri Lankan Civil War 5260:Storm over the gentry 5161:Colonies or Provinces 4692:Sprouts of capitalism 3766:Historic preservation 3761:Change and continuity 2677:10520/AJA10158812_263 2287:Burrow, John (2008). 1460:, pp. 23 et seq. 1420:Breisach, E. (2007). 641:rational expectations 615: 564: 477: 380:Paul Rapin de Thoyras 328: 7314:Religion and science 7202:Commemorative plaque 6418:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5866:"Blitzkrieg" concept 5737:Powder keg of Europe 5612:Franco-Prussian War 5282:Winter of Discontent 5265:Suffragette Campaign 4932:Italiani brava gente 4898:Revolutionary period 4720:Frankish Interregnum 4653:"Chineseness" debate 4586:Byzantine succession 4571:Fall of Western Rome 4512:Executed Renaissance 4001:By country or region 3945:Age of Enlightenment 3919:Vaticinium ex eventu 3866:Modernisation theory 3700:Quantitative history 3076:Historical documents 2449:10.1093/past/31.1.39 2316:Butterfield, Herbert 797:Classical liberalism 649:behavioral economics 384:ancient constitution 371:British whig history 344:English constitution 288:James Anthony Froude 276:, who was no whig". 209:British constitution 101:modernization theory 37:) is an approach to 7319:Theories of history 7031:Schools of thought 6996:Proto-Protestantism 6865:School of Thoughts 6747:William Shakespeare 6732:Robert Falcon Scott 6637:Friedrich Nietzsche 6475:Cult of personality 6460:Neville Chamberlain 6320:Alexander the Great 6202:Russo-Georgian War 6175:Sovereignty dispute 6154:Iranian Revolution 5984:"Polish death camp" 5961:In relation to the 5670:Myth of English aid 5661:War of the Pacific 5438:Albigensian Crusade 4863:Indigenous Aryanism 4559:Constantinian shift 4095:Residential schools 3852:Historian's fallacy 3771:Historic recurrence 3269:Numismatics (Money) 3041:Archaeological site 2965:theories of history 2857:"Catholic Whiggery" 2585:text-translator.com 1842:1987Natur.329..213H 1761:2003HisSc..41..125J 777:. The book won the 740:anthropic principle 690:In Canadian history 679:Ellen Meiksins Wood 544:End of whig history 538:Robert Hebert Quick 532:Robert Hebert Quick 522:Glorious Revolution 438:Glorious Revolution 157:Whig Interpretation 121:Herbert Butterfield 82:scientific progress 35:Whig historiography 7222:Historical realism 7217:Historical fiction 7162:History institutes 7152:Historical society 7147:Heritage registers 7035:Biblical criticism 6948:Islamic golden age 6899:Early Christianity 6779:Bears in antiquity 6667:Medieval Christian 6465:Pedro II of Brazil 6413:José de San Martín 6217:Syrian revolution 6129:Malayan Emergency 6104:1948 Palestine war 5837:Spanish Civil War 5787:War guilt question 5596:American Civil War 5576:Invasion of Russia 5552:New Russian School 5336:Colonial Australia 5052:October Revolution 4815:Strukturgeschichte 4751:Location of Alésia 4670:Hua–Yi distinction 4591:Moscow, third Rome 4207:Reconstruction era 4028:Black Egypt Thesis 3950:European Civil War 3906:Translatio imperii 3861:Invented tradition 2982:Historical sources 2764:Whigs and Liberals 2440:Past & Present 1749:History of Science 762:command respect". 673:' articulation of 473:History of England 467:History of England 135:, who opposed the 94:history of science 63:history of science 55:Westminster system 7276: 7275: 7242: 7241: 7182: 7181: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7040:Catholic theology 6894:Avestan geography 6759: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6742:Søren Kierkegaard 6615: 6614: 6526:Warren G. Harding 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6085: 6084: 5963:Armenian genocide 5826:Polish–Soviet War 5821:Burning of Smyrna 5807: 5806: 5797:Reichstag inquiry 5720:Patriotic consent 5591: 5590: 5566:War in the Vendée 5530:French Revolution 5512:century conflicts 5501:Peloponnesian War 5462:Eighty Years' War 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5253:Westminster Stone 4950:Southern question 4789:Alltagsgeschichte 4739:Legendary Saracen 4441:Early settlements 4249: 4248: 4229:Political history 4214:Consensus history 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3973:Continuity thesis 3912:Translatio studii 3798:Theory of history 3734: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3688:Subaltern Studies 3573:Nouvelle histoire 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3410:Medieval churches 3397:Geistesgeschichte 3341:Paleoanthropology 3249:Encyclopaedistics 3137: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3005:Secondary sources 2615:978-0-230-00093-3 2531:978-0-925065-61-2 2489:978-0-631-21714-5 2414:978-0-8078-4601-8 2340:978-0-393-03528-5 2300:978-0-307-26852-5 2272:978-0-226-06861-9 2251:978-0-521-84178-8 2230:978-1-134-63192-6 2139:978-1-4051-9269-9 2055:978-0-19-282147-8 1919:978-0-674-97880-5 1881:, pp. 56–57. 1836:(6136): 213–214. 1804:The Babbage Pages 1705:978-0-86418-337-8 1671:978-0-300-09807-5 1549:978-1-136-81124-1 1486:978-0-8047-2383-1 1437:978-0-226-07283-8 1393:"Chapter I" 1380:, pp. 25–26. 1378:Trevor-Roper 1979 1366:Trevor-Roper 1979 1356:, pp. 74–75. 1339:Trevor-Roper 1979 1201:, pp. 68–69. 1117:, pp. 24–25. 899:978-0-19-954143-0 827:Philosophic Whigs 736:liberal democracy 518:English Civil War 430:Charles James Fox 78:personal freedoms 43:liberal democracy 16:(Redirected from 7331: 7294:1930s neologisms 7265: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7207:Documentary film 7188: 7167:History journals 7133: 7106: 6978: 6914:Primacy of Peter 6861:Great Depression 6841: 6814: 6792: 6765: 6713:J. R. R. Tolkien 6568: 6563: 6551: 6539: 6521:Ulysses S. Grant 6516:Thomas Jefferson 6507: 6483: 6446: 6409: 6397: 6365: 6353: 6345:Chiang Ching-kuo 6335:Cato the Younger 6325:Amin al-Husseini 6303: 6292: 6271: 6270: 6254:War and genocide 6078: 6064:Résistancialisme 6051:Battle of France 6033:Nanjing Massacre 5887: 5768: 5764: 5728: 5678: 5560: 5543: 5516: 5443:Catharism debate 5429:pre-18th century 5411:Military history 5388: 5381: 5374: 5365: 5358:By war, conflict 5354: 5302:Cambridge School 5288: 5186: 5174: 5150: 5131: 5041: 5029: 5001: 4823: 4801:Historikerstreit 4771: 4759: 4747: 4728: 4714:Cordon sanitaire 4660:New Qing History 4648:Conquest dynasty 4639: 4554:Christianization 4537: 4456: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4323: 4311: 4303:Byzantine Empire 4158:Iquicha Royalism 4147: 4113: 4036: 4008: 3997: 3940:Age of Discovery 3929:Periodization of 3926: 3900:Transhistoricity 3895:Thirty-year rule 3806: 3794: 3751: 3740: 3720:Great Man theory 3683:People's history 3645: 3550: 3542:Three-age system 3504: 3204:Archival science 3156: 3143: 3010:Tertiary sources 2990: 2977: 2926:by area of study 2895: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2822: 2803: 2791: 2777: 2755: 2743: 2721: 2680: 2670: 2645: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2535: 2524:. Lyceum Books. 2509: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2472: 2451: 2427: 2418: 2397: 2385: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2353: 2350:What Is History? 2344: 2323: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2255: 2234: 2199: 2198: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2044:(1st ed.). 2036:Tipler, Frank J. 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1850:10.1038/329213a0 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1395: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1199:Butterfield 1965 1196: 1190: 1187:Butterfield 1965 1184: 1178: 1175:Butterfield 1965 1172: 1166: 1163:Butterfield 1965 1160: 1154: 1151:Butterfield 1965 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1127:Butterfield 1965 1124: 1118: 1115:Butterfield 1965 1112: 1106: 1103:Butterfield 1965 1100: 1094: 1091:Butterfield 1965 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1045:, p. 52–53. 1040: 1034: 1033: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 955: 949: 938: 932: 923: 917: 904: 903: 875: 812:Great man theory 767:Edward J. Larson 611:Nicholas Jardine 446:James Mackintosh 432:(1749–1806) and 334:, predominantly 265:What Is History? 234:Subsequent views 228:Second World War 222: 21: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7304:Linear theories 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7238: 7193: 7178: 7138: 7119: 7102: 7085: 7076: 6972: 6880: 6856:Great Recession 6839: 6810: 6786: 6770: 6751: 6642:H. P. Lovecraft 6611: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6501: 6477: 6450:Muammar Gaddafi 6440: 6428:Leonid Brezhnev 6403: 6391: 6374:Gregory Palamas 6359: 6357:Chiang Kai Shek 6347: 6307: 6297: 6278: 6277: 6258: 6239:Conflict thesis 6227: 6191: 6081: 6072: 6039: 6003: 5933: 5885: 5847: 5813:Interwar period 5803: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5742:Schlieffen Plan 5722: 5683: 5672: 5587: 5554: 5537: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5489:Dorian invasion 5474:Fall of Babylon 5430: 5424: 5423: 5400: 5392: 5359: 5340: 5316: 5293: 5286: 5248:Kingdom of Alba 5229: 5222: 5189: 5180: 5168: 5166:Spanish decline 5144: 5125: 5080: 5035: 5023: 5004: 4995: 4961: 4902: 4867: 4853:Greater Magadha 4839: 4817: 4774: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4722: 4701: 4675:Four Barbarians 4633: 4607: 4535: 4492:Götaland theory 4460:Lusotropicalism 4450: 4431:North Macedonia 4363: 4351: 4339: 4317: 4305: 4245: 4224:Frontier thesis 4219:Cyclical theory 4202:Neoabolitionism 4178: 4141: 4111: 4073: 4050:Greater Morocco 4030: 4002: 3979: 3930: 3924: 3816: 3800: 3788: 3745: 3726: 3639: 3554: 3548: 3530:Historical eras 3511: 3490: 3325: 3222:Writing systems 3192: 3150: 3148:Fields of study 3129: 3123:Service records 3108:Religious texts 3014: 3000:Primary sources 2984: 2971: 2970: 2904: 2899: 2854: 2833: 2806: 2800: 2780: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2732: 2729: 2727:Further reading 2724: 2683: 2648: 2642: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2591: 2580: 2575: 2553:10.2307/2709517 2538: 2532: 2516:Marwick, Arthur 2514: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2475: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2377: 2368: 2366: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2326: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2202: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2095:10.2307/2946864 2076: 2075: 2071: 2056: 2032:Barrow, John D. 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1972: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1001: 997: 989: 985: 977: 973: 965: 958: 950: 941: 933: 926: 918: 907: 900: 877: 876: 872: 867: 862: 787: 748: 728:Frank J. Tipler 714: 692: 683:Walter Benjamin 660: 629: 587: 582: 560:First World War 546: 534: 493: 458: 416: 373: 280:Michael Bentley 241:David Cannadine 236: 220: 175: 148:H. A. L. Fisher 117: 105:development aid 59:British history 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7337: 7335: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7299:Historiography 7296: 7291: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Charles Darwin 6629: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6602:United Kingdom 6599: 6594: 6592:Modern Germany 6589: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Thomas Aquinas 6508: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6381: 6379:Horatio Nelson 6376: 6371: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211:Responsibility 6208: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6123:New Historians 6120: 6115: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5989:Responsibility 5986: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5765: 5753: 5747:Spirit of 1914 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5717: 5707: 5704:Fischer thesis 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5645:Paraguayan War 5642: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5571:Napoleonic era 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5549: 5544: 5535:Pre-revolution 5526: 5524: 5520:Coalition Wars 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398:historiography 5393: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5216:Decline thesis 5213: 5206:Ottoman Empire 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5132: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5033:Skeptic School 5018: 5016:Anti-Normanism 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Golden Liberty 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4955:Neo-Bourbonism 4947: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4795:Borussian myth 4792: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4729: 4717: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4640: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4266:Dealbanisation 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4136: 4130:May Revolution 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4100:Staples thesis 4097: 4092: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3932:modern history 3923: 3922: 3915: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3878: 3876:Paradigm shift 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3646: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3562:Annales school 3558: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3425:Constitutional 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3361: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3301:Postage stamps 3298: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3098:Oral tradition 3095: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902:Historiography 2900: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2831:External links 2829: 2828: 2827: 2804: 2799:978-0300083903 2798: 2778: 2773:978-0198201397 2772: 2756: 2751:978-0521240796 2750: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2681: 2646: 2641:978-0140431339 2640: 2627: 2614: 2589: 2573: 2547:(2): 301–309. 2536: 2530: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2488: 2473: 2428: 2426:. Pluto Press. 2419: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2375: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2324: 2312: 2299: 2293:. Allen Lane. 2284: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2235: 2229: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2165:(3): 435–471. 2145: 2138: 2116: 2069: 2054: 2023: 1985: 1971:978-1328470232 1970: 1950: 1944:978-1784782443 1943: 1925: 1918: 1898: 1883: 1871: 1816: 1790: 1755:(2): 127–128. 1735: 1723: 1711: 1704: 1677: 1670: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1624:, p. 104. 1614: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1548: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1485: 1471:Reba N. Soffer 1462: 1450: 1436: 1412: 1382: 1370: 1358: 1343: 1331: 1319: 1317:, p. 735. 1307: 1295: 1283: 1271: 1256: 1254:, p. 197. 1252:Cannadine 1993 1244: 1242:, p. 203. 1240:Cannadine 1993 1232: 1230:, p. 474. 1215: 1203: 1191: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1083: 1071: 1069:, p. 171. 1059: 1047: 1035: 1007: 995: 983: 971: 956: 939: 937:, p. 473. 924: 905: 898: 869: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 839: 837:Predestination 834: 829: 824: 822:Moral progress 819: 814: 809: 804: 802:End of history 799: 794: 788: 786: 783: 752:David Marquand 747: 744: 724:John D. Barrow 713: 710: 701:rebels of 1837 691: 688: 659: 656: 645:hindsight bias 633:Paul Samuelson 628: 625: 586: 583: 581: 578: 545: 542: 533: 530: 526:Albert Pollard 496:William Stubbs 492: 491:William Stubbs 489: 457: 454: 415: 412: 399:Arthur Marwick 372: 369: 324:Thomas Carlyle 312:S. R. Gardiner 300:W. E. H. Lecky 284:William Stubbs 235: 232: 174: 169: 116: 113: 51:metanarratives 39:historiography 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7268: 7260: 7258: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7134: 7130: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7093:Merton thesis 7091: 7090: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Panbabylonism 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6976: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6766: 6762: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6607:United States 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6487:Bolivarianism 6485: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6470:Simon Bolivar 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6401:Joseph Stalin 6399: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6289: 6274: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196:Post-Cold War 6194: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170:Falklands War 6168: 6166: 6165:Iran–Iraq War 6163: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113:Ongoing Nakba 6110: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044:Western Front 6042: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6025:Bengal famine 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5939:The Holocaust 5936: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890:Eastern Front 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5621:Paris Commune 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606:Turning point 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5510:18th and 19th 5508: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455:Islamic views 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5178:Ser de España 5176: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Ottoman claim 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4576:Prosopography 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4529:Trưng sisters 4527: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276:Habsburg myth 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4184:United States 4181: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4117:Latin America 4114: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Transnational 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3600:Decoloniality 3598: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3581:Historiometry 3579: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3525:Periodization 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:Sigillography 3309: 3307: 3306:Prosopography 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3183:Local history 3181: 3177: 3176:Human history 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171:World history 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2864:. April 2003. 2863: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2782:Burrow, J. W. 2779: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Burrow, J. W. 2757: 2753: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2734:Burrow, J. W. 2731: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2442:(31): 39–61. 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:Hart, Jenifer 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2393:9780521373821 2389: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1961:Illuminations 1954: 1951: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1896:, p. 57. 1895: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1817: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1588:, p. 96. 1587: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1526:, p. 37. 1525: 1520: 1517: 1514:, p. 33. 1513: 1508: 1505: 1502:, p. 32. 1501: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1368:, p. 12. 1367: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341:, p. 10. 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1305:, p. 67. 1304: 1299: 1296: 1293:, p. 66. 1292: 1287: 1284: 1281:, p. 65. 1280: 1275: 1272: 1269:, p. 41. 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1213:, p. 10. 1212: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1189:, p. 65. 1188: 1183: 1180: 1177:, p. 41. 1176: 1171: 1168: 1165:, p. 37. 1164: 1159: 1156: 1153:, p. 35. 1152: 1147: 1144: 1141:, p. 39. 1140: 1135: 1132: 1129:, p. 34. 1128: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1105:, p. 12. 1104: 1099: 1096: 1093:, p. 11. 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003:Ferguson 1990 999: 996: 992: 987: 984: 980: 975: 972: 969:, p. 20. 968: 963: 961: 957: 954:, p. 74. 953: 948: 946: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 912: 910: 906: 901: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 874: 871: 864: 859: 858: 857:The Moral Arc 854: 852: 851: 847: 845: 844: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 807:Ethnocentrism 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 784: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 745: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 711: 708: 706: 702: 695: 689: 687: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 658:In philosophy 657: 655: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 626: 624: 619: 614: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 592: 584: 579: 577: 575: 568: 563: 561: 556: 554: 550: 543: 541: 539: 531: 529: 527: 523: 519: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 490: 488: 486: 480: 476: 474: 469: 468: 463: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 413: 411: 408: 404: 400: 397:According to 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 370: 368: 365: 364:Roger Scruton 360: 358: 357:Passchendaele 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:E. A. Freeman 289: 285: 281: 277: 275: 271: 267: 266: 261: 256: 254: 250: 244: 242: 233: 231: 229: 224: 216: 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:Martin Luther 196: 192: 190: 183: 179: 173: 170: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 114: 112: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 64: 61:(e.g. in the 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 19: 7289:Whig history 7022: 6824:The Simpsons 6822: 6769:Other topics 6717: 6694:Christianity 6684:Resurrection 6315:Adolf Hitler 6144:Six-Day War 6140:Algerian War 6111: / 6070:Vichy France 6062: 6055: 5965: / 5853:World War II 5749: / 5416: 5409: 5211:Ghaza thesis 5134: 5110: 5096:White legend 5094: / 5092:Black legend 5047:Soviet Union 4937: 4930: 4918: 4881:Great Famine 4858:Indocentrism 4832: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4787: 4733:Grand Siècle 4731: 4712: 4680:Sinocentrism 4541:Ancient Rome 4521: 4379:Aryan Kartli 4377: 4169: 4132: / 4066: 3963:19th century 3961: / 3952: / 3917: 3910: 3909: / 3904: 3880: 3854: / 3828:Black legend 3786:Historiology 3714: 3583: / 3571: 3534: 3472:Quantitative 3395: 3391:Intellectual 3357: / 3353: / 3339: / 3337:Anthropology 3291:Phaleristics 3284:preservation 3279:Oral history 3220: / 3206: / 3188:Microhistory 2963: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2933: 2924: / 2920: 2913: 2861: 2838: 2824:1963 edition 2809: 2787: 2763: 2739: 2693: 2689: 2661:(1): 52–58. 2658: 2654: 2631: 2619:. 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Seeley 278: 263: 258: 253:conservative 246: 237: 225: 217: 213: 197: 193: 185: 181: 176: 171: 160: 156: 145: 141: 124: 118: 109:World War II 98: 86:pejoratively 71: 67:teleological 34: 31:Whig history 30: 29: 7212:Hagiography 6973: [ 6933:Early Islam 6787: [ 6679:Historicity 6657:Historicity 6647:Jane Austen 6627:The Beatles 6597:Netherlands 6558: [ 6555:Zhuge Liang 6546: [ 6534: [ 6531:Yuan Shikai 6502: [ 6499:Sun Yat Tse 6478: [ 6441: [ 6404: [ 6392: [ 6389:Jiang Zemin 6360: [ 6348: [ 6340:Che Guevara 6073: [ 6008:Pacific War 5792:Article 231 5782:Reparations 5759: [ 5723: [ 5700:Color books 5689:World War I 5673: [ 5650:War of 1812 5555: [ 5538: [ 5523:(1792–1815) 5494:Sea Peoples 5479:Gallic Wars 5181: [ 5169: [ 5156:Revisionist 5145: [ 5136:Reconquista 5126: [ 5118:Inquisition 5112:Convivencia 5036: [ 5024: [ 4996: [ 4893:Revisionism 4818: [ 4766: [ 4754: [ 4742: [ 4723: [ 4665:Golden ages 4634: [ 4631:Wunu School 4626:Archaeology 4499:Switzerland 4482:Kosovo Myth 4470:Great Union 4451: [ 4436:Philippines 4419:Nationalist 4392:Ages of Man 4364: [ 4352: [ 4340: [ 4318: [ 4306: [ 4142: [ 4139:Revisionist 4031: [ 3968:Renaissance 3833:Coloniality 3801: [ 3789: [ 3781:Historicity 3705:Revisionist 3695:Pop history 3666:Nationalist 3640: [ 3585:Cliometrics 3553:Approaches, 3509:Methodology 3405:Linguistics 3355:Environment 3321:Vexillology 3244:Diplomatics 3227:Chorography 3166:Big History 3118:War diaries 3091:Illuminated 3086:Manuscripts 3071:Hieroglyphs 2951:historicity 1228:Burrow 2008 1055:Sewell 2005 935:Burrow 2008 920:Cronon 2012 600:Aristarchus 504:Reba Soffer 401:, however, 340:Reformation 316:C. H. Firth 296:J. R. Green 205:Reformation 115:Terminology 7283:Categories 7267:Multimedia 7086:Technology 7050:Urreligion 6953:Kharijites 6904:Background 6572:Historical 6543:Zhou Enlai 6438:Mao Zedong 6433:Louis Riel 6206:Background 6057:Guilty Men 5999:Uniqueness 5922:Background 5917:Winter War 5841:Background 5774:Versailles 5628:Great Game 5275:Ricardians 5270:Tudor myth 4988:Partitions 4581:Succession 3871:Narratives 3856:Presentism 3812:Philosophy 3632:Humanistic 3520:Case study 3452:Indigenous 3430:Diplomatic 3374:Capitalism 3274:Onomastics 3232:Chronology 3061:Facsimiles 3046:Chronicles 2944:historians 2915:Historians 2089:(2): 284. 1980:1179424430 1731:Alder 2002 1407:Wikisource 1327:Feske 1996 865:References 765:Historian 585:In science 475:proposes: 414:David Hume 392:David Hume 320:J. B. Bury 304:Lord Acton 260:E. H. Carr 165:presentist 133:Parliament 7055:Perennial 6844:Economics 6796:Feudalism 6582:Australia 6330:Aurangzeb 6306:Political 6296:By person 5977:Pius Wars 5772:Treaty of 5431:conflicts 5238:Poor Laws 5101:Hispanism 4978:Sarmatism 4808:Sonderweg 4566:Expansion 4291:Litvinism 4125:Argentina 3959:Long 18th 3842:Dark Ages 3622:Historism 3420:Political 3359:Geography 3296:Philology 3259:Genealogy 3254:Epigraphy 3197:By source 3036:Artifacts 2819:217470144 2718:159748098 2710:1469-5103 2696:(1): 10. 2561:0022-5037 2458:0031-2746 2318:(1965) . 2221:Routledge 2179:1573-0387 2103:0043-5597 2011:1710-1093 1894:Torr 2000 1879:Torr 2000 1858:1476-4687 1785:160281821 1777:0073-2753 1267:Carr 1990 1139:Hart 1965 1043:Torr 2000 1030:218992532 979:Mayr 1990 817:Meliorism 781:in 1998. 426:New Whigs 353:the Somme 348:Good News 332:Christian 189:causation 7324:Whiggism 7309:Progress 7257:Category 7172:template 6886:Religion 6737:Socrates 6652:Muhammed 6574:rankings 6455:Napoleon 6273:Category 6091:Cold War 5994:Slovakia 5581:Waterloo 5450:Crusades 5395:Military 5243:Scotland 5201:Kemalist 4523:Nam tiến 4518:Vietnam 4508:Ukraine 4466:Romania 4448:Portugal 4374:Georgia 4349:Medieval 4298:Bulgaria 4287:Belarus 4272:Austria 4078:Americas 4046:Morocco 4042:Ethiopia 3821:Specific 3744:Concepts 3649:Leninist 3607:Feminist 3595:Critical 3442:Feminism 3415:Military 3369:Business 3364:Economic 3346:Cultural 3330:By topic 3316:Toponymy 3264:Heraldry 3212:template 3159:By scale 3081:Logbooks 3066:Features 3031:Archives 2837:Text of 2784:(2000). 2762:(1988). 2736:(1981). 2621:25 April 2518:(2001). 2495:25 April 2434:(1965). 2369:25 April 2306:25 April 2278:25 April 2195:25320197 2187:19244720 2064:87028148 2038:(1986). 2016:25 April 2005:(1): 3. 1809:25 April 1555:25 April 1473:(1994). 1443:25 April 1018:(1981). 785:See also 722:(1986), 442:James II 336:Anglican 203:and the 153:Macaulay 90:progress 7192:Related 7082:Science 6727:Madonna 6699:Judaism 6662:Judaism 6494:Saladin 6384:Hypatia 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