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pure white eggs, estimated at 6.5 g each, which are incubated for 13–17 days by both parents. The male and female also share brooding and feeding duties while the chicks develop from completely naked to miniature adults in the 14–16 days after hatching. These tasks are not distributed just between the parents, however—White-crested laughingthrushes are cooperative breeders. A female may share a nest with another, and 3 or more adults may take turns incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. In fact, these "helpers" are not always adults: young from the current year's previous clutch sometimes help with building the nest or feeding their siblings.
31:
562:). In total, 4 different types of vocalizations exist, in order of increasing length and complexity: short sounds, phrases (repeated elements), sentences and subsongs. Since they are a highly gregarious species, most of the sounds they produce serve a social purpose, such as reminding other members of their flock of their presence and their movements, alerting them of danger or intruders, or inciting mobbing (they are known to be aggressive birds to different flocks or species).
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is omnivorous and opportunistic. It subsists mostly on invertebrates such as beetles, spiders, flies, mealworms and caterpillars, snails and leeches. However, it also eats fruits, seeds, nectar, and even small reptiles and amphibians (snakes, lizards and frogs). In
Singapore, observers have noticed
601:
White-crested laughingthrushes start reproducing in their second year. They breed several times between
February and September. Nests are shallow and cup-shaped, in shrubs and trees at heights between 2 and 6m, made with bamboo leaves and grass bound with twigs and stems. In each nest are laid 2–6
353:
It is named after its characteristic white hood and raised crest. It is also easily recognizable due to its broad and elongated black eye-mask. The mantle, back and underparts from the lower breast down are rufescent, contrasting with the white head, throat and upper chest and fading into darker
528:, where it can hide from predators and take shelter from the subtropical sun. It will typically only come out of cover to feed on the ground. The ideal habitat of the white-crested laughingthrush also includes bamboos, which provide excellent nesting substrate and camouflage.
357:
Females look almost identical to males but have a smaller crest, duller mantle, and slightly more pronounced gray on the nape. Juveniles can be identified by their shorter crest and tail, paler mask, brownish nape and brighter mantle.
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501:. Its success as an invasive species is attributed, among other factors, to social, cooperative behaviour, high flock densities, and being able to adapt to many different habitats including parks, gardens and degraded forest.
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White-crested laughingthrushes are social birds, usually in flocks of 6-12 individuals (but reportedly up to 40). These small parties can be very noisy as a leader initiates a call (typically with short syllables such as
249:
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It is thought to only remain in small numbers in
Malaysia due to trapping, but in Singapore it has become well-established and may be displacing native birds with similar ground-foraging habits that are threatened by
554:) and is answered with a chorus, in sometimes disorderly fashion. The name "laughingthrush" comes from the "loud cackling outbursts" they produce, often followed by a quieter, more pleasant chatter or muttering (
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has a stocky build, with strong blackish legs and bill, rounded tail, and voluminous plumage. Its body length averages 30 cm, and its tail ranges from 13 to 15 cm.
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has one of the widest ranges of all laughingthrushes and as such is at minimal risk of being threatened by extinction. It is native to the following countries:
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forages on the ground, often in small parties, hopping from one place to the next and tossing the leaf litter aside with its beak to uncover invertebrates.
924:"The spread and relative abundance of the non-native White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus and Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata in Singapore"
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The white-crested laughingthrush is a popular caged bird species, and it is likely that individuals which escaped or were voluntarily released during
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in the 1970s–1980s. The exotic bird trade has brought it to the UK and US as well, but no wild populations have been reported there.
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Round, Philip (2006). "Cooperative provisioning of nestlings in the White-crested
Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus".
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individuals picking at human food and garbage. One witness even reported birds soliciting humans for scraps.
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Chinkangsadarn, Suwimol (2012). "Singing behavior of White-crested
Laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)".
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1113:"White-crested Laughingthrush Soliciting for Food – Bird Ecology Study Group"
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218:. It is a highly social and vocal bird found in forest and scrub from the
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955:. Singapore: Nature Society (Singapore), Bird Group Records Committee.
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forests, up to elevations of 1600m. It favours dense, moist and shady
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Lindholm, Josef (1997). "The
Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax species)".
280:"to chatter", in reference to its very vocal nature, and from Greek
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olive-brown on the tail and upper wings. The nape is light gray.
1019:"Southeast Asian invasive birds: ecology, impact and management"
951:
Lim, Kim Seng; Chia, Alfred; Yong, Ding Li; Chew, Jimmy (2009).
414:
124:
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894:"Garrulax leucolophus (White-crested Laughingthrush) – Avibase"
791:
A field guide to the birds of
Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore
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has white extending lower onto the belly and paler underparts;
619:
617:
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311:, has been re-classified as a species of its own, the endemic
307:
or eastern white-crested laughingthrush. A former subspecies,
429:. The four subspecies have slightly different distributions:
264:
The white-crested laughingthrush is a member of the family
696:"A partial revision of the Asian babblers (Timaliidae)"
461:: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S China (
1183:
828:"White-crested Laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)"
1061:(3rd ed.). Liss, Hants, England: Nimrod Press.
268:, recently split from the Old World babbler family,
1204:
793:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
649:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734757A95096142.en
993:Journal of the American Federation of Aviculture
749:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012).
1017:Yap, Charlotte A. M.; Sodhi, Navjot S. (2004).
373:even more so and with a brighter upper mantle.
361:Subspecies have subtle variations in plumage:
668:
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524:, and the edge and understory of broadleaved
255:The voice of the white-crested laughingthrush
8:
870:Management of Laughingthrushes in Captivity
751:Birds of South Asia : the Ripley guide
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445:: NE India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, S China (
56:
29:
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295:or western white-crested laughingthrush,
594:Pair of White-crested-Laughingthrush in
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365:' mantle is a darker, richer chestnut;
236:White-crested laughingthrush singing –
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477:are the cause for the expansion of
435:: N India, Nepal, Bhutan, S China (
1178:Handbook of the Birds of the World
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291:Four subspecies are identified:
81:
624:BirdLife International (2016).
346:Like other birds in its genus,
789:Jeyarajasingam, Allen (2012).
1:
1057:Smythies, Bertram E. (1986).
922:Wong Soon Huat Felix (2014).
328:Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary
24:White-crested laughingthrush
673:Family : Leiothrichidae
214:) is a member of the family
206:white-crested laughingthrush
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1159:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1498:Birds of Eastern Himalaya
953:The avifauna of Singapore
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1508:Birds described in 1815
1503:Birds of Southeast Asia
578:When looking for food,
313:Sumatran laughingthrush
1023:Ornithological Science
694:Collar, Nigel (2006).
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272:. Its scientific name
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238:Khao Yai National Park
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1236:Garrulax leucolophus
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1185:Garrulax Leucolophus
868:Coles, Dave (2007).
628:Garrulax leucolophus
455:: Myanmar, Thailand
274:Garrulax leucolophus
211:Garrulax leucolophus
187:Garrulax leucolophus
898:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
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169:G. leucolophus
48:Conservation status
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38:Introduced,
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1346:iNaturalist
1230:Wikispecies
832:www.hbw.com
655:13 November
332:East Sikkim
319:Description
1472:Categories
1450:Xeno-canto
1144:: 138–139.
1122:2017-10-14
903:2017-10-14
837:2017-10-14
606:References
497:, such as
395:Bangladesh
334:district,
270:Timaliidae
971:422855361
809:757930883
769:815838818
709:: 85–112.
532:Behaviour
487:Singapore
288:"crest".
220:Himalayan
195:Hardwicke
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
40:Singapore
1483:Garrulax
1390:22734757
1364:10940196
1276:22734757
1271:BirdLife
1215:Wikidata
1138:Forktail
1101:: 55–60.
1077:15247151
937:: 90–95.
931:Forktail
703:Forktail
518:thickets
514:foothill
483:Malaysia
427:Thailand
407:Cambodia
260:Taxonomy
242:Thailand
156:Garrulax
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
1338:2493447
1312:whclau2
1299:whclau2
1258:Avibase
1221:Q862812
1173:AviBase
1166:on the
1095:Science
505:Habitat
423:Vietnam
411:Myanmar
278:garrire
197:, 1816)
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1429:294062
1377:560184
1325:GARXLE
1289:118227
1075:
1065:
969:
959:
876:
807:
797:
767:
757:
522:scrubs
463:Yunnan
447:Yunnan
425:, and
403:Bhutan
336:Sikkim
303:, and
286:lophos
282:leukós
1416:77325
1403:98127
1359:IRMNG
1351:15182
1307:eBird
1296:BOW:
927:(PDF)
699:(PDF)
596:Nepal
437:Tibet
419:China
399:Nepal
391:India
340:India
1442:7296
1398:NCBI
1385:IUCN
1372:ITIS
1333:GBIF
1320:EPPO
1284:BOLD
1073:OCLC
1063:ISBN
967:OCLC
957:ISBN
874:ISBN
805:OCLC
795:ISBN
765:OCLC
755:ISBN
657:2021
640:2016
566:Diet
552:u'ah
548:u'ow
520:and
485:and
415:Laos
204:The
125:Aves
1437:TSA
1245:ADW
1031:doi
644:doi
558:or
550:or
1474::
1452::
1439::
1426::
1413::
1400::
1387::
1374::
1361::
1348::
1335::
1322::
1309::
1286::
1273::
1260::
1247::
1232::
1217::
1142:22
1140:.
1115:.
1099:19
1097:.
1085:^
1071:.
1045:^
1025:.
1021:.
1005:^
997:24
995:.
979:^
965:.
943:^
935:30
933:.
929:.
912:^
896:.
872:.
846:^
830:.
817:^
803:.
777:^
763:.
715:^
707:22
705:.
701:.
680:^
665:^
638:.
632:.
614:^
546:,
544:ow
465:)
449:)
439:)
421:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
338:,
330:,
299:,
240:,
226:.
1187:)
1125:.
1079:.
1039:.
1033::
1027:3
999:.
973:.
906:.
882:.
840:.
811:.
771:.
659:.
646::
630:"
626:"
342:.
208:(
193:(
70:)
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