708:. Many of the Russians in Harbin were wealthy, and the city was a center of Russian culture as the Russian community in Harbin made it their mission to preserve the pre-war Russian culture in a city on the plains of Manchuria with for instance Harbin having two opera companies and numerous theaters performing the traditional classics of the Russian stage. The economic success of the Russians in Harbin often surprised foreign visitors who assumed that they should be poor, leading one visitor in 1923 to comment that Russian "ladies as well gowned as at the Paris races strolled with men faultlessly garbed by European standards", leading him to wonder how they achieved this "deceptive appearance". The extent of Russian economic dominance of Harbin could be seen that "Moya-tvoya", a pidgin language combining aspects of Russian and Mandarin Chinese which developed in the 19th century when Chinese went to work in Siberia was considered essential by the Chinese merchants of Harbin.
645:, which stood in marked contrast to the Soviet Union, which did not build any monuments to the 2 million Russians killed between 1914 and 1917, as the war had been condemned by Lenin as an "imperialist war". Besides for the war dead, other monuments were put up. In Brussels, Seattle, and Harbin, monuments were built to honor the executed Emperor Nicholas II while a monument was put up in Shanghai to honor Alexander Pushkin, Russia's national poet. In fact, a monument to Pushkin would have been built in Paris had not a dispute arisen with the Ministry of Fine Arts over its precise location. The popularity of monuments for the war dead reflected not only sadness over the war dead, but also a way to bring together the often badly divided émigré communities shattered across Europe, Asia and North America. Monuments for the war dead were often a way to symbolically recreate Russia abroad with example at the monument for those Russians killed while serving in the
653:
communities. The neo-classical style which typically adorned war memorials in
Imperial Russia was consciously avoided as building a war memorial in that style was viewed as expressing support for restoring the monarchy. The sense of loss was not only for those the war monuments honored, but due to the sense of loss caused by defeat with a columnist in an émigré newspaper in Paris writing about the dedication of a memorial to the REF in 1930: "We lost everything - family, economic situation, personal happiness, the homeland...Are our sufferings good to anyone? In truth-we have nothing, we have lost everything. Weep, weep". Such monuments were also a way of commanding respect from the host communities with an émigré newspaper saying in 1930: "Peoples honor heroes. To the living: care, to the dead: memory. We in a foreign land do not have a tomb of an 'unknown soldier', but we do have thousands of suffering people. They are our honor and our justification (
674:, a wealthy conservative Czechoslovak politician and a Russophile worked together with Russian émigrés to build an Orthodox church in Prague which Kramář called in his opening speech "a monument of Slavic connection" and to "remind Russians not only of their former sufferings but also about the recognition on the side of the Slavs". A service at the Russian war memorial in Terezin in 1930 turned into "a Russian-Czech political demonstration in a manifestation of Slavic mutuality" with the theme that the Russians had died so that the Czechs might be free. Prague had a large community of Russian émigrés, and by constantly linking the Russian experience of World War I to the experiences of the Czechoslovak Legions was a way of asserting that the Russians had helped to make Czechoslovakia possible. In Germany, right-wing émigrés found much to their own frustration that right-wing German veterans shunned their offers to participate in
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letting the émigrés feel like a part of the wider French community. In 1927, the
Orthodox Metropolitan Evlogii spoke at the war monument in Valenciennes: "Blood spilled on the soil of beautiful and glorious France is the best atmosphere to unite France forever with a Russia national and worthy". The fact that the crosses of the Russians buried in France were painted white-the color of the French war dead and allies-while the crosses of the German war dead were painted black was widely noticed within the Russian community in France as a sign that the French regarded them as allies. In Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, war memorials to the Russian war dead were presented in Pan-Slavic terms, as a symbol of how Russians had fought together with the Czechs and Serbs in the war. Serbian
649:(REF) in France at village of Mourmelon-le-Grand having a hermitage built near it together with transplanted fir trees and a Russian style farm to make it look like home. to build community consensus around the war memorials, the design of the memorials were deliberately kept simple with no sculpture which could be given a symbolic meaning, thereby ensuring that no particular interpretation of the war could be put forward other than grief over the war dead. The design of Orthodox churches at the war memorials was done in the style of medieval Orthodox churches in Novgorod and Pskov as this architectural style was seen as politically neutral and hence able to bring the communities together better.
583:
730:. The main reason that pushed the Whites to support the German power with action was the concept of a "spring offensive", an armed intervention against the USSR that must be exploited in order to continue the civil war. The latter was perceived by many Russian officers as an ongoing case that was never finished since the day of their exile. During the war, the white émigrés came into contact with former Soviet citizens from German-occupied territories who used the German retreat as an opportunity to either flee from the Soviet Union, or were in Germany and Austria as
483:
350:
789:, which at the time had the largest population of Russians of any city outside Russia) and treaty ports such as Shanghai, but a few ended up in Beijing. In 1924, the Chinese government recognized the government of the Soviet Union and the majority of White Russians in China who refused to become Soviet citizens were rendered stateless, thus subject to Chinese law unlike other Europeans, Americans, and Japanese living in China who enjoyed the principles of
914:, which had a population of around 900,000 at that time, opened its doors to approximately 150 thousand White Russians. The parties to the war migration in 1917 were neither Crimean Turks nor Caucasian Muslims. This time, those who took refuge in Istanbul were the 'nobles' and soldiers of Tsarist Russia, who had fought the Ottomans for centuries. The immigration, which started with small groups at the end of 1917, grew with the loss of
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and the members of the
Czechoslovak Legions who died in the war, giving them a decidedly pan-Slavic feel. A planned Orthodox church to honor the Russian prisoners who died in an Austrian POW camp outside Osijek would have featured busts of the Emperor Nicholas II, King Peter I and King Alexander to emphasis how the Houses of Romanov and Karađorđević had been allied in the war, linking the Russian and Serbian experiences of the war.
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the many difficulties, the community not only retained a good deal of cohesion but did begin to flourish, both economically and culturally. By the mid-1930s there were two
Russian schools, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting clubs. There were Russian-language newspapers and a radio station. An important part was also played by the local Russian Orthodox Church under the guidance of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco.
670:
When the memorial was opened in 1936, the
Patriarch Varnava of the Serbian Orthodox Church declared in a speech opening it: "The Russians bore great sacrifices on our account wishing to defend Serbs at a time when powerful enemies attacked tiny Serbia from all sides. And the great Slavic soul of the Russians did not allow it to be looked upon with indifference that a fraternal Slavic people should perish".
36:
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466:, many Russian émigrés moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Taiwan and Australia – where many of their communities still exist in the 21st century. Many, estimated as being between the hundred thousands and a million, also served Germany in the
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to the
Bolsheviks in 1920. Tens of thousands of people who left their titles, money and palaces in Russia and came to Istanbul tried to hold on to life by dispersing all over the city. Some sold books, some handcrafted souvenirs and some flowers. The place, formerly known as Hristaki Passage, became
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Unit 100 staff poisoned and drugged
Russians with heroin, castor oil, tobacco and other substances for weeks at a time. Some died during the experimentation. When survivors were determined to no longer be useful for experimentation and were complaining of illness, staff told them they would receive a
864:
Japanese scientists conducted human experiments on White
Russian men, women and children by gassing, injecting and vivisecting them in Unit 731 and Unit 100. There were multiple Russian victims of Unit 731 and testimonies and records show that a Russian girl and her mother were gassed and one Russian
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throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the
Chinese population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they
572:
There will be an hour – believe it – there will be, when the liberated Russia will ask each of us: "What have you done to accelerate my rebirth." Let us earn the right not to blush, but be proud of our existence abroad. As being temporarily deprived of our
Motherland let us save in our ranks not only
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Some children grew up inside the walls of Unit 731, infected with syphilis. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit 731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: "One was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last
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in China was founded by the Russians in 1896, becoming known the "Moscow of the Orient" due to its Russian appearance, and after the Revolution its Russian population was further reinforced by émigrés, through the majority of the Russians living in Harbin were people who had come before World War I.
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Between 1934 and 1936, an ossuary containing the bones of Russian soldiers killed all over the world was built in the Novo Groblje cemetery in Belgrade, which used to illustrate the theme of Serbian-Russian friendship, and which King Alexander contributed 5,000 dinars to meet the construction costs.
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This was especially the case in France, the home of the largest overseas Russian community, where services honoring the events of World War I were a major part of French life after 1918, and where by honoring the Russian war dead allowed the Russian émigrés in France to take part in the ceremonials,
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Some did find professional work, teaching music or French. Other women took work as dressmakers, shop assistants and hairdressers. Many men became career soldiers of the Shanghai Russian Regiment, the only professional/standing unit within the Shanghai Volunteer Corps. By slow degrees, and despite
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After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by NTS: other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Scouts-in-Exile became functional in raising children
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was a Russophile who welcomed Russian émigrés to his kingdom, and after France, Yugoslavia had the largest Russian émigré community, leading to Yugoslavia to have almost as many war memorials to the Russian war dead as France. War memorials in Yugoslavia usually also honored both Serbian war dead
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Both left-wing and right-wing émigrés who otherwise passionately disagreed came together to honor the war dead of World War I, which was virtually the only occasions when overseas Russian communities could all come together, explaining why such memorial services were so important to the émigré
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Japanese general Kenji Doihara forced White Russian women into prostitution and drug addiction to spy and spread drugs to their male Chinese clients. He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the
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after the Russian flower girls took up residence. Those who arrived in 1919 were better off economically. The first arrivals found some jobs in the French and British representations, commissions, or alongside them in civil service, translator, or even military or security units in Istanbul.
341:, intellectuals of various professions, dispossessed businessmen and landowners, as well as officials of the Russian Imperial government and of various anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War period. Not all of them were ethnic Russians; other ethnic groups were included.
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Although some of the White Russians arrived with their fortunes intact, most were penniless and due to ethnic prejudices and their inability to speak Chinese, were unable to find jobs. To support themselves and their families, some of the younger women became
680:("Day of the Dead") as German conservatives did not wish to honor the sacrifices of those who had fought against Germany, and it was left-wing German veterans, usually associated with Social Democratic Party, who welcomed having Russians participate in
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1908:
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was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven." The children of these women were tested in ways similar to their parents, with specific emphasis on determining how longer infection periods affected the effectiveness of treatments.
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The Philippines welcomed 800 Russians fleeing the dangers of the Socialist Revolution of 1917. Many later migrated elsewhere, while some settled in Manila or other areas in the country, with 250 went to Mindanao to work in abaca plantations.
513:
A significant percentage of white émigrés may be described as monarchists, although many adopted a position of being "unpredetermined" ("nepredreshentsi"), believing that Russia's political structure should be determined by popular
548:
To the Russians abroad it has been granted to shine in the whole world with the light of Orthodoxy, so that other peoples, seeing their good deeds, might glorify our Father Who is in Heaven, and thus obtain salvation for
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White propaganda poster, c. 1932; the text at the bottom, in Church Slavonic, reads "Christ Is Risen!.."; the top of the shield reads "God is with us", and the lower half "Let Russia arise", echoing "Let God arise" from
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Most white émigrés left Russia from 1917 to 1920 (estimates vary between 900,000 and 2 million). Some managed to leave during the 1920s and 1930s, or were expelled by the Soviet government (such as, for example,
2059:
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seeds. One of the prisoners of Russian nationality became so exhausted from the experiments that no more could be performed on him, and Matsui ordered me to kill that Russian by giving him an injection of
521:
Many white émigrés believed that their mission was to preserve the pre-revolutionary Russian culture and way of life while living abroad, in order to return this influence to Russian culture after the
177:, were opposed to the Bolsheviks but had not directly supported the White Russian movement; some were apolitical. The term is also applied to the descendants of those who left and who still retain a
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to illustrate the theme that all peoples in the nations involved in the First World war were victims. In Germany, November 11 was not a holiday as no one wanted to honor the day that the
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faith in her, but an unbending desire towards feats, sacrifice, and the establishment of a united friendly family of those who did not let down their hands in the fight for her liberation
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Many white émigrés also believed it was their duty to remain active in combat against the Soviet Union, with the hopes of liberating Russia. This ideology was largely inspired by General
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in 1924. The church continues its existence to this day, acting as both the spiritual and cultural center of the Russian Orthodox community abroad. On 17 May 2007, the
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For a detailed examination of their identity, motivation and numbers, see Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz, "Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII" at
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occupation by the Soviet regime. They used the pre-revolutionary tricolor (white-blue-red) as their flag, for example, and some organizations used the ensign of the
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played the same role in Germany that November 11 played in the Allied nations, as the time to honor the war dead. The anti-war and internationalist message at the
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and cozy up to the German National Socialists, thus the short-lived parties such as the ROND (Russian Popular Liberation Movement) came into existence in Germany.
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353:
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Cohen, Aaron (October 2014). "'Our Russian Passport': First World War Monuments, Transnational Commemoration, and the Russian Emigration in Europe, 1918-39".
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The Imperial Russian tricolor, adopted by White Russian émigrés after the (Red) Russian Revolution, was later restored as the flag of the Russian Federation.
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471:
467:
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325:) is the term most commonly used for such Russian émigrés, although some have been of Ukrainian and other ethnicities, and were not culturally Russians.
2315:. Liberalism Studies Program Working Papers no. 6 April 2021. Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies – The George Washington University.
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and its legacy to be representative of Russia but rather of an occupying force. They consider the period of 1917 to 1991 to have been a period of
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856:. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of
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ceremonies organized by the SPD did not sit well with right-wing Russian émigrés found themselves rather out of place at these ceremonies.
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survey in Shanghai in 1935 found that 22% of Russian women between 16 and 45 years of age were engaging in prostitution to some extent.
657:) before the world. Their wounds and suffering are for Russia. They remain true to honor and obligation. That is our Russian passport".
53:
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2986:
2779:
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537:
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Karl Schlögel (ed.), Russische Emigration in Deutschland 1918–1941. Leben im europäischen Bürgerkrieg, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1995.
100:
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119:
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72:
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Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
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2747:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series (illustrated ed.). M. Evans, Incorporated. p. 179.
2007:
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622:. Some white émigrés, labeled "Soviet patriots," adopted pro-Soviet sympathies. These people formed organizations such as the
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shot of medicine, but instead executed them with potassium cyanide injections. Executions were also carried out by gunshots.
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188:" is most commonly used in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A term preferred by the émigrés themselves was
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Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, Cambridge 2005
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2017:
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or supported it. The term is often broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regimes.
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About 127,000 people living in Harbin in 1920 came from Russia, making it one of the largest Russian-speaking cites in
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727:
712:
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1905:(АПЦ, Митрополия) – not entirely founded by White émigrés but includes a significant percentage of émigré parishes.
1902:
1801:
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68:
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557:, who said upon the White army's defeat "The battle for Russia has not ceased, it has merely taken on new forms".
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1994:
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Approximately 150,000 White Russians, including princes, princesses, generals and senior officers, fled to the
813:
3233:"'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944"
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Beyda, Oleg (2014). "'Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army': Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht".
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Karl Schlögel (ed.), Der große Exodus. Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren 1917–1941, München 1994
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525:. Many symbols of the White émigrés were reintroduced as symbols of the post-Soviet Russia, such as the
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805:. They were popular with both foreign men, there being a shortage of foreign women, and Chinese men. A
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admitted 6,000 White Russians fleeing from China after the communist People's Republic of China was
606:. This made the white émigrés a target for infiltration by the Soviet secret police (e.g. operation
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The émigrés formed various organizations for the purpose of combating the Soviet regime such as the
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Wallter Laqueur, Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1965
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2628:"Beyond China : Migrating Identities, Centre for the Study of the Southern Chinese Diaspora"
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2004:
Russian Imperial Union-Order (the oldest organization representing the monarchist White Russians)
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A religious mission to the outside world was another concept promoted by people such as Bishop
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Most émigrés initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to other
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Spies: A Narrative Encyclopedia of Dirty Deeds and Double Dealing from Biblical Times to Today
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Since the end of the 1980s, the term "first-wave émigré" has become more common in Russia. In
152:
614:). Tens of White Army veterans (numbers vary from 72 to 180) served as volunteers supporting
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The Way: Religious Thinkers of the Russian Emigration in Paris and Their Journal, 1925–1940
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O. Beyda, '"Re-Fighting the Civil War": Second Lieutenant Mikhail Aleksandrovich Gubanov'.
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One of the most notable forms of activities by Russian émigrés was building monuments to
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White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian, p.298, Jamie Bisher, Routledge,
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Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe
185:
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2902:"Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
2062:(СБОНР): founded by "second wave" émigrés, but also included many White émigrés.
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said he frequented the "cafes of somewhat dubious reputation" with the explorer
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reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the
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on the east, centered on the alley of Chuanban Hutong. The American explorer
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M. V. Nazarov, The Mission of the Russian Emigration, Moscow: Rodnik, 1994.
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Stakeholders, Hangers-On, and Copycats: The Russian Right in Berlin in 1933
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The White Russian women mostly worked in the "Badlands" area adjoining the
455:) and to other cities of China, Central Asia, and Western China. After the
388:). A large number also fled to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Iran,
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162:
Russian political climate. Many White Russian émigrés participated in the
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911:
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On some of the prisoners I experimented 5–6 times, testing the action of
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Senior Sgt. Kazuo Mitomo described some of Unit 100's human experiments:
793:. Nor were White Russians born in China eligible to be Chinese citizens.
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after World War I and into the early 1920s. Most of the Russians went to
488:
432:
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338:
337:). They spanned all classes and included military soldiers and officers,
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Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars
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853:
436:
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568:), encapsulated this idea of responsibility with the following words:
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Russia Abroad: A comprehensive guide to Russian Emigration after 1917
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No Snow on Their Boots: About the First Russian Emigration to Britain
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1932:(the oldest organization representing the White Government in exile)
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White army veteran Captain Vasili Orekhov, publisher of the magazine
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Many military and civil officers living, stationed, or fighting the
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The Compatriots: The Russian Exiles Who Fought Against the Kremlin
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Freedom from Violence and Lies: Essays on Russian Poetry and Music
2921:"Human bones could reveal truth of Japan's 'Unit 731' experiments"
2060:
Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
778:
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White émigrés, called "White Russians" in East Asia, flooded into
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131:
2589:
3407:
2866:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"
2843:"How Imperial Japan Created a Vast Drug Empire to Destroy China"
3359:
3017:"Istanbul's Russian history is fast fading into distant memory"
2661:
Port of last resort : the diaspora communities of Shanghai
3113:"Further study on 'White Russian' refugees in E. Samar pushed"
2771:
The Enemy Within: A History of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage
754:
with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage.
738:, and preferred to stay in the West, often referred to as the
731:
29:
3351:
Exploring the White Russians' legacy in Istanbul | Eurasianet
2626:
Mara Moustafine (2002). Shen Yuanfang; Penny Edwards (eds.).
2097:
National Organization of Rangers (or "Knights") (НОВ, Витязи)
248:) if they participated in the White Russian movement. In the
155:(1917–1923), and who were in opposition to the revolutionary
143:
were Russians who emigrated from the territory of the former
2798:
Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold
742:
of émigrés (often also called DPs – displaced persons, see
3042:"White Russians in Istanbul, Smirnoff and a Black Russian"
2637:. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 75–87
711:
White émigrés fought with the Soviet Red Army during the
2981:(1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Pub. pp. 157–158.
2774:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
2487:
2485:
2483:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2417:
2415:
763:
Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate
457:
withdrawal of American and Japanese troops from Siberia
2882:
Encyclopedia of espionage, p.315, Ronald Sydney Seth,
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
3138:"PH a 'paradise' for grateful White Russian refugees"
1953:
Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
3231:
Seixas, Xosé M. Núñez; Beyda, Oleg (27 March 2023).
3160:
François Bauchpas, L'émigration blanche, Paris, 1968
2824:"Curse of the Golden Bat II – Lawrence of Manchuria"
2717:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
865:
man was cut in two and preserved with formaldehyde.
746:). This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to
3855:
3764:
3719:
3688:
3672:
3619:
3612:
3556:
3531:
3505:
3469:
3441:
3415:
3400:
2663:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 94.
2143:
Orthodox Organization of Russian Pathfinders (ПОРР)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2675:
2039:High Monarchist Union (Высший Монархический Совет)
1969:(Объединение Кадет Российских Корпусов за Рубежом)
2972:
2970:
428:and Paris developed thriving émigré communities.
3066:"Ekim Devrimi Sonrası İstanbul'a Beyaz Rus Göçü"
2720:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 298.
570:
546:
634:. After 1933, there were attempts to copy the
586:Emblem used by white émigré volunteers in the
320:
314:
308:
3371:
544:) who said at the 1938 All-Diaspora Council:
294:
269:
263:
257:
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
193:
8:
2795:Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2003).
3005:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
2943:UNIT 731 Japan's Biological Warfare Project
2054:Russian All National Popular State Movement
3616:
3412:
3378:
3364:
3356:
2647:The Harbin Connection: Russians from China
2146:Russian Christian Students Movement (РСХД)
2132:Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
769:, after more than 80 years of separation.
354:Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery
3254:
3244:
3088:"The Philippines as sanctuary and refuge"
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2197:Union for repatriation of Russians abroad
2127:Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
2113:Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders
2101:National Association of Russian Explorers
767:Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2309:Petrov, Igor; Beyda, Oleg (2021-01-01).
2171:Society for the Relief of Czarist Exiles
2048:National Alliance of Russian Solidarists
1960:Combatants (Союз Чинов Русского Корпуса)
581:
494:White émigrés were, generally speaking,
481:
27:Russian subject who left Imperial Russia
2900:KRISTOF, NICHOLAS D. (March 17, 1995).
2801:(reprint ed.). Verso. p. 35.
2621:
2619:
2226:新疆文史资料选辑: 第三辑. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆人民出版社, 1979. 25.
2219:
2166:Russian Nobility Association in America
2107:National Organization of Russian Scouts
1894:White émigré organizations and entities
274:) generally had negative connotations.
2250:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1915:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
848:and the withdrawal of the Entente and
726:, many white émigrés took part in the
443:moved together with their families to
3875:Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states
2515:
2503:
2491:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2433:
2421:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2023:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
7:
2611:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
360:, Essonne, France, near Paris, is a
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3166:The Journal of Contemporary History
2590:"The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949"
861:were selling to Chinese customers.
844:anti-Bolshevik movement during the
832:and dance with the Russian girls."
3282:. University of Notre Dame Press.
3111:Amazona, Roel (17 December 2019).
2682:. New York: Viking Press. p.
2659:Ristaino, Marcia Reynders (2001).
1031:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
538:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
489:Psalm 67 (68 in Western numbering)
459:, some émigrés traveled to Japan.
194:
25:
3197:. Boston: Academic Studies Press.
2290:from the original on 17 July 2024
750:into the white émigré community.
230:) or "Russian military émigrés" (
3914:Politically motivated migrations
3387:
2822:Mana, Davide (2 December 2019).
2086:Russian Women's Fascist Movement
2071:All-Russian Fascist Organization
1763:Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
1101:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Rittikh
1011:Muhammed-Gabdulkhay Kurbangaliev
991:Aleksei Aleksandrovich Bobrinsky
34:
3040:Ozbirinci, Yesim (2019-02-12).
2613:, Vol. 66, No. 2, 2018, p. 247.
2286:. National Library of Belarus.
2008:Constitutional Democratic Party
1898:Orthodox Church jurisdictions:
1176:Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter
1096:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
1046:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich
976:Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh
969:Political and religious figures
948:in the region. They settled in
910:in the wake of the Revolution.
643:Russian war dead of World War I
45:needs additional citations for
3312:. Amer Philosophical Society.
2864:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021).
2841:Preskar, Peter (Mar 7, 2021).
759:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
542:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
245:russkaya voyennaya emigratsiya
181:identity while living abroad.
1:
3237:Contemporary European History
2919:Ryall, Julian (15 Feb 2010).
2674:Andrews, Roy Chapman (1943).
2035:Congress of Russian Americans
2018:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1619:Yustina Kruzenshtern-Peterets
757:The white émigrés formed the
540:(canonized as a saint of the
3278:Arjakovsky, Antoine (2013).
2262:10.1080/13518046.2014.932630
2192:Soviet front organizations:
2137:Union of Fascist Little Ones
2076:Russian Fascist Organization
1990:Brotherhood of Russian Truth
1325:Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev
1275:Mikhail Alexandrovich Kedrov
1086:Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov
964:Notable "first-wave" émigrés
663:King Alexander of Yugoslavia
600:Brotherhood of Russian Truth
578:Organizations and activities
396:. Some émigrés also fled to
2957:"Savages of the Rising Sun"
1943:Russian Liberation Movement
1417:Historians and philosophers
1385:Viktor Petrovich Taranovsky
1235:Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
1161:Metropolitan Vitaly Ustinov
1076:Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov
728:Russian Liberation Movement
713:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
647:Russian Expeditionary Force
321:
309:
295:
270:
244:
226:
208:
169:Some Russian émigrés, like
3955:
3416:Central and Eastern Europe
3323:Zakharov, Vasilii (2004).
3308:Hassell, James E. (1992).
2161:Charitable organizations:
1930:Russian All-Military Union
1917:(РПЦЗ, Зарубежная Церковь)
1903:Orthodox Church in America
1802:Natalia, Princess Brassova
1420:
1395:Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel
1036:Alexander Lvovich Kazembek
596:Russian All-Military Union
179:Russian Orthodox Christian
3871:
3246:10.1017/S0960777323000085
3193:Karlinsky, Simon (2013).
2741:Nash, Jay Robert (1997).
2000:Political organizations:
498:and did not consider the
474:, often as interpreters.
372:countries in Europe (the
358:Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois
315:
304:
290:
264:
258:
239:русская военная эмиграция
238:
233:русская военная эмиграція
232:
220:
214:
203:
175:Socialist-Revolutionaries
3899:White Russian emigration
3178:10.1177/0022009414538469
2465:, p. 646 & 649.
1995:Shanghai Volunteer Corps
1741:Scientists and inventors
814:Beijing Legation Quarter
478:Ideological inclinations
3919:Russian anti-communists
3904:White Russian emigrants
3293:Borogan, Irina (2022).
1948:Russian Liberation Army
1857:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
936:From 1949 to 1951, the
3117:Philippine News Agency
2768:Crowdy, Terry (2011).
2714:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
2588:Dickens, Mark (1990).
2209:Belarusians in Chicago
2150:Russian Sokol movement
2122:Fascist Union of Youth
2118:Russian Fascist Party
1832:Hélène Gordon-Lazareff
1753:Alexander M. Poniatoff
895:
744:Displaced persons camp
591:
575:
551:
491:
365:
212:), "Russian émigrés" (
195:эмигрантъ первой волны
137:
3909:Political terminology
2961:Phantoms and Monsters
2592:. OXUS COMMUNICATIONS
2284:"Kiselevsky, Nikolai"
2093:Youth organizations:
2081:Russian Fascist Party
1624:Mathilde Kschessinska
1380:Vsevolod Starosselsky
1220:Pavel Bermondt-Avalov
1106:Konstantin Rodzaevsky
902:In the Ottoman Empire
874:
585:
508:Imperial Russian Navy
485:
374:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
352:
209:emigrant pervoy volny
204:эмигрант первой волны
141:White Russian émigrés
135:
3752:United Arab Emirates
3086:Lucero, Todd Sales.
1911:(Парижский Экзархат)
1783:Vladimir Yourkevitch
1709:Vladimir Tretchikoff
1689:Zinaida Serebryakova
1400:Mitchell WerBell III
1390:Sergei Wojciechowski
1290:Constantine Kromiadi
1141:Aleksandr Stishinsky
1131:Pyotr Shabelsky-Bork
1056:Alexander Krivoshein
717:Xinjiang War of 1937
451:), to Shanghai (see
227:russkaya emigratsiya
54:improve this article
3934:Russian nationalism
3929:Russian monarchists
2013:Union of October 17
1887:Marie Vassiltchikov
1842:Alexander Obolensky
1669:Sergei Rachmaninoff
1634:Dmitry Merezhkovsky
1455:Michael Rostovtzeff
1423:Philosophers' ships
1370:Dmitry Shcherbachev
1340:Alexander Rodzyanko
1126:Alexander Schmemann
1051:Aleksandr Konovalov
818:Roy Chapman Andrews
791:extraterritoriality
147:in the wake of the
3327:. Basileus Press.
2979:Unit 731 Testimony
2977:Gold, Hal (2011).
2906:The New York Times
2678:Under a Lucky Star
2635:Maramoustafine.com
2554:, p. 314-315.
2530:, p. 310-311.
2436:, p. 642-643.
2409:, p. 640-641.
2177:Tolstoy Foundation
1985:Terek Cossack Host
1882:Alexandra Tolstaya
1812:Peter Carl Fabergé
1797:Alexander Alekhine
1714:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
1664:Olga Preobrajenska
1614:Konstantin Korovin
1594:Natalia Goncharova
1564:Alexandra Danilova
1360:Mikhail Skorodumov
1320:Viktorin Molchanov
1310:Alexander Lukomsky
1300:Mikhail Kvetsinsky
1280:Vladimir Kislitsin
1136:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
1041:Alexander Kerensky
1006:Vladimir Frederiks
981:Nikolai Avksentiev
928:In the Philippines
688:lost the war, and
592:
492:
366:
364:of White Russians.
149:Russian Revolution
138:
3886:
3885:
3760:
3759:
3552:
3551:
3333:978-0-95477-660-2
3318:978-0-87169-817-9
3303:978-1-54173-017-5
3297:. PublicAffairs.
3288:978-0-26802-040-8
3226:978-3-05-002801-9
2963:. August 1, 2012.
2890:, Doubleday, 1974
1877:Alexandra Tegleva
1862:Nicolas Rossolimo
1778:Vladimir Zvorykin
1748:Vladimir Ipatieff
1724:Danila Vassilieff
1604:Wassily Kandinsky
1514:George Balanchine
1504:Arkady Averchenko
1450:Dimitri Obolensky
1295:Alexander Kutepov
1245:Mikhail Diterikhs
1225:Lazar Bicherakhov
1181:Vladimir Zenzinov
1171:Boris Vasilchikov
1151:Sergey Taboritsky
1111:Mikhail Rodzianko
1021:Alexander Halpern
1016:Alexander Guchkov
1001:Georges Florovsky
986:Vassily Balabanov
891:potassium cyanide
846:Russian Civil War
807:League of Nations
620:Spanish Civil War
588:Spanish Civil War
462:During and after
453:Shanghai Russians
221:русская эмиграция
215:русская эмиграція
190:first-wave émigré
153:Russian Civil War
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3946:
3924:Russian diaspora
3873:Related topics:
3617:
3413:
3394:Russian diaspora
3392:
3391:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3198:
3189:
3154:
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3149:
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2897:
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2880:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:. Archived from
2838:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2792:
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2785:
2765:
2759:
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2317:
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2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2224:
1867:Boris Skossyreff
1837:Wassily Leontief
1822:Dimitry Kerensky
1729:Yevgeny Zamyatin
1719:Marina Tsvetaeva
1674:Nicholas Roerich
1654:Leonid Pasternak
1644:Vladimir Nabokov
1629:Aleksandr Kuprin
1609:Tamara Karsavina
1554:Feodor Chaliapin
1519:Alexandre Benois
1499:Vladimir Antonov
1470:George Vernadsky
1430:Nikolai Berdyaev
1410:Nikolai Yudenich
1405:Ivan Yermachenka
1375:Boris Smyslovsky
1350:Grigory Semyonov
1345:Anatoly Rogozhin
1335:Viktor Pokrovsky
1230:Vasily Biskupsky
1205:Jaques Bagratuni
1198:Military figures
1091:Aleksandr Naumov
1026:George Ignatieff
940:under President
616:Francisco Franco
531:Russian tricolor
523:fall of the USSR
441:Russian Far East
324:
318:
317:
312:
306:
298:
292:
273:
267:
266:
261:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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3668:
3608:
3548:
3527:
3501:
3465:
3437:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3342:
3275:
3273:Further reading
3230:
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3121:
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3110:
3109:
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2205:
2152:(Русский Сокол)
1965:Association of
1925:organizations:
1896:
1891:
1872:Victor Starffin
1847:Oleg Pantyukhov
1817:Abraham Kaufman
1787:
1738:
1704:Igor Stravinsky
1694:Igor Severyanin
1679:Vladimir Rosing
1649:Vaslav Nijinsky
1589:Zinaida Gippius
1574:Serge Diaghilev
1569:Marina Denikina
1559:Michael Chekhov
1479:
1475:Nicholas Zernov
1465:Pitirim Sorokin
1445:Vladimir Lossky
1435:Sergey Bulgakov
1425:
1414:
1330:Pavel Pappengut
1250:Alexander Dutov
1210:Nikolai Baratov
1195:
1166:Leonid Ustrugov
1066:Vasily Maklakov
966:
942:Elpidio Quirino
930:
904:
878:Korean bindweed
785:(especially in
775:
580:
527:Byzantine eagle
480:
449:Harbin Russians
347:
331:Pitirim Sorokin
310:Hakkeiroshiajin
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3939:White movement
3936:
3931:
3926:
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3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
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3883:
3872:
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3849:
3847:United Kingdom
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3673:Southeast Asia
3670:
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3525:
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3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3410:
3403:Russian Empire
3398:
3397:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3340:External links
3338:
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3321:
3306:
3291:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3228:
3218:
3215:
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3202:
3199:
3190:
3172:(4): 627–651.
3161:
3156:
3155:
3144:. 20 June 2015
3129:
3103:
3078:
3057:
3032:
3021:platform24.org
3008:
2994:
2988:978-1462900824
2987:
2966:
2948:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2875:
2856:
2853:on 2021-03-28.
2833:
2814:
2807:
2787:
2781:978-1780962245
2780:
2760:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2702:978-0714656908
2689:
2666:
2651:
2615:
2602:
2580:
2578:, p. 313.
2576:Karlinsky 2013
2568:
2566:, p. 312.
2564:Karlinsky 2013
2556:
2552:Karlinsky 2013
2544:
2542:, p. 311.
2540:Karlinsky 2013
2532:
2528:Karlinsky 2013
2520:
2518:, p. 645.
2508:
2506:, p. 644.
2496:
2494:, p. 643.
2479:
2477:, p. 647.
2467:
2455:
2453:, p. 648.
2438:
2426:
2424:, p. 641.
2411:
2399:
2397:, p. 639.
2387:
2385:, p. 636.
2375:
2373:, p. 638.
2354:
2352:, p. 637.
2342:
2340:, p. 632.
2330:
2328:, p. 628.
2318:
2301:
2275:
2256:(3): 430–448.
2240:
2228:
2218:
2216:
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2211:
2204:
2201:
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2199:
2190:
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2124:
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2110:
2104:
2098:
2091:
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2089:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Smenovekhovtsy
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1998:
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1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1962:
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1955:
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1938:
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1918:
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1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:J Pavlikevitch
1849:
1844:
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1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
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1765:
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1758:Ilya Prigogine
1755:
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1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
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1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:George Sanders
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Dmitri Nabokov
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Gaito Gazdanov
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Nina Berberova
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:André Andrejew
1491:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:Boris Shteifon
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Yevgeny Miller
1312:
1307:
1305:Anatoly Lieven
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Urzhin Garmaev
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1215:Mikhail Berens
1212:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1191:Ivan Prokhanov
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1121:Sergey Sazonov
1118:
1116:Boris Savinkov
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Pavel Milyukov
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:Viktor Chernov
993:
988:
983:
978:
972:
965:
962:
929:
926:
908:Ottoman Empire
903:
900:
830:scrambled eggs
826:Davidson Black
824:and scientist
774:
771:
632:Smenovekhovtsy
579:
576:
504:anti-Christian
496:anti-communist
479:
476:
382:Czechoslovakia
346:
343:
164:White movement
145:Russian Empire
128:
127:
69:"White émigré"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3951:
3940:
3937:
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3932:
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3927:
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3808:
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3600:
3597:
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3594:United States
3592:
3590:
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3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
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3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:Baltic states
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3381:
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3362:
3361:
3358:
3352:
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3307:
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3300:
3296:
3292:
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3277:
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3262:
3257:
3252:
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3229:
3227:
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3213:5-86231-172-6
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3114:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3047:
3046:Motley Turkey
3043:
3036:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2939:"Experiments"
2934:
2931:
2926:
2925:The Telegraph
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:9780385016094
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2870:Short History
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:Short History
2844:
2837:
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2829:
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2818:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2788:
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2772:
2764:
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2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
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2667:
2662:
2655:
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2648:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
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2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
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2439:
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2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:Kuban Cossack
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:Russian Corps
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:Military and
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Michael Kogan
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:Other figures
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Igor Sikorsky
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:Boris Zaytsev
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Ivan Shmelyov
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Michel Fokine
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Andrei Shkuro
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Pyotr Krasnov
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Dmitry Horvat
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Anton Denikin
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Sergey Taskin
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
927:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
883:
879:
873:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:White Russian
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
667:
664:
658:
656:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
584:
577:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:Pyotr Wrangel
550:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
484:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
326:
323:
311:
302:
297:
288:
284:
283:White Russian
280:
275:
272:
271:byeloemigrant
259:бѣлоэмигрантъ
255:
251:
246:
228:
210:
201:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
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110:February 2008
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3879:White émigré
3878:
3741:Russian Jews
3532:Other states
3492:Turkmenistan
3470:Central Asia
3324:
3309:
3294:
3279:
3236:
3194:
3169:
3165:
3146:. Retrieved
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3120:. Retrieved
3116:
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3095:. Retrieved
3092:Philstar.com
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3081:
3070:. Retrieved
3068:(in Turkish)
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3049:. Retrieved
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2092:
1999:
1923:paramilitary
1920:
1897:
1807:Igor Cassini
1789:
1788:
1740:
1739:
1659:Anna Pavlova
1599:Serge Jaroff
1549:Marc Chagall
1544:Oleg Cassini
1539:Raissa Calza
1489:Mark Aldanov
1481:
1480:
1416:
1415:
1265:Vasily Gurko
1197:
1196:
1146:Peter Struve
1071:Mother Maria
968:
967:
935:
931:
921:Çiçek Pasajı
905:
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863:
852:armies from
838:
834:
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803:taxi dancers
795:
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739:
736:forced labor
724:World War II
721:
710:
699:The city of
698:
694:Totensonntag
693:
690:Totensonntag
689:
685:
682:Totensonntag
681:
677:Totensonntag
675:
672:Karel Kramář
668:
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500:Soviet Union
493:
464:World War II
461:
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345:Distribution
327:
282:
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265:белоэмигрант
254:white émigré
253:
250:Soviet Union
189:
183:
168:
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139:
116:
107:
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90:
83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:White Emigre
3842:Switzerland
3696:Afghanistan
3680:Philippines
3632:Albazinians
3256:10347/30957
2828:Karavansara
2187:Vozrojdénie
1973:Don Cossack
1773:Otto Struve
1529:Yul Brynner
1460:Lev Shestov
1255:Vasily Flug
1061:Georgy Lvov
938:Philippines
799:prostitutes
740:second wave
618:during the
549:themselves.
418:Switzerland
322:Hakkeirojin
151:(1917) and
3893:Categories
3689:South Asia
3518:Azerbaijan
3497:Uzbekistan
3487:Tajikistan
3482:Kyrgyzstan
3477:Kazakhstan
3097:2024-01-21
3072:2023-10-23
3051:2022-07-08
3026:2022-07-08
2808:1859845428
2754:0871317907
2727:1135765952
2596:2010-06-28
2516:Cohen 2014
2504:Cohen 2014
2492:Cohen 2014
2475:Cohen 2014
2463:Cohen 2014
2451:Cohen 2014
2434:Cohen 2014
2422:Cohen 2014
2407:Cohen 2014
2395:Cohen 2014
2383:Cohen 2014
2371:Cohen 2014
2350:Cohen 2014
2338:Cohen 2014
2326:Cohen 2014
2215:References
2043:Mladorossi
2028:Mensheviks
1936:Inner Line
1534:Ivan Bunin
1509:Léon Bakst
1440:Ivan Ilyin
1421:See also:
952:island in
946:proclaimed
886:castor oil
822:Sven Hedin
748:assimilate
655:opravdanie
630:, and the
628:Evraziitsi
624:Mladorossi
612:Inner Line
602:, and the
516:plebiscite
470:or in the
362:necropolis
335:Ivan Ilyin
184:The term "
171:Mensheviks
80:newspapers
3863:Australia
3720:West Asia
3642:Hong Kong
3620:East Asia
3604:Venezuela
3584:Guatemala
3564:Argentina
3461:Lithuania
3265:0960-7773
3186:159848182
2270:144274571
1186:Roman Gul
919:known as
828:to "have
783:Manchuria
706:East Asia
472:Waffen-SS
468:Wehrmacht
279:East Asia
160:communist
157:Bolshevik
3816:Svalbard
3782:Bulgaria
3711:Pakistan
3647:Shanghai
3557:Americas
3506:Caucasus
3239:: 1–16.
2927:. Tokyo.
2641:10 April
2288:Archived
2203:See also
1482:The arts
912:Istanbul
858:brothels
850:Japanese
773:In China
715:and the
610:and the
566:Chasovoy
529:and the
439:and the
433:Red Army
398:Portugal
378:Bulgaria
339:Cossacks
301:Japanese
3856:Oceania
3822:Romania
3802:Germany
3787:Croatia
3777:Belgium
3772:Austria
3747:Lebanon
3599:Uruguay
3544:Moldova
3539:Finland
3523:Georgia
3513:Armenia
3451:Estonia
3433:Ukraine
3423:Belarus
3406:or the
3401:Former
3142:Rappler
2945:. 2019.
2294:17 July
2182:Media:
2056:(РОНДД)
950:Tubabao
854:Siberia
722:During
437:Siberia
435:across
410:Belgium
406:Romania
390:Germany
287:Chinese
200:Russian
94:scholar
3837:Sweden
3827:Serbia
3812:Norway
3807:Greece
3797:France
3792:Cyprus
3765:Europe
3737:Israel
3727:Turkey
3654:Taiwan
3637:Harbin
3589:Mexico
3574:Canada
3569:Brazil
3456:Latvia
3428:Poland
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2751:
2724:
2704:, 2005
2700:
2268:
2156:VSHSON
2115:(ОРЮР)
2109:(НОРС)
2103:(НОРР)
1967:Cadets
954:Guiuan
916:Crimea
882:bactal
787:Harbin
701:Harbin
626:, the
598:, the
562:Sentry
445:Harbin
426:Berlin
420:, and
414:Sweden
394:France
386:Poland
384:, and
370:Slavic
305:白系ロシア人
289::
186:émigré
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3832:Spain
3706:Nepal
3701:India
3664:Korea
3659:Japan
3627:China
3579:Chile
3182:S2CID
3148:9 May
3122:9 May
2631:(PDF)
2266:S2CID
2050:(НТС)
958:Samar
779:China
686:Reich
636:NSDAP
608:TREST
447:(see
422:Italy
402:Spain
296:bái'è
101:JSTOR
87:books
3877:and
3732:Iran
3613:Asia
3408:USSR
3329:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3261:ISSN
3222:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3150:2023
3124:2023
2983:ISBN
2884:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2643:2022
2296:2024
2175:The
1981:Host
1975:Host
884:and
734:and
732:POWs
392:and
333:and
316:白系露人
173:and
73:news
3251:hdl
3241:doi
3174:doi
2684:164
2258:doi
801:or
604:NTS
356:in
313:or
56:by
3895::
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3235:.
3180:.
3170:49
3168:.
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2645:.
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416:,
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376:,
319:,
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303::
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293:,
291:白俄
281:,
268:,
262:,
252:,
242:,
236:,
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